Oxford Üniversitesi Açık Erişim finansman sağlamak için Wellcome Trust. Robert Deacon Wellcome Trust hibe WT084655MA tarafından finanse edilen Oxford Oxion grubunun bir üyesidir.

1. Cihaz 1.1 Kondziela en ters ekran testi Ters ekran 1 mm çapında tel (Şekil 1) 12 mm kareler oluşan tel örgü kare bir 43 cm. Bu 4 cm derinliğinde ahşap boncuk (diğer tarafa üzerine tırmanma girişiminde zaman zaman fare engeller) (Şekil 2) ile çevrilidir. 1.2 Ağırlıklar testi Yedi ağırlık cihazı oluşturmaktadır. Her karışık ince göstergesi paslanmaz çelik tel, yurt içi kaynar su içinde kireçtaşı kireç oluşumunu önlemek için kullanılan bir &quot;ölçek toplayıcı&quot; bir top oluşur. Bu ağırlığı küçük (7 g), ancak her bir ölçek toplayıcı çelik zincir bağlantıları, yaklaşık 13 g ağırlığında, her bir dizi takılır. Bağlantıların sayısı bir ile yedi arasında değişmektedir. Bunların ağırlıkları, şunlardır: 20, 33, 46, 59, 72, 85 ve 98 g (Şekiller 3 ve 4). 2. Profesyoneliletin Tüm testler için, düzgün uyanık olduğundan emin olmak için test önce deneysel oda 5-20 dakika fareler getirmek. Genel bir kural olarak, kas gücü ve uyarılma normal seviyelere dönüş kurtarma izin vermek için, her motor test sonra evde kafes dönüş tarafından fareler dinlenme. <ol><li> Kondziela en ters ekran testi </li><li> Prosedür: tel örgü ekranın ortasındaki fare, fare kafası ilk düşüşle, 2 sn üzerinde ters konumda için ekrana döndürmek, bir stopclock başlar. Sürekli 40-50 cm bir yastıklı yüzeyi üzerinde ekrana tutun. Fare düşer zaman unutmayın, ya da 60 sn kriteri zamanı geldiğinde çıkarın. Daha uzun kriter kez Bazı deneyler için faydalı olabilir. </li><li> Ters ekran Puanlama: </li></ol> 1-10 saniye arasında Falling = 1 11-25 sn arasında Falling = 2 26-60 sn = 3 arasında Falling 60 sn = 4 sonra düşen Veya, 2 dakika süreyle örneğin: 1-10 saniye arasında Falling = 1 11-25 sn arasında Falling = 2 26-60 sn = 3 arasında Falling 61-90 sn = 4 arasında Falling 90 saniye = 5 sonra Falling 3. Ağırlıklar Testi Kuyruk ortasında / tabanı tarafından bir fare tutun ve laboratuvar bankta yatan ilk ağırlığı (20 g) kavramak sağlayacak doğru indirin. Onun forepaws ile tel ölçekli toplayıcı kavrar gibi, bir stop saat başlatmak ve bağlantı tezgah kurtulana kadar fare yükseltmek. Üç saniyelik bir beklemeye kriterdir. Fare 3 saniyeden daha kısa bir ağırlık düşer ise ağırlık düzenlenen süre not edin. Yaklaşık 10 saniye için fare dinlenmek ve bir kez daha kilo deneyin. Üç kez başarısız olursa, bu deneme sona erer, ve fare en uzun süre / elde ağırlık atanır. Bu 3 için tutarsa ​​saniye sonra bir sonraki ağır kilo deneyin. Bu 3 saniye bu asansörleri Eğer var sonra, bir sonraki ağır üzerinde testilk ağırlığına tüm cagemates test edilmiştir. Yine, 3 saniye boyunca ağırlığını taşıyabilecek üç şans verilir. Son bir toplam puan bu tutulduğu zaman (sn) ile çarpılarak tam 3 saniye için düzenlenen en ağır zincirin halkaları, sayısı ürünü olarak hesaplanır. En ağır ağırlığı 3 saniye önce kesilirse uygun bir ara değer hesaplanır. Böylece 3 saniye için 5 bağlantı ağırlık tutarak fare, ama bir 6-bağlantı ağırlık kaldırmak mümkün, (5 x 3) = 15 puan atanır. Bu 1 saniye için 6 bağlantı ağırlık tutarsa, bu puanları (5 x 3) + (1) = 16. Bazen fareler yeterince cihazı kavrama için motive olabilir. Bu genellikle daha yaşlı hayvanlarda oluşur. Bu sorun, tel topa kavrama mesafesi getirmeden önce daha uzun bir süre için kuyruk farenin tutarak en aza indirilebilir.

