Yazarlar, teknik yardım için Brian Muntean&#39;ın Shao Lo, Maki Takahashi ve Blair Mell teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Bu çalışma NIH (DK080640) ve The University of Toledo &amp; ProMedica Dr. Surya Nauli Translasyonel Araştırma Uyarım Ödülü ödül tarafından desteklenmiştir.

1. Hücre Tedavi öncesi ve metafaz hazırlığı <ol><li> % 70-80 konfluense ulaşıncaya kadar hücrelerin,, Dulbecco% 5 CO 2 kuvöz ile% 10-15, 37 fetal sığır serumu (FBS) ve% 1 penisilin / streptomisin ° C içeren Eagle Orta (DMEM) Modifikasyonunda yetiştirilmektedir. </li><li> , At 0,05 ug / 30-60 min için ml &#39;, colcemid bir çözüm ile birlikte hücreleri Treat. </li><li> ,,, 50-ml steril bir-falcon centrifuge tüpler in herhangi bir kayan bir hücreleri ihtiva eden medium Collect. ,, Sterile1X-PBS ile birlikte edilen plaka on hücreleri durulayın. 1-2 dakika, hasat ve aynı tüpe kalan hücreleri toplamak için steril tripsin ile kuluçkaya sonra. </li><li> Tüpler 1000 rpm&#39;de 5 dakika çevirin,, süpernatan bırakarak 0,5 ml çekilerek sadece parmağınızla hafifçe vurarak pelet gevşetin. </li><li> Pelet boyutuna bağlı olarak, dH 2 O% 0.56 KCl hipotonik çözüm 5-10 ml ekleyin ve süspansiyon 37 ° C&#39;de 30-45 dakika inkübe edin. </li><li> ,,, Metanol /, asetik asit of birini drop Ekle Yeni(3:1 hacim / hacim) ml başına hipotonik hücre süspansiyonu ve karıştırmak için hafifçe ters düz. </li><li> Sürekli olarak edilmesini takiben pelletin flicking ederken,, 5 min bu için ise rpm 1200 at santrifüjleyin. Ve, bir adım 1,4 gibi pelletini &quot;toplamak..,, Daha sonra, (5),,, taze, metanol /, asetik asit (03:01 vol / vol) fixative bir çözüm damla damla ilave edildi. Of ml &#39;eklemek. Bu prosedür, metafaz yayılır hücrelerin deney taviz verecek yığınlarda tuzağa olmayacak, böylece kritik önem taşımaktadır. </li><li> , 5 min Şu aramanız için devir sayısı 1200 rpm için at tekrar santrifüjleyin. Uygulanır ve,,,,, tüp of duvarın boyunca buz-soğuk algınlığı, metanol / asetik asit fixative of 5-10 bir ml &#39;eklemek.. , Bu evre, ihtiyaç duyulan if At,, hücreleri,,, kısa bir vadeli ya da -80 için, -20 ° C at, bir, sıkılaştırmış ve mühürlenir bir tüp in, fixative çözelti içinde depolanan uygulanmaz edebilirsiniz, ° C, gelecekteki kullanımını için uzun süre bir vadeli (yaş arası) için konulacaktır. </li><li> , Reaksiyonu mutlak etanol in Temizlik slaytları,, daha sonra,,,, the slide of yüzey on, su of, bir dış kılıf oluştururlar etmek sipariş in, approximately10X &#39;için dH&#39;den daha fazla 2 Ç in&#39; bir slayt, de bandırıyoruz. ,,, Bir hücre süspansiyonu: of, bir cam plate: ve drop: 15,-20μl on bir slayt, yerleştirin (1,8 bir adım itibarenÜstünde kayan) &quot;10. 1-2 dakika boyunca 65-70 ayarlanmış bir su banyosuna ° C slayt yerleştirin ve kurumaya bırakın. </li><li> Metafaz kromozomlar ve yayılır eşit aralıklı emin 10X ve 40X kuru hedefleri kullanarak ışık mikroskobu altında slayt kontrol edin. Kromozomlar çevreleyen sitoplazma varlığı için kontrol edin. Sitoplazma mevcut slayt ön (pepsin sindirim) ile devam edilirse herhangi bir sitoplazma ve kromozomların varsa, iyi morfoloji, sonra slayt ön için gerek yoktur. </li></ol> 2. Slayt ön (pepsin tedavi) <ol><li> Mikroskop coverglass x 60 mm, 24 mm üzerine 2X-SSC çözünmüş 1:200 RNaz solüsyonu (20 mg / ml) 120 ul uygulayın ve sonra yavaşça, metafaz slayt yüzünü invert coverglass metafaz slayt yüzü aşağı yukarı invert ve inkübe (37) ° C 45 min için. </li><li> 15 dakika için her 5 dakika dikkatlice slayt çizmeden coverglass kaldırmak ve bir coplin kavanoza 2X-SSC tampon yıkayınsallayarak. </li><li> ,,,, Bir temiz bir bir beherdeki içine Şu, pepsin hisse senedi bir çözüm of 5-15 mikrolitre ((-100), dH 2 Ç in mg / ml &#39;) ekle ve, sonra da-100 ml&#39; of Ön ısıtması yapılan, eklemek (. (37). ° C ile) 0.01 M HCl., It pepsin,, bir temiz bir içine da eklendi edilir, olduğunu önemli bir konumundadır HCl çözeltisi içine doğrudan ilk ve beher, aksi takdirde çözüm çözünmesi olmaz. 