NIH hibe # R01HL088045 tarafından desteklenir. Dr. Eddy Fan ve Michelle Kho, Kanada Sağlık Araştırma Enstitüleri Bursu Ödülü tarafından desteklenmektedir.

1. Giriş Manuel kas testi sırasında (MMT), her kas grubu bilateral test edilir. , Sadece gösteri amaçlı bir tarafında 6 kas gruplarının her biri için bu video test edilir. Tek elle muayene direnç uygular veya Öte yandan test pozisyonda tutmak için test edilen ekstremite stabilize daralma kas ya da tendon palpates. Hasta talimatları anlamıyorum ya da azami gayret uygulayarak değil, test tekrarlanır. 2. Derecelendirme Tıbbi Araştırma Konseyi (MRC) sistemi (Tablo 1) izlemektedir. 1 Şekil 1 MRC kas gücü skorlama sistemi için bir algoritma göstermektedir. Bu konuda bir uzuv yoksa, bir döküm var, ya da doğru test pozisyonda yerleştirilir mümkün olmayan, kas gücü &quot;değerlendirmek&quot; olarak sınıflandırılır. Hasta sabit bir kontraktürü, ancak aksi takdirde testi yapabilirsiniz, kas sınıflandırılır. Kateterler ve hendekleri olarak, Tıbbi cihazlar ve mekanik ventilasyon bir cihaz düzgün işleyişini sağlamak için ortak bir immobilize sürece genellikle kas testi engel yoktur. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2632/2632fig1.jpg" alt="Şekil 1"/> Şekil 1. Manuel Kas Testi Algoritma 3. Prosedür <ol><li> Test her bir kas için, sınav, test edilen yan duruyor ve hasta dik oturur ve yerçekimine karşı ortak tam bir hareketine izin verecek şekilde konumlandırılmış. Sınav yerçekimine karşı istenilen hareketi gösteriyor. Sonra sınav hareket tekrarlamasını ister. </li><li> Hasta istenilen yerçekimine karşı hareket aralığı ile taşıyabilirsiniz, sınav, test pozisyonunda tutun veya &quot;Durun, beni aşağı doğru itin izin vermeyin&quot; belirten direnç uygulamak için çalışır, bana viraj izin vermeyin &quot;(Şekil 2). Eğer hasta hiçbir direniş tahammül, kas Grade 3 puan. Eğer hasta bazı direnç tahammül Grade 4, ve tam direnç, Grade 5 puan. </li><li> Hasta yerçekimine karşı hareket edemiyorsanız, hastanın yerçekimi elimine ekstremite hareketi izin için farklı bir konumdadır. Uzuv destekleyen varsa, muayene, hastanın istemli hareket ne yardım ne de direnç sağlar. Bu yerçekimi elimine konumlandırma her kas test için değişecektir. Hastanın en azından kısmen ortadan yerçekimi ile hareket serisini tamamlamak yapamıyorsanız, kas veya tendon gözlenen ve / veya daralma palpe. </li><li> Yatalak hasta için yatak, sandalye pozisyonda veya yatağın kenarına yerleştirilen bir oturamayan, alt ekstremite test etmek için alternatif pozisyonlara, bu protokolde yer almaktadır. </li></ol> 4. Omuz Kaçırma <ol><li> Omuz seviyesinde yan kol Test - konum. Sonra sınav devletler, hareket gösteriyor &quot;yan kolunuzu omuz hizasına kaldırın.&quot; Direnç veren el, dirsek hemen üstünde hastanın kol üzerinde konturlu. Öte yandan, omuz omuz eklemi üzerinde dengeler. Sınav devletler &quot;Bekle, beni aşağı doğru itin izin vermeyin.&quot; 3, 4 veya 5 notlarını değerlendirmek için lütfen yukarıdaki bölüm 3.2 &#39;ye bakın. </li><li> Grade 3 daha zayıf, hasta yan kolları ile supin yatıyor. Muayene, sadece dirsek yukarıda ve el bileği omuz dışarıdan dönmez (dışa açmak) sağlamak için kol destekler. Hasta yan kol dışarı taşımak için çalışır. Sınav şöyle der: &quot;yan kol dışarı taşımak için çalışın&quot;. Yerçekimi ile hastanın hareket ortadan eğer Grade 2 atanır. </li><li> Grade 2, daha zayıf ise, sınav devletler &quot;yan kol dışarı taşımak için çalışın&quot; ve orta deltoid kas palpates, gösterildiği gibi, kasılma ve Grade 1 veya 0 olarak puanları önceden tanımlanmış. </li><li> Omuz MMT diyaliz için kullanılan da dahil olmak üzere santral venöz kateterler (örneğin, subklavian ve juguler) ile yapılabilir. (Şekil 2) </li></ol> Kalan değerlendirmeler benzer hasta ve sınav için özel test pozisyonları ve hastanın hareketi için özel talimatlar kullanılarak yukarıdaki tamamlanmış olacaktır. 