<ol><li>Bulfield, G., Siller, W. G., Wight, P. A., Moore, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((K.J.X+chromosome-linked+muscular+dystrophy+%28mdx%29+in+the+mouse%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A%22%5BJournal%5D)">K.J.X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) in the mouse.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 1189-1192 (1984).</li>
<li>Contet, C., Rawlins, J. N. P., Deacon, R. M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+comparison+of+129S2%2FSvHsd+and+C57BL%2F6JOlaHsd+mice+on+a+test+battery+assessing+sensorimotor%2C+affective+and+cognitive+behaviours%3A+implications+for+the+study+of+genetically+modified+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Behavioural+Brain+Research%22%5BJournal%5D)">A comparison of 129S2/SvHsd and C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice on a test battery assessing sensorimotor, affective and cognitive behaviours: implications for the study of genetically modified mice.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 124, 33-46 (2001).</li>
<li>Deacon, R. M. J., Brook, R. C., Meyer, D., Haeckel, O., Ashcroft, F. M., Miki, T., Seino, S., Liss, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Behavioral+phenotyping+of+mice+lacking+the+KATP+channel+subunit+Kir6.2%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Physiol.+Behav%22%5BJournal%5D)">Behavioral phenotyping of mice lacking the KATP channel subunit Kir6.2.</a> Physiol. Behav. 87, 723-733 (2006).</li>
<li>Deacon, R. M. J., Croucher, A., Rawlins, J. N. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Hippocampal+cytotoxic+lesion+effects+on+species-typical+behaviors+in+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Behav.+Brain+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Hippocampal cytotoxic lesion effects on species-typical behaviors in mice.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 132, 203-213 (2002).</li>
<li>Rawlins, J. N. P., Morley, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+comparison+of+the+behavior+of+C57BL%2F6+and+C57BL%2F10+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Behav.+Brain+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">A comparison of the behavior of C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 mice.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 179, 239-247 (2007).</li>
<li>Guenther, K., Deacon, R. M. J., Perry, V. H., Rawlins, J. N. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Early+behavioural+changes+in+scrapie-affected+mice+and+the+influence+of+dapsone%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Eur.+J.+Neurosci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Early behavioural changes in scrapie-affected mice and the influence of dapsone.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 14, 401-409 (2001).</li>
<li>Kondziela, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Eine+neue+method+zur+messung+der+muskularen+relaxation+bei+weissen+mausen%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Arch.+Int.+Pharmacodyn%22%5BJournal%5D)">Eine neue method zur messung der muskularen relaxation bei weissen mausen.</a> Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 152, 277-284 (1964).</li>
</ol>

Çıkar çatışması ilan etti.

Insan motor sistemleri etkileyen birçok hastalığın fare modelleri sürekli geliştirilen, bu nedenle farelerde gücü iyi testleri gereklidir edilmektedir. Örnekler müsküler distrofi, Parkinson hastalığı ve Huntington koresi de birçok formları içerir. Güç çalışmaları da spinal veya periferik sinir hasarı sonrası sinir rejenerasyon modellerinde kullanımı bulabilirsiniz. Sanayi ve otomobil kazaları insanlar için önemli sakatlık neden devam, ama çok klinik öncesi çalışmaları halen sinir büyüme faktörlere bağlı olarak tedavinin olası yolları araştırıyor. Kaslar bireysel iş asla. Bunlar, diğer kasların kısıtlamaları ve iskelet sistemi içinde nöromüsküler kavşak ve çalışma ile, beyin, yerel veya yüksek spinal refleksleri ile aktif hale gelir. Bu nedenle, sistem karmaşıklığı uyanık hayvan kas kuvvet in vivo testleri anlamına gelir bugünkü durumun değerlendirilmesi ve effe gerekli olanHerhangi bir olası tedavi cts. Fareler içgüdüsel güçlü bir kavrama ile malzeme üzerinde tutmak, böylece Mus musculus kas gücü ve olası tedaviler bozuklukları değerlendirmek için ideal bir model hayvandır.

