Biz Dr teşekkür ederim. Yararlı yorumlar için Robert Bonneau ve Neil Christensen. Bu çalışma Tıp fonların Pennsylvania State Üniversitesi tarafından desteklenmiştir.

1. Dalak ve BDC2.5 Farelerin lenf düğümleri alınan T Hücre İzolasyonu <ol><li> Diyabetojenik CD4 + T-hücrelerinin vericisi olarak 6 haftalık bir pre-diyabetik BDC2.5 dişi farenin kullanın. Idrar glukoz ölçümü (bkz. aşağıda) tarafından belirlenen Fare diyabet arındırılmış olmalıdır. </li><li> CO 2 boğulma kullanarak her fare Euthanize ve steril koşullar altında dalak, aksiller ve brakiyal lenf düğümleri kaldırın. Dalak kaldırmak için,% 70 etanol ile kürk ıslatın, sonra kesmek ve cilt geri çekin. Dalak farenin sol tarafında koyu kırmızı organı olarak görülebilir. Küçük makas kullanarak periton bir 1 inç kesi olun ve yavaşça küçük bir cımbız ile merkezinde dalak kavramak. Dikkatlice bağ dokusu ve ekli yağ mümkün Döşeme ve dalak çıkarın. </li><li> Buz üzerinde 15 ml konik bir tüp içinde 10 ml Dulbecco&#39;s-Modifiye Edilmiş Eagle Ortamı (DMEM) içinde dalak ve lenf düğümleri toplayın. </li><li> Inci kullanarak tek bir hücre süspansiyonu hazırlayınyavaşça 70 mikron hücre süzgeçler (süzgeç başına bir dalak ve süzgeç başına 4-6 lenf düğümleri) aynı 50 ml konik tüp içine aracılığıyla lenfoid organlara basın steril bir 10 ml şırınga pistonu e sonu. </li></ol> Bu işlem sırasında, süzgeç hücreleri kurtarma en üst düzeye çıkarmak için, 1 ml DMEM ile birkaç kez her süzgeç yıkayın. <ol start="5"><li> Oda sıcaklığında 7 dakika boyunca 300-400 xg&#39;de 15 ml konik bir tüp ve santrifüj içine 50 ml konik tüp, toplanan hücre transfer edin. </li><li> Kırmızı kan hücreleri lize etmek için, supernatant 5 ml amonyum-klorür Potasyum (ACK) tampon maddesi (pH 7.2) &#39;de hücrelerin yeniden askıya, ve 5 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında ACK hücre süspansiyonu inkübe edin. </li><li> ACK-hücre süspansiyonu, 10 ml DMEM ekleyin ve yukarıdaki gibi santrifüj tüpü. 10 ml DMEM içinde bir kez hücre pelletini yıkayın. </li></ol> 2. Diyabetojenik CD4 Floresan ile aktive Hücre Ayırma + BDC2.5 fareler ile T hücrelerinin <ol><li> 5 ml FACS s yeniden askıya hücreleritampon temi ve tripan mavi boya dışlama tarafından canlı hücreler (bir faz kontrast mikroskop ve hemasitometre kullanarak) sayısını. </li><li> FACS tamponu kullanarak, 5 x 10 7 hücre / ml hücre süspansiyonu hacmi ayarlanır. ~ 1 çıkarın x 10 boyama kontrolü başına 6 hücre (1 leke, 3 adet tek kişilik lekeleri). Aktif olmayan transgenik CD4 + anti-CD4 T hücreler (APC), bir anti-TCR Vβ4 (FITC), 15 ml lik tüp içinde bir anti-CD62L (PE) monoklonal antikor (mAb) için örnek Leke. Karanlıkta 4, 20-30 dakika için üretici tarafından önerilen mAb konsantrasyonu ° C kullanarak hücre boyama gerçekleştirin. </li><li> &gt; 3X boyama reaksiyon hacmi, FACS tamponu ile ve numune bir leke kontrol yıkayın. (1-2 x 10 7 hücre / numune sıralama için ml ve 300 ul tek leke kontrolleri için) ve buz üzerinde mağaza sonraki kadar 300-400 xg tüp santrifüj, süpernatant kaldırmak ve FACS tampon hücrelerin yeniden askıya adım. </li><li> 35 mikron hücre aracılığıyla hücre örneği geçmeksüzgeç kapaklı tüp hücre kümeleri kaldırmak için. CD4 için örnekleri sıralamak + TCR Vβ4 + CD62L + eğitimli bir operatör ile hücre sıralayıcı hücreleri. 