5. Dirsek fleksiyonu <ol><li> Test konumu - önkol supinated en fazla 90 derece ve hafif fleksiyonda. Sözlü talimatları: &quot;90 dereceden daha fazla biraz dirseğinizi bükün. Direnç veren el, bilek proksimal önkol fleksör yüzey üzerinde konturlu. Sınav diğer yandan omuz anterior superior yönü üzerinde palmiye cupping karşı geçerlidir. Sınav, daha sonra şöyle der: &quot;Bekle beni aşağı doğru itin izin vermeyin.&quot; Ve puanları Sınıflar 3, 4 ya da 5 daha önce açıklandığı gibi. </li><li> Grade 3 daha zayıf, omuz 90 derece kaçırılır. Sınav, kol ve desteklerer dirsek ve bilek, gerekirse de. Tavana bakan başparmak ile önkol açıktır. Dirsek genişletilmiş, hastanın dirsek esnek çalışır. Sınav şöyle der: &quot;dirsek bükmek için çalışın.&quot; Grade 2 hastanın dirsek esnek eğer atanır. </li><li> Grade 2, daha zayıf ise, ön kol, dirsek fleksiyonu yaklaşık 45 derece supinated ve yan konumlandırılmış. Sınav devletler &quot;dirsek bend deneyin&quot;, biseps tendon ve Sınıf 0 veya 1 olarak puanları palpates. </li></ol> 6. Bilek Uzantısı <ol><li> Test konumu - yan kol, dirsek, önkol pronasyon ile 90 derece fleksiyonda ve el bileği tam olarak genişletilmelidir. Sözlü talimatları: &quot;mümkün olduğunca bilek kadar bükün.&quot; Sınav elini veren direnç hastanın el bileğine hemen distalinde arkasına yerleştirilir. Sınav diğer yandan hastanın önkol destekler. Sınav, daha sonra şöyle der: &quot;Bekle beni aşağı doğru itin izin vermeyin.&quot; Ve puanları derece 3, 4 veya 5. </li><li> Grade 3 daha zayıf ise, dirsek 90 derece fleksiyonda ve önkol tavana bakan başparmak ile döndü. Önkol ve bilek araştırmacı tarafından desteklenmektedir. Sınav şöyle der: &quot;Bana doğru elinizi Bend&quot;. Grade 2 hastanın bilek uzatabilirsiniz atanır. </li><li> Grade 2, daha zayıf ise, sınav devletler &quot;bana doğru bilek Bend&quot; ve Grade 1 veya 0 gibi iki ekstansör gösterildiği gibi tendonların, bilek her tarafında biri, ve puanları palpates. Sınav bilek ortasında tendonları palpe dikkat edin. </li><li> Bu test, yerinde bir ipsilateral radial arter kateter varsa gerçekleştirilmez. </li></ol> 7. Kalça fleksiyonu <ol><li> Test konumu - kalça oturan tam fleksiyonda ve diz bükük. Hasta istikrar için yatak veya masa üzerine ellerini koyabilir. Sözlü talimatları: &quot;gidecek gibi yüksek diz yukarı kaldırın.&quot; Sınav elini veren direnç, sadece diz proksimal uyluk üstüne yerleştirilir. Öte yandan, kalça tarafında istikrar sağlar. Sınav, daha sonra şöyle der: &quot;Bekle beni aşağı doğru itin izin vermeyin.&quot; Ve puanları derece 3, 4 veya 5. </li><li> Grade 3 daha zayıf, hasta, test edilen tarafta ortaya koyar. Örneğin, hastanın sol kalça test etmek için sağ tarafta bırakır. Sınav, bir kol, bacak, el, diz altında destekleyen denenmektedir kucağında olan hastanın arkasında duruyor. Elinin tersiyle kalça gövde uyum tutar. Sınav şöyle der: &quot;diz göğsünüze doğru getirin.&quot; Grade 2 hastanın kalça esnek eğer atanır. </li><li> Grade 2, daha zayıf, hasta yatar. Sınav &quot;Ben burada bacak dokunmatik miyim?&quot; Diye soruyor (Kalça eklemi iç yönü işaret). Hastanın izni ile, sınav devletler &quot;kalça Bend&quot; ve Grade 1 veya 0 olarak gösterildiği gibi, iliopsoas tendon ve puanları palpates. </li><li> Yatalak hasta, 5, 4, ve 3. sınıflarda sandalye pozisyonda yatak test veya yatağın baş mümkün olduğu kadar yükselmiş bulunmaktadır. Yastıklar kalça 90 derece esnek diz altına yerleştirilir. Sınav yatakta kapalı diz yükseltmek için hasta sorarken ayak yatak kaldırdı olduğunu garanti eder. Derece 2 ve 1 daha önce açıklandığı gibi puanlanır. </li><li> Bu test, sağlam ve iyi güvenli femur intravasküler kateterler olan hastalarda yapılabilir. </li></ol> 8. Diz Uzantısı <ol><li> Test konumu - diz dik oturma tam 0 dereceye kadar uzatıldı. Diz hiperekstansiyon kaçının. Sözlü talimatları; &quot;diz Düzelt&quot;. Direnç veren el, ayak bileği sadece proksimal bacak üstüne konturlu. Öte yandan, uyluk diz üstünde altına yerleştirilir. Sınav sonra &quot;Dur bana viraj izin vermeyin&quot; devletler ve puanları Sınıflar 3, 4 veya 5. </li><li> Grade 3 daha zayıf, hasta, test-dışı tarafında bırakır. Sınav diz seviyesinde hastanın arkasında duruyor. Istikrar için test edilen bacak fleksiyonda olabilir. Bir kol beşik bacak, el, diz alt destekleyen uyluk çevresinde denenmektedir. Öte yandan, sadece ayak bileği üstündeki bacak tutar. Sınav şöyle der: &quot;diz düzeltin.