Name: isolation of murine peritoneal macrophages to carry out gene expression analysis upon toll-like receptors stimulation
Uploaded: 2015-04-29T14:00:00.000+00:00
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Murine Peritoneal Macrophages to Carry Out Gene Expression Analysis Upon Toll-like Receptors Stimulation at JoVE.com

Bu eser Doğa Bilimleri ve Kanada&#39;nın Mühendislik Araştırma Konseyi bir hibe ile desteklenmiştir (NSERC, hayır 298515-2011 hibe). AL doktora almıştır Doğa Bilimleri ve Kanada&#39;nın (NSERC) Mühendislik Araştırma Konseyi ve MS burs (hayır verin. MOP123246 CIHR), Kanada Sağlık Araştırma Enstitüleri bir hibe desteklenmiştir.

Tüm işlemler Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l&#39;Université de Montréal kurumsal Hayvan Bakım Komitesi (CRCHUM) tarafından onaylandıktan sonra Hayvan Bakımı yönergelere Kanada Konseyi&#39;ne göre yapıldı. 1. İzolasyon, Kimlik ve Kültür Kemirgen Periton Makrofagların <ol><li> % 3.8 bira tiyoglikolat orta hazırlayın. Bunu yapmak için, damıtılmış su içinde 1000 ml tiyoglikolat vasatı içinde 38 g askıya almak için. Tamamen orta çözmek için kaynamaya çözüm getirin. 15 dakika boyunca 121 ° C&#39;de otoklav ile sterilize edin. RT 18 at, karanlıkta 3 aya kadar saklayabilirsiniz. NOT: Bulanıklık bakteriyel kontaminasyon işaret eden gelişirse atın. Steril tutulması durumunda çözüm karanlıkta bir yıla kadar muhafaza edilebilir. </li><li> Her MZ&#39;nin periton boşluğu içine% 3.8 Brewer, tiyoglikolat vasatı 1 ml enjekte edilir, 23 G iğne takılı 1 ml şırınga kullanılarakse 3 gün bekleyin ve. Her fare için yeni şırınga ve iğne kullanın. </li><li> Sodyum pentobarbital (100 mg / kg) intraperitonal enjeksiyonu ile fareler anestezi ve servikal dislokasyon ile farelerin euthanize. Solunum hızı kontrol ederek uygun anesthetization onaylayın. Genellikle hızlı Solunum fare derin anestezi yapılmadan olduğunu göstermektedir. </li><li> % 70 etanol ile her bir farenin karın yıkayın. Bir makas kullanarak, periton alt orta hat boyunca bir yanal kesi yapmak. </li><li> Bir forseps kullanarak, şeffaf periton cilt ortaya çıkarmak için karın cilt geri çekin. 20 G iğne takılı 5 mi şırınga kullanarak, her bir farenin karın boşluğu içine soğuk DPBS 5 ml enjekte edilir. </li><li> Periton boşluğuna üzerinde yumuşak bir masaj yapın ve sonra herhangi bir organı delinmesiyle olmadan dikkatlice sıvıyı aspire. İğneyi çıkarın ve 50 ml konik santrifüj tüplerine periton sıvısı dağıtmak. </li><li> Soğutuculu santrifüj 400 x g&#39;de 10 dakika boyunca santrifüj.Hücreler tüm prosedür sırasında soğuk kalmalıdır. RPMI ortamı 1640 süpernatant ve tekrar süspansiyon hücre pelletini atın. </li><li> Bir hemasitometre kullanarak, hücrelerin sayısı ve 1 x 10 6 hücre / ml hücre yoğunluğuna kadar ayarlayın. </li><li> F4 / 80 karşı fare ve Antikorların başına 1 x 10 6 hücreleri kullanılarak akış sitometrisi ile izole edilmiş hücrelerin fenotipini karakterize (bir yüzey antijeni makrofajlar üzerinde ifade edilir). </li></ol> 2. Hücre Tedavileri <ol><li> Doğrudan, izolasyondan sonra, her kuyuya 1 x 10 6 hücre ekleyin. 