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1. Cihaz 1.1 Kondziela en ters ekran testi Ters ekran 1 mm çapında tel (Şekil 1) 12 mm kareler oluşan tel örgü kare bir 43 cm. Bu 4 cm derinliğinde ahşap boncuk (diğer tarafa üzerine tırmanma girişiminde zaman zaman fare engeller) (Şekil 2) ile çevrilidir. 1.2 Ağırlıklar testi Yedi ağırlık cihazı oluşturmaktadır. Her karışık ince göstergesi paslanmaz çelik tel, yurt içi kaynar su içinde kireçtaşı kireç oluşumunu önlemek için kullanılan bir &quot;ölçek toplayıcı&quot; bir top oluşur. Bu ağırlığı küçük (7 g), ancak her bir ölçek toplayıcı çelik zincir bağlantıları, yaklaşık 13 g ağırlığında, her bir dizi takılır. Bağlantıların sayısı bir ile yedi arasında değişmektedir. Bunların ağırlıkları, şunlardır: 20, 33, 46, 59, 72, 85 ve 98 g (Şekiller 3 ve 4). 2. Profesyoneliletin Tüm testler için, düzgün uyanık olduğundan emin olmak için test önce deneysel oda 5-20 dakika fareler getirmek. Genel bir kural olarak, kas gücü ve uyarılma normal seviyelere dönüş kurtarma izin vermek için, her motor test sonra evde kafes dönüş tarafından fareler dinlenme. <ol><li> Kondziela en ters ekran testi </li><li> Prosedür: tel örgü ekranın ortasındaki fare, fare kafası ilk düşüşle, 2 sn üzerinde ters konumda için ekrana döndürmek, bir stopclock başlar. Sürekli 40-50 cm bir yastıklı yüzeyi üzerinde ekrana tutun. Fare düşer zaman unutmayın, ya da 60 sn kriteri zamanı geldiğinde çıkarın. Daha uzun kriter kez Bazı deneyler için faydalı olabilir. </li><li> Ters ekran Puanlama: </li></ol> 1-10 saniye arasında Falling = 1 11-25 sn arasında Falling = 2 26-60 sn = 3 arasında Falling 60 sn = 4 sonra düşen Veya, 2 dakika süreyle örneğin: 1-10 saniye arasında Falling = 1 11-25 sn arasında Falling = 2 26-60 sn = 3 arasında Falling 61-90 sn = 4 arasında Falling 90 saniye = 5 sonra Falling 3. Ağırlıklar Testi Kuyruk ortasında / tabanı tarafından bir fare tutun ve laboratuvar bankta yatan ilk ağırlığı (20 g) kavramak sağlayacak doğru indirin. Onun forepaws ile tel ölçekli toplayıcı kavrar gibi, bir stop saat başlatmak ve bağlantı tezgah kurtulana kadar fare yükseltmek. Üç saniyelik bir beklemeye kriterdir. Fare 3 saniyeden daha kısa bir ağırlık düşer ise ağırlık düzenlenen süre not edin. Yaklaşık 10 saniye için fare dinlenmek ve bir kez daha kilo deneyin. Üç kez başarısız olursa, bu deneme sona erer, ve fare en uzun süre / elde ağırlık atanır. Bu 3 için tutarsa ​​saniye sonra bir sonraki ağır kilo deneyin. Bu 3 saniye bu asansörleri Eğer var sonra, bir sonraki ağır üzerinde testilk ağırlığına tüm cagemates test edilmiştir. Yine, 3 saniye boyunca ağırlığını taşıyabilecek üç şans verilir. Son bir toplam puan bu tutulduğu zaman (sn) ile çarpılarak tam 3 saniye için düzenlenen en ağır zincirin halkaları, sayısı ürünü olarak hesaplanır. En ağır ağırlığı 3 saniye önce kesilirse uygun bir ara değer hesaplanır. Böylece 3 saniye için 5 bağlantı ağırlık tutarak fare, ama bir 6-bağlantı ağırlık kaldırmak mümkün, (5 x 3) = 15 puan atanır. Bu 1 saniye için 6 bağlantı ağırlık tutarsa, bu puanları (5 x 3) + (1) = 16. Bazen fareler yeterince cihazı kavrama için motive olabilir. Bu genellikle daha yaşlı hayvanlarda oluşur. Bu sorun, tel topa kavrama mesafesi getirmeden önce daha uzun bir süre için kuyruk farenin tutarak en aza indirilebilir.