&quot; Grade 2 hastanın diz (Şekil 3) uzatabilirsiniz atanır. </li><li> Grade 2, daha zayıf ise, hasta yatar ve sınav şöyle der: &quot;diz geri itin&quot; veya &quot;diz kapağının sıkın&quot; ve Grade 1 veya 0 olarak kuadriseps tendon ve puanları palpates. </li><li> Yatalak hasta için, 3, 4 ve 5. Sınıflar puanlama, hastanın kalça fleksiyonu için de aynı şekilde konumlandırılmış ve diz ekstansiyonu (Şekil 4) Yukarıda açıklandığı gibi derecelendirildi. </li></ol> 9 - Ayak bileği dorsifleksiyon <ol><li> Test konumu - Tam dorsiflexio topuk taban, ayak, oturman, ayakkabı ve çorap kaldırıldı. Sözlü talimatları: &quot;mümkün olduğu kadar ayağınızı bükün.&quot; Ayak parmakları, test sırasında rahat. Direnç veren el, ayak proksimal ayak üstüne üzerine götürdü. Öte yandan, ayak bileğine kadar sadece proksimal bacak ön etrafında konturlu. Sınav, sonra &quot;Tut beni aşağı doğru itin izin vermeyin&quot; ve puanları Grade 3, 4 veya 5 belirtiyor . </li><li> Grade 3 daha zayıf, ama yerçekimine karşı hareket kısmi bir ürün yelpazesi var, Grade 2 atayın. </li><li> Grade 2, daha zayıf ise, Sınıf 1 veya 0 olarak anterior tibial tendon ve skor palpe. </li><li> Bacak, diz altına bir yastık genişletilmiş ve yatalak hasta supin test edilir. </li><li> Bu test genellikle sağlam ve güvenli bir pedal intravasküler kateter ile uygulanabilir. Kateter çıkarmak için dikkatli olun. </li></ol> 10 Temsilcisi Sonuçlar: ARDS kurtulanlar ve simüle edilmiş patentleri ile birlikte uygulandığında bu protokolü kullanarak MMT hakemlerarası mükemmel güvenilirliğe sahiptir. Klinik olarak anlamlı zayıflığı (yani, kompozit MRC tespit etmek için; 19 12 kas gruplarını inceleyerek kursiyerlerin Kalite güvence içi korelasyon katsayısı 0.99 (0,97-1,00) 8 Anlaşması (% 95 CI kappa) göstermiştir (% 95 güven aralığı [CI]) skoru &lt;maksimum% 80) 1,00 (0,55-1,00) oldu. Önceki çalışmalar, inme, Amyotrofik lateral skleroz (ALS), Guillain-Barre, ve diğer kritik hasta yüksek hakemlerarası güvenilirlik göstermiştir. 12-14 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2632/2632fig2.jpg" alt="Şekil 2"/> Şekil 2 sol omuz abdüksiyon kontraktürü ile YBÜ hasta. MMT ile sağ internal juguler kateter yoluyla sol radial arter hattı, kalp izleme, ve sürekli diyaliz. Hasta omuz abduksiyon MMT Sınıflar 3, 4 ve 5 için konumlandırılmış. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2632/2632fig3.jpg" alt="Şekil 3"/> Şekil 3 sürekli diyaliz için sağ internal juguler kateter YBÜ yatalak hasta. Hastanın diz ekstansiyonu MMT Grade 2 için sağ tarafta konumlandırılmış. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2632/2632fig4.jpg" alt="Şekil 4"/> Şekil 4, sol diz fleksiyon kontraktürü ile YBÜ yatalak hasta . Hasta supin diz uzatma MMT 3, 4 ve 5. Sınıflar için diz altında bir yastık ile konumlandırılmış. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2"> Tablo 1. Manuel Kas Testi 3 </td></tr><tr><td> Sınıf </td><td> Manuel Kas Testi </td></tr><tr><td> 5 </td><td> Yerçekimi artı tam direnç karşı hareket </td></tr><tr><td> 4 </td><td> Hareket ağırlık artı bazı direniş karşı </td></tr><tr><td> 3 </td><td> Yerçekimine karşı hareket mevcut test yelpazesini tamamlıyor, ama hiçbir direniş tolere </td></tr><tr><td> 2 </td><td> Hasta yerçekimi elimine tam ya da kısmi hareket yelpazesini tamamlıyor </td></tr><tr><td> 1 </td><td> Herhangi bir hareket olmadan hafif kontraktilite </td></tr><tr><td> 0 </td><td> Kontraktilite hiçbir kanıt (komple felç) </td></tr></tbody></table>