37 HCl / pepsin çözeltisi içeren, bir coplin kavanoza slayt inkübe ° C 3-5 dk. Bu adım çok sindirim, kromozom overdigested neden olacak ve çok az sindirim prob non-spesifik bağlama yol ve hibridizasyon sinyali ile etkileyebilir sitoplazma hazmedilmemiş bırakın olarak son derece önemlidir. </li><li> Oda sıcaklığında iki kez 5 dakika boyunca 100 ml 1X PBS içeren bir coplin kavanoz slayt yıkayın. </li><li> ,,,,, Room sıcaklık (,, (950) 1X-PBS of ml in, 1M MgCl 2 of 50 ml) at 5 min için-100 ml &#39;1X-PBS/MgCl 2, ihtiva eden, bir coplin jar in the slide yıkayın. </li><li> Slayt bir coplin kavanoz containin yerleştirin, room sıcaklık (1,7 ml &#39;, of-100 ml&#39;: 1X-PBS/MgCl 2 in, (37)% formaldehyde of) at 10 min için g-100 ml &#39;:,% 1 oranında formaldehyde. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca 100 ml 1X PBS içeren bir coplin kavanoz slayt yıkayın. </li><li> Slaytları düzgün bir şekilde sindirilir olduğunu ve herhangi bir sitoplazma ve morfolojisinin korunur sağlamak için, 40X kuru lens kullanarak ışık mikroskobu altında slayt gözlemleyin. Bir elmas kalem kullanarak hibridizasyon için bir alan seçin. </li></ol> 3. Kromozom ve prob denatürasyon ve hibridizasyon <ol><li> Taze denatüre solüsyonu (% 70 formamide/2X SSC, pH 7.0) ve prewarm 70-80 ° C bir su banyosunda 70 denatüre solüsyon içeren coplin kavanoza slayt bir su banyosunda Place yerleştirilir, bir coplin kavanoza ° hazırlayın fare kromozomlar ve 80 C ° C 30s-1.5 dakika için insan kromozomlar için. </li><li> ,, Immediately 3 (3 min, her biri ve air dry için) 80% tarafından, izledi bir min ve Oranı% 100 etanol için, buz-soğuk algınlığı% 70 oranında etanol in the slide yerleştirebilirsiniz. Slayt inceleyinmorfolojisinin. İyi morfolojisinin karanlık kromozomlar ve &quot;faz-hafif&quot; ya da halo kromozom tarafından gösterilir. </li><li> Birkaç saniye için 1000 rpm&#39;de 20 dakika, vorteks ve santrifüj kısaca sallayarak; SkyPaint prob (flakon # 1 SKY boya kiti) 37 ° C&#39;de ısıtılır. </li><li> ,,,,,,,,, Preannealing için etiketlenmiştir-probe DNA izin vermek etmek 60 min, için, (37) ° C kullanıcısı tarafından izledi 5 min döngüsü için, 85 ° C at,, bir, iki-bir adım bir döngüsü için programlanmışsa, bir termalcycler in probe denatüre. </li><li> 22 mm ile denatüre prob hibridizasyon ve kapak alanı üzerine 10μl uygulayın x 40 mm coverglass hava kabarcıkları yakalamak için emin değilim. 48-72 saat boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de, kauçuk, çimento ve nemlendirilmiş bir odasında inkübe ile coverglass kenarları kapatılmalıdır. </li></ol> 4. Floresan prob algılama <ol><li> Coverglass dikkatlice çıkarın ve slayt içeren coplin kavanoza yerleştirin önceden ısıtılmış (45 ° C) yıkama solüsyonu (2X SSC taze hazırlanmış% 50 formamit). 5 min için yıkayın45 az üç kez 45 rpm&#39;de titreyen su banyosunda ° C </li><li> 45 ° C 5 dakika boyunca iki kez sallayarak II çözeltisi (1X SSC) yıkama slayt yıkayın. </li><li> 45 az 5 dakika boyunca çözüm III (4X SSC/0.1% Tween 20) çamaşır ° C sallayarak slayt yıkayın. </li><li> Engelleme reaktif 80 ul (SKY boya kiti; flakon # 2) uygulayın, 30 dakika 37 ° C&#39;de lamel ve inkübe yerleştirin. </li><li> Slayt çıkarın ve sıvı süzülmesini bekleyin. 