Bir yatıyordu kişi için, farelerde güç ölçüm fikri, bir oxymoron bile bir şey saçma görünebilir. Ancak, ev / laboratuvar fareler Mus musculus adlandırılır bu sebepsiz değildir. Aslında fareler daha büyük olması, çok yüksek bir güç / ağırlık oranının, var. Örneğin, yetişkin farelerin bile kolayca sadece ön ya da arka pençeleri kullanarak, kendi vücut ağırlığı destek olabilir; çok az yetişkin laboratuar sıçan yapabilirsiniz. Fare biyomedikal araştırma giderek daha büyük bir rol oynamaktadır. Pek çok insan motor bozuklukları, bedensel ve kökenli merkezi sinir sistemi hem de modellemek için kullanılabilir. İkincisi, örneğin mültipl skleroz, omurga kas atrofisi, Parkinson hastalığı, Huntington hastalığı ve amiyotrofik lateral skleroz ise eski, kalıtsal müsküler distrofi, 1, myastenia gravis fazla otuz formları içerir. Bu modellerin hepsi için, kendi motor bozukluklar tam bir değerlendirme özel testler içermelidirgüç.

measuring the strength of mice

Kondziela 7 ters ekran testi tasarlanmış ve 1964 yılında yayınladı. Bu dört ekstremite kullanarak kas gücü bir testtir. En normal farelerin kolayca bu işi maksimum puan, bu hızlı ama duyarsız brüt ekran, ve bu makalede açıklanan ağırlık testi kas gücü daha ince bir ölçü sağlayacaktır. Orada ters ekran testi daha kademeli veri sağlayacaktır ticari cihazların birkaç gerginlik göstergesi tabanlı parçaları da, ancak maliyet gücü test uzman olmayan birçok laboratuvar ötesinde onları koymak olabilir. Bu nedenle 2000 yılında ucuz ve basit bir aparat yazar tarafından geliştirilmiştir. Bu bir &quot;kürk toplayıcı&quot; kireç sert su alanlarda inşa önlemek için satılan ince tel örgü bir top bağlı artan uzunlukta zincir bağlantıları, bir dizi oluşur. Bir kaza sonucu gözlem fareler çok sıkı bu kavrama ortaya koydu, bu yüzden bir kavrama Ucu olarak idealdir kanıtladıbir ağırlık-kaldırma cihazları için t. Ticari gücü metre ile sık arıza çubuğu veya diğer kavrama özelliği fareler için maksimum kavrama uygulamak için yeterli ince olmadığıdır. Genel bir kural olarak, ince tel veya çubuk, daha iyi bir fare, küçük pençeleri ile kavrama olabilir. Herhangi bir test olduğu gibi motivasyon faktörleri potansiyel bir rol oynayabilir ancak bu, güç bir saf testtir. Ölçek toplayıcıları kullanımı, ancak, motivasyon en normal genç yetişkin fareler için çok yüksek gibi görünüyor gibi motivasyon sorunları en aza indirmek gibi görünüyor.

Beklenen Sonuçlar Contet ve ark. 2 129S2/sv farenin C57BL / 6 farelerine ağırlık test benzer bir performans gösterdi. Kadın C57BL / 6 fareler attı yaklaşık 15, 129 onlar 70 gr civarında, yaklaşık 5 zincir bağlantıları kaldırabilir gelir fareler 17,. Bu yüksek bir değerdir; normalde 2-3 zincir bağlantıları (skor 6-9, 33-46 g) C57BL / 6 fareler 5 tarafından kaldırılır. Bu farklılıklar muhtemelen bu fareler almış ne kadar taşıma gibi faktörler ve deneyci en tekniğinin ayrıntılı ilişkilidir. Ağırlık testi veya ters ekran 4 yoluyla ölçülen hipokampal hasarla gücü etkilemedi. Prion (scrapie) hastalıklı fareler enfeksiyon 6 sonra 18 hafta ters ekranda engelli edildi. Biraz yatay çubuk üzerinde engelli ve C57BL / 6 fareler göre rotarod rağmen, C57BL/10 fareler halter, 5 engelli değildi. T knockout farelerdekadın ikinci 3 erkeklerden daha yüksek puan olsa o KATP kanal alt ünitesi Kir6.2, ters ekran veya halter testlerinde engelli değildi. Bu alışılmadık, normal olarak ağır erkek kadınlara göre daha fazla güç görüntüler. <img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig1.jpg" /> Şekil 1. Ters ekranı. <img alt="Şekil 2," src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig2.jpg" /> Şekil 2.. Ters ekranda bir fare görünümü kapatın. <img alt="Şekil 3," src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig3.jpg" /> Şekil 3,. Ağırlıkları 20 g ile 98 g arasında değişmektedir. <img alt="Şekil 4," src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig4.jpg" /> <strong&gt; Şekil 4. Bir fare halter.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Strength of Mice at JoVE.com