37 ° C&#39;de 1 saat ila 2 içinde kültürlenmesi ile 6-çukurlu plakalara yapışmaya sıçan periton makrofajları, bırakın. Hafifçe sıcak PBS ile 3 kez yıkanarak yapışmayan hücreler çıkarın. </li><li> Daha sonra, 900 ul serum içermeyen DMEM içinde kültür hücreleri, şu TLR ligandlar varlığında, 24 saat süre ile (Pam3CSK4-TLR1 / 2 (0.5 mg / ml); Poli (I: C) -TLR3 (10 mg / ml) LPS-TLR4 (100 ng / ml); flagellin&#39;e TLR5 (100 ng / ml); FSL1-TLR6 / 2 (100 ng / ml); ssRNA40-TLR7 (1 ug / ml); ODN1826-TLR9 (1 uM). NOT: Her ligand 10x stok solüsyonu için hazırlayın. Bu şekilde, bir 10-kat seyreltme yapılarak, her bir ikincisi, 100 ul ekle. </li></ol> 3. RNA İzolasyon <ol><li> Bir pipet ile birkaç kez her kuyuya, 1 ml Trizol eklenmesi ve hücre lizatı geçen altı oyuklu plakalar içinde doğrudan tüm orta ve lize hücreleri çıkarın. Nükleoprotein kompleksinin tam bir ayrışma izin vermek için, oda sıcaklığında 5-10 dakika boyunca homojenize örnekleri inkübe edin. </li><li> 1.5 ml lizat transfer RNase- ve DNaz içermeyen mikrosantrifüj tüpleri. 1ml TRIzol başına 0.2 ml kloroform ekleyin. 15 saniye boyunca elle kuvvetli bir şekilde tüpleri çalkalanır ve 5-10 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında inkübe. 4 ° C&#39;de 15 dakika boyunca 12,000 x g&#39;de santrifüjleyin. Bir düşük değerli kırmızı renkte bir faz (fenol-kloroform) ayrılarak karışımı, bir faz ve renksiz bir üst sulu faz dikkate alınmalıdır. RNA, sulu faz içinde özel olarak kalır. </li><li> Traninterfazda bozmadan, yeni bir tüpe Sfer dikkatle üst akıcı faz. Izopropil alkol, 0.5 ml ile karıştırılarak bu RNA hızlandırabilir. 4 ° C&#39;de 10 dakika boyunca 12,000 x g&#39;de 10 dakika santrifüj boyunca oda sıcaklığında inkübe edin. RNA tüpün yan ve alt beyaz pelet oluşturan çökeltileri. </li><li> Süpernatantı. % 75 etanol içinde bir kez 1 mL RNA pelet yıkayın. 4 ° C&#39;de 5 dakika boyunca 7500 x g&#39;de vorteks ve santrifüj ile örnekleri karıştırın. Kısaca RNA (10 dakika boyunca hava kuru) kurutun. 0.1 mi DEPC (RNaz içermeyen su) içinde RNA eritin ve 55 ° C&#39;de 10 dakika inkübe edilir. </li><li> Bir spektrofotometre kullanılarak RNA niceliğini. Bunu yapmak için numuneler DEPC su içinde 100 kez seyreltilmesi ve 260 nm dalga boyunda okundu. RNA konsantrasyonu daha sonra olacak: OD 260 x 40 ng / ul x seyreltme faktörü. </li><li> RNA konsantrasyonları eşitlemek ve İlk Strand cDNA Sentezi Kit RT-PCR Sistemi kullanılarak üreticinin talimatlarına göre cDNA sentez. Olaraküreticinin talimatlarına göre gerçek zamanlı PCR, bir gerçek zamanlı DNA tespit sisteminde (45 devir) ile gen mRNA seviyelerini ölçer. Örnek β-aktin ve GAPDH için iki temizlik geni ile gen ekspresyon düzeyleri Normale. NOT: ml 500 ug / RNA konsantrasyonu Normale ve cDNA sentezi için 0.5 ug kullanın. </li></ol>

