Biz CPRIT (RP100119) ve Welch Vakfı (I-1665) fon desteği kabul.

Tüm protokol yaklaşık 4 gün sürer. 1. SiRNA ve bildirici Transfeksiyon için hücrelerin hazırlanması Biz burada amaçlıdır bir genom siRNA kütüphaneden siRNA&#39;lar küçük bir set (tek bir gen hedef 4x siRNA&#39;lar oluşan her havuzlu 96 formatında 384 farklı siRNA havuzları dizi) kullanarak siRNA kütüphaneler sorguya için bir protokol tanıtacak. Bu özel çalışma için, biz HCT116 sapkın Wnt ve Kras sinyal sergi hücreleri ve p53 aktivite istismar olacaktır. Ilgi diğer hücresel süreçleri sorguya yönelik çalışmalarda uygun hücre hattı tespit ve benzer bir şekilde değerlendirilmesi gerekecektir. <ol><li> % 2 Fe içeren Dulbecco&#39;nun modifiye Eagle ortamı (DMEM) 10 ml &#39;si ile nötrleştirme ile takip tripsinizasyon çözelti / plaka 1 ml kullanılarak tripsinizasyon ile PBS daha sonra hasat hücreleri ile% 80-90 ortak akışlı HCT116 hücreleri 5 x 10 cm&#39;lik 2 plaka yıkayıntal sığır serumu (FBS) ve% 1 penisilin / streptomisin / levha. </li><li> , DMEM /% 2 FBS /% 1 penisilin / streptomisin, 10 ml, 50 ml konik tüp süspansiye edilmiş hücreler aktarın ve 5 dakika boyunca ~ 130 x g centrifugate, süpernatantı ve yeniden askıya hücre pelletini. </li><li> Bir hücre sayacı ile hücre sayısını saymak ve daha sonra 10 5 hücre / ml olan bir hücre çözeltisi hazırlanır, bir sonraki aşama için 150 ml hücre süspansiyonu tutun. Multidrop otomatik bir sıvı dağıtıcı (bundan sonra Multidrop) kullanılarak, 96 gözlü hücre kültür plakasının her bir plaka 10 4 hücreleri (100 ul). Hücre süspansiyonu kaplama 12 x 96 gözlü levhalar için bu durumda yeterli olmalıdır. </li><li> % 5 CO 2 ile 37 ° bir kuluçka C hücreleri ile inkübe transfeksiyon karışımı hazırlarken. </li></ol> 2. Muhabir Construct Stok Çözüm hazırlanması <ol><li> Izole yüksek kaliteli muhabiri standart midiprep kitleri (nükleo Xtra Midi üretilen tarafından kullanılarak DNA inşaVe Clontech) her bir muhabir için 1 mg / ml &#39;lik nihai bir konsantrasyona kadar DNA seyreltin. </li><li> Muhabir p53-FL 30 ul, 8X TCF-RL, Elk1-Gal4 30 ul, 6 ul UAS-CL ve bir DNA karışımı elde etmek için H 2 O 4 ul 30 ul birleştirerek stok solüsyonu inşa 100 ul hazırlayın gazetecilere son bir 1:1:1:0.2 oranı. Bu DNA karışımı stok solüsyonu nihai DNA konsantrasyonu, 0.3 mg / ml &#39;dir. </li></ol> 3. SiRNA / DNA Transfeksiyon Mix hazırlanması Protokolün bu bölümünde, 12 x 96 plakaları transfecting için yeterli olacaktır siRNA / DNA transfeksiyon karışımları hazırlayacaktır. SiRNA&#39;lar 4 x 96 plaka Bu test kütüphane için, üç kopya halinde her siRNA havuz transfect olacaktır. Biz kullanacağız transfeksiyon reaktif Effectene (Qiagen) denir. Elimizdeki bu kültür hücreleri içine siRNA ve DNA&#39;nın eş zamanlı teslimat için çalışan tek reaktiftir. <ol><li> Muhabir yapı stok sol 80 ul sulandırmak3 mg / ml &#39;lik nihai bir konsantrasyon ile bir DNA eriyiği elde etmek için EM tamponu (Effectene Kiti) 8 ml ution. Genel olarak, hemen kullanım için yeterli sayıda DNA çözeltisi karışımı hazırlamak. </li><li> , 96 gözlü / levha, her sıra için bu DNA solüsyonu levha 20 ul. , 96 gözlü levhalar sayısı siRNA havuzları test edilecek kaç bağlıdır. Örneğin, bu durumda, 384 farklı havuzları siRNA değerlendirilmesi için 4 x 96 gözlü levhalar gerekir. </li><li> Test edilecek siRNA&#39;lar 5 uM&#39;lik bir stok konsantrasyonu