We are very grateful to Victor G.J. Rodgers for valuable advice. We thank all of the members of the Liao group for very close collaborative work and for help with this study. This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health (Grant AI076504 to J.L.).

1. Plasmid Constructs
<ol>
 <li>Amplify the open reading frames of the genes by PCR, and clone the PCR products into PCRII-TOPO vector.</li>
 <li>Confirm the products by sequencing, and clone the cDNA encoding CyPet-(pre-SUMO1)-YPet, CyPet-SUMO1, YPet and catalytic domains of SENP1 into the pET28 (b) vector with an N-terminal hexahistidine tag.</li>
</ol>
2. Protein Expression and Purification
<ol>
 <li>Transform Escherichia coli cells of strain BL21 (DE3) with pET28...

<ol>
	<li>Johnson, E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+modification+By+SUMO.">Protein modification By SUMO.</a> Annual Review of Biochemistry. 73, 355-382 (2004).</li><li>Gill, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SUMO+and+ubiquitin+in+the+nucleus:+different+functions,+similar+mechanisms.">SUMO and ubiquitin in the nucleus: different functions, similar mechanisms.</a> Genes &amp; Development. 18, 2046-2059 (2004).</li><li>Hay, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SUMO:+a+history+of+modification.">SUMO: a history of modification.</a> Molecular Cell. 18, 1-12 (2005).</li><li>M&#252;ller, S., Hoege, C., Pyrowolakis, G., Jentsch, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SUMO,+ubiquitin's+mysterious+cousin.">SUMO, ubiquitin's mysterious cousin.</a> Nature. , 202-210 (2001).</li><li>Hochstrasser, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SP-RING+for+SUMO:+new+functions+bloom+for+a+ubiquitin-like+protein.">SP-RING for SUMO: new functions bloom for a ubiquitin-like protein.</a> Cell. , 5-8 (2001).</li><li>Drag, M., Salvesen, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DeSUMOylating+enzymes-SENPs.">DeSUMOylating enzymes-SENPs.</a> IUBMB Life. 60, 734-742 (2008).</li><li>Mukhopadhyay, D., Dasso, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modification+in+reverse:+the+SUMO+proteases.">Modification in reverse: the SUMO proteases.</a> Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 32, 286-295 (2007).</li><li>Reverter, D., Lima, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+basis+for+SENP2+protease+interactions+with+SUMO+precursors+and+conjugated+substrates.">Structural basis for SENP2 protease interactions with SUMO precursors and conjugated substrates.</a> Nature Structural &amp; Molecular Biology. 13, 1060-1068 (2006).</li><li>Shen, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SUMO+protease+SENP1+induces+isomerization+of+the+scissile+peptide+bond.">SUMO protease SENP1 induces isomerization of the scissile peptide bond.</a> Nature Structural &amp; Molecular Biology. 13, 1069-1077 (2006).</li><li>Horton, R., Strachan, E., Vogel, K., Riddle, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+substrate+for+deubiquitinating+enzymes+based+on+time-resolved+fluorescence+resonance+energy+transfer+between+terbium+and+yellow+fluorescent+protein.">A substrate for deubiquitinating enzymes based on time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer between terbium and yellow fluorescent protein.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. 360, 138-143 (2007).</li><li>Mikolajczyk, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+Ubiquitin-related+Modifier+(SUMO)-specific+Proteases:+PROFILING+THE+SPECIFICITIES+AND+ACTIVITIES+OF+HUMAN+SENPs.">Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier (SUMO)-specific Proteases: PROFILING THE SPECIFICITIES AND ACTIVITIES OF HUMAN SENPs.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282, 26217-26224 (2007).</li><li>Kolli, N., Mikolajczyk, J., Drag, M., Mukhopadhyay, D., Moffatt, N., Dasso, M., Salvesen, G., Wilkinson, K. 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No conflicts of interest declared.

FRET technology has been used to study pre-SUMO1's maturation by SENP19. CFP-YFP was used as the FRET pair and ratiometric analysis, which is the ratio of acceptor to donor emissions, was used to characterize the kinetic properties. However, there is no consideration of donor and acceptor self-fluorescence in the traditional ratiometric FRET analysis. The ratio does not directly correlate with the amount of digested substrate.
Here we report a developed highly sensitive FRET-based p...