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The authors have no competing financial interests.

Makrofajlar hayatta kalmak için çok önemlidir ve immünolojik hedefler için ana işlemek için cazip bir hedef sağlar. TLR ve diğer tanıma moleküllerinin keşfi immünolojik tartışmaların merkezine makrofajlar yaptık. Makrofajlar sitokinler, hasar ile ilişkili molekül model molekülü (DAMPS), 20 ve patojenlerin (PAMPs) 21 grupları ile ilişkili moleküller de dahil olmak üzere çeşitli uyaranlara, yanıt. Bu farklı uyaranlara yanıt makrofaj aktivasyonu seyrini temsil etmektedir ...

retiküloendotelyal fagositik sistemi, kemik iliği, kan, karaciğer ve dalak gibi çeşitli dokularda ve organlarda hücrelerden oluşmaktadır. Makrofajlar yoğun bunlar, özellikle doğuştan katılmak ve kontrol bağışıklık tepkilerini ve net enfeksiyonları uyarlamalı vücudun etrafında dağıtılır. Host savunmasında rollerine ilave olarak, makrofajlar, yara iyileşmesi ve doku homeostazını 1,2 muhafaza edilmesinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Ayrıca, makrofajlar bağışıklık işlevi sadece önemli değil, aynı zamanda aktif demir homeostazda 3 katılacak. Vücutta demir yaklaşık% 80&#39;i yaşlanmış makrofajlar tarafından fagosite 4 hangi zaman, eritrositler içinde hemoglobin bulunur. Günlük, bu makrofajlar eritrosit kaynaklı demir 25 mg geri dönüşüm ve plazma 5 içine ulaşım sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca, enfeksiyon ve enflamasyon sırasında, pro-inflamatuar makrofajlar demir availabili azaltmak için serum demir çekilmekhem sistemik ve yerel düzeylerde 6-8 patojenlerin için ty. Makrofajlar ve özellikle hepatositler demir metabolizmasının 9, 10 master regülatörü olarak kabul edilir hepsidin adında bir antimikrobiyal peptid üretmek Yanı sıra, çalışmalar göstermiştir. Hepsidin esas inflamatuar uyaranlara artmış ve kronik inflamasyon 11-13 üzerine makrofaj demir haciz kısmen sorumludur. Makrofajlarda hepcidin ifadesi çok iyi anlaşılamamıştır, biz bu yönetmelikte Toll benzeri reseptörler olası rolünü (TLR) okudu. TLR&#39;ler öncelikle makrofajlar üzerinde bulunan ve aktivasyon merkezi bir rol oynarlar. Buna ek olarak, karaciğer LPS kaynaklı Hepsidin sentezleme TLR4 13 bağlıdır. Bu nedenle, çalışma çalıştırmak için, Sıçan peritonal makrofajları izolasyonu dayanan bir yöntem kullanılır. Makrofaj hücre dizileri genel olarak, makrofaj saplama kullanılanler; yine genişletilmiş kültür geni kaybını kışkırtmak ve bu hücre hatlarında bağışıklık fonksiyonları azalmış olabilir. Bu nedenle, periton boşluğundan makrofajların izolasyonu önemlidir. Fare periton boşluğu makrofajlar 13-15 hasat için ideal bir siteyi sunuyor. İzole fare periton makrofajlar onların immünolojik fonksiyonu ile ilgili çeşitli çalışmalar için uygundur. Ancak, periton makrofajların sayısı geniş çalışmalar için yetersiz ve fare başına yaklaşık 1 x 10 6 makrofajlar tahmin edilmektedir. Bu nedenle, makrofaj üretimini artırmak için, örneğin tiyoglikolat gibi steril ortaya çıkarma maddesi, hücre hasat Yukarıdaki periton boşluğu içine enjekte edilmiştir. Tiyoglikolat enjeksiyonundan sonra, fare başına makrofajların verimi 10-kat artmıştır. Makrofajlar verim, makrofajlar alımı, MA içinde elde edilen, bir enflamatuvar yanıtı indükleyen bir tahriş edici olarak Brewer, tiyoglikolat vasatı eylemleri artışa rağmeny, ancak gerekli değildir, gen ekspresyonunu etkiler. Bu nedenle, muamele edilmemiş makrofaj oluşan bir kontrol grubudur, her bir deney içinde dahil edilmelidir. Bizim ellerde, çok inflamasyon ile uyarılır hepsidin ifade periton makrofajlar ortaya dışı muamele tiyoglikolatın saptanmadı. Ayrıca, çalışmaların Bira tiyoglikolat sayıda makrofajların, fakat bunlara 16 aktive etmediğini göstermiştir. Öte yandan, Bira tiyoglikolat makrofajlar lizozomal enzim bir artış ancak yutulur mikroorganizmaları öldürme 17 azalma gösterdi ortaya çıkardı. Olmayan tetiklenen makrofajlar 16 ile karşılaştırıldığında, ancak, fagositik kapasitesi etkilenmedi. Yemekler kültürlenen sonra peritoneal makrofajlar nedenle periton boşluğu izole diğer hücre türünden bunların ayrılmasına izin veren, yapışkan hale gelir. Daha sonra izole edilmiş makrofajlar, farklı TLR agonistleri ile tehdit edildi.Son olarak, mRNA, kültürlenmiş hücrelerden ekstrakte edildi ve gen ekspresyonu kantitatif ters transkriptaz-polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (qRT-PCR) kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir.