olmalıdır. Değilse, çoğaltma kaplama ve her kütüphane ile ilgili tavsiye edilen seyreltme tamponu kullanarak bu konsantrasyona seyreltilmiş olabilir. </li><li> De, bir Biomek Automated sıvı işleyici ile seyreltilmiş DNA stoku içeren PCR plakasının karşılık gelen her biri 5 uM siRNA stoklar 2 ul aktarın. Çalışmanın ölçeğine bağlı olarak, bir çok kanallı pipet yeterli olabilir. </li><li> Şimdi, DNA / siRNA pla her bir kuyunun Artırıcı çözüm (Effectene kiti) 1 ul katacakte. Bu da otomatik bir sıvı işleyici veya çok kanallı pipet ile de gerçekleştirilebilir. </li><li> Daha sonra her bir kuyucuğa Effectene transfeksiyon reaktifi 3 ul ekleyin ve ek bir 10 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında inkübe edilir, güçlendirici reaksiyon, 5 dakika boyunca oda ısısında oluşmasına izin verir. </li><li> Transfeksiyon kompleksi oluşumu durdurmak için, PCR plakasının her bir oyuğa 10 ul DMEM /% 2 FBS /% 1 penisilin / streptomisin ekleyin. </li><li> Hücreleri (hücre inkübatöründe alınan) içeren 96 çukurlu bir levhanın her kuyuya transfeksiyon karışımı 10 ul aktarın. Her bir transfeksiyon, üç kez gerçekleştirildi edileceği gibi, aynı karışım hücrelerini içeren iki ek 96 kuyucuğu uygulanacaktır. </li><li> 36 saat boyunca% 5 CO2 ile nemlendirilmiş bir ortamda 37 ° C &#39;de ilave transfeksiyon karışımları ile hücrelerin inkübe edin. </li></ol> 4. Hücre Örneklerden Lusiferaz Etkinlikler belirleyin 36 saat sonra lusiferaz aktiviteleri ölçümü için hazırTransfekte edilmiş hücreler. Son nokta bir başına deney temelinde belirlenmelidir. Çalışmamızda, bir 36 saat inkübasyon süresi daha önce sonuç belirlenmesi anlam için yeterince güçlü bir sinyal ile uyumlu bulundu. Bu çalışmada, farklı muhabir (hücre sitoplazmasında ifade kültür ortamı ve diğer iki salgılandığı bir tane) içermektedir olarak, her iki kültür ortamı, hem de bir hücre lizatından ölçümleri elde edecektir. <ol><li> Kültür ortamı içinde CL aktivitesinin Tespiti: <ol><li> Kültür ortamı 20 ul kopya-kaplama beyaz opak 96 plaka (ya Biomek Sıvı Handler veya kanallı pipet kullanarak). </li><li> Her kuyuya KU analiz tamponu içinde 20 ul (Sistem Hedefleme) ekleyin. </li><li> Her bir kuyunun Cypridina luciferase substrat (Sistem Hedefleme) 10 ul ekleyin ve bir luminometre (örneğin BMG tarafından üretilen Pherastar plaka okuyucu) ile CL faaliyet algılar. </li></ol></li><li> FL ve RL faaliyet Algılama: <ol><li> C Lyseilk kültür ortamı kaldırarak arşın. Bu ters plaka dönüm ve bir lavabo orta savurma tarafından hızlı bir şekilde gerçekleştirilebilir. Kalan orta yavaşça kağıt havlu üzerine ters plaka dokunarak kaldırılabilir. Bir platform rocker Multidrop ve yer kullanarak hücrelerin her bir kuyunun 1X Pasif Lizis Tampon (Promega) 30 ul ekleyin oda sıcaklığında 5 dakika boyunca orta hızını ayarlamak (Bellco bu yapan bir şirket). </li><li> Luminometre kullanılarak Multidrop ve hemen ölçmek FL aktivitesi, lusiferaz Reaktif II (Promega Çift Lusiferaz takımı parçası) 20 ul ekle. Daha sonra, eklemek ve Durdur FL faaliyet gidermek ve RL aktivite ölçümü sağlayacak Glo Reaktif (Promega). Not: Eğer uzun sinyal süresi (örneğin Promega&#39;dan Çift-Glo Lusiferaz Setleri gibi) izin substrat karışımları kullanmadığınız sürece, flaş kitleri kullanımı substrat Ayrıca üzerine hızlı bir şekilde ölçülmesi (5 dakika içinde) gerektirir. </li></ol></li></ol>