<ol>
	<li>Bulfield, G., Siller, W. G., Wight, P. A., Moore, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=K.J.X+chromosome-linked+muscular+dystrophy+(mdx)+in+the+mouse.">K.J.X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) in the mouse.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 1189-1192 (1984).</li><li>Contet, C., Rawlins, J. N. P., Deacon, R. M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+129S2/SvHsd+and+C57BL/6JOlaHsd+mice+on+a+test+battery+assessing+sensorimotor,+affective+and+cognitive+behaviours:+implications+for+the+study+of+genetically+modified+mice.">A comparison of 129S2/SvHsd and C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice on a test battery assessing sensorimotor, affective and cognitive behaviours: implications for the study of genetically modified mice.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 124, 33-46 (2001).</li><li>Deacon, R. M. J., Brook, R. C., Meyer, D., Haeckel, O., Ashcroft, F. M., Miki, T., Seino, S., Liss, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+phenotyping+of+mice+lacking+the+KATP+channel+subunit+Kir6.2.">Behavioral phenotyping of mice lacking the KATP channel subunit Kir6.2.</a> Physiol. Behav. 87, 723-733 (2006).</li><li>Deacon, R. M. J., Croucher, A., Rawlins, J. N. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hippocampal+cytotoxic+lesion+effects+on+species-typical+behaviors+in+mice.">Hippocampal cytotoxic lesion effects on species-typical behaviors in mice.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 132, 203-213 (2002).</li><li>Rawlins, J. N. P., Morley, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+the+behavior+of+C57BL/6+and+C57BL/10+mice.">A comparison of the behavior of C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 mice.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 179, 239-247 (2007).</li><li>Guenther, K., Deacon, R. M. J., Perry, V. H., Rawlins, J. N. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+behavioural+changes+in+scrapie-affected+mice+and+the+influence+of+dapsone.">Early behavioural changes in scrapie-affected mice and the influence of dapsone.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 14, 401-409 (2001).</li><li>Kondziela, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eine+neue+method+zur+messung+der+muskularen+relaxation+bei+weissen+mausen.">Eine neue method zur messung der muskularen relaxation bei weissen mausen.</a> Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 152, 277-284 (1964).</li></ol>

Çıkar çatışması ilan etti.

Insan motor sistemleri etkileyen birçok hastalığın fare modelleri sürekli geliştirilen, bu nedenle farelerde gücü iyi testleri gereklidir edilmektedir. Örnekler müsküler distrofi, Parkinson hastalığı ve Huntington koresi de birçok formları içerir. Güç çalışmaları da spinal veya periferik sinir hasarı sonrası sinir rejenerasyon modellerinde kullanımı bulabilirsiniz. Sanayi ve otomobil kazaları insanlar için önemli sakatlık neden devam, ama çok klinik öncesi çalışmaları halen sinir büyüme faktörlere bağlı olarak tedavinin olası yolları araştırıyor. Kaslar bireysel iş asla. Bunlar, diğer kasların kısıtlamaları ve iskelet sistemi içinde nöromüsküler kavşak ve çalışma ile, beyin, yerel veya yüksek spinal refleksleri ile aktif hale gelir. Bu nedenle, sistem karmaşıklığı uyanık hayvan kas kuvvet in vivo testleri anlamına gelir bugünkü durumun değerlendirilmesi ve effe gerekli olanHerhangi bir olası tedavi cts. Fareler içgüdüsel güçlü bir kavrama ile malzeme üzerinde tutmak, böylece Mus musculus kas gücü ve olası tedaviler bozuklukları değerlendirmek için ideal bir model hayvandır.