<table><tbody><tr><td>C57BL/6 mice</td><td>Charles River Laboratories, Inc. (Wilmington, MA, USA)</td><td>475</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thioglycollate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, (St. Louis, MO)</td><td>19032-500G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>70% ethanol</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10% sodium pentobarbital (Used for mice anesthesia (80 mg/kg, i.p.))</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&amp;rsquo;s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS), placed on ice and will serve to harvest macrophages</td><td>WISENT INC Canada (QC)</td><td>311-425-CL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RPMI medium 1640 (Supplement with penicillin, streptomycin, L-glutamine, and 10 % fetal calf serum).</td><td>WISENT INC Canada (QC)</td><td>350-000-CL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 and 5 ml syringes</td><td>BD USA (NJ)</td><td>309659</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6-well plates</td><td>Corning Incorporated (NY, USA)</td><td>MCT-150-C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bacterial lipoprotein Pam3CSK4 (0.5 mg/ml)</td><td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td><td>TLRL-pm25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyionosine&amp;ndash;polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)) (10 mg/ml)</td><td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td><td>TLRL-PIC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LPS from Escherichia coli 055:B5 (100 ng/ml)</td><td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td><td>L2880</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Purified flagellin from Salmonella typhimurium (100 ng/ml)</td><td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td><td>TLR-FLIC-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lipoprotein synthetic FSL1 (100 ng/ml)</td><td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td><td>TLR-FSL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ssRNA derived from the HIV-1 long terminal repeat ssRNA40 (1 &amp;mu;g/ml)</td><td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td><td>TLR-LRNA-40</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Type B CpG oligonucleotide ODN1826 (1 &amp;mu;M)</td><td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td><td>11B16-MM</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TRIzol</td><td>Invitrogen, (Burlington, ON, Canada)</td><td>15596-026</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>20 G and 23 G needles</td><td>BD USA (NJ)</td><td>305175</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scissor</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forceps</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 ml conical tubes placed on ice</td><td>Sarstedt (Newton, MA, USA)</td><td>62.547.205</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Red Blood Cells Lysis Buffer</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, (St. Louis, MO)</td><td>R7757-100ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Refrigerated centrifuge</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hemocytometer</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F4/80 antibody</td><td>BIO-RAD ( CA, USA)</td><td>MCA497APC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CD16/CD32 antibodies</td><td>Pharmingen, {Mississauga, ON, CA)</td><td>553141</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flow cytometer</td><td>Coulter Epics Elite counter, Coulter, (Hialeah, FL,USA)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes</td><td>Axygen Scietific (CA,USA)</td><td>3516</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloroform</td><td>Fisher Scientific (ON, Canada)</td><td>UN1888</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isopropyl alcohol</td><td>JT Baker (PA, USA)</td><td>70566</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>75% ethanol (in DEPC treated water)</td><td>Commercial Alchohols (QC, Canada)</td><td>17394</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.01% diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) treated water (let stand overnight and autoclave)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, (St. Louis, MO)</td><td>216.542.8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Omniscript RT-PCR system</td><td>Qiagen, (Mississauga, ON, Canada)</td><td>205113</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotor Gene 3000</td><td>Montreal Biotech, (Kirkland, QC, Canada)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>QuantiTect SYBR Green I PCR kits</td><td>Qiagen, (Mississauga, ON, Canada)</td><td>204141</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

isolation of murine peritoneal macrophages to carry out gene expression analysis upon toll-like receptors stimulation

Enfeksiyon ve inflamasyon sırasında dolaşımdaki monositler kan dolaşımına bırakın ve onlar makrofajlar içine ayırt dokulara, göç. Makrofajlar mikroorganizmaların geniş bir yelpazede evrimle korunmuş moleküler şekilleri tanıyan yüzey Toll-benzeri reseptörler (TLR), ifade eder. TLR genellikle gen ekspresyonu değiştirilmesi ile ilişkili makrofaj aktivasyonunda önemli bir rol oynar. Makrofajlar pek çok hastalıkta önemli ve tedavisi için çekici bir hedef olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Aşağıdaki protokol, bira, tiyoglikolat vasatı kullanılarak sıçan periton makrofajları, izole edilmesi için bir prosedür açıklanmaktadır. İkincisi buna göre bu 10 kat makrofaj verim çıkaracağız, periton içine monosit göçü artıracak. Pek çok çalışma, kemik iliği, dalak veya periton türetilmiş makrofajlar kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ancak, periton makrofajlar izolasyon üzerine daha olgun olduğu gösterilmiştir ve bunların fonksiyonel olarak daha kararlı edildiSığ ve fenotip. Böylece, fare periton boşluğuna izole makrofajlar farklı immünolojik ve metabolik çalışmalarda hizmet verebilir önemli bir hücre popülasyonu sunuyoruz. İzole bir kez, makrofajlar farklı TLR ligandları ile uyarıldı ve dolayısıyla gen ifadesi değerlendirildi.