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Tamam ve LL lusiferaz teknoloji çoğaltılmış ile ilgili bir patent üzerinde yazarlar.

Ilk kez bir yüksek verimli ekran eğlenceli olanlar için yararlıdır on-line kaynak sağlamak lusiferaz tabanlı muhabiri sistemlerinin birkaç edicisidirler (örneğin Promega gibi, Hedefleme Sistemleri, New England Biolabs ve Thermo Fisher) vardır. Buna ek olarak, gen bulunması ve nasıl RNAi tabanlı tarama sonuçları diğer-omics tabanlı veri setleri ile entegre edilebilir için yüksek verimli ekranların kullanımını optimize ile ilgili mükemmel değerlendirmeleri bir dizi yararlı 15,16 olmal...

Hücre biyolojik süreçlerin çeşitli bir dizi izlenmesi için lusiferaz tabanlı muhabir çeşitli ticari olarak temin edilebilir. Bu DNA çoğunluğu belirli bir hücre ya da uyarana tedirginlikler ile ifade etmek uyarılan lusiferaz proteinleri kodlayan oluşturur. En güçlü transkripsiyonel tabanlı muhabir sentetik güçlendirici elemanlar veya gen promotör bölgeleri, fizyolojik olarak uygun transkripsiyonel etkinliği 1,2 raporlama, güvenilirlikleri iyi kurulmuş bölgesinin kontrolü altında bir lusiferaz enzimi ifade yerleştirin. Lusiferaz protein ekspresyonunu yürütmek için GAL4 UAS kullanmaktadır trans-lusiferaz raportör sistemler de vardır. Gal4, bir maya transkripsiyon aktivatörü ve UAS Gal4 özel olarak 3 aşağı akım yerleştirilmiş gen dizilerinin transkripsiyonunu aktif hale getirmek için bağlandığı bir arttırıcı. Lusiferaz Bu tip sistemler genellikle iki DNA plazmid tarafından desteklenen - bir regulato kaynaşık GAL4 proteini kodlayanRY ilgi bir proteinin bir kısmı ve ikinci bir veya daha fazla UAS sekanslarının kontrolü altında bir lusiferaz proteinini kodlar. Bu nedenle, hücresel sinyal lusiferaz ilgilenilen proteinin aktivite düzeyini yansıtır. Lusiferaz bazlı muhabir diğer bir yaygın kullanımı ilgi bir protein, bir lusiferaz enzim 4 kaynaşmış sayede protein stabilitesi izlenmesi içindir. Bir de sorguya olduğu herhangi bir muhabiri özgüllüğünü kabul edemeyiz gibi ne olursa olsun muhabiri türü, bir sorumluluğun alıcıya ait olması burada olduğunu kaydetti. Böylece, durum tespiti herhangi bir araştırma stratejisinde yeni muhabiri yapıları dahil edilmesi gereklidir. Lusiferaz enzim salt üzerinden seçimi ifadesini kontrol eden DNA elemanlarının güvenilirliği kadar önemli olabilir. Ateşböceği lusiferaz (FL), ticari olarak mevcut yapıları en yaygın olarak kullanılan bir enzim olan ise, (durumunda olduğu gibi ATP gerektirmeyen yeni bir lusiferaz haberci sistemleri gelişineFL-tabanlı reaksiyonlar) ya da bu araştırma platformu verimini ve güvenilirliğini artırmak için söz veriyorum güçlü sinyaller yayarlar daha istikrarlı enzimler dahil. Kimyasal çalışmalarda lusiferaz gazetecilere seçimi ile ilgili önemli bir not sahte raporlar neden olabilir kimyasal inhibisyonu FL duyarlılık olduğunu. Deneyimlerimiz, bir substrat olarak coelenterazine kullanmak gibi Renilla veya Gaussia lusiferaz (sırasıyla RL ve GL,) gibi diğer enzimler daha az kolay küçük moleküller 5 ile inhibe bulunmaktadır. Çoklama lusiferaz okumaları için en yaygın biçimi büyük ölçüde sırayla tek bir örnekten enzimatik faaliyetleri ölçmek için yeteneği ile kolay kullanımlı kitleri durumu verilen FL ve RL kullanımını gerektirir. En kitleri, numuneler ilk olarak eş zamanlı bir Secon vermek üzere koelenterazin tevdi bir söndürme reaktif takip FL aktivite düzeyleri ortaya çıkarmak için luciferase maruzdary RL sinyal. Bu GL veya kullanımı gibi Cypridina lusiferaz (CL), luciferases kullanarak yüksek miktarda veri ortaya çıkmıştır oluşturmak için olanaklar daha fazla sayıda başka substrat olarak salgılanan edilebilir diğer luciferases ilavesi ile. Bu tekniği kullanarak bir genom RNAi ekran bir örneği burada 6 bulunabilir. Bu teknolojik gelişmeler sırayla var çapraz konuşma 7 sınırlamak amacıyla lusiferaz enzim her tür gidermek için özel mekanizmaların geliştirilmesi teşvik. Bizim ellerde, bu tür GL veya CL olarak salgılanan luciferases ile, &quot;kenar efektleri&quot; (yüksek titre kültür plakaları kenarı ile ilişkili hücresel aktivite açıklanamaz eğilimler) bir daha sık not. Bu hücre canlılığı adulterating olmadan sinyali örnekleme izin gibi diğer yandan, salgılanan lusiferazlarm Kinetik tahliller için yararlıdır. Burada sunulan Çalışmamızda için, aynı anda üç kansere ilgili faaliyet izleyecekhücresel süreçleri: p53, Kras ve Wnt sinyal ileti yolları. ,; Çalışmamızda dahil gazetecilere Clontech gelen pp53-TA-Luc FL muhabiri (bundan böyle p53-FL muhabiri olarak anılacaktır) 8, bir Elk1-GAL4/UAS-CL muhabiri sistemi (Agilent bundan böyle Elk-1 muhabiri) olan ve T-hücresi faktörler (veya TCFS) 9-11 olarak bilinen Wnt yolu transkripsiyonel düzenleyiciler tarafından tanınan birden fazla sentetik arttırıcı unsurları içermektedir 8X TCF RL muhabiri.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>REAGENTS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PathDetect Elk1 Trans-Reporting System</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies Inc.</td>
			<td>219005</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pathway Profiling Luciferase System 4 pp53-TA-Luc Vector</td>
			<td>Clontech Lab Inc.</td>
			<td>631914</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Effectene Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Qiagen Inc.</td>
			<td>301427</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System</td>
			<td>Promega Corp.</td>
			<td>E1960</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cypridina Luciferase Assay reagent</td>
			<td>Targeting Systems</td>
			<td>VLAR-1</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCT116 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-247</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CytoTox-Fluo Cytotoxicity Assay</td>
			<td>Promega Corp.</td>
			<td>G9260</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>EQUIPMENT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MultiFlo Microplate Dispenser</td>
			<td>Labsystems Inc.</td>
			<td>Model 832</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biomek FXP Laboratory Automation Workstation</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter Inc.</td>
			<td>A31842</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PHERAstar FS-multi-mode HTS microplate reader</td>
			<td>BMG Labtech Inc.</td>
			<td>0471-101A</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bright-Line Reichert Hemacytometers</td>
			<td>Hausser Scientific Company</td>
			<td>1490</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a multiplexed luciferase-based screening platform for interrogating cancer-associated signal transduction in cultured cells

