Bu çalışma NIH (N01 HHSN272201100019C, U19 AI 089.992 ve NCRR / GCRC Programı M01-RR00125) tarafından kısmen desteklenmiştir. Yazarlar, herhangi bir rekabet mali çıkarlarının beyan ve Dr Mark Shlomchik, Yale Hücre Sıralayıcısı Çekirdek Tesis müdürü teşekkür ederim.

1. Bağışıklık Hücreleri İzolasyon ve uyarılması <ol><li> Yerel Kurumsal Değerlendirme Kurulu kuralları uyarınca yazılı onam sonra sağlıklı gönüllülerden alınan 10-50 ml heparinize kan edinin. Yaşlanma veya hastalık çalışmalar için her bir gönüllü veya hasta için patogenezi, etme ve dışlama kriterleri açıkça belirlenmelidir. </li><li> CPT tüpler veya Ficoll-Paque kullanarak Plus, izolasyon 7 (Reaktifler, Tablo 1) gününde üreticinin talimatlarına (GE Healthcare, NJ) ve Deney göre insan periferik kan mononükleer hücreleri (PBMC) ayırın. </li><li> Inkübe PBMC&#39;ler (3 x 10 6 / tüp) tek başına ortam içinde 0.6 ml 1.5 ml tüpler içerisinde ya TLR ligandları ya da başka bir aktive edici ajanlar, örn ile uyarılan TLR7 / 8 ligand R848 (0,6 ml, orta artı 10 mM TLR7 / 8 ligand 0.6 ul 10-60 dakika (InvivoGen, CA) 9 için 37 ° C&#39;da R848, nihai konsantrasyon 10 uM). </li></ol> 2. LaboratuvarHücre eling <ol><li> Etiket hücre soyu ve floresan-konjuge antikor kullanılarak canlı hücre süspansiyonları diğer yüzey belirteçleri. Etiket 3 x 10 4 azından 20 dakika boyunca 6 PBMC&#39;ler ° monosit veya DC soyları (Tablo 2) spesifik yüzey antikor kokteyli ile 1.5 mL Eppendorf tüpüne PBS /% 2 FBS 100 ul C. Optimal antikoru dilüsyonları çok-üzere birçok varyasyon-aza indirmek için gruplar halinde işleme alınması gerekir ön deneyler ve örneklerde tespit edilebilir. 0.1 satıcı antikor stok için mg / ml antikor 5 ul (1:20 seyreltme) kullanın. Cihaz üzerinde floresan kanal kurmak için sadece tek bir renk konjuge etiketli hücre ayrı bir tüp kullanın. </li><li> Yüzey işaretlendikten sonra, oda sıcaklığında 10 dakika için% 4 PFA / PBS içinde hücreleri sabitlemek. Depolama için analiz zamanına kadar, analiz gününe kadar -80 de donmaya tampon içinde 500 xg ve Pastör pipetiyle hücreleri (% 90 FBS DMSO% 10 içeren) ° C&#39;de santrifüj hücre. </li><li> Değerlendirme, sürecin partiler için odonörler bir grup f işlenmemiş ve uyarılan hücreler bir araya değişkenliği en aza indirmek için. Analiz gününde, çözülme hücreleri hızla 37 ° C su banyosu, donma tampon kaldırmak için 500x g santrifüj. </li><li> Hücre içi sitokinlerin veya diğer işaretleri, 100 ul BD Perm / Yıkama tamponu (BD Biosciences, NJ) içinde Pastör pipetiyle hücre süspansiyonları tespiti için hücre geçirgenliği artar. Örneğin, 20 dakika oda sıcaklığında, 500 x g&#39;de santrifüj, aspirasyon süpernatan ve tavşan anti-NF-KB (p65) antikorun 01:20 seyreltme (nihai konsantrasyon 10 ug / ml, Santacruz Biotechnology, CA) ile hücre içi sinyal bileşenlerinin etiket 100 ul BD Perm Pastör pipetiyle hücre / keçi anti-tavşan IgG-Alexa647 (Invitrogen, CA) ihtiva eden 1:250 seyreltme tamponu yıkanır ve oda sıcaklığında 20 dakika inkübe edilir. </li><li> Görüntüleme hemen önce, DAPI (0.2 mg / ml, Invitrogen, CA) veya propidyum iyodür (; 20 ng / ml, Invitrogen, CA PI) ile çekirdek counterstain. </li></ol> 3. ImageStream Analizi <ol><li>Insan örnekleri arasındaki değişkenliği azaltmak için toplu örnekleri üzerinde ImageStream tarafından görüntüleme yürütün. 