İlk akış sitometrisi ile izole edilmiş sıçan periton makrofajları, karakterize edilir. Bunu yapmak için, özellikle yalnızca makrofajlar tarafından ifade edilen markerler tanır (F4 / 80) antikorları kullanılmıştır. Bu karakterizasyon izole makrofaj yüzdesini belirlemek için ve izolasyon işlemi sırasında elde edilen hücreler arasında onları ayırmak için gereklidir. (Şekil 1) gösterildiği gibi, hücrelerin yüzdesi F4 / 80 sürekli olarak% 95 üzerinde olduğu tespit edilmişt...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Murine Peritoneal Macrophages to Carry Out Gene Expression Analysis Upon Toll-like Receptors Stimulation at JoVE.com

Isolation of Murine Peritoneal Macrophages to Carry Out Gene Expression Analysis Upon Toll-like Receptors Stimulation

We describe here a simple protocol to isolate murine peritoneal macrophages. This procedure is followed by RNA extraction to carry out gene expression analysis upon Toll-like receptors stimulation.

Fare Periton Makrofagların izolasyonu Toll-benzeri reseptörler Uyarım üzerine Gen İfadesi Analizi Yapacak

During infection and inflammation, circulating monocytes leave the bloodstream and migrate into tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages. ...

isolation-murine-peritoneal-macrophages-to-carry-out-gene-expression

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

36.3K Görüntüleme.  Institut du cancer de Montréal. We describe here a simple protocol to isolate murine peritoneal macrophages. This procedure is followed by RNA extraction to carry out gene expression analysis upon Toll-like receptors stimulation.

Video: Isolation of Murine Peritoneal Macrophages to Carry Out Gene Expression Analysis Upon Toll-like Receptors Stimulation

Isolation of Mouse Peritoneal Cavity Cells

The peritoneal cavity is a membrane-bound and fluid-filled abdominal cavity of mammals, which contains the liver, spleen, most of the gastro-intestinal tract and other viscera. It harbors a number of immune cells including macrophages, B cells and T cells. The presence of a high number of na&iuml;ve macrophages in the peritoneal cavity makes it a preferred site for the collection of na&iuml;ve tissue resident macrophages (1). The peritoneal cavity is also important to the study of B cells because of the presence of a unique peritoneal cavity-resident B cell subset known as B1 cells in addition to conventional B2 cells. B1 cells are subdivided into B1a and B1b cells, which can be distinguished by the surface expression of CD11b and CD5. B1 cells are an important source of natural IgM providing early protection from a variety of pathogens (2-4). These cells are autoreactive in nature (5), but how they are controlled to prevent autoimmunity is still not understood completely. On the contrary, CD5+ B1a cells possess some regulatory properties by virtue of their IL-10 producing capacity (6). Therefore, peritoneal cavity B1 cells are an interesting cell population to study because of their diverse function and many unaddressed questions associated with their development and regulation. The isolation of peritoneal cavity resident immune cells is tricky because of the lack of a defined structure inside the peritoneal cavity. Our protocol will describe a procedure for obtaining viable immune cells from the peritoneal cavity of mice, which then can be used for phenotypic analysis by flow cytometry and for different biochemical and immunological assays.

The peritoneal cavity in mammals contains different immune cell populations crucial for innate immune responses. An efficient isolation method is required for biochemical and functional analyses of these cells. Here we provide a comprehensive method for the isolation of peritoneal cavity cells in the mouse.

Fare Periton Boşluk Hücreleri İzolasyon

The peritoneal cavity is a membrane-bound and fluid-filled abdominal cavity of mammals, which contains the liver, spleen, most of the gastro-intestinal ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Studying the Effects of Tumor-Secreted Paracrine Ligands on Macrophage Activation using Co-Culture with Permeable Membrane Supports

Tumor-derived paracrine signaling is an overlooked component of local immunosuppression and can lead to a permissive environment for continued cancer growth and metastasis. Paracrine signals can involve cell-cell contact between different cell types, such as PD-L1 expressed on the surface of tumors interacting directly with PD-1 on the surface of T cells, or the secretion of ligands by a tumor cell to affect an immune cell. Here we describe a co-culture method to interrogate the effects of tumor-secreted ligands on immune cell (macrophage) activation. This straightforward procedure utilizes commercially available 0.4 &#181;m polycarbonate membrane permeable supports and standard tissue culture plates. In the process described, macrophages are cultured in the upper chamber and tumor cells in the lower chamber. The presence of the 0.4 &#181;m barrier allows for the study of intercellular signaling without the confounding variable of physical contact, because the two cell types share the same medium and exposure to paracrine ligands. This approach can be combined with others, such as genetic alterations of the macrophage (e.g., isolation from genetic knock-out mice) or tumor (e.g., CRISPR-mediated alterations) to study the role of specific secreted factors and receptors. The approach also lends itself to standard molecular biological analyses such as quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) or Western blot analysis, without the need for flow sorting to separate the two cell populations. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) can similarly be utilized to measure secreted ligands to better understand the dynamic interaction of cell signaling in the multiple cell type context. Duration of co-culture can also be varied for the study of temporally regulated events. This co-culture method is a robust tool that facilitates the study of tumor-secreted signals in the immune context.