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9, tanı kriterleri bağlı olarak yoğun bakım hastaları için% 87, uzamış mekanik ventilasyon ile ilişkili nöromüsküler komplikasyonları, geliştirmek, hastanede kalış süresi ve rehabilitasyon süresi artarken, ve artmış mortalite ile ilişkili potansiyel kas 1,2,16-18 Periyodik yeniden değerlendirme. gücü, hakemlerarası değişkenliği en aza indiren güvenilir bir yöntem kullanarak, zaman içindeki değişiklikleri tespit etmek için yararlı olur. MMT MRC puan sistemini kullanarak öne...

manual muscle testing:  a method of measuring extremity muscle strength applied to critically ill patients

Dul akut solunum sıkıntısı sendromu (ARDS) ve diğer kritik hastalık nedenleri genellikle jeneralize kas güçsüzlüğü, azalmış egzersiz toleransı ve hastaneden taburcu olduktan sonra kalıcı sinir ve kas bozuklukları 1-6 eğitim ve kalite güvencesi için yapısal bir yaklaşım ile açık bir protokolü kullanarak araştırma personeli, manuel kas testi (MMT), ARDS aşağıdaki hastalar için standart bir klinik muayene kullanarak, kuvvet değerlendirilmesi için son derece güvenilir bir yöntemdir ve yatakta dik oturma tahammül mekanik ventilasyon hasta ile tamamlandı ve takip etmek mümkün olabilir iki adım komutları 7, 8 Bu video ≥ 43 araştırma personeli,&gt; 280 ARDS kurtulanların&gt; 800 değerlendirmeler öğretilir olmuştur MMT için bir protokol göstermektedir. Yatalak hasta için Değişiklikler dahildir. Her kas konumlandırma, istikrar, direnç ve 6 nokta sıralı Tıbbi Araştırma Konseyi ölçekli her puan için palpasyon için özel teknikler ile test 7,9-11 Üç üç üst ve alt ekstremite kasları, bu protokol olarak sınıflandırılır: omuz abduksiyon , dirsek fleksiyonu, el bileği uzantısı, kalça fleksiyonu, diz uzantısı, ve ayak bileği dorsifleksiyon. Bu kaslar önceki yayınlarda kullanılan YBÜ&#39;de edinilmiş zayıflık için hasta değerlendirilmesi için standart yaklaşım seçilmiştir. 1,2.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Manual Muscle Testing:  A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients at JoVE.com

Manual Muscle Testing:  A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients

Akut respiratuar distres sendromu (ARDS) ve kritik hastalık Dul sık sık uzun süreli kas güçsüzlüğü gelişir. Manuel kas testi (MMT), periferik iskelet kas gruplarını gücünü ölçmek için yaygın olarak kullanılan bir standart klinik muayene. Bu video 6-nokta Tıbbi Araştırma Konseyi ölçeği kullanarak MMT göstermektedir.