488 nm, 658 nm ve 405 nm 250 mW 10 mW 200 mW aşağıdaki gibidir: lazerlerin gücü Enstrüman ayarları idi. </li><li> Enkaz (düşük yoğunluklu PI) veya çoklu hücresel olayların tek hücre (R1) (ayırmak için: (yükseklik oranı genişliği) veri İlk dosyaları (Şekil 1), normal PI yoğunluğu ve yüksek PI boy oranı ile olaylara kapı analiz etmek yüksek PI yoğunluğu ve düşük boy oranı). Monositler CD14 pozitif hücreleri için bir kapı içinde bulunmaktadır. MDCS Lin-1 belirteçler (R3) için CD11c ve düşük CD4 (R2) için ve ayrıca düşük için yüksek hücreleri için bir kapı içinde bulunmaktadır. </li><li> Her bir hücre aktivasyonunun derecede etkin bir miktar ölçü sağlamak için (Amnis, OR) IDEAS yazılım kullanımı. Çekirdeğin (R4) içine translokasyonu göstermek için sitoplazmik transkripsiyon faktörü Nükleer boya PI ile NF-KB benzerlik (ya da ko-Lokalizasyon) belirler. NF-κB/PI locali yüksek bir korelasyonWHO yüksek bir benzerlik skoru yansıyan ve aktivasyon 10 derecesi belirtir. </li><li> Farklı tedavi grupları ya da hücrelerin göreceli işlevsel etkinliğini göstermek için hasta popülasyonları arasındaki benzerlik oranlarını karşılaştırın. Mutlak değerler veya kat farklılık istatistiksel karşılaştırma yoluyla örnekleri arasında veri miktarını. Nüfus dağılımlarını anahtar kesimleri (Şekil 2) hücrelerinin resimleri görüntülemek için FİKİRLER yazılımını kullanın. </li></ol> 4. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar Biz TLR7 / 8 ligandı, R848 (Şekil 1) ile PBMC&#39;ler uyararak bir model viral ligand yanıt olarak sayısal sinyal yollarının var. Biz örnek grupları (Şekil 2) hücresel yerleşimi görüntüleri ve nüfus istatistikleri hem de toplandı. ImageStream bize kapısı hücre alt doğrudan PBMC&#39;ler ve görüntü hücresi yanıtlardan kapılı, ama Sıralanmamış hücre popülasyonlarının imkanı sağlar. Burada TLR s etkisi sayılabilirNF-KB (p65) nükleer lokalizasyonuna ignaling Lin1-, CD4 loş, CD11c + miyeloid DC&#39;ler (MDCS). Başlangıçta, biz sitoplazmada transkripsiyon faktörü NF-KB (p65) ile unstimulated hücrelerinin yüksek oranda görülmektedir. Stimülasyon sonra, tedavi edilen hücrelerin NF-KB (p65) (ortanca benzerlik skorları sırasıyla, 1.52 ve 3.01 olduğu, Şekil uyarılmasından sonra çekirdek içine transloke belirten, nükleer leke PI ile NF-B anlamlı derecede daha yüksek benzerlik skoru (p65) var. 2). Benzer sonuçlar TLR5-uyarılmış monositlerin 9 belirtilmiştir. <img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3741/3741fig1.jpg" /> Şekil 1.. Boyama ve insan MDCS üzerine stimülasyon etkileri ölçmek Ayırıcı Stratejisi. NF-KB transkripsiyon faktörü sayıda bağışıklık sistemi genlerin ekspresyonunu düzenler. Bu çalışma, TLR7 / 8 liga sonra bir temsilcisi konu ile MDCS NF-KB (p65) nükleer lokalizasyon ölçer<html> nd stimülasyon. In-odaklanmak tek hücreler yüksek nükleer boy oranları (R1) ile PI pozitif olaylara gating ile belirlenmiştir. MDCS (Lin1-, CD4dim, CD11c +) R3 de bağımlı olmuştur. NF-KB (p65) Nükleer yerelleştirme R4 çizilir. <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/3741/3741fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">büyük rakam görmek için buraya tıklayın</a> . <img alt="Şekil 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/3741/3741fig2.jpg" /> Şekil 2. . Uyarıldıktan sonra MDCS NF-KB&#39;yi Yer Değiştirmesi stimülasyonu (R4) sonra çekirdeğin içine NF-KB (p65) ile translokasyon tedavi edilmemiş ve uyarılmış MDCS popülasyonları içinde tasvir edilmiştir; medyan benzerliği skoru arıtılmamış numunedeki 1,52 ve 3,01 olduğu Örnek uyarılmış (A). Tedavi edilmeyen veya R848-uyarılan hücre popülasyonlarının eşzamanlı toplanan dijital görüntüleri temsilcisi hücre ve hücre çekirdeği (B) transloke NF-B yoğunluğunu gösterir._upload/3741/3741fig2large.jpg &quot;target =&quot; _blank &quot;&gt; büyük rakamı görmek için buraya tıklayın.