Bir yatıyordu kişi için, farelerde güç ölçüm fikri, bir oxymoron bile bir şey saçma görünebilir. Ancak, ev / laboratuvar fareler Mus musculus adlandırılır bu sebepsiz değildir. Aslında fareler daha büyük olması, çok yüksek bir güç / ağırlık oranının, var. Örneğin, yetişkin farelerin bile kolayca sadece ön ya da arka pençeleri kullanarak, kendi vücut ağırlığı destek olabilir; çok az yetişkin laboratuar sıçan yapabilirsiniz. Fare biyomedikal araştırma giderek daha büyük bir rol oynamaktadır. Pek çok insan motor bozuklukları, bedensel ve kökenli merkezi sinir sistemi hem de modellemek için kullanılabilir. İkincisi, örneğin mültipl skleroz, omurga kas atrofisi, Parkinson hastalığı, Huntington hastalığı ve amiyotrofik lateral skleroz ise eski, kalıtsal müsküler distrofi, 1, myastenia gravis fazla otuz formları içerir. Bu modellerin hepsi için, kendi motor bozukluklar tam bir değerlendirme özel testler içermelidirgüç.

measuring the strength of mice

Kondziela 7 ters ekran testi tasarlanmış ve 1964 yılında yayınladı. Bu dört ekstremite kullanarak kas gücü bir testtir. En normal farelerin kolayca bu işi maksimum puan, bu hızlı ama duyarsız brüt ekran, ve bu makalede açıklanan ağırlık testi kas gücü daha ince bir ölçü sağlayacaktır. Orada ters ekran testi daha kademeli veri sağlayacaktır ticari cihazların birkaç gerginlik göstergesi tabanlı parçaları da, ancak maliyet gücü test uzman olmayan birçok laboratuvar ötesinde onları koymak olabilir. Bu nedenle 2000 yılında ucuz ve basit bir aparat yazar tarafından geliştirilmiştir. Bu bir &quot;kürk toplayıcı&quot; kireç sert su alanlarda inşa önlemek için satılan ince tel örgü bir top bağlı artan uzunlukta zincir bağlantıları, bir dizi oluşur. Bir kaza sonucu gözlem fareler çok sıkı bu kavrama ortaya koydu, bu yüzden bir kavrama Ucu olarak idealdir kanıtladıbir ağırlık-kaldırma cihazları için t. Ticari gücü metre ile sık arıza çubuğu veya diğer kavrama özelliği fareler için maksimum kavrama uygulamak için yeterli ince olmadığıdır. Genel bir kural olarak, ince tel veya çubuk, daha iyi bir fare, küçük pençeleri ile kavrama olabilir. Herhangi bir test olduğu gibi motivasyon faktörleri potansiyel bir rol oynayabilir ancak bu, güç bir saf testtir. Ölçek toplayıcıları kullanımı, ancak, motivasyon en normal genç yetişkin fareler için çok yüksek gibi görünüyor gibi motivasyon sorunları en aza indirmek gibi görünüyor.