Kritik Hastalarda Uygulanan Manuel Kas Testi: Ekstremite Kas Kuvveti Ölçme Yöntemi

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, ...

manual-muscle-testing-method-measuring-extremity-muscle-strength

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

80.4K Görüntüleme.  Johns Hopkins University. Akut respiratuar distres sendromu (ARDS) ve kritik hastalık Dul sık sık uzun süreli kas güçsüzlüğü gelişir. Manuel kas testi (MMT), periferik iskelet kas gruplarını gücünü ölçmek için yaygın olarak kullanılan bir standart klinik muayene. Bu video 6-nokta Tıbbi Araştırma Konseyi ölçeği kullanarak MMT göstermektedir.

Video: Manual Muscle Testing:  A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients

Measuring the Strength of Mice

Kondziela7 devised the inverted screen test and published it in 1964. It is a test of muscle strength using all four limbs. Most normal mice easily score maximum on this task; it is a quick but insensitive gross screen, and the weights test described in this article will provide a finer measure of muscular strength.
There are also several strain gauge-based pieces of apparatus available commercially that will provide more graded data than the inverted screen test, but their cost may put them beyond the reach of many laboratories which do not specialize in strength testing. Hence in 2000 a cheap and simple apparatus was devised by the author. It consists of a series of chain links of increasing length, attached to a "fur collector" a ball of fine wire mesh sold for preventing limescale build up in hard water areas. An accidental observation revealed that mice could grip these very tightly, so they proved ideal as a grip point for a weight-lifting apparatus. A common fault with commercial strength meters is that the bar or other grip feature is not thin enough for mice to exert a maximum grip. As a general rule, the thinner the wire or bar, the better a mouse can grip with its small claws.
This is a pure test of strength, although as for any test motivational factors could potentially play a role. The use of scale collectors, however, seems to minimize motivational problems as the motivation appears to be very high for most normal young adult mice.

Deficits in muscular strength occur in many clinical conditions such as motor neuron disease. The inverted screen and weight lifting tests described here measure strength in mice almost exclusively, with minimal influence of factors such as coordination.

Farelerin Kuvvet Ölçüm

Kondziela7 devised the inverted screen test and published it in 1964. It is a test of muscle strength using all four limbs. Most normal mice easily score ...

Tıp

Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle

The control of tonic muscular activity remains poorly understood. While abnormal tone is commonly assessed clinically by measuring the passive resistance of relaxed limbs1, no systems are available to study tonic muscle control in a natural, active state of antigravity support. We have developed a device (Twister) to study tonic regulation of axial and proximal muscles during active postural maintenance (i.e. postural tone). Twister rotates axial body regions relative to each other about the vertical axis during stance, so as to twist the neck, trunk or hip regions. This twisting imposes length changes on axial muscles without changing the body's relationship to gravity. Because Twister does not provide postural support, tone must be regulated to counteract gravitational torques. We quantify this tonic regulation by the restive torque to twisting, which reflects the state of all muscles undergoing length changes, as well as by electromyography of relevant muscles. Because tone is characterized by long-lasting low-level muscle activity, tonic control is studied with slow movements that produce "tonic" changes in muscle length, without evoking fast "phasic" responses. Twister can be reconfigured to study various aspects of muscle tone, such as co-contraction, tonic modulation to postural changes, tonic interactions across body segments, as well as perceptual thresholds to slow axial rotation. Twister can also be used to provide a quantitative measurement of the effects of disease on axial and proximal postural tone and assess the efficacy of intervention.

We have developed a device (Twister) to study the regulation of tonic muscle activity during active postural maintenance. Twister measures torsional resistance and muscular responses in standing subjects during twisting of the body axis. The device can be flexibly configured to study various aspects of tonic control across the neck, trunk, and/or hips.

Eksenel ve Proksimal kas tonu ölçün Yöntem

The control of tonic muscular activity remains poorly understood.  While abnormal tone is commonly assessed clinically by measuring the passive resistance ...

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases in children and adults. These antibodies have been used to guide diagnosis and treatment. Cell-based assays have improved the detection of antibodies in patient serum. They are based on the surface expression of brain antigens on eukaryotic cells, which are then incubated with diluted patient sera followed by fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibodies. After washing, secondary antibody binding is then analyzed by flow cytometry. Our group has developed a high-throughput flow cytometry live cell-based assay to reliably detect antibodies against specific neurotransmitter receptors. This flow cytometry method is straight forward, quantitative, efficient, and the use of a high-throughput sampler system allows for large patient cohorts to be easily assayed in a short space of time. Additionally, this cell-based assay can be easily adapted to detect antibodies to many different antigenic targets, both from the central nervous system and periphery. Discovering additional novel antibody biomarkers will enable prompt and accurate diagnosis and improve treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

Over the recent years, live cell-based assays have been used successfully to detect antibodies against surface and conformational antigens. Here, we describe a method using high-throughput flow cytometry enabling the analysis of large cohorts of patients. Detection of novel antibodies will improve diagnosis and treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

İnsan Serum içinde N-metil-D-aspartat reseptör ya da dopamin-2 reseptör antikorları algılamak üzere yüksek verimli Flow Cytometry hücre bazlı bir deneyde

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases ...

Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology

We describe an in vitro method to measure bladder smooth muscle contractility, and its use for investigating physiological and pharmacological properties of the smooth muscle as well as changes induced by pathology. This method provides critical information for understanding bladder function while overcoming major methodological difficulties encountered in in vivo experiments, such as surgical and pharmacological manipulations that affect stability and survival of the preparations, the use of human tissue, and/or the use of expensive chemicals. It also provides a way to investigate the properties of each bladder component (i.e. smooth muscle, mucosa, nerves) in healthy and pathological conditions.
The urinary bladder is removed from an anesthetized animal, placed in Krebs solution and cut into strips. Strips are placed into a chamber filled with warm Krebs solution. One end is attached to an isometric tension transducer to measure contraction force, the other end is attached to a fixed rod. Tissue is stimulated by directly adding compounds to the bath or by electric field stimulation electrodes that activate nerves, similar to triggering bladder contractions in vivo. We demonstrate the use of this method to evaluate spontaneous smooth muscle contractility during development and after an experimental spinal cord injury, the nature of neurotransmission (transmitters and receptors involved), factors involved in modulation of smooth muscle activity, the role of individual bladder components, and species and organ differences in response to pharmacological agents. Additionally, it could be used for investigating intracellular pathways involved in contraction and/or relaxation of the smooth muscle, drug structure-activity relationships and evaluation of transmitter release.
The in vitro smooth muscle contractility method has been used extensively for over 50 years, and has provided data that significantly contributed to our understanding of bladder function as well as to pharmaceutical development of compounds currently used clinically for bladder management.

This manuscript presents a simple, yet powerful, in vitro method for evaluating smooth muscle contractility in response to pharmacological agents or nerve stimulation. Main applications are drug screening and understanding tissue physiology, pharmacology,&#160;and pathology.

Alt Üriner Sistem Farmakoloji değerlendirin bir Yöntem olarak mesane düz kas Şerit Kasılabilme

We describe an in vitro method to measure bladder smooth muscle contractility, and its use for investigating physiological and pharmacological properties ...

Early Detection of Drug-Induced Renal Hemodynamic Dysfunction Using Sonographic Technology in Rats

The kidney normally functions to maintain hemodynamic homeostasis and is a major site of damage caused by drug toxicity. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is estimated to contribute to 19- 25% of all clinical cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients. AKI detection has historically relied on metrics such as serum creatinine (sCr) or blood urea nitrogen (BUN) which are demonstrably inadequate in full assessment of nephrotoxicity in the early phase of renal dysfunction. Currently, there is no robust diagnostic method to accurately detect hemodynamic alteration in the early phase of AKI while such alterations might actually precede the rise in serum biomarker levels. Such early detection can help clinicians make an accurate diagnosis and help in in decision making for therapeutic strategy. Rats were treated with Cisplatin to induce AKI. Nephrotoxicity was assessed for six days using high-frequency sonography, sCr measurement and upon histopathology of kidney. Hemodynamic evaluation using 2D and Color-Doppler images were used to serially study nephrotoxicity in rats, using the sonography. Our data showed successful drug-induced kidney injury in adult rats by histological examination. Color-Doppler based sonographic assessment of AKI indicated that resistive-index (RI) and pulsatile-index (PI) were increased in the treatment group; and peak-systolic velocity (mm/s), end-diastolic velocity (mm/s) and velocity-time integral (VTI, mm) were decreased in renal arteries in the same group. Importantly, these hemodynamic changes evaluated by sonography preceded the rise of sCr levels. Sonography-based indices such as RI or PI can thus be useful predictive markers of declining renal function in rodents. From our sonography-based observations in the kidneys of rats that underwent AKI, we showed that these noninvasive hemodynamic measurements may consider as an accurate, sensitive and robust method in detecting early stage kidney dysfunction. This study also underscores the importance of ethical issues associated with animal use in research.