<ol>
	<li>Linton, P. J., Dorshkind, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+changes+in+lymphocyte+development+and+function.">Age-related changes in lymphocyte development and function.</a> Nat. Immunol. 5, 133-139 (2004).</li><li>Shaw, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dysregulation+of+Human+Toll-like+Receptor+Function+in+Aging.">Dysregulation of Human Toll-like Receptor Function in Aging.</a> Ageing Research Reviews. 10, 346-353 (2011).</li><li>Medzhitov, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toll-like+receptors+and+innate+immunity.">Toll-like receptors and innate immunity.</a> Nature Rev. Immunol. 1, 135-145 (2001).</li><li>van Duin, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-associated+Defect+in+Human+TLR1+Function+and+Expression.">Age-associated Defect in Human TLR1 Function and Expression.</a> J. Immunol. 178, 970-975 (2007).</li><li>Panda, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-associated+decrease+in+TLR+function+in+primary+human+dendritic+cells+predicts+influenza+vaccine+response.">Age-associated decrease in TLR function in primary human dendritic cells predicts influenza vaccine response.</a> J. Immunol. 184, 2518-2527 (2010).</li><li>Kong, K. -. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dysregulation+of+TLR3+impairs+the+innate+immune+response+to+West+Nile+virus+in+the+elderly.">Dysregulation of TLR3 impairs the innate immune response to West Nile virus in the elderly.</a> J. Virol. 82, 7613-7623 (2008).</li><li>Qian, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+interferon+signaling+in+dendritic+cells+from+older+donors+infected+in+vitro+with+West+Nile+virus.">Impaired interferon signaling in dendritic cells from older donors infected in vitro with West Nile virus.</a> J. Infect. Dis. 203, 1415-1424 (2011).</li><li>Hayden, M. S., Ghosh, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NF-kappaB+in+immunobiology.">NF-kappaB in immunobiology.</a> Cell research. 21, 223-244 (2011).</li><li>Qian, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-associated+elevation+in+TLR5+leads+to+increased+inflammatory+responses+in+the+elderly.">Age-associated elevation in TLR5 leads to increased inflammatory responses in the elderly.</a> Aging Cell. 11, 104-110 (2011).</li><li>George, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+measurement+of+nuclear+translocation+events+using+similarity+analysis+of+multispectral+cellular+images+obtained+in+flow.">Quantitative measurement of nuclear translocation events using similarity analysis of multispectral cellular images obtained in flow.</a> Journal of immunological. 311, 117-129 (2006).</li></ol>

Çıkar çatışması ilan etti.

Translasyonel çalışmalar ImageStream kullanımında önemli adımlar uygun karşılaştırma grupları ve optimizasyonu ve antikor özgüllük doğrulama seçimi vardır. Etiketli hedef konu grupları arasındaki farklar histogramlar ve hücre görüntüler arasında kolayca belli olacak. Ilgili reseptörler ve sinyal yolları değişikliklerin ayrıntılı bir analiz ile birlikte, bu veriler özel kohortlarında bağışıklık bozukluğunun altında yatan mekanizmalar hakkında değerli bilgiler sağlayacaktır. Te...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Reaktif Adı </td><td> Şirket </td><td> Katalog numarası </td></tr><tr><td> Ficoll-Paque Artı </td><td> GE Healthcare </td><td> 17-1440-03 </td></tr><tr><td> R848 </td><td> Invivogen </td><td> tlrl-r848 </td></tr><tr><td> Paraformaldehit (16%) </td><td> Elektron Mikroskopi Bilimleri </td><td> 15710 </td></tr><tr><td> BD Perm / Yıkama </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 554723 </td></tr><tr><td> CD14-PE </td><td> eBioscience </td><td> 12-0149-41 </td></tr><tr><td> CD4-PacBlue </td><td> BD Pharmingen </td><td> 68436 </td></tr><tr><td> Lineage kokteyl 1 (lin 1)-FITC </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 340546 </td></tr><tr><td> CD11c-PE </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 347637 </td></tr><tr><td> CD123-PE </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 340545 </td></tr><tr><td> tavşan anti-NF-KB (p65) </td><td> Santacruz </td><td> SC-372 </td></tr><tr><td> Alexa647 F (ab &#39;) 2 keçi anti-tavşan IgG </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> A21246 </td></tr><tr><td> DAPI </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> D21490 </td></tr><tr><td> ImageStream X </td><td> Amnis </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> Tablo 1. Özel reaktifleri ve ekipmanları. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Hücre tipi </td><td> FITC </td><td> PE </td><td> Alexa 647 </td><td> PacBlue </td></tr><tr><td> Monosit </td><td></td><td> CD14 </td><td> NF-KB (p65) </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> MDC </td><td> Lin1 </td><td> CD11c </td><td> NF-KB (p65) </td><td> CD4 </td></tr><tr><td> PDC </td><td> Lin1</td><td> CD123 </td><td> NF-KB (p65) </td><td> CD4 </td></tr></tbody></table> Sinyal yollarının hücre soyu boyanması için Tablo 2. Antikor paneli Monosit: CD14 + MDC: Lin1-, CD4dim, CD11c + PDC: Lin1-, CD4dim, CD123 + Lin1 (soy) işareti CD3, CD14, CD19, CD20, monositler, NK hücreleri, T ve B hücreleri için CD56 işaretleri içerir.