Beklenen Sonuçlar Contet ve ark. 2 129S2/sv farenin C57BL / 6 farelerine ağırlık test benzer bir performans gösterdi. Kadın C57BL / 6 fareler attı yaklaşık 15, 129 onlar 70 gr civarında, yaklaşık 5 zincir bağlantıları kaldırabilir gelir fareler 17,. Bu yüksek bir değerdir; normalde 2-3 zincir bağlantıları (skor 6-9, 33-46 g) C57BL / 6 fareler 5 tarafından kaldırılır. Bu farklılıklar muhtemelen bu fareler almış ne kadar taşıma gibi faktörler ve deneyci en tekniğinin ayrıntılı ilişkilidir. Ağırlık testi veya ters ekran 4 yoluyla ölçülen hipokampal hasarla gücü etkilemedi. Prion (scrapie) hastalıklı fareler enfeksiyon 6 sonra 18 hafta ters ekranda engelli edildi. Biraz yatay çubuk üzerinde engelli ve C57BL / 6 fareler göre rotarod rağmen, C57BL/10 fareler halter, 5 engelli değildi. T knockout farelerdekadın ikinci 3 erkeklerden daha yüksek puan olsa o KATP kanal alt ünitesi Kir6.2, ters ekran veya halter testlerinde engelli değildi. Bu alışılmadık, normal olarak ağır erkek kadınlara göre daha fazla güç görüntüler. <img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig1.jpg" /> Şekil 1. Ters ekranı. <img alt="Şekil 2," src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig2.jpg" /> Şekil 2.. Ters ekranda bir fare görünümü kapatın. <img alt="Şekil 3," src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig3.jpg" /> Şekil 3,. Ağırlıkları 20 g ile 98 g arasında değişmektedir. <img alt="Şekil 4," src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig4.jpg" /> <strong&gt; Şekil 4. Bir fare halter.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Strength of Mice at JoVE.com

Measuring the Strength of Mice

Kas gücü Açıklan gibi motor nöron hastalığı gibi birçok klinik durumda ortaya çıkar. Ters ekran ve ağırlık kaldırma testleri gibi koordinasyon gibi faktörlerin minimum etkisi ile, neredeyse sadece burada farelerde ölçü gücü nitelendirdi.

Farelerin Kuvvet Ölçüm

Kondziela7 devised the inverted screen test and published it in 1964. It is a test of muscle strength using all four limbs. Most normal mice easily score ...

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53.7K Görüntüleme.  University of Oxford. Kas gücü Açıklan gibi motor nöron hastalığı gibi birçok klinik durumda ortaya çıkar. Ters ekran ve ağırlık kaldırma testleri gibi koordinasyon gibi faktörlerin minimum etkisi ile, neredeyse sadece burada farelerde ölçü gücü nitelendirdi.

Video: Measuring the Strength of Mice

Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene expression. Transgenic and gene targeting methods can be used to generate mice with altered cardiac size and function,1-3 and as a result, in vivo techniques are needed to evaluate their cardiac phenotype. Transthoracic echocardiography, pulse wave Doppler (PWD), and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) can be used to provide dimensional measurements of the mouse heart and to quantify the degree of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance. Two-dimensional imaging is used to detect abnormal anatomy or movements of the left ventricle, whereas M-mode echo is used for quantification of cardiac dimensions and contractility.4,5 In addition, PWD is used to quantify localized velocity of turbulent flow,6 whereas TDI is used to measure the velocity of myocardial motion.7 Thus, transthoracic echocardiography offers a comprehensive method for the noninvasive evaluation of cardiac function in mice.

Transthoracic echocardiography offers a noninvasive method for the evaluation of cardiac function in mice. A combination of ultrasound and Doppler imaging modalities can be used to obtain dimensional measurements of the heart and intracardiac blood flow, which together provide an assessment of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance.

Fareler de Transtorasik Ekokardiyografi

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene ...

Tıp

Manual Muscle Testing:  A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, and persistent nerve and muscle impairments after hospital discharge.1-6 Using an explicit protocol with a structured approach to training and quality assurance of research staff, manual muscle testing (MMT) is a highly reliable method for assessing strength, using a standardized clinical examination, for patients following ARDS, and can be completed with mechanically ventilated patients who can tolerate sitting upright in bed and are able to follow two-step commands. 7, 8 
This video demonstrates a protocol for MMT, which has been taught to &ge;43 research staff who have performed &gt;800 assessments on &gt;280 ARDS survivors. Modifications for the bedridden patient are included. Each muscle is tested with specific techniques for positioning, stabilization, resistance, and palpation for each score of the 6-point ordinal Medical Research Council scale.7,9-11 Three upper and three lower extremity muscles are graded in this protocol: shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, wrist extension, hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion. These muscles were chosen based on the standard approach for evaluating patients for ICU-acquired weakness used in prior publications. 1,2.