<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of the reagent</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PCR II TOPO Kit</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>K466040</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>2xYT</td>
 <td>Research Products Internationa.l Corp.</td>
 <td>X15600 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ni-NTA Agrose</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>88222 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Coomassie plus (Bradford) Assay Regent</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>23238</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>384-well plate (glass bottom)</td>
 <td>Greiner</td>
 <td>781892</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>FlexStation II 384 plate reader</td>
 <td>Molecular Device</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

quantitative fret (f&#246;rster resonance energy transfer) analysis for senp1 protease kinetics determination

Reversible posttranslational modifications of proteins with ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) are widely used to dynamically regulate protein activity and have diverse roles in many biological processes. For example, SUMO covalently modifies a large number or proteins with important roles in many cellular processes, including cell-cycle regulation, cell survival and death, DNA damage response, and stress response 1-5. SENP, as SUMO-specific protease, functions as an endopeptidase in the maturation of SUMO precursors or as an isopeptidase to remove SUMO from its target proteins and refresh the SUMOylation cycle 1,3,6,7.
The catalytic efficiency or specificity of an enzyme is best characterized by the ratio of the kinetic constants, kcat/KM. In several studies, the kinetic parameters of SUMO-SENP pairs have been determined by various methods, including polyacrylamide gel-based western-blot, radioactive-labeled substrate, fluorescent compound or protein labeled substrate 8-13. However, the polyacrylamide-gel-based techniques, which used the "native" proteins but are laborious and technically demanding, that do not readily lend themselves to detailed quantitative analysis. The obtained kcat/KM from studies using tetrapeptides or proteins with an ACC (7-amino-4-carbamoylmetylcoumarin) or AMC (7-amino-4-methylcoumarin) fluorophore were either up to two orders of magnitude lower than the natural substrates or cannot clearly differentiate the iso- and endopeptidase activities of SENPs.
Recently, FRET-based protease assays were used to study the deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) or SENPs with the FRET pair of cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) 9,10,14,15. The ratio of acceptor emission to donor emission was used as the quantitative parameter for FRET signal monitor for protease activity determination. However, this method ignored signal cross-contaminations at the acceptor and donor emission wavelengths by acceptor and donor self-fluorescence and thus was not accurate.
We developed a novel highly sensitive and quantitative FRET-based protease assay for determining the kinetic parameters of pre-SUMO1 maturation by SENP1. An engineered FRET pair CyPet and YPet with significantly improved FRET efficiency and fluorescence quantum yield, were used to generate the CyPet-(pre-SUMO1)-YPet substrate 16. We differentiated and quantified absolute fluorescence signals contributed by the donor and acceptor and FRET at the acceptor and emission wavelengths, respectively. The value of kcat/KM was obtained as (3.2 &plusmn; 0.55) x107 M-1s-1 of SENP1 toward pre-SUMO1, which is in agreement with general enzymatic kinetic parameters. Therefore, this methodology is valid and can be used as a general approach to characterize other proteases as well.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative FRET FÃ¶rster Resonance Energy Transfer Analysis for SENP1 Protease Kinetics Determination at JoVE.com

Quantitative FRET F&amp;#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer Analysis for SENP1 Protease Kinetics Determination

A novel method involving quantitative analysis of FRET (F&ouml;rster Resonance Energy Transfer) signals is described for studying enzyme kinetics. KM and kcat were obtained for the hydrolysis of the catalytic domain of SENP1 (SUMO/Sentrin specific protease 1) to pre-SUMO1 (Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier). The general principles of this quantitative-FRET-based protease kinetic study can be applied to other proteases.

Quantitative FRET (F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer) Analysis for SENP1 Protease Kinetics Determination

Reversible posttranslational modifications of proteins with ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) are widely used to dynamically regulate protein ...

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18.9K Görüntüleme.  University of California, Riverside. FRET kantitatif analizi (Förster rezonans enerji transferi) sinyalleri içeren bir roman yöntemini enzim kinetiği çalışmaları için tanımlanmıştır. K M