Our work is supported by grants from NIH/NIGMS, NSF, USDA/NIFA, and BARD to VC.

Background
Symplastic transport of macromolecules through plant intercellular connections, the plasmodesmata, is of interest to many plant pathologists and biologists. For example, several viral proteins are known to regulate plasmodesmal size exclusion limits to enable viral movement1-3. Also, some endogenous proteins, among them important developmental regulators, are assumed to move from cell to cell, presumably through plasmodesmata, to function non-cell-autonomously4....

<ol>
	<li>Waigmann, E., Ueki, S., Trutnyeva, K., Citovsky, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ins+and+outs+of+non-destructive+cell-to-cell+and+systemic+movement+of+plant+viruses.+.">The ins and outs of non-destructive cell-to-cell and systemic movement of plant viruses. .</a> Crit Rev Plant Sci. 23, 195-250 (2004).</li><li>Lucas, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plant+viral+movement+proteins:+agents+for+cell-to-cell+trafficking+of+viral+genomes.">Plant viral movement proteins: agents for cell-to-cell trafficking of viral genomes.</a> Virology. 344, 169-184 (2006).</li><li>Epel, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plant+viruses+spread+by+diffusion+on+ER-associated+movement-protein-rafts+through+plasmodesmata+gated+by+viral+induced+host+beta-1,3-glucanases.">Plant viruses spread by diffusion on ER-associated movement-protein-rafts through plasmodesmata gated by viral induced host beta-1,3-glucanases.</a> Semin Cell Dev Biol. 20, 1074-1081 (2009).</li><li>Zambryski, P. C., Crawford, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmodesmata:+gatekeepers+for+cell-to-cell+transport+of+developmental+signals+in+plants.">Plasmodesmata: gatekeepers for cell-to-cell transport of developmental signals in plants.</a> Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 16, 393-421 (2000).</li><li>Rivero-Lepinckas, L., Crist, D., Scholl, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+of+plants+and+presercation+of+seeds.">Growth of plants and presercation of seeds.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 323, 3-12 (2006).</li><li>Ueki, S., Lacroix, B., Krichevsky, A., Lazarowitz, S. G., Citovsky, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+transient+genetic+transformation+of+Arabidopsis+leaves+by+biolistic+bombardment.">Functional transient genetic transformation of Arabidopsis leaves by biolistic bombardment.</a> Nat Protoc. 4, 71-77 (2009).</li><li>Oparka, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple,+but+not+branched,+plasmodesmata+allow+the+nonspecific+trafficking+of+proteins+in+developing+tobacco+leaves.">Simple, but not branched, plasmodesmata allow the nonspecific trafficking of proteins in developing tobacco leaves.</a> Cell. 97, 743-754 (1999).</li><li>Imlau, A., Truernit, E., Sauer, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-to-cell+and+long-distance+trafficking+of+the+green+fluorescent+protein+in+the+phloem+and+symplastic+unloading+of+the+protein+into+sink+tissues.">Cell-to-cell and long-distance trafficking of the green fluorescent protein in the phloem and symplastic unloading of the protein into sink tissues.</a> Plant Cell. 11, 309-322 (1999).</li><li>Gisel, A., Barella, S., Hempel, F. D., Zambryski, P. 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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-targeted+and+targeted+protein+movement+through+plasmodesmata+in+leaves+in+different+developmental+and+physiological+states.">Non-targeted and targeted protein movement through plasmodesmata in leaves in different developmental and physiological states.</a> Plant Physiol. 125, 1802-1812 (2001).</li><li>Roberts, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phloem+unloading+in+sink+leaves+of+Nicotiana+benthamiana:+comparison+of+a+fluorescent+solute+with+a+fluorescent+virus.">Phloem unloading in sink leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana: comparison of a fluorescent solute with a fluorescent virus.</a> Plant Cell. 9, 1381-1396 (1997).</li><li>Guenoune-Gelbart, D., Elbaum, M., Sagi, G., Levy, A., Epel, B. 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No conflicts of interest declared.

The key for the success of the symplastic transport assay is to obtain high transformation efficiency, which allows production of statistically significant and easily detectible signal clusters. This can be achieved using the leaves harvested from healthy, robust plants, and preparing gold particles coated by a pure and concentrated DNA preparation.
Using the leaves at the same growth stage is also vital for the assay reliability. Plasmodesmal aperture is known to be differentially regulated,...

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		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
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<td>Gold microparticles, 1.0 &mu;m in diameter</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bio-Rad</td>
<td>165-2262</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Gold microparticles, 0.6 &mu;m in diameter</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bio-Rad</td>
<td>165-2263</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Spermidine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>S0266-1G</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tefzel tubing</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bio-Rad</td>
<td>165-2441</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Helios cartridge preparatory station</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bio-Rad</td>
<td>165-2420</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Tubing cutter</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bio-Rad</td>
<td>165-2422</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Helios gene gun</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bio-Rad</td>
<td>165-2432</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Helium gas regulator</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bio-Rad</td>
<td>165-2413</td>
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a cell-to-cell macromolecular transport assay in planta utilizing biolistic bombardment

Here, we present a simple and rapid protocol to detect and assess the extent of cell-to-cell macromolecular transport in planta. In this protocol, a fluorescently tagged-protein of interest is transiently expressed in plant tissue following biolistic delivery of its encoding DNA construct. The intra- and intercellular distribution of the tagged protein is then analyzed by confocal microscopy. We describe this technology in detail, providing step-by-step protocols to assay and evaluate the extent of symplastic protein transport in three plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana benthamiana and N. tabacum (tobacco).

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Cell-to-cell Macromolecular Transport Assay in Planta Utilizing Biolistic Bombardment at JoVE.com

A Cell-to-cell Macromolecular Transport Assay in Planta Utilizing Biolistic Bombardment

Macromolecular trafficking between plant cells can be assessed by transiently expressing a fluorescently-tagged protein of interest and analyzing its intra- and intercellular distribution by confocal microscopy.

A Cell-to-cell Macromolecular Transport Assay in Planta Utilizing Biolistic Bombardment

Here, we present a simple and rapid protocol to detect and assess the extent of cell-to-cell macromolecular transport in planta. In this protocol, a ...

a-cell-to-cell-macromolecular-transport-assay-planta-utilizing

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.8K Görüntüleme.  State University of New York at Stony Brook. Bitki hücreleri arasındaki makromoleküler ticareti, geçici bir ilgi floresan etiketli protein ifade ve konfokal mikroskobu ile içi ve hücreler arası dağılımı analiz değerlendirilebilir.