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and critical illness frequently develop long-lasting muscle weakness. Manual muscle testing (MMT) is a standardized clinical examination commonly used to measure strength of peripheral skeletal muscle groups. This video demonstrates MMT using the 6-point Medical Research Council scale.

Kritik Hastalarda Uygulanan Manuel Kas Testi: Ekstremite Kas Kuvveti Ölçme Yöntemi

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, ...

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation in Mice for the Study of Vascular Disease

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. This is largely true, but there are a number of important principles that can reduce the difficulty of these procedures and enhance reproducibility. Orthotopic aortic transplantation is an excellent procedure in which to learn these principles because it involves only two end-to-end anastomoses, but requires good suturing technique and handling of the vessels for consistent success. This procedure begins with the procurement of a length of abdominal aorta from a donor animal, followed by division of the native aorta in the recipient. The procured aorta is then placed between the divided ends of the recipient aorta and sutured into place using end-to-end anastomoses. To accomplish this objective successfully requires a high degree of concentration, good tools, a steady hand, and an appreciation of how easily the vasculature of a mouse can be damaged, resulting in thrombosis. Learning these important principles is what occupies most of the beginner's time when learning microsurgery in small rodents. Throughout this protocol, we refer to these important points. This model can be used to study vascular disease in a variety of different experimental systems1-8. In the context shown here, it is most often used for the study of post-transplant vascular disease, a common long-term complication of solid organ transplantation in which intimal hyperplasia occurs within the allograft. The primary advantage of the model is that it facilitates quantitative morphometric analyses and the transplanted vessel lies contiguous to the endogenous vessel, which can serve as an additional control9. The technique shown here is most often used for mice weighing 18-25 grams. We have accumulated most of our experience using the C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, and C3H/HeJ strains.

We describe a technique in which a section of the abdominal aorta from a mouse is transplanted orthotopically to just below the renal arteries in an allogeneic or syngeneic recipient. This technique can be useful in studies in which transplantation of large arteries of uniform size is deemed advantageous.

Damar Hastalığı Çalışmaları Farelerde Ortotopik Aort Nakli

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. ...

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

We present a protocol for measuring in vivo aortic stiffness in mice using high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Aortic diameter is measured by ultrasound and aortic blood pressure is measured invasively with a solid-state pressure catheter. Blood pressure is raised then lowered incrementally by intravenous infusion of vasoactive drugs phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside. Aortic diameter is measured for each pressure step to characterize the pressure-diameter relationship of the ascending aorta. Stiffness indices derived from the pressure-diameter relationship can be calculated from the data collected. Calculation of arterial compliance is described in this protocol.
This technique can be used to investigate mechanisms underlying increased aortic stiffness associated with cardiovascular disease and aging. The technique produces a physiologically relevant measure of stiffness compared to ex vivo approaches because physiological influences on aortic stiffness are incorporated in the measurement. The primary limitation of this technique is the measurement error introduced from the movement of the aorta during the cardiac cycle. This motion can be compensated by adjusting the location of the probe with the aortic movement as well as making multiple measurements of the aortic pressure-diameter relationship and expanding the experimental group size.

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

We describe a technique for measuring aortic stiffness from its pressure-diameter relationship in vivo in mice. Aortic diameter is recorded by ultrasound and aortic pressure is measured invasively with a solid-state pressure catheter. Blood pressure is changed incrementally and the resulting diameter is measured.

Artan Aort Katılığa Ölçme<em&gt; İn Vivo</em&gt; Ultrason Kullanımı Farelerde

We present a protocol for measuring in vivo aortic stiffness in mice using high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Aortic diameter is measured by ultrasound ...