quantitative imaging of lineage-specific toll-like receptor-mediated signaling in monocytes and dendritic cells from small samples of human blood

Bağışıklık durumu bireysel farklılıkları enfeksiyona yanıtların saptanması ve hastalığın ciddiyeti ve sonuçları katkıda bulunmaktadır. Yaşlanma viral ve bakteriyel enfeksiyonlara karşı artmış duyarlılık ile ilişkili ve humoral iyi belgelenmiş düşüşün yanı sıra hücre-aracılı bağışıklık yanıtı 1,2 ile aşılara yanıt azalır. Biz son zamanlarda Toll benzeri reseptörler (TLR), mikrobiyal enfeksiyon ve tetik antimikrobiyal konak savunma yanıtları 3 algılamak doğuştan gelen bağışıklık sisteminin kilit bileşenleri üzerindeki yaşlanma etkilerini değerlendirdik. Sağlıklı insan donör büyük bir kohort, biz yaşlılar o periferik kan monosit ifade ve belli TLR 4 ve dendritik hücreler benzer düşük TLR düzeyleri ve sinyalizasyon yanıtları (DC) fonksiyonu azalmış gösterdi, hayati önem taşıyor hücreler antijen sunan doğal ve kazanılmış bağışıklık 5 arasındaki bağlantı. Biz bir makrofajlarda TLR3 bozulmasına göstermiştirBatı Nil virüsü 6,7 enfeksiyonuna yanıt olarak yaşlı donörlerden DC&#39;lerin IFN d düşük üretim. Immunosenescence anlayışımıza ve terapötik müdahale Paramount yanıt spesifik hücre tiplerinin ayrıntılı bir anlayış ve sinyal iletim mekanizması (s). FACS veya immunoblotting tarafından birincil hücre ve hücre ölçme belirteçlerin görüntüleme yoluyla bağışıklık yanıtları Geleneksel çalışmaları Ancak, bu çalışmalar genellikle hastalar mevcut küçük bir örnek hacmi ve birden çok karmaşık laboratuvar teknikleri yapmak yetersizlik teknik sınırlıdır, önemli ölçüde bizim anlayış gelişmiş var insan örnekleri. ImageStream eş zamanlı yüksek çözünürlüklü dijital görüntüleme ile kantitatif akım sitometri birleştiriyor ve böylece hasta duyarlılığının etkin bir şekilde yakalamak için eş zamanlı birden fazla hücre popülasyonlarının araştırılması kolaylaştırır. Burada DC&#39;ler içinde ImageStream kullanımını değerlendirmek için göstermek TLR7 / 8fosforilasyon ve immün yanıtı 8 için kritik olan çok sayıda gen transkripsiyonu başlatan önemli bir transkripsiyon faktörü NF-KB, nükleer translokasyonu aktivasyon aracılı artar. Biz de son zamanlarda TLR5 sinyalizasyon ve 9 yaşlanma değişmiş immün yanıt katkıda bulunabilir yaşlı donörlerden monositlerde NF-KB yolunun daha önceden tanınmayan değişiklik gösterdiği, bu teknoloji kullanma.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood at JoVE.com

Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood

Biz (ImageStream teknolojinin kullanıldığını anlatmak<a href="http://www.amnis.com/" target="_blank"&gt; Www.amnis.com</a&gt;), Hangi iyi tanımlanmış hasta kohortlarında primer immün hücrelerinin hücresel mekanizmaları ölçmek için, aynı anda yüksek-çözünürlüklü dijital görüntüleme ile kantitatif akım sitometri birleştirir. Çalışmalarımız konu kohortlarında küçük örneklerde soyunun spesifik hücresel tepkileri ölçmek için translasyonel araştırmalar için bir plan sunar.