80 ul, boyama Cy5 reaktifi (Konsantre Antikor Algılama CAD kiti; flakon # 3) uygulayın, 40 dakika 37 ° C&#39;de bir coverglass vorteksleyin ve uygulanır. </li><li> ,, Sallayarak ile birlikte 5 min için, (, üç) 45 ° C &#39;at Zamanlar bir çözüm III. Ürüne yıkama ile birlikte the slide yıkayın. </li><li> 80 ul, boyama Cy5.5 reaktifi (Konsantre Antikor Algılama CAD kiti; flakon # 4) uygulayın, 40 dakika 37 ° C&#39;de bir coverglass ve inkübe yerleştirin. </li><li> ,, Sallayarak ile birlikte 5 min için, (, üç) 45 ° C &#39;at Zamanlar bir çözüm III. Ürüne yıkama ile birlikte the slide yıkayın. </li><li> , The slide Astro Morocross Eğilme ve akışkan etmek izin vermek.<html> süzün. Anti-solmaya DAPI reaktifi (SKY boya kiti; flakon # 5) 20 ul uygulayın ve mikroskop coverglass x 60 mm, 24 mm yerleştirin. Oluşabilecek hava kabarcıkları dikkatlice çıkarın. Slaytlar hemen yansıması veya 4 saklanabilir 1 haftadan daha uzun süre karanlıkta ° C. </li></ol> 5. Resim toplama ve analiz <ol><li> Görüntü alımı 60X immersiyon yağı lens, CCD kamera ile Spektral bir küp (özel olarak tasarlanmış üç bant geçiren filtre), bir DAPI filtre ve bir sagnac interferometre modül ile donatılmış bir mikroskop kullanarak metafaz slaytlar inceleyen tarafından gerçekleştirilir. </li><li> Spektral-karyotiplerin kullanım kılavuzu SKY View yazılımı (Uygulamalı spektral görüntüleme Sürüm 1.62) kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. </li><li> Görüntüleri analiz ettikten sonra, kromozomlar renkli görüntüler (özel floresan renkleri ile), sözde renkli görüntüler (sınıflandırma için renklere sahip) ve ters DAPI görüntüleri (özel bantlama pattern) olarak görülebilir. </li></ol>E_TITLE &quot;&gt; 6 Temsilcisi Sonuçlar Tam bir SKY prosedür genellikle yaklaşık bir hafta zaman alır (Şekil 1). Bu görüntü toplama ve analiz metafaz hücreler yeterli kaynağı olduğunu içerir. Karyotipik analiz vahşi tip farelerde (Şekil 2a) hücrelerin normal fare karyotip (40, XY) ortaya koymaktadır. Buna karşılık, Pkd1 hücreleri - / - fare (PKD fare modeli) kromozom sayısı ve kromozom delesyonlarına (Kromozom # 8) ve translokasyonlar (kromozomlar # 11 ve 19) (Şekil 2b) gibi yapısal anormallikleri, önemli bir artış gösterir. Biz,, aynı zamanda,, ADPKD hastalarda from vasküler dokularda de de olduğunu da analiz. Kromozomal numaraları sayarak basit bir çalışma olmayan bireylerinde ve bazı bireylerinde vasküler örnekleri 23 çift normal kromozom sayıları (Şekil 2c) olduğunu belirtti. Ancak, biz, genel olarak A 46 çift kromozom sonuçlanan, kromozomal ayrımcılığın başarısızlığı gözlenenDPKD örnekleri yerine 23 çift (Şekil 2d). <img alt="Şekil 1," src="/files/ftp_upload/3887/3887fig1.jpg" /> Şekil 1. SKY protokolü akış şeması. SKY protokol Akış şeması görüntü toplama ve analiz için hücre öncesi ve metafaz preparatları itibaren bir deney tamamlamak için adımları göstermektedir. Yaklaşık bir haftalık zaman çizelgesi, her gün için adım-adım prosedürleri ile soldaki sunulmaktadır. <img alt="Şekil 2," src="/files/ftp_upload/3887/3887fig2.jpg" /> Şekil 2. Renk ve bireyin kromozomlarının ters DAPI görüntüleri ölümsüzleştirdi fare hücre hatları ve taze izole insan primer hücrelerinde Spektral karyotip kromozomal sıralama önce gösterilmiştir. Sıralama sonra, kromozomlar &quot;sınıflandırma&quot; tabloda gösterilmiştir a) vahşi tip fare bir metafaz yayılmasını SKY görüntü normal karyotip (40, XY) içerir. B) </strong&gt; SKY görüntü SKY fare anormal kromozom sayısı (68 yerine 40) ve kromozom delesyonlarına (kromozomu # 8) ve kromozom translokasyonları (kromozomlar # 11 ve 19) gibi kromozom anormallikleri gösterir c) - / - Pkd1 bir metafaz yayılması bireylerinde olmayan bir hastanın damar dokusu bir metafaz yayılmasını görüntü normal karyotip (46, XX). d) bireylerinde bir hastanın vasküler doku metafaz yayılmasını SKY (92, XXXX) anormal karyotip içerir vardır. , Veri of Parts, daha önceden olarak bildirdin ve, iznine 14 &#39;ile birlikte devşirme edilmiştir adres.