Adapted Resistance Training Improves Strength in Eight Weeks in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Hip weakness is a common symptom affecting walking ability in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). It is known that resistance strength training (RST) can improve strength in individuals with MS, however; it remains unclear the duration of RST that is needed to make strength gains and how to adapt hip strengthening exercises for individuals of varying strength using only resistance bands. This paper describes the methodology to set up and implement an adapted resistance strength training program, using resistance bands, for individuals with MS. Directions for pre- and post-strength tests to evaluate efficacy of the strength-training program are included. Safety features and detailed instructions outline the weekly program content and progression. Current evidence is presented showing that significant strength gains can be made within 8 weeks of starting a RST program. Evidence is also presented showing that resistance strength training can be successfully adapted for individuals with MS of varying strength with little equipment.

Hip weakness is a common symptom affecting walking ability in people with multiple sclerosis. Isolated muscle strengthening is a useful method to target specific weaknesses. This protocol describes a progressive resistance-training program using exercise bands to increase hip muscle strength.

Uyarlama Direniş Eğitim Multipl Skleroz Bireylerde Sekiz Hafta içinde Gücü Artırır

Hip weakness is a common symptom affecting walking ability in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). It is known that resistance strength training (RST) can ...

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People

This protocol describes the simultaneous use of a broad span of methods to examine muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, and power in elderly people performing short-term resistance training (RET). Supervised progressive resistance training for 1 h three times a week over 8 weeks was performed by RET participants (71&#177;1 years, range 65-80). Compared to a control group without training, the RET showed improvements on the measures used to indicate strength, power, glucose tolerance, and several parameters of muscle aerobic capacity. Strength training was performed in a gym with only robust fitness equipment. An isokinetic dynamometer for knee extensor strength permitted the measurement of concentric, eccentric, and static strength, which increased for the RET group (8-12% post- versus pre-test). The power (rate of force development, RFD) at the initial 0-30 ms also showed an increase for the RET group (52%). A glucose tolerance test with frequent blood glucose measurements showed improvements only for the RET group in terms of blood glucose values after 2 h (14%) and the area under the curve (21%). The blood lipid profile also improved (8%). From muscle biopsy samples prepared using histochemistry, the amount of fiber type IIa increased, and a trend towards a decrease in IIx in the RET group reflected a change to a more oxidative profile in terms of fiber composition. Western blot (to determine the protein content related to the signaling for muscle protein synthesis) showed a rise of 69% in both Akt and mTOR in the RET group; this also showed an increase in mitochondrial proteins for OXPHOS complex II and citrate synthase (both ~30%) and for complex IV (90%), in only the RET group. We demonstrate that this type of progressive resistance training offers various improvements (e.g., strength, power, aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, and plasma lipid profile).

The effect of short-term resistance training on elderly people was investigated through the simultaneous use of several methods. Compared to a control group, many improvements were seen, including on muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, power, and muscle quality (i.e., protein involved in cell signaling and muscle fiber type composition).

Yaşlılar Arası Kısa Süreli Progresif Güç Eğitimiyle Mukavemet, Güç, Kas Aerobik Kapasitesi ve Glukoz Toleransının Geliştirilmesi

This protocol describes the simultaneous use of a broad span of methods to examine muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, and power in ...

Measuring the Effect of Chemicals on the Growth and Reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans

Toxicological evaluation is crucial for understanding the effects of chemicals on living organisms in basic and applied biological science fields. A non-mammalian soil round worm, Caenorhabditis elegans, is a valuable model organism for toxicology studies due to its convenience and lack of animal ethics issues compared with mammalian animal systems. In this protocol, a detailed procedure of toxicological evaluation of chemicals in C. elegans is described. A clinical anticancer drug, etoposide, which targets human topoisomerase II and inhibits DNA replication of human cancer cells, was selected as a model testing chemical. Age-synchronized C. elegans eggs were exposed to either dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or etoposide, and then the growth of C. elegans was monitored every day for 4 days by the stereo microscope observation. The total number of eggs laid from C. elegans treated with DMSO or etoposide was also counted by using the stereo microscope. Etoposide treatment significantly affected the growth and reproduction of C. elegans. By comparison of the total number of eggs laid from worms with different treatment periods of chemicals, it can be decided that the reproductive toxicity of chemicals on C. elegans reproduction is reversible or irreversible. These protocols may be helpful for both the development of various drugs and risk assessment of environmental toxicants.