Monositler ve İnsan Kan Küçük Örneklerden Dendritik Hücrelerde Lineage özgü Toll-like reseptör-aracılı Sinyali Kantitatif Görüntüleme

Individual variations in immune status determine responses to infection and contribute to disease severity and outcome.  Aging is associated with an ...

quantitative-imaging-lineage-specific-toll-like-receptor-mediated

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

35.0K Görüntüleme.  Yale University School of Medicine. Biz (ImageStream teknolojinin kullanıldığını anlatmak Www.amnis.com), Hangi iyi tanımlanmış hasta kohortlarında primer immün hücrelerinin hücresel mekanizmaları ölçmek için, aynı anda yüksek-çözünürlüklü dijital görüntüleme ile kantitatif akım sitometri birleştirir. Çalışmalarımız konu kohortlarında küçük örneklerde soyunun spesifik hücresel tepkileri ölçmek için translasy...

Video: Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood

Detection of  Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation

Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Not only are TLRs crucial sensors of microbial (e.g., viruses, bacteria and parasite) infections, they also play an important role in the pathophysiology of infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases, and possibly in autoimmune diseases. Thus, the intensity and duration of TLR responses against infectious diseases must be tightly controlled. It follows that understanding the structural integrity of sensor receptors, their ligand interactions and signaling components is essential for subsequent immunological protection. It would also provide important opportunities for disease modification through sensor manipulation. Although the signaling pathways of TLR sensors are well characterized, the parameters controlling interactions between the sensors and their ligands still remain poorly defined. We have recently identified a novel mechanism of TLR activation by its natural ligand, which has not been previously observed 1,2. It suggests that ligand-induced TLR activation is tightly controlled by Neu1 sialidase activation. We have also reported that Neu1 tightly regulates neurotrophin receptors like TrkA and TrkB 3, which involve Neu1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) cross-talk in complex with the receptors 4. The sialidase assay has been initially use to find a novel ligand, thymoquinone, in the activation of Neu4 sialidase on the cell surface of macrophages, dendritic cells and fibroblast cells via GPCR G&alpha;i proteins and MMP-9 5. For TLR receptors, our data indicate that Neu1 sialidase is already in complex with TLR-2, -3 and -4 receptors, and is induced upon ligand binding to either receptor. Activated Neu1 sialidase hydrolyzes sialyl &alpha;-2,3-linked &beta;-galactosyl residues distant from ligand binding to remove steric hinderance to TLR-4 dimerization, MyD88/TLR4 complex recruitment, NFkB activation and pro-inflammatory cell responses. In a collaborative report, Neu1 sialidase has been shown to regulate phagocytosis in macrophage cells 6. Taken together, the sialidase assay has provided us with powerful insights to the molecular mechanisms of ligand-induced receptor activation. Although the precise relationship between Neu1 sialidase and the activation of TLR, Trk receptors has yet to be fully elucidated, it would represent a new or pioneering approach to cell regulation pathways.

The sialidase assay is a simple technical approach that will elucidate novel molecular mechanism(s) of TLR sensors of microbial infections and involvement in inflammatory diseases at the receptor level on the cell surface of live macrophages.

Toll-like reseptör Etkinleştirme Düzenlenmesi Neu1 Sialidase Faaliyet Algılama

Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Not only are TLRs crucial sensors of ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen presenting cell (APC) types found in a normal thymus and it is well established that they play distinct roles during thymic selection. These cells are localized in distinct microenvironments in the thymus and each APC type makes up only a minor population of cells. To further understand the biology of these cell types, characterization of these cell populations is highly desirable but due to their low frequency, isolation of any of these cell types requires an efficient and reproducible procedure. This protocol details a method to obtain cells suitable for characterization of diverse cellular properties. Thymic tissue is mechanically disrupted and after different steps of enzymatic digestion, the resulting cell suspension is enriched using a Percoll density centrifugation step. For isolation of myeloid DC (CD11c+), cells from the low-density fraction (LDF) are immunoselected by magnetic cell sorting. Enrichment of TEC populations (mTEC, cTEC) is achieved by depletion of hematopoietic (CD45hi) cells from the low-density Percoll cell fraction allowing their subsequent isolation via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using specific cell markers. The isolated cells can be used for different downstream applications.