Early stage hemodynamic dysfunction is critical to the development of kidney disease. Yet, detection methodologies are limited. Recent advances in sonography provide a noninvasive, accurate option for early detection of kidney injury. This study outlines a step-by-step, sonographic methodology for detecting kidney dysfunction using a drug-induced nephrotoxicity rat model.

Sıçanlarda sonografik Teknoloji Kullanımı İlaç Kaynaklı Böbrek Hemodinamik Bozukluğu Erken Tespiti

The kidney normally functions to maintain hemodynamic homeostasis and is a major site of damage caused by drug toxicity. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is ...

Ultrasound Based Assessment of Coronary Artery Flow and Coronary Flow Reserve Using the Pressure Overload Model in Mice

Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) is a clinically useful, noninvasive tool for studying coronary artery flow velocity and coronary flow reserve (CFR) in humans. Reduced CFR is accompanied by marked intramyocardial and pericoronary fibrosis and is used as an indication of the severity of dysfunction. This study explores, step-by-step, the real-time changes measured in the coronary flow velocity, CFR and systolic to diastolic peak velocity (S/D) ratio in the setting of an aortic banding model in mice. By using a Doppler transthoracic imaging technique that yields reproducible and reliable data, the method assesses changes in flow in the septal coronary artery (SCA), for a period of over two weeks in mice, that previously either underwent aortic banding or thoracotomy. 
During imaging, hyperemia in all mice was induced by isoflurane, an anesthetic that increased coronary flow velocity when compared with resting flow. All images were acquired by a single imager. Two ratios, (1) CFR, the ratio between hyperemic and baseline flow velocities, and (2) systolic (S) to diastolic (D) flow were determined, using a proprietary software and by two independent observers. Importantly, the observed changes in coronary flow preceded LV dysfunction as evidenced by normal LV mass and fractional shortening (FS). 
The method was benchmarked against the current gold standard of coronary assessment, histopathology. The latter technique showed clear pathologic changes in the coronary artery in the form of peri-coronary fibrosis that correlated to the flow changes as assessed by echocardiography. 
The study underscores the value of using a non-invasive technique to monitor coronary circulation in mouse hearts. The method minimizes redundant use of research animals and demonstrates that advanced ultrasound-based indices, such as CFR and S/D ratios, can serve as viable diagnostic tools in a variety of investigational protocols including drug studies and the study of genetically modified strains.

Coronary flow reserve (CFR) is useful for assessment of myocardial oxygen demand and evaluation of cardiovascular risk. This study establishes a step-by-step transthoracic Doppler echocardiographic (TTDE) method for longitudinal monitoring of the changes in CFR, as measured from coronary artery in mice, under the experimental pressure overload of aortic banding.

Farelerde Basınç Aşırı Modeli Koroner Arter Akış ve Koroner Akım Rezervi Ultrason Dayalı Değerlendirme

Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) is a clinically useful, noninvasive tool for studying coronary artery flow velocity and coronary flow ...

Continuous Manual Exchange Transfusion for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: An Efficient Method to Avoid Iron Overload

Children with sickle cell anemia (SCA) may be at risk of cerebral vasculopathy and strokes, which can be prevented by chronic transfusion programs. Repeated transfusions of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) is currently the simplest and most used technique for chronic transfusion programs. However, iron overload is one of the major side effects of this therapy. More developed methods exist, notably the apheresis of RBC (erythrapheresis), which is currently the safest and most efficient method. However, it is costly, complicated, and cannot be implemented everywhere, nor is it suitable for all patients. Manual exchange transfusions combine one or more manual phlebotomies with a PRBC transfusion.
At the Reference Center of Sickle Cell Disease, we set up a continuous method of manual exchange transfusion that is feasible for all hospital settings, demands no specific equipment, and is widely applicable. In terms of HbS decrease, stroke prevention, and iron overload prevention, this method showed comparable efficiency to erythrapheresis. In cases where erythrapheresis is not available, this method can be a good alternative for patients and care centers.

We have outlined a method of continuous manual exchange transfusion for the treatment of sickle cell disease in patients. This safe protocol was designed to effectively limit iron overload in patients in need of chronic transfusions and can be used extensively without any special equipment.

Orak Hücre Hastalığında için sürekli Manuel Değişim Transfüzyon: Demir birikimini önlemek için Etkin Bir Yöntem

Children with sickle cell anemia (SCA) may be at risk of cerebral vasculopathy and strokes, which can be prevented by chronic transfusion programs. ...