Here, we present a method using permeable membrane supports to facilitate the study of non-contact paracrine signaling used by tumor cells to suppress the immune response. The system is amenable to studying the role of tumor-secreted factors in dampening macrophage activation.

Permeable Membran Destekleri ile Co-Culture kullanarak Tümör Salgılanan Parakrin Ligandların Makrofaj Aktivasyonu Üzerine Etkilerinin İnceleştirilmesi

Tumor-derived paracrine signaling is an overlooked component of local immunosuppression and can lead to a permissive environment for continued cancer ...

Kanser Araştırmaları

Using RNA-interference to Investigate the Innate Immune Response in Mouse Macrophages

Macrophages are key phagocytic innate immune cells. When macrophages encounter a pathogen, they produce antimicrobial proteins and compounds to kill the pathogen, produce various cytokines and chemokines to recruit and stimulate other immune cells, and present antigens to stimulate the adaptive immune response. Thus, being able to efficiently manipulate macrophages with techniques such as RNA-interference (RNAi) is critical to our ability to investigate this important innate immune cell. However, macrophages can be technically challenging to transfect and can exhibit inefficient RNAi-induced gene knockdown. In this protocol, we describe methods to efficiently transfect two mouse macrophage cell lines (RAW264.7 and J774A.1) with siRNA using the Amaxa Nucleofector 96-well Shuttle System and describe procedures to maximize the effect of siRNA on gene knockdown. Moreover, the described methods are adapted to work in 96-well format, allowing for medium and high-throughput studies. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we describe experiments that utilize RNAi to inhibit genes that regulate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine production.

In this protocol, we describe methods to efficiently transfect murine macrophage cell lines with siRNAs using the Amaxa Nucleofector 96-well Shuttle System, stimulate the macrophages with lipopolysaccharide, and monitor the effects on inflammatory cytokine production.

Fare Makrofagların yılında Doğuştan Bağışıklık Tepkisi Soruşturma RNA girişimi kullanma

Macrophages are key phagocytic innate immune cells.  When macrophages encounter a pathogen, they produce antimicrobial proteins and compounds to kill the ...

Isolation of Human Monocytes by Double Gradient Centrifugation and Their Differentiation to Macrophages in Teflon-coated Cell Culture Bags

Human macrophages are involved in a plethora of pathologic processes ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. Thus they pose a valuable tool to understand the underlying mechanisms of these diseases. We therefore present a straightforward protocol for the isolation of human monocytes from buffy coats, followed by a differentiation procedure which results in high macrophage yields. The technique relies mostly on commonly available lab equipment and thus provides a cost and time effective way to obtain large quantities of human macrophages. Briefly, buffy coats from healthy blood donors are subjected to a double density gradient centrifugation to harvest monocytes from the peripheral blood. These monocytes are then cultured in fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon-coated cell culture bags in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The differentiated macrophages can be easily harvested and used for subsequent studies and functional assays. Important methods for quality control and validation of the isolation and differentiation steps will be highlighted within the protocol. In summary, the protocol described here enables scientists to routinely and reproducibly isolate human macrophages without the need for cost intensive tools. Furthermore, disease models can be studied in a syngeneic human system circumventing the use of murine macrophages.

We present a simple and efficient protocol for the generation of human macrophages. Buffy coats are processed by double density gradient centrifugation and isolated monocytes are then differentiated to macrophages in Teflon-coated cell culture bags. This maximizes macrophage yields and facilitates cell harvesting for subsequent experiments.

İnsan Çift Gradient Santrifüj ile Monositlerinde ve teflon kaplı Hücre Kültürü Çantalar Makrofagların Onların Farklılaşma İzolasyonu

Human macrophages are involved in a plethora of pathologic processes ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. Thus they pose a valuable tool to ...