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Çıkar çatışması ilan etti.

Tayfsal Karyotipik (SKY), genomik ve kromozomal kompozisyonlar incelenmesinde kullanılan bir sitogenetik tekniktir. Bu teknik kromozom boyayan problar yararlanır ve bu problar tespiti bir sagnac interferometre yoluyla elde edilir. Tam SKY süreç genellikle bir hafta sürer ve birkaç önemli adımları içermektedir (Şekil 1). SKY ilk Padilla-Nash ve ark. 3 tarafından tanımlanan standart bir protokol kullanır. Protokolü bu yana ülkemiz de dahil olmak üzere çeşitli sitogen...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Reaktif Adı </td><td> Şirket </td><td> Katalog numarası </td><td> Yorumlar </td></tr><tr><td> DMEM </td><td> Cellgro Mediatech Inc. </td><td> 10-013-CV </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Fetal bovine serum (FBS) </td><td> Hyclone </td><td> SH30088-03 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Penecillin / Streptomisin </td><td> Thermo Scientific </td><td> SV30010 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Colcemid </td><td> Roche Diagnostics </td><td> 10 295 892 001 </td><td> 10 ug / ml &#39;&#39; </td></tr><tr><td> HCl </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> A144-500 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> KCl </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> S77375-1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Fosfat tamponlu salin </td><td> Thermo Scientific </td><td> : SH30256-01 </td><td></td></tr> &lt;tr&gt; <td> SKY boya prob kiti (İnsan) </td><td> Uygulamalı Spektral Görüntüleme </td><td> SKY000028 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> SKY boya prob kiti (Fare) </td><td> Uygulamalı Spektral Görüntüleme </td><td> SKY000030 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Konsantre antikor tespit kiti </td><td> Uygulamalı Spektral Görüntüleme </td><td> SKY000033 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tripsin </td><td> Thermo Scientific </td><td> SH30236.01 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Metanol </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> A433P-4 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Asetik asit </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> A38-212 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> RNaz A </td><td> Roche Diagnostics </td><td> 10 109 169 001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Pepsin </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> P6887-5G </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> MgCl 2 </td><td> Fluka </td><td> 63069-500ML- </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 37% Formaldehit </td><td> Mallinckrodt Baker </td><td> 2106-02 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 20X SSC </td><td> Promega </td><td> V4261 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Formamid </td><td> Fluka </td><td> 47671 </td><td> kullanmadan önce sadece hazırlamak </td></tr><tr><td> Tween-20 </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> BP337-500 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Mikroskop cam slaytlar </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> 12-549 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Mikroskop kapağı cam 24x60mm </td><td> VWR Vista Vision </td><td> 16004-312 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Kauçuk tutkalı </td><td> Elmer (yerel perakende mağazası) </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Hibridizasyon / humidifiedchamber / Tepsi </td><td> Simport </td><td> M920-2 </td><td> altındaki ıslak kağıt havlu koymak </td></tr><tr><td> Thermocycler </td><td> Eppendorf </td><td> Epgradient S </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Platformu Çalkalama / Orbital çalkalayıcı </td><td> Bellco Biyoteknoloji </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Çalkalama / su banyosu </td><td> Hassas Bilimsel </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DAPI filtre küp </td><td> Krom Teknoloji </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Sky filtre küp </td><td> Krom Teknoloji </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> SpectraCube </td><td> Uygulamalı Spektral Görüntüleme </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Ters hücre kültürü mikroskobu </td><td> Nikon </td><td> Nikon Eclipse TS100 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Fluorescence mikroskop </td><td> Olympus </td><td> IX70 </td><td> 60X yağ </td></tr></tbody></table>

spectral karyotyping to study chromosome abnormalities in humans and mice with polycystic kidney disease

Bilgileri kimliğinizi saptamak ve bireysel chromosomes sınıflandırmak için Konvansiyonel bir yöntemini,,,, 1, 2, ediliyor analiz, bir belirli bir türlerin in her biri chromosome of de benzersiz bir bir bantlama bir pattern on bağlıdır. Bu klasik bantlama tekniği Ancak, kanseri ile ilişkili gibi kompleks kromozomal sapmaları belirlenmesinde güvenilir değildir. , Bantlama tekniği sınırlamaları aşmak için, Tayfsal Karyotipik (SKY) kromozom anomalileri kadar güvenilir bilgi sağlamak amacıyla getirilmiştir. SKY bir çok renkli floresans in-situ hibridizasyon (FISH) tekniği ile metafaz kromozom spektral mikroskop 3, 4 algılamak için. SKY geniş bir alanda çok sayıda genetik hastalıklar ve maligniteler 5, 6 ile ilişkili kromozom anomalileri sitogenetik analiz için değerli bir araç olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. SKY, dejenere oligonucle hazırlanan çok renkli floresan işaretli DNA probları kullanımını gerektirirPCR ile otide primerler. Böylece her kromozom farklı floresan boyalar (rodamin, Texas Kırmızı, Cy5, FITC ve Cy5.5) oluşan bir karışım ile etiketlenir probları, in-situ hibridizasyon sonra benzersiz bir spektral renk vardır. SKY için kullanılan sondalar 7-10 55 kromozom spesifik problar oluşur. , SKY için yordamı,, birkaç adımları uygulayın (Şekil 1,.) Içerir. SKY yüksek mitotik indeks ile normal ya da hastalıklı doku ya da kan hücrelerinin durumu gerektirir. Taze izole edilen primer hücre veya bir hücre satır ya tek bir hücrenin kromozomlarının bir cam slayt yayılır. Bu kromozom yayılması, her bir kromozom için özel floresan boyalar farklı bir kombinasyonu ile etiketlenmiştir. Sensör algılama ve görüntü alımı için, spektral görüntüleme sistemi sagnac interferometre ve bir CCD kamera oluşur. Bu örnek yayılan görünür ışık spektrumunun ölçümünü sağlar fro spektral görüntü elde etmek içinm bireysel kromozomlar. HiSKY, çekilen fotoğrafların sonuçları analiz etmek için kullanılan yazılım, kromozom anomalilerinin kolay bir kimlik sağlar. Sonuçta bir metafaz ve karyotip sınıflandırma görüntü, kromozomların her bir çifti ayrı bir renk (Şekil 2) sahip olduğu bir. Bu kromozom kimlikler ve translokasyonların kolaylıkla saptanabilmektedir. Daha fazla bilgi için lütfen Uygulamalı Spektral Görüntüleme web sitesi (ziyaret <a href="http://www.spectral-imaging.com/" target="_blank">http://www.spectral-imaging.com/</a> ). SKY son zamanlarda kromozom ayrımı kusurlar ve kromozom anomalileri Otozomal Dominant Polikistik Böbrek Hastalığı (bireylerinde),, birincil siliya 11-13 disfonksiyon ile karakterize genetik bir hastalık olan insanlar ve fareler üzerinde yapılan bir tanımlama kullanıldı. Bu tekniği kullanarak, biz, bireylerinde hasta ve fare modelleri 14 anormal kromozom segregasyon kromozomal anomali ve varlığını göstermiştir. SKY kullanarak daha fazla analizler bize kromozom sayısı ve kimliğini belirlemek için değil, aynı zamanda doğru gibi, kromozom delesyonlarına ve translokasyonlar (Şekil 2) gibi çok karmaşık kromozomal sapmaları tespit etmek için izin verilmez.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Spectral Karyotyping to Study Chromosome Abnormalities in Humans and Mice with Polycystic Kidney Disease at JoVE.com