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People

This protocol describes the simultaneous use of a broad span of methods to examine muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, and power in elderly people performing short-term resistance training (RET). Supervised progressive resistance training for 1 h three times a week over 8 weeks was performed by RET participants (71&#177;1 years, range 65-80). Compared to a control group without training, the RET showed improvements on the measures used to indicate strength, power, glucose tolerance, and several parameters of muscle aerobic capacity. Strength training was performed in a gym with only robust fitness equipment. An isokinetic dynamometer for knee extensor strength permitted the measurement of concentric, eccentric, and static strength, which increased for the RET group (8-12% post- versus pre-test). The power (rate of force development, RFD) at the initial 0-30 ms also showed an increase for the RET group (52%). A glucose tolerance test with frequent blood glucose measurements showed improvements only for the RET group in terms of blood glucose values after 2 h (14%) and the area under the curve (21%). The blood lipid profile also improved (8%). From muscle biopsy samples prepared using histochemistry, the amount of fiber type IIa increased, and a trend towards a decrease in IIx in the RET group reflected a change to a more oxidative profile in terms of fiber composition. Western blot (to determine the protein content related to the signaling for muscle protein synthesis) showed a rise of 69% in both Akt and mTOR in the RET group; this also showed an increase in mitochondrial proteins for OXPHOS complex II and citrate synthase (both ~30%) and for complex IV (90%), in only the RET group. We demonstrate that this type of progressive resistance training offers various improvements (e.g., strength, power, aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, and plasma lipid profile).

The effect of short-term resistance training on elderly people was investigated through the simultaneous use of several methods. Compared to a control group, many improvements were seen, including on muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, power, and muscle quality (i.e., protein involved in cell signaling and muscle fiber type composition).

Yaşlılar Arası Kısa Süreli Progresif Güç Eğitimiyle Mukavemet, Güç, Kas Aerobik Kapasitesi ve Glukoz Toleransının Geliştirilmesi

This protocol describes the simultaneous use of a broad span of methods to examine muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, and power in ...

In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue

The tongue is a highly innervated and vascularized muscle hydrostat on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates. Its primary functions include supporting mastication and deglutition, as well as taste-sensing and phonetics. Accordingly, the strength and volume of the tongue can impact the ability of vertebrates to accomplish basic activities such as feeding, communicating, and breathing. Human patients with sleep apnea have enlarged tongues, characterized by reduced muscle tone and increased intramuscular fat that can be visualized and quantified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The abilities to measure force generation and viscoelastic properties of the tongue constitute important tools for obtaining functional information to correlate with imaging data. Here, we present techniques for measuring tongue force production in anesthetized Zucker rats via electrical stimulation of the hypoglossal nerves and for determining the viscoelastic properties of the tongue by applying passive Lissajous force/deformation curves.

In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue

We describe a surgical procedure in an anesthetized rat model for determining the muscle tone and viscoelastic properties of the tongue. The procedure involves specific stimulation of the hypoglossal nerves and application of passive Lissajous force/deformation curves to the muscle.

Sıçan Dilinin Mekanik ve Viskoelastik Özelliklerinin In Vivo Değerlendirilmesi

The tongue is a highly innervated and vascularized muscle hydrostat on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates. Its primary functions include ...

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations

Many hamstring injuries that occur during physical activity occur while the muscles are lengthening, during eccentric hamstring muscle actions. Opposite of these eccentric hamstring actions are concentric quadriceps actions, where the larger and likely stronger quadriceps straighten the knee. Therefore, to stabilize the lower limbs during movement, the hamstrings must eccentrically combat against the strong knee-straightening torque of the quadriceps. As such, eccentric hamstring strength expressed relative to concentric quadricep strength is commonly referred to as the &#34;functional ratio&#34; as most movements in sports require simultaneous concentric knee extension and eccentric knee flexion. To increase the strength, resiliency, and functional performance of the hamstrings, it is necessary to test and train the hamstrings at different eccentric speeds. The main purpose of this work is to provide instructions for measuring and interpreting eccentric hamstring strength. Techniques for measuring the functional ratio using isokinetic dynamometry are provided and sample data will be compared. Additionally, we briefly describe how to address hamstring strength deficiencies or unilateral strength differences using exercises that specifically focus on increasing eccentric hamstring strength.

The hamstrings are a group of muscles that are sometimes problematic for athletes, resulting in soft tissue injury in the lower limbs. To prevent such injuries, functional training of the hamstrings requires intensive eccentric contractions. Additionally, hamstring function should be tested in relation to quadricep function at different contraction speeds.

Kas dengesizlikleri: Test ve fonksiyonel eksantrik Hamstring gücü atletik nüfus eğitim

Many hamstring injuries that occur during physical activity occur while the muscles are lengthening, during eccentric hamstring muscle actions. Opposite ...