Assessment of Antibody-based Drugs Effects on Murine Bone Marrow and Peritoneal Macrophage Activation

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages are equally important in turning off inflammatory responses. We have shown that macrophages stimulated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) can produce high amounts of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 10 (IL-10), and low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). IVIg is a polyvalent antibody, primarily immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs), pooled from the plasma of more than 1,000 blood donors. It is used to supplement antibodies in patients with immune deficiencies or to suppress immune responses in patients with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. Infliximab, a therapeutic anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF&#945;) antibody, has also been shown to activate macrophages to produce IL-10 in response to inflammatory stimuli. IVIg and other antibody-based biologics can be tested to determine their effects on macrophage activation. This paper describes methods for derivation, stimulation, and assessment of murine bone marrow macrophages activated by antibodies in vitro and murine peritoneal macrophages activated with antibodies in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate the use of western blotting to determine the contribution of specific cell signaling pathways to anti-inflammatory macrophage activity. These protocols can be used with genetically modified mice, to determine the effect of a specific protein(s) on anti-inflammatory macrophage activation. These techniques can also be used to assess whether specific biologics may act by changing macrophages to an IL-10-producing anti-inflammatory activation state that reduces inflammatory responses in vivo. This can provide information on the role of macrophage activation in the efficacy of biologics during disease models in mice, and provide insight into a potential new mechanism of action in people. Conversely, this may caution against the use of specific antibody-based biologics to treat infectious disease, particularly if macrophages play an important role in host defense against that infection.

Antibody-based drugs have revolutionized treatment for inflammatory diseases. In addition to having direct effects on specific targets, antibodies can activate macrophages to become anti-inflammatory. This protocol describes how anti-inflammatory macrophage activation can be assessed in vitro, using mouse bone marrow macrophages, and in vivo, using peritoneal macrophages.

Fare kemik iliği ve Periton makrofaj harekete geçirmek antikor bazlı ilaçlara etkileri değerlendirilmesi

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages ...

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Pharmacological regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) responses holds great promise in the treatment of many inflammatory diseases. However, there have been limited compounds available so far to attenuate TLR signaling and there have been no clinically approved TLR inhibitors (except the anti-malarial drug hydroxychloroquine) in clinical use. In light of rapid advances in nanotechnology, manipulation of immune responsiveness using nano-devices may provide a new strategy to treat these diseases. Herein, we present a high throughput screening method for quickly identifying novel bioactive nanoparticles that inhibit TLR signaling in phagocytic immune cells. This screening platform is built on THP-1 cell-based reporter cells with colorimetric and luciferase assays. The reporter cells are engineered from the human THP-1 monocytic cell line by stable integration of two inducible reporter constructs. One expresses a secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) gene under the control of a promoter inducible by the transcription factors NF-&#954;B and AP-1, and the other expresses a secreted luciferase reporter gene under the control of promoters inducible by interferon regulatory factors (IRFs).Upon TLR stimulation, the reporter cells activate transcription factors and subsequently produce SEAP and/or luciferase, which can be detected using their corresponding substrate reagents. Using a library of peptide-gold nanoparticle (GNP) hybrids established in our previous studies as an example, we identified one peptide-GNP hybrid that could effectively inhibit the two arms of TLR4 signaling cascade triggered by its prototypical ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The findings were validated by standard biochemical techniques including immunoblotting. Further analysis established that this lead hybrid had a broad inhibitory spectrum, acting on multiple TLR pathways, including TLR2, 3, 4, and 5. This experimental approach allows a rapid assessment of whether a nanoparticle (or other therapeutic compounds) can modulate specific TLR signaling in phagocytic immune cells.

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling plays an important role in the pathophysiology of many human inflammatory diseases, and regulating TLR responses by bioactive nanoparticles is anticipated to be beneficial in many inflammatory conditions. THP-1 cell-based reporter cells provide a versatile and robust screening platform for identifying novel inhibitors of TLR signaling.

Toll benzeri Reseptör Sinyali Önleyicileri İçin Fagositik Bağışıklık Hücrelerinde Biyoaktif Nanopartiküllerin Taranması

Pharmacological regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) responses holds great promise in the treatment of many inflammatory diseases. However, there have ...

Tıp

Experimental Analysis of Apoptotic Thymocyte Engulfment by Macrophages

Cell apoptosis is a natural process and plays a critical role in embryonic development, homeostatic regulation, immune tolerance induction, and resolution of inflammation. Accumulation of apoptotic debris in the body may trigger chronic inflammatory responses that lead to systemic autoimmune diseases over time. Impaired apoptotic cell clearance has been implicated in a variety of autoimmune diseases. Apoptotic clearance is a complex process rarely detected under physiological conditions. It involves abundant surface receptors and signaling molecules. Studying the process of apoptotic cell clearance provides insightful molecular mechanisms and subsequent biological responses, which may lead to the development of new therapeutics. Here, we describe protocols for the induction of apoptotic thymocytes, the preparation of peritoneal macrophages, and the analysis of apoptotic cell clearance by flow cytometry and microscopy. All cells will undergo apoptosis at a certain stage, and many residential and circulating cells can uptake apoptotic debris. Therefore, the protocol described here can be used in many applications to characterize apoptotic cell binding and ingestion by many other cell types.