Measuring the Effect of Chemicals on the Growth and Reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans

A basic protocol to evaluate the toxicity of chemicals in a model animal, Caenorhabditis elegans, is described. The method is convenient and useful for the development of pharmaceuticals as well as for the risk assessment of various environmental pollutants.

Büyüme ve üreme Caenorhabditis elegans kimyasallar etkisi ölçme

Toxicological evaluation is crucial for understanding the effects of chemicals on living organisms in basic and applied biological science fields. A ...

Blood Collection Through Subclavian Vein Puncture in Mice

The mouse is the foremost mammalian model for studying human disease and human health. However, blood sample collection from mice is challenging in research work. Tail blood collection is a popular method when a small amount of blood sample is needed. Orbital artery could be considered if a large amount of blood is needed but this blood collection method has ethical issues. Formerly, we demonstrated the feasibility and safety of blood sample collection through subclavian vein puncture in rats, and here we investigate whether this method could be used in mice. We report that this method is safe and practical for blood collection in mice. Blood collection through the subclavian vein puncture in mice can be a convenient method in daily research works.

Here, we present a protocol to take blood samples from the subclavian vein of mice.

Farelerde subclavian ven delinme yoluyla kan toplama

The mouse is the foremost mammalian model for studying human disease and human health. However, blood sample collection from mice is challenging in ...

Repeated Orotracheal Intubation in Mice

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ventral neck for direct confirmation of cannula placement in the trachea. The relative difficulty or the tissue trauma induced to the subject by such procedures can be an impediment to an investigator&#8217;s ability to perform longitudinal studies. This article illustrates a technique in which physical manipulation of the mouse following the use of a depilatory to remove hair from the ventral neck permits transcutaneous visualization of the trachea for orotracheal intubation regardless of degree of skin pigmentation. This method is innocuous to the subject and easily achieved with a limited understanding of murine anatomy. This refined approach facilitates repeated intubation, which may be necessary for monitoring progression of disease or instillation of treatments. Using this method may result in a reduction of the number of animals and technical skill required to measure lung function in mouse models of respiratory disease.

The goal of this article is to describe a refined method of intubation of the laboratory mouse. The method is noninvasive and, therefore, ideal for studies that require serial monitoring of respiratory function and/or instillation of treatments into the lung.

Farelerde Tekrarlanan Orotracheal Entübasyon

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ...

Intratracheal Administration of Dry Powder Formulation in Mice

In the development of inhalable dry powder formulations, it is essential to evaluate their biological activities in preclinical animal models. This paper introduces a noninvasive method of intratracheal delivery of dry powder formulation in mice. A dry powder loading device that consists of a 200 &#181;L gel loading pipette tip connected to an 1 mL syringe via a three-way stopcock is presented. A small amount of dry powder (1-2 mg) is loaded into the pipette tip and dispersed by 0.6 mL of air in the syringe. Because pipette tips are disposable and inexpensive, different dry powder formulations can be loaded into different tips in advance. Various formulations can be evaluated in the same animal experiment without device cleaning and dose refilling, thereby saving time and eliminating the risk of cross-contamination from residual powder. The extent of powder dispersion can be inspected by the amount of powder remaining in the pipette tip. A protocol of intubation in mouse with a custom-made light source and a guiding cannula is included. Proper intubation is one of the key factors that influences the intratracheal delivery of dry powder formulation to the deep lung region of the mouse.

Dry powder formulations for inhalation have great potential in treating respiratory diseases. Before entering human studies, it is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of the dry powder formulation in preclinical studies. A simple and noninvasive method of the administration of dry powder in mice through the intratracheal route is presented.

Farelerde Kuru Toz Formülasyonunun Intratrakial Yönetimi

In the development of inhalable dry powder formulations, it is essential to evaluate their biological activities in preclinical animal models. This paper ...