Spectral Karyotyping to Study Chromosome Abnormalities in Humans and Mice with Polycystic Kidney Disease

Spektral Karyotipik (SKY), genomik ve kromozomal sapmaları belirlemek için gelişmiş bir sitogenetik bir yöntemdir. Bu teknik, bütün kromozomlar sınıflamasına izin verir, kromozom boyayan problar yararlanır. SKY da polikistik böbrek hastalığı dahil olmak üzere çeşitli hastalıklar, farelerde ve insanlarda kompleks kromozom anomalileri ve ayrımcılığın kusurları tespit edebilir.

Polikistik Böbrek Hastalığı Olan İnsanlar ve Fareler kromozom anomalileri Eğitim Spektral Karyotipik

Conventional method to identify and classify individual chromosomes depends on the unique banding pattern of each chromosome in a specific species being ...

spectral-karyotyping-to-study-chromosome-abnormalities-humans-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

38.2K Görüntüleme.  University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Spektral Karyotipik (SKY), genomik ve kromozomal sapmaları belirlemek için gelişmiş bir sitogenetik bir yöntemdir. Bu teknik, bütün kromozomlar sınıflamasına izin verir, kromozom boyayan problar yararlanır. SKY da polikistik böbrek hastalığı dahil olmak üzere çeşitli hastalıklar, farelerde ve insanlarda kompleks kromozom anomalileri ve ayrımcılığın kusurları tespit edebilir.

Video: Spectral Karyotyping to Study Chromosome Abnormalities in Humans and Mice with Polycystic Kidney Disease

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation in Mice for the Study of Vascular Disease

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. This is largely true, but there are a number of important principles that can reduce the difficulty of these procedures and enhance reproducibility. Orthotopic aortic transplantation is an excellent procedure in which to learn these principles because it involves only two end-to-end anastomoses, but requires good suturing technique and handling of the vessels for consistent success. This procedure begins with the procurement of a length of abdominal aorta from a donor animal, followed by division of the native aorta in the recipient. The procured aorta is then placed between the divided ends of the recipient aorta and sutured into place using end-to-end anastomoses. To accomplish this objective successfully requires a high degree of concentration, good tools, a steady hand, and an appreciation of how easily the vasculature of a mouse can be damaged, resulting in thrombosis. Learning these important principles is what occupies most of the beginner's time when learning microsurgery in small rodents. Throughout this protocol, we refer to these important points. This model can be used to study vascular disease in a variety of different experimental systems1-8. In the context shown here, it is most often used for the study of post-transplant vascular disease, a common long-term complication of solid organ transplantation in which intimal hyperplasia occurs within the allograft. The primary advantage of the model is that it facilitates quantitative morphometric analyses and the transplanted vessel lies contiguous to the endogenous vessel, which can serve as an additional control9. The technique shown here is most often used for mice weighing 18-25 grams. We have accumulated most of our experience using the C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, and C3H/HeJ strains.

We describe a technique in which a section of the abdominal aorta from a mouse is transplanted orthotopically to just below the renal arteries in an allogeneic or syngeneic recipient. This technique can be useful in studies in which transplantation of large arteries of uniform size is deemed advantageous.

Damar Hastalığı Çalışmaları Farelerde Ortotopik Aort Nakli

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. ...