RNA girişim (RNAi) kullanılarak gen fonksiyonu Genom çaplı sorgulama kimyasal uysal kanser hücresi güvenlik açıklarının hızlı bir şekilde tespit için büyük umut vaat ediyor. Bu teknolojinin potansiyel sınırlandırılması hızla fenotipik sonuçlarının mekanik olarak tasvir ve böylece moleküler olarak hedeflenmiş tedavi stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi bilgilendirmek için yetersizliğidir. Biz anahtar kanser hücresi ile ilişkili süreçlerin izlenmesi izin multipleks muhabiri sistemlerini kullanarak hedef RNAi-aracılı gen tarafından uyarılan hücre fenotipleri yapısızlaştırmak burada yöntemleri özetlemektedir. Bu yüksek içerik tarama metodolojisi yönlüdür ve kolaylıkla büyük molekül kütüphaneleri diğer türlerine taranması için adapte edilebilir.

Büyük genom dizileme çalışmaları 12-14 kullanarak çeşitli kanser mutasyon peyzaj haritalama ilerlemelere rağmen, biz hala yerinde müdahale stratejileri içine bu gözlemler çevirmek için sistematik bir yaklaşım yok. / Wnt β-katenin, p53 ve Kras sinyalizasyon - - kolorektal kanser (CRC), üç hücresel süreçlerin bileşenleri etkilemesi tahmin edilmektedir mutasyonlar onlar bağırsak hücresel dönüşümün önemli bir faktör düşündüren tüm tümörlerin% 99 bulunur 13. Bu ne...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Multiplexed Luciferase-based Screening Platform for Interrogating Cancer-associated Signal Transduction in Cultured Cells at JoVE.com

A Multiplexed Luciferase-based Screening Platform for Interrogating Cancer-associated Signal Transduction in Cultured Cells

Hücresel süreçlerin bir sistem düzeyinde anlayış elde günümüz hücre biyolojisi bir hedeftir. Burada çeşitli hücresel fonksiyonunun çoklama lusiferaz gazetecilere yönelik stratejiler tarif son noktaları genom ölçekli RNAi kütüphaneleri kullanılarak gen işlevini sorgulamak için.

Kültür Hücreler Kanser ile ilişkili Sinyal İletimi sorgulanması için bir Multiplexed Lusiferaz tabanlı Tarama Platformu

Genome-scale interrogation of gene function using RNA interference (RNAi)  holds tremendous promise for the rapid identification of chemically tractable  ...

a-multiplexed-luciferase-based-screening-platform-for-interrogating

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.0K Görüntüleme.  UT Southwestern Medical Center. Hücresel süreçlerin bir sistem düzeyinde anlayış elde günümüz hücre biyolojisi bir hedeftir. Burada çeşitli hücresel fonksiyonunun çoklama lusiferaz gazetecilere yönelik stratejiler tarif son noktaları genom ölçekli RNAi kütüphaneleri kullanılarak gen işlevini sorgulamak için.

Video: A Multiplexed Luciferase-based Screening Platform for Interrogating Cancer-associated Signal Transduction in Cultured Cells

How to Measure Cortical Folding from MR Images: a Step-by-Step Tutorial to Compute Local Gyrification Index

Cortical folding (gyrification) is determined during the first months of life, so that adverse events occurring during this period leave traces that will be identifiable at any age. As recently reviewed by Mangin and colleagues2, several methods exist to quantify different characteristics of gyrification. For instance, sulcal morphometry can be used to measure shape descriptors such as the depth, length or indices of inter-hemispheric asymmetry3. These geometrical properties have the advantage of being easy to interpret. However, sulcal morphometry tightly relies on the accurate identification of a given set of sulci and hence provides a fragmented description of gyrification. A more fine-grained quantification of gyrification can be achieved with curvature-based measurements, where smoothed absolute mean curvature is typically computed at thousands of points over the cortical surface4. The curvature is however not straightforward to comprehend, as it remains unclear if there is any direct relationship between the curvedness and a biologically meaningful correlate such as cortical volume or surface. To address the diverse issues raised by the measurement of cortical folding, we previously developed an algorithm to quantify local gyrification with an exquisite spatial resolution and of simple interpretation. Our method is inspired of the Gyrification Index5, a method originally used in comparative neuroanatomy to evaluate the cortical folding differences across species. In our implementation, which we name local Gyrification Index (lGI1), we measure the amount of cortex buried within the sulcal folds as compared with the amount of visible cortex in circular regions of interest. Given that the cortex grows primarily through radial expansion6, our method was specifically designed to identify early defects of cortical development.
In this article, we detail the computation of local Gyrification Index, which is now freely distributed as a part of the FreeSurfer Software (<a href="http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/">http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/</a>, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital). FreeSurfer provides a set of automated reconstruction tools of the brain's cortical surface from structural MRI data. The cortical surface extracted in the native space of the images with sub-millimeter accuracy is then further used for the creation of an outer surface, which will serve as a basis for the lGI calculation. A circular region of interest is then delineated on the outer surface, and its corresponding region of interest on the cortical surface is identified using a matching algorithm as described in our validation study1. This process is repeatedly iterated with largely overlapping regions of interest, resulting in cortical maps of gyrification for subsequent statistical comparisons (Fig. 1). Of note, another measurement of local gyrification with a similar inspiration was proposed by Toro and colleagues7, where the folding index at each point is computed as the ratio of the cortical area contained in a sphere divided by the area of a disc with the same radius. The two implementations differ in that the one by Toro et al. is based on Euclidian distances and thus considers discontinuous patches of cortical area, whereas ours uses a strict geodesic algorithm and include only the continuous patch of cortical area opening at the brain surface in a circular region of interest.