This protocol details a method to isolate antigen presenting cells from human thymus via different steps of enzymatic digestion of the tissue followed by density centrifugation of the single cell suspension and finally magnetic and/or FACS sorting of the cell populations of interest.

İnsan Thymus ile myeloid dendritik hücreleri ve epitel hücreleri İzolasyonu

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen ...

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide antigens presented by MHC (human ortholog HLA) molecules through the T cell receptor (TCR) in a highly sensitive and specific manner. While the primary function of T cells is to mediate protective immune responses to foreign antigens presented by self-MHC, T cells respond robustly to antigenic differences in allogeneic tissues. T cell responses to alloantigens can be described as either direct or indirect alloreactivity. In alloreactivity, the T cell responds through highly specific recognition of both the presented peptide and the MHC molecule. The robust oligoclonal response of T cells to allogeneic stimulation reflects the large number of potentially stimulatory alloantigens present in allogeneic tissues. While the breadth of alloreactive T cell responses is an important factor in initiating and mediating the pathology associated with biologically-relevant alloreactive responses such as graft versus host disease and allograft rejection, it can preclude analysis of T cell responses to allogeneic ligands. To this end, this protocol describes a method for generating alloreactive T cells from naive human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) that respond to known peptide-MHC (pMHC) alloantigens. The protocol applies pMHC multimer labeling, magnetic bead enrichment and flow cytometry to single cell in vitro culture methods for the generation of alloantigen-specific T cell clones. This enables studies of the biochemistry and function of T cells responding to allogeneic stimulation.

This article describes a method for the generation and propagation of human T cell clones that specifically respond to a defined alloantigen. This protocol can be adapted for cloning human T cells specific for a variety of peptide-MHC ligands.

Periferik Kan İnsan alloantijen-özgü T hücrelerinin üretilmesi

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide ...

Isolation of Murine Peritoneal Macrophages to Carry Out Gene Expression Analysis Upon Toll-like Receptors Stimulation

During infection and inflammation, circulating monocytes leave the bloodstream and migrate into tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages. Macrophages express surface Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize molecular patterns conserved through evolution in a wide range of microorganisms. TLRs play a central role in macrophage activation which is usually associated with gene expression alteration. Macrophages are critical in many diseases and have emerged as attractive targets for therapy. In the following protocol, we describe a procedure to isolate murine peritoneal macrophages using Brewer&#8217;s thioglycollate medium. The latter will boost monocyte migration into the peritoneum, accordingly this will raise macrophage yield by 10-fold. Several studies have been carried out using bone marrow, spleen or peritoneal derived macrophages. However, peritoneal macrophages were shown to be more mature upon isolation and are more stable in their functionality and phenotype. Thus, macrophages isolated from murine peritoneal cavity present an important cell population that can serve in different immunological and metabolic studies. Once isolated, macrophages were stimulated with different TLR ligands and consequently&#160;gene expression was evaluated.

We describe here a simple protocol to isolate murine peritoneal macrophages. This procedure is followed by RNA extraction to carry out gene expression analysis upon Toll-like receptors stimulation.

Fare Periton Makrofagların izolasyonu Toll-benzeri reseptörler Uyarım üzerine Gen İfadesi Analizi Yapacak

During infection and inflammation, circulating monocytes leave the bloodstream and migrate into tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages. ...

Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed on their cell surface and thereby activate and regulate immunity. 
The major function of DCs is the induction of adaptive immunity in the lymph nodes by presenting antigens via MHC I and MHC II molecules to na&#239;ve T lymphocytes. Therefore, DCs have to migrate from the periphery to the lymph nodes after the recognition of pathogens at the sites of infection. For in vitro experiments or DC vaccination strategies, monocyte-derived DCs are routinely used. These cells show similarities in physiology, morphology, and function to conventional myeloid dendritic cells. They are generated by interleukin 4 (IL-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulation of monocytes isolated from healthy donors. Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated and stimulated from anti-coagulated human blood after peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) enrichment by density gradient centrifugation. Human monocytes are differentiated into immature DCs and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting after 5 days of incubation.

Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated by magnetic bead separation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells after density gradient centrifugation of human anti-coagulated blood. Following incubation for 5 days, human monocytes are differentiated into immature dendritic cells and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting.