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5/6th Nephrectomy in Combination with High Salt Diet and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition to Induce Chronic Kidney Disease in the Lewis Rat

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global problem. Slowing CKD progression is a major health priority. Since CKD is characterized by complex derangements of homeostasis, integrative animal models are necessary to study development and progression of CKD. To study development of CKD and novel therapeutic interventions in CKD, we use the 5/6th nephrectomy ablation model, a well known experimental model of progressive renal disease, resembling several aspects of human CKD. The gross reduction in renal mass causes progressive glomerular and tubulo-interstitial injury, loss of remnant nephrons and development of systemic and glomerular hypertension. It is also associated with progressive intrarenal capillary loss, inflammation and glomerulosclerosis. Risk factors for CKD invariably impact on endothelial function. To mimic this, we combine removal of 5/6th of renal mass with nitric oxide (NO) depletion and a high salt diet. After arrival and acclimatization, animals receive a NO synthase inhibitor (NG-nitro-L-Arginine) (L-NNA) supplemented to drinking water (20 mg/L) for a period of 4 weeks, followed by right sided uninephrectomy. One week later, a subtotal nephrectomy (SNX) is performed on the left side. After SNX, animals are allowed to recover for two days followed by LNNA in drinking water (20 mg/L) for a further period of 4 weeks. A high salt diet (6%), supplemented in ground chow (see time line Figure 1), is continued throughout the experiment. Progression of renal failure is followed over time by measuring plasma urea, systolic blood pressure and proteinuria. By six weeks after SNX, renal failure has developed. Renal function is measured using 'gold standard' inulin and para-amino hippuric acid (PAH) clearance technology. This model of CKD is characterized by a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), hypertension (systolic blood pressure&gt;150 mmHg), proteinuria (&gt; 50 mg/24 hr) and mild uremia (&gt;10 mM). Histological features include tubulo-interstitial damage reflected by inflammation, tubular atrophy and fibrosis and focal glomerulosclerosis leading to massive reduction of healthy glomeruli within the remnant population (&lt;10%). Follow-up until 12 weeks after SNX shows further progression of CKD.

A two-stage method to establish chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the Lewis rat by surgically removing 5/6th of renal mass is described. Combination of the surgical procedure, NOS-inhibition and a high-salt diet leads to a model resembling human CKD, allowing study of causal mechanisms and development of novel therapeutic interventions.

Yüksek Tuz Diyet ve Lewis Rat Kronik Böbrek Hastalığı tetikleyebilecek Nitrik Oksit Sentaz inhibisyonu ile bağlantılı 5/6th nefrektomi

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global problem. Slowing CKD progression is a major health priority. Since CKD is characterized by complex derangements ...

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this is only partially explained by traditional CVD risk factors. Vascular dysfunction is an important non-traditional risk factor, characterized by vascular endothelial dysfunction (most commonly assessed as impaired endothelium-dependent dilation [EDD]) and stiffening of the large elastic arteries. While various techniques exist to assess EDD and large elastic artery stiffness, the most commonly used are brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMDBA) and aortic pulse-wave velocity (aPWV), respectively. Both of these noninvasive measures of vascular dysfunction are independent predictors of future cardiovascular events in patients with and without kidney disease. Patients with CKD demonstrate both impaired FMDBA, and increased aPWV. While the exact mechanisms by which vascular dysfunction develops in CKD are incompletely understood, increased oxidative stress and a subsequent reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability are important contributors. Cellular changes in oxidative stress can be assessed by collecting vascular endothelial cells from the antecubital vein and measuring protein expression of markers of oxidative stress using immunofluorescence. We provide here a discussion of these methods to measure FMDBA, aPWV, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

The degree of vascular dysfunction and contributing physiological mechanisms can be assessed in patients with chronic kidney disease by measuring brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, aortic pulse-wave velocity, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

Kronik Böbrek Hastalarında Vasküler Fonksiyon Değerlendirilmesi

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this ...

A Possible Zebrafish Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease: Knockdown of wnt5a Causes Cysts in Zebrafish Kidneys

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is one of the most common causes of end-stage kidney disease, a devastating disease for which there is no cure. The molecular mechanisms leading to cyst formation in PKD remain somewhat unclear, but many genes are thought to be involved. Wnt5a is a non-canonical glycoprotein that regulates a wide range of developmental processes. Wnt5a works through the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway that regulates oriented cell division during renal tubular cell elongation. Defects of the PCP pathway have been found to cause kidney cyst formation. Our paper describes a method for developing a zebrafish cystic kidney disease model by knockdown of the wnt5a gene with wnt5a antisense morpholino (MO) oligonucleotides. Tg(wt1b:GFP) transgenic zebrafish were used to visualize kidney structure and kidney cysts following wnt5a knockdown. Two distinct antisense MOs (AUG - and splice-site) were used and both resulted in curly tail down phenotype and cyst formation after wnt5a knockdown. Injection of mouse Wnt5a mRNA, resistant to the MOs due to a difference in primary base pair structure, rescued the abnormal phenotype, demonstrating that the phenotype was not due to &#8220;off-target&#8221; effects of the morpholino. This work supports the validity of using a zebrafish model to study wnt5a function in the kidney.

A Possible Zebrafish Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease: Knockdown of wnt5a Causes Cysts in Zebrafish Kidneys

We describe a method of generating a possible zebrafish model of polycystic kidney disease. We used Tg(wt1b:GFP) fish to visualize kidney structure. Knockdown of wnt5a was by morpholino injection. Pronephric cyst formation after wnt5a knockdown was observed in this GFP transgenic zebrafish.

Polikistik Böbrek Hastalığı Olası Zebra balığı Modeli: demonte<em&gt; Wnt5a</em&gt; Zebra balığı Böbrekler Kistler Nedenler

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is one of the most common causes of end-stage kidney disease, a devastating disease for which there is no cure. The ...

Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring

Several in vivo pre-clinical studies in Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) utilize orthologous rodent models to identify and study the genetic and molecular mechanisms responsible for the disease, and are very convenient for rapid drug screening and testing of promising therapies. A limiting factor in these studies is often the lack of efficient non-invasive methods for sequentially analyzing the anatomical and functional changes in the kidney. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the current gold standard imaging technique to follow autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients, providing excellent soft tissue contrast and anatomic detail and allowing Total Kidney Volume (TKV) measurements.A major advantage of MRI in rodent models of PKD is the possibility for in vivo imaging allowing for longitudinal studies that use the same animal and therefore reducing the total number of animals required. In this manuscript, we will focus on using Ultra-high field (UHF) MRI to non-invasively acquire in vivo images of rodent models for PKD. The main goal of this work is to introduce the use of MRI as a tool for in vivo phenotypical characterization and drug monitoring in rodent models for PKD.

Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring

The use of ultra-high field MRI as a non-invasive way to obtain phenotypic information of rodent models for polycystic kidney disease and to monitor interventions is described. Compared with the traditional histological approach, MRI images can be acquired in vivo, allowing for longitudinal follow-up.

Için Polikistik Böbrek Hastalığında Küçük Kemirgen modelleri Ultra yüksek Saha MRI Kullanımı<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Fenotiplendirme ve İlaç İzleme

Several in vivo pre-clinical studies in Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) utilize orthologous rodent models to identify and study the genetic and molecular ...

Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans

Neuropathologists, at times, feel intimidated by the amount of knowledge needed to generate definitive diagnoses for complex neuropsychiatric phenomena described in those patients for whom a brain autopsy has been requested. Although the advancements of biomedical sciences and neuroimaging have revolutionized the neuropsychiatric field, they have also generated the misleading idea that brain autopsies have only a confirmatory value. This false idea created a drastic reduction of autopsy rates and, consequently, a reduced possibility to perform more detailed and extensive neuropathological investigations, which are necessary to comprehend numerous normal and pathological aspects yet unknown of the human brain. The traditional inferential method of correlation between observed neuropsychiatric phenomena and corresponding localization/characterization of their possible neurohistological correlates continues to have an undeniable value. In the context of neuropsychiatric diseases, the traditional clinicopathological method is still the best possible methodology (and often the only available) to link unique neuropsychiatric features to their corresponding neuropathological substrates, since it relies specifically upon the direct physical assessment of brain tissues. The assessment of postmortem brains is based on brain cutting procedures that vary across different neuropathology centers. Brain cuttings are performed in a relatively extensive and systematic way based on the various clinical and academic contingencies present in each institution. A more anatomically inclusive and symmetric bi-hemispheric brain cutting methodology should at least be used for research purposes in human neuropathology to coherently investigate, in depth, normal and pathological conditions with the peculiarities of the human brain (i.e., hemispheric specialization and lateralization for specific functions). Such a method would provide a more comprehensive collection of neuropathologically well-characterized brains available for current and future biotechnological and neuroimaging techniques. We describe a symmetric bi-hemispheric brain cutting procedure for the investigation of hemispheric differences in human brain pathologies and for use with current as well as future biomolecular/neuroimaging techniques.

Organized brain cutting procedures are necessary to correlate specific neuropsychiatric phenomena with definitive neuropathologic diagnoses. Brain cuttings are performed differently based on various clinico-academic contingencies. This protocol describes a symmetric bihemispheric brain cutting procedure to investigate hemispheric differences in human brain pathologies and to maximize current and future biomolecular/neuroimaging techniques.

İnsanlardaki Sağlıklı ve Patolojik Beyin Koşulları Eğitim için Kesme Simetrik Bihemispheric Postmortem Beyin

Neuropathologists, at times, feel intimidated by the amount of knowledge needed to generate definitive diagnoses for complex neuropsychiatric phenomena ...

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

In case of apnea, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) decreases, while partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) increases. To avoid damage to hypoxia sensitive organs such as the brain, compensatory circulatory mechanisms help to maintain an adequate oxygen supply. This is mainly achieved by increased cerebral blood flow. Intermittent hypoxia is a commonly seen phenomenon in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Acute airway obstruction can also result in hypoxia and hypercapnia. Until now, no adequate model has been established to simulate these dynamics in humans. Previous investigations focusing on human hypoxia used inhaled hypoxic gas mixtures. However, the resulting hypoxia was combined with hyperventilation and is therefore more representative of high altitude environments than of apnea. Furthermore, the transferability of previously performed animal experiments to humans is limited and the pathophysiological background of apnea induced physiological changes is poorly understood. In this study, healthy human apneic divers were utilized to mimic clinically relevant hypoxia and hypercapnia during apnea. Additionally, pulse-oximetry and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) were used to evaluate changes in cerebral and peripheral oxygen saturation before, during, and after apnea.

Hypoxia simulation in humans has usually been performed by inhaling hypoxic gas mixtures. For this study, apneic divers were used to simulate dynamic hypoxia in humans. Additionally, physiological changes in desaturation and re-saturation kinetics were evaluated with non-invasive tools such as Near-Infrared-Spectroscopy (NIRS) and peripheral oxygenation saturation (SpO2).

Bir Model İnsanlarda klinik İlgili ününüz Benzet

In case of apnea, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) decreases, while partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) increases. To avoid damage to ...