Measuring gyrification (cortical folding) at any age represents a window into early brain development. Hence, we previously developed an algorithm to measure local gyrification at thousands of points over the hemisphere1. In this paper, we detail the computation of this local gyrification index.

Yerel Gyrification Endeksi hesapla Adım Adım Öğretici: MR Görüntüleri Kortikal Katlama nasıl ölçülür

Cortical folding (gyrification) is determined during the first months of life, so that adverse events occurring during this period leave traces that will ...

Tıp

High Content Screening in Neurodegenerative Diseases

The functional annotation of genomes, construction of molecular networks and novel drug target identification, are important challenges that need to be addressed as a matter of great urgency1-4. Multiple complementary 'omics' approaches have provided clues as to the genetic risk factors and pathogenic mechanisms underlying numerous neurodegenerative diseases, but most findings still require functional validation5. For example, a recent genome wide association study for Parkinson's Disease (PD), identified many new loci as risk factors for the disease, but the underlying causative variant(s) or pathogenic mechanism is not known6, 7. As each associated region can contain several genes, the functional evaluation of each of the genes on phenotypes associated with the disease, using traditional cell biology techniques would take too long. 
	There is also a need to understand the molecular networks that link genetic mutations to the phenotypes they cause. It is expected that disease phenotypes are the result of multiple interactions that have been disrupted. Reconstruction of these networks using traditional molecular methods would be time consuming. Moreover, network predictions from independent studies of individual components, the reductionism approach, will probably underestimate the network complexity8. This underestimation could, in part, explain the low success rate of drug approval due to undesirable or toxic side effects. Gaining a network perspective of disease related pathways using HT/HC cellular screening approaches, and identifying key nodes within these pathways, could lead to the identification of targets that are more suited for therapeutic intervention.
	High-throughput screening (HTS) is an ideal methodology to address these issues9-12. but traditional methods were one dimensional whole-well cell assays, that used simplistic readouts for complex biological processes. They were unable to simultaneously quantify the many phenotypes observed in neurodegenerative diseases such as axonal transport deficits or alterations in morphology properties13, 14. This approach could not be used to investigate the dynamic nature of cellular processes or pathogenic events that occur in a subset of cells. To quantify such features one has to move to multi-dimensional phenotypes termed high-content screening (HCS)4, 15-17. HCS is the cell-based quantification of several processes simultaneously, which provides a more detailed representation of the cellular response to various perturbations compared to HTS. 
	HCS has many advantages over HTS18, 19, but conducting a high-throughput (HT)-high-content (HC) screen in neuronal models is problematic due to high cost, environmental variation and human error. In order to detect cellular responses on a 'phenomics' scale using HC imaging one has to reduce variation and error, while increasing sensitivity and reproducibility. 
	Herein we describe a method to accurately and reliably conduct shRNA screens using automated cell culturing20 and HC imaging in neuronal cellular models. We describe how we have used this methodology to identify modulators for one particular protein, DJ1, which when mutated causes autosomal recessive parkinsonism21. 
	Combining the versatility of HC imaging with HT methods, it is possible to accurately quantify a plethora of phenotypes. This could subsequently be utilized to advance our understanding of the genome, the pathways involved in disease pathogenesis as well as identify potential therapeutic targets.

We describe a methodology combining automated cell culturing with high-content imaging to visualize and quantify multiple cellular processes and structures, in a high-throughput manner. Such methods can aid in the further functional annotation of genomes as well as identify disease gene networks and potential drug targets.

Nörodejeneratif Hastalıklar Yüksek İçerik Tarama

The functional annotation of genomes, construction of molecular networks and novel drug target identification, are important challenges that need to be ...