Here, we present a protocol to prepare apoptotic thymocytes and peritoneal macrophages and analyze the efficiency of efferocytosis and the specific inhibitor-mediated blocking of apoptotic thymocytes engulfment. This protocol has a broad application in cell-mediated clearance of other particles including artificial beads and bacteria.

Makrofajlar tarafından apoptotik thymocyte engulfment deneysel Analizi

Cell apoptosis is a natural process and plays a critical role in embryonic development, homeostatic regulation, immune tolerance induction, and resolution ...

Isolation and Culture of Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages from Mice

Macrophages have important effector functions in homeostasis and inflammation. These cells are present in every tissue in the body and have the important ability to change their profile according to the stimuli present in the microenvironment. Cytokines can profoundly affect macrophage physiology, especially IFN-&#947; and interleukin 4, generating M1 and M2 types respectively. Because of the versatility of these cells, the production of a population of bone marrow-derived macrophages can be a basic step in many experimental models of cell biology. The aim of this protocol is to help researchers in the isolation and culture of macrophages derived from bone marrow progenitors. Bone marrow progenitors from pathogen-free C57BL/6 mice are transformed into macrophages upon exposure to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) that, in this protocol, is obtained from the supernatant of the murine fibroblast lineage L-929. After incubation, mature macrophages are available for use from the 7th to the 10th day. A single animal can be the source of approximately 2 x 107 macrophages. Therefore, it is an ideal protocol for obtaining large amounts of primary macrophages using basic methods of cell culture.

The present protocol describes the isolation and culture of bone marrow-derived macrophages from mice.

Farelerden Kemik İliği Kaynaklı Makrofajların İzolasyonu ve Kültürü

Macrophages have important effector functions in homeostasis and inflammation. These cells are present in every tissue in the body and have the important ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>In Vivo Gen Modülasyonu için Lentiviral Vektör Hazırlama

Lentiviral Vector Preparation for Efficient Gene and MicroRNA Modulation of Peritoneal Cavity Tissue&#45;Resident Macrophages In Vivo in Mice

Peritoneal tissue-resident macrophages have broad functions in the maintenance of homeostasis and are involved in pathologies within local and neighboring tissues. Their functions are dictated by microenvironmental cues; thus, it is essential to investigate their behavior in an in vivo physiological niche. Currently, specific peritoneal macrophage-targeting methodologies employ whole-mouse transgenic models. Here, a protocol for effective in vivo modulation of mRNA and small RNA species (e.g., microRNA) expression in peritoneal macrophages using lentivirus particles is described. Lentivirus preparations were made in HEK293T cells and purified on a single sucrose layer. In vivo validation of lentivirus effectivity following intraperitoneal injection revealed predominant infection of macrophages restricted to local tissue. Targeting of peritoneal macrophages was successful during homeostasis and thioglycolate-induced peritonitis. The limitations of the protocol, including low-level inflammation induced by intraperitoneal delivery of lentivirus and time restrictions for potential experiments, are discussed. Overall, this study presents a quick and accessible protocol for the rapid assessment of gene function in peritoneal macrophages in vivo.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Yazar Spotlight: Lentiviral Vektör Aracılı Gen Manipülasyonu Yoluyla Makrofaj İmmünometabolizmasını Keşfetmek

We demonstrate a step-by-step protocol for the investigation of gene function in peritoneal tissue-resident macrophages in vivo, using lentiviral vectors.

Farelerde İn Vivo Periton Boşluğu Dokusunda Yerleşik Makrofajların Verimli Gen ve MikroRNA Modülasyonu için Lentiviral Vektör Hazırlığı

Peritoneal tissue-resident macrophages have broad functions in the maintenance of homeostasis and are involved in pathologies within local and neighboring ...

Fare Periton Makrofagların izolasyonu Toll-benzeri reseptörler Uyarım üzerine Gen İfadesi Analizi Yapacak

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Farelerde İn Vivo Periton Boşluğu Dokusunda Yerleşik Makrofajların Verimli Gen ve MikroRNA Modülasyonu için Lentiviral Vektör Hazırlığı