Tüm kan İnsan monosit türevli dendritik hücrelerin oluşumu

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition ...

Use of a Monocyte Monolayer Assay to Evaluate Fc&#947; Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis

Although originally developed for predicting transfusion outcomes of serologically incompatible blood, the monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is a highly versatile in vitro assay that can be modified to examine different aspects of antibody and Fc&#947; receptor (Fc&#947;R)-mediated phagocytosis in both research and clinical settings. The assay utilizes adherent monocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from mammalian whole blood. MMA has been described for use in both human and murine investigations. These monocytes express Fc&#947;Rs (e.g., Fc&#947;RI, Fc&#947;RIIA, Fc&#947;RIIB, and Fc&#947;RIIIA) that are involved in immune responses. The MMA exploits the mechanism of Fc&#947;R-mediated interactions, phagocytosis in particular, where antibody-sensitized red blood cells (RBCs) adhere to and/or activate Fc&#947;Rs and are subsequently phagocytosed by the monocytes. In vivo, primarily tissue macrophages found in the spleen and liver carry out Fc&#947;R-mediated phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized RBCs, causing extravascular hemolysis. By evaluating the level of phagocytosis using the MMA, different aspects of the in vivo Fc&#947;R-mediated process can be investigated. Some applications of the MMA include predicting the clinical relevance of allo- or autoantibodies in a transfusion setting, assessing candidate drugs that promote or inhibit phagocytosis, and combining the assay with fluorescent microscopy or traditional Western immunoblotting to investigate the downstream signaling effects of Fc&#947;R-engaging drugs or antibodies. Some limitations include the laboriousness of this technique, which takes a full day from start to finish, and the requirement of research ethics approval in order to work with mammalian blood. However, with diligence and adequate training, the MMA results can be obtained within a 24-h turnover time.

Use of a Monocyte Monolayer Assay to Evaluate Fc&amp;#947; Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis

The monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is an in vitro assay that utilizes isolated primary monocytes obtained from mammalian peripheral whole blood to evaluate Fc&#947; receptor (Fc&#947;R)-mediated phagocytosis.

Bir Monosit Tek tabakalı Testi Kullanımı Fcy reseptör aracılı fagositoz değerlendirin

Although originally developed for predicting transfusion outcomes of serologically incompatible blood, the monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is a highly ...

Dextran Enhances the Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency of Murine and Human Primary NK Cells

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining the role of the gene of interest in the development, differentiation, and function of NK cells. Recent advances related to chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in cancer immunotherapy accentuate the need for an efficient method to deliver exogenous genes to effector lymphocytes. The efficiencies of lentiviral-mediated gene transductions into primary human or mouse NK cells remain significantly low, which is a major limiting factor. Recent advances using cationic polymers, such as polybrene, show an improved gene transduction efficiency in T cells. However, these products failed to improve the transduction efficiencies of NK cells. This work shows that dextran, a branched glucan polysaccharide, significantly improves the transduction efficiency of human and mouse primary NK cells. This highly reproducible transduction methodology provides a competent tool for transducing human primary NK cells, which can vastly improve clinical gene delivery applications and thus NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.

The goal of this study was to formulate technologies that allow for successful gene transduction in primary natural killer (NK) cells. The dextran-mediated lentiviral transduction of human or mouse primary NK cells results in higher gene expression efficiencies. This method of gene transduction will vastly improve NK cell genetic manipulation.

Dextran fare ve insan birincil NK hücreleri Lentiviral iletim verimliliğini artırır

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining ...

Live Imaging of Antifungal Activity by Human Primary Neutrophils and Monocytes in Response to A. fumigatus

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing invasive infections in immunocompromised hosts with a high case-fatality rate. Research investigating immunological responses against A. fumigatus has been limited by the lack of consistent and reliable assays for measuring the antifungal activity of specific immune cells in vitro. A new method is described to assess the antifungal activity of primary monocytes and neutrophils from human donors against A. fumigatus using FLuorescent Aspergillus REporter (FLARE) conidia. These conidia contain a genetically encoded dsRed reporter, which is constitutively expressed by live FLARE conidia, and are externally labeled with Alexa Fluor 633, which is resistant to degradation within the phagolysosome, thus allowing a distinction between live and dead A. fumigatus conidia. Video microscopy and flow cytometry are subsequently used to visualize the interaction between conidia and innate immune cells, assessing fungicidal activity whilst also providing a wealth of information on phagocyte migration, phagocytosis and the inhibition of fungal growth. This novel technique has already provided exciting new insights into the host-pathogen interaction of primary immune cells against A. fumigatus. It is important to note the laboratory setup required to perform this assay, including the necessary microscopy and flow cytometry facilities, and the capacity to work with human donor blood and genetically manipulated fungi. However, this assay is capable of generating large amounts of data and can reveal detailed insights into the antifungal response. This protocol has successfully been used to study the host-pathogen interaction of primary immune cells against A. fumigatus.
It is important to note the laboratory setup required to perform this assay, including the necessary microscopy and flow cytometry facilities, and the capacity to work with human donor blood and genetically manipulated fungi. However, this assay is capable of generating large amounts of data and can reveal detailed insights into the antifungal response. This protocol has successfully been used to study the host-pathogen interaction of primary immune cells against A. fumigatus.