The Use of Cystometry in Small Rodents: A Study of Bladder Chemosensation

The lower urinary tract (LUT) functions as a dynamic reservoir that is able to store urine and to efficiently expel it at a convenient time. While storing urine, however, the bladder is exposed for prolonged periods to waste products. By acting as a tight barrier, the epithelial lining of the LUT, the urothelium, avoids re-absorption of harmful substances. Moreover, noxious chemicals stimulate the bladder's nociceptive innervation and initiate voiding contractions that expel the bladder's contents. Interestingly, the bladder's sensitivity to noxious chemicals has been used successfully in clinical practice, by intravesically infusing the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin to treat neurogenic bladder overactivity1. This underscores the advantage of viewing the bladder as a chemosensory organ and prompts for further clinical research. However, ethical issues severely limit the possibilities to perform, in human subjects, the invasive measurements that are necessary to unravel the molecular bases of LUT clinical pharmacology. A way to overcome this limitation is the use of several animal models2. Here we describe the implementation of cystometry in mice and rats, a technique that allows measuring the intravesical pressure in conditions of controlled bladder perfusion.
	After laparotomy, a catheter is implanted in the bladder dome and tunneled subcutaneously to the interscapular region. Then the bladder can be filled at a controlled rate, while the urethra is left free for micturition. During the repetitive cycles of filling and voiding, intravesical pressure can be measured via the implanted catheter. As such, the pressure changes can be quantified and analyzed. Moreover, simultaneous measurement of the voided volume allows distinguishing voiding contractions from non-voiding contractions3.
	Importantly, due to the differences in micturition control between rodents and humans, cystometric measurements in these animals have only limited translational value4. Nevertheless, they are quite instrumental in the study of bladder pathophysiology and pharmacology in experimental pre-clinical settings. Recent research using this technique has revealed the key role of novel molecular players in the mechano- and chemo-sensory properties of the bladder.

Cystometry is an efficient technique to measure bladder function of small animals in vivo. The bladder is continuously infused at rates controlled through an intravesical catheter, whereas the urethra is left free for micturition. This allows for repetitive filling and emptying of the bladder, while intravesical pressure and voided volume are recorded.

Küçük Kemirgenler sistometri ve Kullanımı: Mesane Chemosensation Çalışması

	The lower urinary tract (LUT) functions as a  dynamic reservoir that is able to store urine and to efficiently expel it at a  convenient time. While ...

Screening for Melanoma Modifiers using a Zebrafish Autochthonous Tumor Model

Genomic studies of human cancers have yielded a wealth of information about genes that are altered in tumors1,2,3. A challenge arising from these studies is that many genes are altered, and it can be difficult to distinguish genetic alterations that drove tumorigenesis from that those arose incidentally during transformation. To draw this distinction it is beneficial to have an assay that can quantitatively measure the effect of an altered gene on tumor initiation and other processes that enable tumors to persist and disseminate. Here we present a rapid means to screen large numbers of candidate melanoma modifiers in zebrafish using an autochthonous tumor model4 that encompasses steps required for melanoma initiation and maintenance. A key reagent in this assay is the miniCoopR vector, which couples a wild-type copy of the mitfa melanocyte specification factor to a Gateway recombination cassette into which candidate melanoma genes can be recombined5. The miniCoopR vector has a mitfa rescuing minigene which contains the promoter, open reading frame and 3'-untranslated region of the wild-type mitfa gene. It allows us to make constructs using full-length open reading frames of candidate melanoma modifiers. These individual clones can then be injected into single cell Tg(mitfa:BRAFV600E);p53(lf);mitfa(lf)zebrafish embryos. The miniCoopR vector gets integrated by Tol2-mediated transgenesis6 and rescues melanocytes. Because they are physically coupled to the mitfa rescuing minigene, candidate genes are expressed in rescued melanocytes, some of which will transform and develop into tumors. The effect of a candidate gene on melanoma initiation and melanoma cell properties can be measured using melanoma-free survival curves, invasion assays, antibody staining and transplantation assays.

A rapid way to screen for melanoma modifiers using a zebrafish autochthonous tumor model is presented. It takes advantage of the miniCoopR vector which allows for expression of candidate melanoma genes in melanocytes. A method to obtain melanoma-free survival curves, an invasion assay, a protocol for antibody staining of scale melanocytes and a melanoma transplantation assay are described.

Bir Zebra balığı Otokton Tümör Modeli kullanılarak Melanom Değiştiricileri için Tarama

Genomic studies of  human cancers have yielded a wealth of information about genes that are altered  in tumors1,2,3. A challenge arising from these ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, metastasis and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we describe a specific methodology for culturing primary human pancreatic CSCs as tumor spheres in anchorage-independent conditions. Cells are grown in serum-free, non-adherent conditions in order to enrich for CSCs while their more differentiated progenies do not survive and proliferate during the initial phase following seeding of single cells. This assay can be used to estimate the percentage of CSCs present in a population of tumor cells. Both size (which can range from 35 to 250 micrometers) and number of tumor spheres formed represents CSC activity harbored in either bulk populations of cultured cancer cells or freshly harvested and digested tumors 1,2. Using this assay, we recently found that metformin selectively ablates pancreatic CSCs; a finding that was subsequently further corroborated by demonstrating diminished expression of pluripotency-associated genes/surface markers and reduced in vivo tumorigenicity of metformin-treated cells. As the final step for preclinical development we treated mice bearing established tumors with metformin and found significantly prolonged survival. Clinical studies testing the use of metformin in patients with PDAC are currently underway (e.g., NCT01210911, NCT01167738, and NCT01488552). Mechanistically, we found that metformin induces a fatal energy crisis in CSCs by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reducing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In contrast, non-CSCs were not eliminated by metformin treatment, but rather underwent reversible cell cycle arrest. Therefore, our study serves as a successful example for the potential of in vitro sphere formation as a screening tool to identify compounds that potentially target CSCs, but this technique will require further in vitro and in vivo validation to eliminate false discoveries.

Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be expanded in vitro using the anchorage-independent sphere culture technique, which represents a powerful tool to study CSC biology and can serve as the first step to develop novel CSC-targeting therapies. Here the methodology for expanding, analyzing and targeting of pancreatic CSCs is provided.

Pankreas Kanseri Yeni Tedavi Stratejileri Geliştirme Hücre Özellikleri Kök incelenmesi

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor ...

A High-content In Vitro Pancreatic Islet &#946;-cell Replication Discovery Platform

Loss of insulin-producing &#946;-cells is a central feature of diabetes. While a variety of potential replacement therapies are being explored, expansion of endogenous insulin-producing pancreatic islet &#946;-cells remains an attractive strategy. &#946;-cells have limited spontaneous regenerative activity; consequently, a crucial research effort is to develop a precise understanding of the molecular pathways that restrain &#946;-cell growth and to identify drugs capable of overcoming these restraints. Herein an automated high-content image-based primary-cell screening method to identify &#946;-cell replication-promoting small molecules is presented. Several, limitations of prior methodologies are surmounted. First, use of primary islet cells rather than an immortalized cell-line maximizes retention of in vivo growth restraints. Second, use of mixed-composition islet-cell cultures rather than a &#946;-cell-line allows identification of both lineage-restricted and general growth stimulators. Third, the technique makes practical the use of primary islets, a limiting resource, through use of a 384-well format. Fourth, detrimental experimental variability associated with erratic islet culture quality is overcome through optimization of isolation, dispersion, plating and culture parameters. Fifth, the difficulties of accurately and consistently measuring the low basal replication rate of islet endocrine-cells are surmounted with optimized immunostaining parameters, automated data acquisition and data analysis; automation simultaneously enhances throughput and limits experimenter bias. Notable limitations of this assay are the use of dispersed islet cultures which disrupts islet architecture, the use of rodent rather than human islets and the inherent limitations of throughput and cost associated with the use of primary cells. Importantly, the strategy is easily adapted for human islet replication studies. This assay is well suited for investigating the mitogenic effect of substances on &#946;-cells and the molecular mechanisms that regulate &#946;-cell growth.

A High-content In Vitro Pancreatic Islet &amp;#946;-cell Replication Discovery Platform

Critical challenges for the diabetes research field are to understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate islet &#946;-cell replication and to develop methods for stimulating &#946;-cell regeneration. Herein a high-content screening method to identify and assess the &#946;-cell replication-promoting activity of small molecules is presented.

Bir Yüksek içerik<em&gt; İn Vitro</em&gt; Pankreas Adacık β-hücre çoğaltma Keşif Platformu

Loss of insulin-producing &#946;-cells is a central feature of diabetes. While a variety of potential replacement therapies are being explored, expansion ...

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Pharmacological regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) responses holds great promise in the treatment of many inflammatory diseases. However, there have been limited compounds available so far to attenuate TLR signaling and there have been no clinically approved TLR inhibitors (except the anti-malarial drug hydroxychloroquine) in clinical use. In light of rapid advances in nanotechnology, manipulation of immune responsiveness using nano-devices may provide a new strategy to treat these diseases. Herein, we present a high throughput screening method for quickly identifying novel bioactive nanoparticles that inhibit TLR signaling in phagocytic immune cells. This screening platform is built on THP-1 cell-based reporter cells with colorimetric and luciferase assays. The reporter cells are engineered from the human THP-1 monocytic cell line by stable integration of two inducible reporter constructs. One expresses a secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) gene under the control of a promoter inducible by the transcription factors NF-&#954;B and AP-1, and the other expresses a secreted luciferase reporter gene under the control of promoters inducible by interferon regulatory factors (IRFs).Upon TLR stimulation, the reporter cells activate transcription factors and subsequently produce SEAP and/or luciferase, which can be detected using their corresponding substrate reagents. Using a library of peptide-gold nanoparticle (GNP) hybrids established in our previous studies as an example, we identified one peptide-GNP hybrid that could effectively inhibit the two arms of TLR4 signaling cascade triggered by its prototypical ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The findings were validated by standard biochemical techniques including immunoblotting. Further analysis established that this lead hybrid had a broad inhibitory spectrum, acting on multiple TLR pathways, including TLR2, 3, 4, and 5. This experimental approach allows a rapid assessment of whether a nanoparticle (or other therapeutic compounds) can modulate specific TLR signaling in phagocytic immune cells.

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling plays an important role in the pathophysiology of many human inflammatory diseases, and regulating TLR responses by bioactive nanoparticles is anticipated to be beneficial in many inflammatory conditions. THP-1 cell-based reporter cells provide a versatile and robust screening platform for identifying novel inhibitors of TLR signaling.

Toll benzeri Reseptör Sinyali Önleyicileri İçin Fagositik Bağışıklık Hücrelerinde Biyoaktif Nanopartiküllerin Taranması

Pharmacological regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) responses holds great promise in the treatment of many inflammatory diseases. However, there have ...