Measuring the Strength of Mice

Kas gücü Açıklan gibi motor nöron hastalığı gibi birçok klinik durumda ortaya çıkar. Ters ekran ve ağırlık kaldırma testleri gibi koordinasyon gibi faktörlerin minimum etkisi ile, neredeyse sadece burada farelerde ölçü gücü nitelendirdi.

Farelerin Kuvvet Ölçüm

Kondziela7 devised the inverted screen test and published it in 1964. It is a test of muscle strength using all four limbs. Most normal mice easily score ...

Research

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Medicine

54.1K Görüntüleme.  University of Oxford. Kas gücü Açıklan gibi motor nöron hastalığı gibi birçok klinik durumda ortaya çıkar. Ters ekran ve ağırlık kaldırma testleri gibi koordinasyon gibi faktörlerin minimum etkisi ile, neredeyse sadece burada farelerde ölçü gücü nitelendirdi.

Video: Measuring the Strength of Mice

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential pharmaceutical compounds and gene therapy approaches have progressed into clinical trials. With improvement in muscle function being the most important end point in these trials, a lot of emphasis has been placed on setting up reliable, reproducible, and easy to perform functional tests to pre clinically assess muscle function, strength, condition, and coordination in the mdx mouse model for DMD. Both invasive and noninvasive tests are available. Tests that do not exacerbate the disease can be used to determine the natural history of the disease and the effects of therapeutic interventions (e.g. forelimb grip strength test, two different hanging tests using either a wire or a grid and rotarod running). Alternatively, forced treadmill running can be used to enhance disease progression and/or assess protective effects of therapeutic interventions on disease pathology. We here describe how to perform these most commonly used functional tests in a reliable and reproducible manner. Using these protocols based on standard operating procedures enables comparison of data between different laboratories.

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

The primary outcome measure in clinical trials for neuromuscular disorders is generally improved muscle function. Therefore, assessing the effect of potential therapeutic compounds on muscle performance pre clinically in mouse models is of great importance. We here describe several functional tests to address this.

Fonksiyonel Performans değerlendirilmesi<em&gt; Mdx</em&gt; Fare Modeli

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential ...

Davranış

Measuring Motor Coordination in Mice

Mice are increasingly being used in behavioral neuroscience, largely replacing rats as the behaviorist's animal of choice. Before aspects of behavior such as emotionality or cognition can be assessed, however, it is vital to determine whether the motor capabilities of e.g. a mutant or lesioned mouse allow such an assessment. Performance on a maze task requiring strength and coordination, such as the Morris water maze, might well be impaired in a mouse by motor, rather than cognitive, impairments, so it is essential to selectively dissect the latter from the former. For example, sensorimotor impairments caused by NMDA antagonists have been shown to impair water maze performance2. 
Motor coordination has traditionally been assessed in mice and rats by the rotarod test, in which the animal is placed on a horizontal rod that rotates about its long axis; the animal must walk forwards to remain upright and not fall off. Both set speed and accelerating versions of the rotarod are available.
The other three tests described in this article (horizontal bar, static rods and parallel bars) all measure coordination on static apparatus. The horizontal bar also requires strength for adequate performance, particularly of the forelimbs as the mouse initially grips the bar just with the front paws. 
Adult rats do not perform well on tests such as the static rods and parallel bars (personal observations); they appear less well coordinated than mice. I have only tested male rats, however, and male mice seem generally less well coordinated than females. Mice appear to have a higher strength:weight ratio than rats; the Latin name, Mus musculus, seems entirely appropriate. The rotarod, the variations of the foot fault test12 or the Catwalk (Noldus)15 apparatus are generally used to assess motor coordination in rats.