Live Imaging of Antifungal Activity by Human Primary Neutrophils and Monocytes in Response to A. fumigatus

Here, we describe a protocol to assess antifungal activity of primary human immune cells in real-time using fluorescent Aspergillus reporter conidia in conjunction with live-cell video microscopy and flow cytometry. Generated data provide insight into host cell-Aspergillus interactions such as fungicidal activity, phagocytosis, cell migration and inhibition of fungal growth.

Cevabı İnsan İlköğretim nötrofiller ve monositler tarafından Antifungal Faaliyet Canlı Görüntüleme<em&gt; A. fumigatus</em

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing invasive infections in immunocompromised hosts with a high case-fatality rate. Research ...

Isolation of Dendritic Cells from the Human Female Reproductive Tract for Phenotypical and Functional Studies

The characterization of the human dendritic cells (DCs) resident in mucosal tissues is challenging due to the difficulty in obtaining samples, and the low numbers of DCs present per tissue. Yet, as the phenotype and function of DCs is modified by the tissue environment, it is necessary to analyze tissue resident DC populations, since blood derived DCs incompletely reflect the complexities of DCs in tissues. Here we present a protocol to isolate DCs from the human female reproductive tract (FRT) using hysterectomy specimens that allows both phenotypical and functional analyses. The protocol consists of tissue digestion to generate a single cell mixed cell suspension, followed by positive magnetic bead selection. Our tissue digestion protocol does not cleave surface markers, which allows phenotypical and functional analysis of DCs in the steady state, without overnight incubation or cell activation. This protocol can be adapted for the isolation of other immune cell types or isolation of DCs from other tissues.

We describe here a method to isolate and purify dendritic cells from different anatomical compartments in the human female reproductive tract for the evaluation of their phenotypical and functional characteristics. This method can be adapted to isolate other immune cells or dendritic cells from other mucosal tissues.

İnsan dişi üreme yolu dendritik hücreler yalıtım Phenotypical ve fonksiyonel çalışmaları için

The characterization of the human dendritic cells (DCs) resident in mucosal tissues is challenging due to the difficulty in obtaining samples, and the low ...

Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-&#945;

The main aim of this protocol is to describe the development and validation of an interferon (IFN)-&#945; single molecule array digital Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) assay. This system enables the quantification of human IFN-&#945; protein with unprecedented sensitivity, and with no cross-reactivity for other species of IFN.
The first key step of the protocol is the choice of the antibody pair, followed by the conjugation of the capture antibody to paramagnetic beads, and biotinylation of the detection antibody. Following this step, different parameters such as assay configuration, detector antibody concentration, and buffer composition can be modified until optimum sensitivity is achieved. Finally, specificity and reproducibility of the method are assessed to ensure confidence in the results. Here, we developed an IFN-&#945; single molecule array assay with a limit of detection of 0.69 fg/mL using high-affinity autoantibodies isolated from patients with biallelic mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) protein causing autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1/autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APS1/APECED). Importantly, these antibodies enabled detection of all 13 IFN-&#945; subtypes.
This new methodology allows the detection and quantification of IFN-&#945; protein in human biological samples at attomolar concentrations for the first time. Such a tool will be highly useful in monitoring the levels of this cytokine in human health and disease states, most particularly infection, autoimmunity, and autoinflammation.

Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-&amp;#945;

Here we present a protocol to describe the development and validation of a single molecule array digital ELISA assay, which enables the ultra-sensitive detection of all IFN-&#945; subtypes in human samples.

Geliştirme ve doğrulama vericiyi bir tek molekül dijital enzim bağlı Immunosorbent Assay insan Interferon-α için dizi

The main aim of this protocol is to describe the development and validation of an interferon (IFN)-&#945; single molecule array digital Enzyme-Linked ...