In Vivo Imaging of Cx3cr1gfp/gfp Reporter Mice with Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography and Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) are extensively used in experimental ophthalmology. In the present protocol, mice expressing green fluorescent protein (gfp) under the promoter of Cx3cr1 (BALB/c-Cx3cr1gfp/gfp) were used to image microglia cells in vivo in the retina. Microglia are resident macrophages of the retina and have been implicated in several retinal diseases1,2,3,4,5,6. This protocol provides a detailed approach for generation of retinal B-scans, with SD-OCT, and imaging of microglia cell distribution in Cx3cr1gfp/gfp mice with SLO in vivo, using an ophthalmic imaging platform system. The protocol can be used in several reporter mouse lines. However, there are some limitations to the protocol presented here. First, both SLO and SD-OCT, when used in the high-resolution mode, collect data with high axial resolution but the lateral resolution is lower (3.5 &#181;m and 6 &#181;m, respectively). Moreover, the focus and saturation level in SLO is highly dependent on parameter selection and correct alignment of the eye. Additionally, using devices designed for human patients in mice is challenging due to the higher total optical power of the mouse eye compared to the human eye; this can lead to lateral magnification inaccuracies7, which are also dependent on the magnification by the mouse lens among others. However, despite that the axial scan position is dependent upon lateral magnification, the axial SD-OCT measurements are accurate8.

In Vivo Imaging of Cx3cr1gfp/gfp Reporter Mice with Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography and Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy

This protocol describes how high-resolution imaging techniques such as spectral domain optical coherence tomography and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy can be utilized in small rodents, using an ophthalmic imaging platform system, to obtain information on retinal thickness and microglial cell distribution, respectively.

Vivo Tayf alanlı optik Koherens tomografi ve lazer Ophthalmoscopy tarama Cx3cr1gfp/gfp muhabir farelerin görüntüleme

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) are extensively used in experimental ophthalmology. In the ...

Assessment of Kidney Function in Mouse Models of Glomerular Disease

The use of murine models to mimic human kidney disease is becoming increasingly common. Our research is focused on the assessment of glomerular function in diabetic nephropathy and podocyte-specific VEGF-A knock-out mice; therefore, this protocol describes the full kidney work-up used in our lab to assess these mouse models of glomerular disease, enabling a vast amount of information regarding kidney and glomerular function to be obtained from a single mouse. In comparison to alternative methods presented in the literature to assess glomerular function, the use of the method outlined in this paper enables the glomerular phenotype to be fully evaluated from multiple aspects. By using this method, the researcher can determine the kidney phenotype of the model and assess the mechanism as to why the phenotype develops. This vital information on the mechanism of disease is required when examining potential therapeutic avenues in these models. The methods allow for detailed functional assessment of the glomerular filtration barrier through measurement of the urinary albumin creatinine ratio and individual glomerular water permeability, as well as both structural and ultra-structural examination using the Periodic Acid Schiff stain and electron microscopy. Furthermore, analysis of the genes dysregulated at the mRNA and protein level enables mechanistic analysis of glomerular function. This protocol outlines the generic but adaptable methods that can be applied to all mouse models of glomerular disease.

This protocol describes a full kidney work-up that should be carried out in mouse models of glomerular disease. The methods allow for detailed functional, structural, and mechanistic analysis of glomerular function, which can be applied to all mouse models of glomerular disease.

Fare modelleri Glomerular hastalığı böbrek fonksiyonlarının değerlendirilmesi

The use of murine models to mimic human kidney disease is becoming increasingly common. Our research is focused on the assessment of glomerular function ...

Delivery of Exogenous Artificially Synthesized miRNA Mimic to the Kidney Using Polyethylenimine Nanoparticles in Several Kidney Disease Mouse Models

microRNAs&#160;(miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs (21-25 bases) that are not translated into proteins, inhibit lots of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) by destabilizing and inhibiting their translation in various kidney diseases. Therefore, alternation of miRNA expression by exogenous artificially synthesized miRNA mimics is a potentially useful treatment option for inhibiting the development of many kidney diseases. However, because serum RNAase immediately degrades systematically administered exogenous miRNA mimics in vivo, delivery of miRNA to the kidney remains a challenge. Therefore, vectors that can protect exogenous miRNA mimics from degradation by RNAase and significantly deliver them to the kidney are necessary. Many studies have used viral vectors to deliver exogenous miRNA mimics or inhibitors to the kidney. However, viral vectors may cause an interferon response and/or genetic instability. Therefore, the development of viral vectors is also a hurdle for the clinical use of exogenous miRNA mimics or inhibitors. To overcome these concerns regarding viral vectors, we developed a nonviral vector method to deliver miRNA mimics to the kidney using tail vein injection of polyethylenimine nanoparticles (PEI-NPs), which led to significant overexpression of target miRNAs in several mouse models of kidney disease.

Here, we deliver exogenous artificially synthesized miRNA mimics to the kidney via tail vein injection of a nonviral vector and polyethylenimine nanoparticles in several kidney disease mouse models. This led to significant overexpression of target miRNA in the kidney, resulting in inhibited progression of kidney disease in several mouse models.

Çeşitli Böbrek Hastalığı Fare Modellerinde Polietilenimin Nanopartikülleri Kullanılarak Ekzojen Yapay Olarak Sentezlenmiş MiRNA Mimiklerinin Böbreğe Verilmesi

microRNAs&#160;(miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs (21-25 bases) that are not translated into proteins, inhibit lots of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) by ...