Protocols are presented for two established motor coordination tasks, the accelerating rotarod and horizontal bar, also two tests developed in Oxford recently, the static rods and parallel bars. These tests can detect motor impairments potentially of interest in their own right, as well as being possible variables in tests of other areas of behavior.

Farelerde Motor Koordinasyon Ölçüm

Mice are increasingly being used in behavioral neuroscience, largely replacing rats as the behaviorist's animal of choice. Before aspects of behavior such ...

Nörobilim

Battery of Behavioral Tests Assessing General Locomotion, Muscular Strength, and Coordination in Mice

Behavioral testing is used in pre-clinical trials to assess the phenotypic effects and outcomes that a particular disease or treatment has on the animal&#39;s wellbeing and health. There are numerous behavioral tests that may be applied. We selected a test for general locomotion, the open field test (OFT); a test for muscular strength, the mesh test (MT); and a test for coordination, the rotarod test (RR). Testing can be accomplished on a weekly or monthly basis. As a test for general locomotion, the OFT works by objectively monitoring movement parameters while the mouse is in an open field apparatus. The field is generally a 2&#39; x 2&#39; box, and the movements are recorded through laser sensing or through video capture. The mouse is placed in the center of the open field and allowed to move freely for the test. The MT uses the latency for a mouse to fall off an inverted screen as a measure of muscular strength. A mouse is placed on a screen, which is inverted over a clear box, and is timed for their latency to fall. Three trials are performed, with the best of the three trials scored for that day. A score of 60 s is the maximum time a mouse is left inverted. Mice are given a 5-min rest period between mesh test trials. Lastly, an accelerated protocol on the RR assesses motor coordination and endurance. During a trial, a mouse walks on a rotating rod as it increases in speed from 4 rpm to 40 rpm over 5 min. The trial ends when the mouse touches the magnetized pressure sensor upon falling. Each mouse undergoes three trials, and the best trial is scored for that day. This combined behavioral data allows for the global assessment of mobility, coordination, strength, and movement of the test animals. At least two out of the three behavioral testing measures must show improvement for an animal to qualify as having overall improved motor function.

Behavioral testing is used in pre-clinical trials to assess the phenotypic effects of a disease or treatment on an animal's wellbeing. In order to globally assess motor functioning, we selected tests for general locomotion, muscular strength, and coordination: the open field test, the mesh test, and the rotarod test, respectively.

Batarya-in davranış değerlendirilmesi genel hareket, kas gücü ve koordinasyon farelerde testleri

Behavioral testing is used in pre-clinical trials to assess the phenotypic effects and outcomes that a particular disease or treatment has on the ...

Systematic Assessment of Well-Being in Mice for Procedures Using General Anesthesia

In keeping with the 3R Principle (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) developed by Russel and Burch, scientific research should use alternatives to animal experimentation whenever possible. When there is no alternative to animal experimentation, the total number of laboratory animals used should be the minimum needed to obtain valuable data. Moreover, appropriate refinement measures should be applied to minimize pain, suffering, and distress accompanying the experimental procedure. The categories used to classify the degree of pain, suffering, and distress are non-recovery, mild, moderate, or severe (EU Directive 2010/63). To determine which categories apply in individual cases, it is crucial to use scientifically sound tools.
The well-being-assessment protocol presented here is designed for procedures during which general anesthesia is used. The protocol focuses on home cage activity, the Mouse Grimace Scale, and luxury behaviors such as burrowing and nest building behavior as indicators of well-being. It also uses the free exploratory paradigm for trait anxiety-related behavior. Fecal corticosterone metabolites as indicators of acute stress are measured over the 24-h post-anesthetic period.
The protocol provides scientifically solid information on the well-being of mice following general anesthesia. Due to its simplicity, the protocol can easily be adapted and integrated in a planned study. Although it does not provide a scale to classify distress in categories according to the EU Directive 2010/63, it can help researchers estimate the degree of severity of a procedure using scientifically sound data. It provides a way to improve the assessment of well-being in a scientific, animal-centered manner.

We developed a protocol to assess well-being in mice during procedures using general anesthesia. A series of behavioral parameters indicating levels of well-being as well as glucocorticoid metabolites were analyzed. The protocol can serve as a general aid to estimate the degree of severity in a scientific, animal-centered manner.

Esenlik farelerde sistematik değerlendirilmesi için genel anestezi yordamları

In keeping with the 3R Principle (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) developed by Russel and Burch, scientific research should use alternatives to animal ...