Routine Screening Method for Microparticles in Platelet Transfusions

Platelet inventory management based on screening microparticle content in platelet concentrates is a new quality improvement initiative for hospital blood banks. Cells fragment off microparticles (MP) when they are stressed. Blood and blood components may contain cellular fragments from a variety of cells, most notably from activated platelets. When performing their roles as innate immune cells and major players in coagulation and hemostasis, platelets change shape and generate microparticles. With dynamic light scattering (DLS)-based microparticle detection, it is possible to differentiate activated (high microparticle) from non-activated (low microparticle) platelets in transfusions, and optimize the use of this scarce blood product. Previous research suggests that providing non-activated platelets for prophylactic use in hematology-oncology patients could reduce their risk of becoming refractory and improve patient care. The goal of this screening method is to routinely differentiate activated from non-activated platelets. The method described here outlines the steps to be performed for routine platelet inventory management in a hospital blood bank: obtaining a sample from a platelet transfusion, loading the sample into the capillary for DLS measurement, performing the DLS test to identify microparticles, and using the reported microparticle content to identify activated platelets.

Platelet inventory management based on screening microparticle content in platelet concentrates is a new quality improvement initiative in hospital blood banks. The goal is to differentiate activated from non-activated platelets to optimize the use of platelets. Providing non-activated platelets to hematology-oncology patients might reduce their high risk to become refractory.

Trombosit transfüzyonları Microparticles için yöntem eleme rutin

Platelet inventory management based on screening microparticle content in platelet concentrates is a new quality improvement initiative for hospital blood ...

Hydra, a Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Cardiovascular Analysis and Diagnosis

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death throughout the world. The total risk of developing CVD is determined by the combined effect of different cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., diabetes, raised blood pressure, unhealthy diet, tobacco use, stress, etc.) that commonly coexist and act multiplicatively. Most CVDs can be prevented by an early identification of the highest risk factors and an appropriate treatment. The stratification of cardiovascular risk factors involves a wide range of parameters and tests that specialists use in their clinical practice. In addition to cardiovascular (CV) risk stratification, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) also provides relevant information for diagnostic and treatment purposes. This work presents a list of protocols based on the Hydra platform, a web-based system for clinical decision support which incorporates a set of functionalities and services that are required for complete cardiovascular analysis, risk assessment, early diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of patients over time. The program includes tools for inputting and managing comprehensive patient data, organized into different checkups to track the evolution over time. It also has a risk stratification tool to compute a CV risk factor based upon several risk stratification tables of reference. Additionally, the program includes a tool that incorporates ABPM analysis and allows the extraction of valuable information by monitoring blood pressure over a specific period of time. Finally, the reporting service summarizes the most relevant information in a set of reports that aid clinicians in their clinical decision-making process.

This article presents a protocol based on Hydra &#8212; a web-based system for clinical decision support that integrates a full and detailed set of functionalities and services required by physicians for complete cardiovascular analysis, risk assessment, early diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring over time.

Hydra, kardiyovasküler analiz ve tanı klinisyenler yardım için bir bilgisayar tabanlı Platform

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death throughout the world. The total risk of developing CVD is determined by the combined effect ...

In Vitro Method to Control Concentrations of Halogenated Gases in Cultured Alveolar Epithelial Cells

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a syndrome of diffuse alveolar injury with impaired alveolar fluid clearance and severe inflammation. The use of halogenated agents, such as sevoflurane or isoflurane, for the sedation of intensive care unit (ICU) patients can improve gas exchange, reduce alveolar edema, and attenuate inflammation during ARDS. However, data on the use of inhaled agents for continuous sedation in the ICU to treat or prevent lung damage is lacking. To study the effects of halogenated agents on alveolar epithelial cells under "physiologic" conditions, we describe an easy system to culture cells at the air-liquid interface and expose them to halogenated agents to provide precise controlled "air" fractions and "medium" concentrations for these agents. We developed a sealed air-tight chamber in which plates with human alveolar epithelial immortalized cells could be exposed to a precise, controlled fraction of sevoflurane or isoflurane using a continuous gas flow provided by an anesthetic machine circuit. Cells were exposed to 4% of sevoflurane and 1% of isoflurane for 24 hours. Gas mass spectrometry was performed to determine the concentration of halogenated agents dissolved in the medium. After the first hour, the concentrations of sevoflurane and isoflurane in the medium were 251 mg/L and 25 mg/L, respectively. The curves representing the concentrations of both sevoflurane and isoflurane dissolved in the medium showed similar courses over time, with a plateau reached at one hour after exposure. 
This protocol was specifically designed to reach precise and controlled concentrations of sevoflurane or isoflurane in vitro to improve our understanding of mechanisms involved in epithelial lung injury during ARDS and to test novel therapies for the syndrome.

In Vitro Method to Control Concentrations of Halogenated Gases in Cultured Alveolar Epithelial Cells

We describe an easy protocol specifically designed to reach precise and controlled concentrations of sevoflurane or isoflurane in vitro in order to improve our understanding of mechanisms involved in the epithelial lung injury and to test novel therapies for acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Vitro Denetim konsantrasyonları kültürlü alveoler epitel hücrelerdeki halojenlenmiş gazların yöntemi

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a syndrome of diffuse alveolar injury with impaired alveolar fluid clearance and severe inflammation. The ...