Measuring Active and Passive Tameness Separately in Mice

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two behavioral components: a reluctance to avoid humans (passive tameness) and a motivation to approach humans (active tameness). To quantify these components in mice, we previously developed behavioral tests for active tameness, passive tameness, and the willingness to stay on a human hand, each designed to be completed within 3 min. The data obtained were used for selective breeding, with a large number of mice analyzed per generation. The active tameness test measures the movement of the mouse toward a human hand and the contact it engages in. The passive tameness test measures the duration of time that a mouse tolerates human touch. In the stay-on-hand test, a mouse is placed on a human hand and touched slowly using the thumb of that hand; the duration of time that the animal remains on the hand is measured. Here, we describe the test set-up and apparatus, explain the procedures, and discuss the appropriate data analysis. Finally, we explain how to interpret the results.

Tameness in animals includes a reduction of avoidance responses to humans (passive tameness) and an increase in active approaches to humans (active tameness). Here, we describe detailed protocols for three behavioral tests (active tameness, passive tameness, and stay-on-hand tests) to separately measure the active and passive tameness of mice.

Aktif ve pasif Tameness ayrı olarak farelerde ölçme

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two ...

Measuring Changes in Tactile Sensitivity in the Hind Paw of Mice Using an Electronic von Frey Apparatus

Measuring inflammation-induced changes in thresholds of hind paw withdrawal from mechanical pressure is a useful technique to assess changes in pain perception in rodents. Withdrawal thresholds can be measured first at baseline and then following drug, venom, injury, allergen,&#160;or otherwise evoked inflammation by applying an accurate force on very specific areas of the skin. An electronic von Frey apparatus allows precise assessment of mouse hind paw withdrawal thresholds that are not limited by the available filament sizes in contrast to classical von Frey measurements. The ease and rapidity of measurements allow for incorporation of assessment of tactile sensitivity outcomes in diverse models of rapid-onset inflammatory and neuropathic pain as multiple measurements can be taken within a short time period. Experimental measurements for individual rodent subjects can be internally controlled against individual baseline responses and exclusion criteria easily established to standardize baseline responses within and across experimental groups. Thus, measurements using an electronic von Frey apparatus represent a useful modification of the well-established classical von Frey filament-based assays for rodent mechanical allodynia that may also be applied to other nonhuman mammalian models.

Electronic von Frey measurements are an effective and improved alternative to classical von Frey filaments, as they allow rapid and precise measurement of changes in rodent mechanical withdrawal thresholds to continuously applied pressure stimuli before and after an inflammatory event.

Measuring inflammation-induced changes in thresholds of hind paw withdrawal from mechanical pressure is a useful technique to assess changes in pain ...

Non-invasive Assessment of Dorsiflexor Muscle Function in Mice

Assessment of skeletal muscle contractile function is an important measurement for both clinical and research purposes. Numerous conditions can negatively affect skeletal muscle. This can result in a loss of muscle mass (atrophy) and/or loss of muscle quality (reduced force per unit of muscle mass), both of which are prevalent in chronic disease, muscle-specific disease, immobilization, and aging (sarcopenia). Skeletal muscle function in animals can be evaluated by a range of different tests. All tests have limitations related to the physiological testing environment, and the selection of a specific test often depends on the nature of the experiments. Here, we describe an in vivo, non-invasive technique involving a helpful and easy assessment of force frequency-curve (FFC) in mice that can be performed on the same animal over time. This permits monitoring of disease progression and/or efficacy&#160;of a potential therapeutic treatment.

Measurement of rodent skeletal muscle contractile function is a useful tool that can be used to track disease progression as well as efficacy of therapeutic intervention. We describe here the non-invasive, in vivo assessment of the dorsiflexor muscles that can be repeated over time in the same mouse.

Non-invaziv Dorsiflexor kas fonksiyonu farelerde değerlendirilmesi

Assessment of skeletal muscle contractile function is an important measurement for both clinical and research purposes. Numerous conditions can negatively ...

Tıp

Mechanical Conflict-Avoidance Assay to Measure Pain Behavior in Mice

Pain comprises of both sensory (nociceptive) and affective (unpleasant) dimensions. In preclinical models, pain has traditionally been assessed using reflexive tests that allow inferences regarding pain's nociceptive component but provide little information about the affective or motivational component of pain. Developing tests that capture these components of pain are therefore translationally important. Hence, researchers need to use non-reflexive behavioral assays to study pain perception at that level. Mechanical conflict-avoidance (MCA) is an established voluntary non-reflexive behavior assay, for studying motivational responses to a noxious mechanical stimulus in a 3 chamber paradigm. A change in a mouse's location preference, when faced with competing noxious stimuli, is used to infer the perceived unpleasantness of bright light versus tactile stimulation of the paws. This protocol outlines a modified version of the MCA assay which pain researchers can use to understand affective-motivational responses in a variety of mouse pain models. Though not specifically described here, our example MCA data use the intraplantar complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), spared nerve injury (SNI), and a fracture/casting model as pain models to illustrate the MCA procedure.

The mechanical conflict-avoidance assay is used as a non-reflexive readout of pain sensitivity in mice which can be used to better understand affective-motivational responses in a variety of mouse pain models.

Farelerde Ağrı Davranışını Ölçmek için Mekanik Çatışmadan Kaçınma Testi

Pain comprises of both sensory (nociceptive) and affective (unpleasant) dimensions. In preclinical models, pain has traditionally been assessed using ...

In vivo Measurement of Knee Extensor Muscle Function in Mice

Skeletal muscle plasticity in response to countless conditions and stimuli mediates concurrent functional adaptation, both negative and positive. In the clinic and the research laboratory, maximal muscular strength is widely measured longitudinally in humans, with knee extensor musculature the most reported functional outcome. Pathology of the knee extensor muscle complex is well documented in aging, orthopedic injury, disease, and disuse; knee extensor strength is closely related to functional capacity and injury risk, underscoring the importance of reliable measurement of knee extensor strength. Repeatable, in vivo assessment of knee extensor strength in pre-clinical rodent studies offers valuable functional endpoints for studies exploring osteoarthritis or knee injury. We report an in vivo and non-invasive protocol to repeatedly measure isometric peak tetanic torque of the knee extensors in mice across time. We demonstrate consistency using this novel method to measure knee extensor strength with repeated assessment in multiple mice producing similar results.

Quantification of knee extensor maximal strength is imperative to understand functional adaptations to aging, disease, injury, and rehabilitation. We present a novel method to repeatedly measure in vivo knee extension isometric peak tetanic torque.

Farelerde Diz Ekstensör Kas fonksiyonunun in vivo ölçümü

Skeletal muscle plasticity in response to countless conditions and stimuli mediates concurrent functional adaptation, both negative and positive. In the ...

Biyoloji

Versatility of Protocols for Resistance Training and Assessment Using Static and Dynamic Ladders in Animal Models

Resistance training is a physical exercise model with profound benefits for health throughout life. The use of resistance exercise animal models is a way to gain insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms that orchestrate these adaptations. The aim of this article is to describe exercise models and training protocols designed for strength training and evaluation of resistance in animal models and provide examples. In this article, strength training and resistance evaluation are based on ladder climbing activity, using static and dynamic ladders. These devices allow a variety of training models as well as provide precise control of the main variables which determine resistance exercise: volume, load, velocity, and frequency. Furthermore, unlike resistance exercise in humans, this is a forced exercise. Thus, aversive stimuli must be avoided in this intervention to preserve animal welfare. Prior to implementation, a detailed design is necessary, along with an acclimatization and learning period. Acclimatization to training devices, such as ladders, weights, and clinical tape, as well as to the manipulations required, is necessary to avoid exercise rejection and to minimize stress. At the same time, the animals are taught to climb up the ladder, not down, to the resting area on the top of the ladder. Resistance evaluation can characterize physical strength and permit adjusting and quantifying the training load and the response to training. Furthermore, different types of strength can be evaluated. Regarding training programs, with appropriate design and device use, they can be sufficiently versatile to modulate different types of strength. Furthermore, they should be flexible enough to be modified depending on the adaptive and behavioral response of the animals or the presence of injuries. In conclusion, resistance training and assessment using ladders and weights are versatile methods in animal research.

The present protocol describes resistance training and testing using static and dynamic ladders in animal models.

Hayvan Modellerinde Statik ve Dinamik Merdivenler Kullanarak Direnç Eğitimi ve Değerlendirmesi için Protokollerin Çok Yönlülüğü

Resistance training is a physical exercise model with profound benefits for health throughout life. The use of resistance exercise animal models is a way ...