15 ml&#39;lik bir tüp içinde 3 ml DMEM içine kriteri hücreleri toplamak. 2 x 10 4 toplam olay / sn bir tür oranında 1,5 x 10 8 hücre (3 donör farelerden elde edilen hücrelerin yaklaşık sayısı) sıralamak için, kurulum dahil olmak üzere 2.5-3 saat, izin verin. Bekleyin ~ 2.5 x 10 6 sigara aktif transgenik CD4 + hücre sıralama sonra fare başına T hücreleri. </li><li> Sıralama sonunda sıralama kriteri hücrelerinin mutlak sayısı kaydedin ve 300-400 x g 7 dakika onları santrifüj. Süpernatant atılır ve yeniden askıya hücreleri (2 x 10 6 hücre / ml) içinde steril fosfat tamponlu adoptif T hücre transferi tuzlu su (PBS) (Mg2 + / Ca2 + içermez). </li></ol> 3. BDC2.5 fareler ile diyabetojenik CD4 Kabul edilmiş Transfer + T Hücreleri <ol><li> Yeniden askıya FACS-saflaştırılmış CD4 hafifçe, bir 1 ml şırınga ve 18-1 ½ iğne kullanarak +1 ml şırınga T hücreleri ve yükleyin. Enjeksiyon için hazırlanırken, 18-1 yerine ½ iğne bir 27 ile ½ iğne. </li><li> Bu davranış bakım sergilenirken kadar bir ısıtma lambası için 6-8 haftalık dişi NOD.SCID alıcı fareler Açığa. </li><li> Bir süzgeç olarak alıcı farenin sınırlamaya ve enjeksiyon dezenfekte etmek için% 70 (v / v) etanol ile kuyruk silin. </li><li> Lateral kuyruk damar birine 1-2 x 10 6 FACS sıralama kriteri hücre / fare (en fazla 500 ul PBS) enjekte edilir. </li></ol> Piston zorlamayın. Iğne damar uygun bulunuyorsa, enjeksiyon hemen hemen hiçbir direniş ile gerçekleşecek. 4. Hiperglisemi için Alıcı Fare İzleme ve T1D <ol><li> T hücre transferinden sonra beş gün başlayan, NOD.SCID alıcı fareler üreticinin talimatlarına göre reaktif şeritler (Bayer Diastix) kullanarak yüksek idrar glukoz için günlük olarak takip edilmektedir. Birbirini takip eden iki purin ile fareninE şekeri&gt; 250 mg / dl &#39;diyabetik olarak kabul edilmiştir. </li></ol>

<ol>
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V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MHC+class+I-mediated+antigen+presentation+and+induction+of+CD8++cytotoxic+T-cell+responses+in+autoimmune+diabetes-prone+NOD+mice.">MHC class I-mediated antigen presentation and induction of CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell responses in autoimmune diabetes-prone NOD mice.</a> Diabetes. 45, 902-908 (1996).</li><li>Milton, M. J., Poulin, M., Mathews, C., Piganelli, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation,+maintenance,+and+adoptive+transfer+of+diabetogenic+T-cell+lines/clones+from+the+nonobese+diabetic+mouse.">Generation, maintenance, and adoptive transfer of diabetogenic T-cell lines/clones from the nonobese diabetic mouse.</a> Methods Mol. Med. 102, 213-225 (2004).</li><li>Kurrer, M. O., Pakala, S. V., Hanson, H. L., Katz, J. 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D., Wang, B., Haskins, K., Benoist, C., Mathis, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Following+a+diabetogenic+T+cell+from+genesis+through+pathogenesis.">Following a diabetogenic T cell from genesis through pathogenesis.</a> Cell. 74, 1089-1100 (1993).</li><li>Stadinski, B. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromogranin+A+is+an+autoantigen+in+type+1+diabetes.">Chromogranin A is an autoantigen in type 1 diabetes.</a> Nat. Immunol. 11, 225-231 (2010).</li><li>Luhder, F., Chambers, C., Allison, J. P., Benoist, C., Mathis, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pinpointing+when+T+cell+costimulatory+receptor+CTLA-4+must+be+engaged+to+dampen+diabetogenic+T+cells.">Pinpointing when T cell costimulatory receptor CTLA-4 must be engaged to dampen diabetogenic T cells.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 12204-12209 (2000).</li><li>Tang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro-expanded+antigen-specific+regulatory+T+cells+suppress+autoimmune+diabetes.">In vitro-expanded antigen-specific regulatory T cells suppress autoimmune diabetes.</a> J. Exp. Med. 199, 1455-1465 (2004).</li><li>Calderon, B., Suri, A., Pan, X. O., Mills, J. C., Unanue, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IFN-gamma-dependent+regulatory+circuits+in+immune+inflammation+highlighted+in+diabetes.">IFN-gamma-dependent regulatory circuits in immune inflammation highlighted in diabetes.</a> J. Immunol. 181, 6964-6974 (2008).</li><li>Shultz, L. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+defects+in+innate+and+adaptive+immunologic+function+in+NOD/LtSz-scid+mice.">Multiple defects in innate and adaptive immunologic function in NOD/LtSz-scid mice.</a> J. Immunol. 154, 180-191 (1995).</li><li>Waldner, H., Sobel, R. A., Price, N., Kuchroo, V. 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Tüm fareler Penn State Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım kurallarına uygun ve Kullanım Kurulu Tıp spesifik patojen free (SPF) tesisinin Penn State College ev sahipliği edildi. Yazarlar hiçbir rakip mali çıkarlarının olmadığını beyan ederim.

Tip 1 diyabetin, NOD farelerinde diyabet veya diyabetojenik T hücresi klonları elde TCRS için transgenik farelerden dalak hücreleri tamamen veya T hücre alt adoptif transfer yoluyla verimliliği değişen alıcı farelerde uyarılabilir. Bu tarifnamede NOD.SCID farelere FACS saflaştırılmış CD62L + BDC2.5 transgenik CD4 + T hücreleri,% 100 aktarma oranı iki hafta içinde alıcı farelerde T1D ikna etmek için tekrarlanabilir bir yöntem sunulmaktadır. BDC2.5 T hücre transferi mo...

NOD farelerinde kendiliğinden otoimmün diyabet gelişir ve yaygın olarak insan tip 1 diyabetin 1,2 için bir hayvan modeli olarak kullanılmıştır. NOD farelerinde tip 1 diyabetin patogenezi T ve B hücreleri tarafından takip dendritik hücreler ve makrofajlar tarafından Langerhans pankreatik adacık arasında, yaş, 3-4 haftalık başlayarak, infiltrasyonu ile karakterize edilir. Tahribatsız peri-insülit Bu aşama 3 yaş arasında 4-6 ay belirgin diabetes ile sonuçlanan, insülin üreten pankreatik β hücre yavaş ilerleyen yok edilmesini sağlar. 4,5 splenositler, CD4 +, NOD farelerinde diyabet ikinci 6,7 veya CD8 + T hücreleri, 8,9 transferini adacık-reaktif T hücreleri, tip 1 diyabetin patojenezinde merkezi bir rol oynadığını gösteren, bağışıklık sistemi, NOD farelerinde diyabet aracılık ettiği gösterilmiştir. Deneysel koşullara bağlı olarak, diyabet bu çalışmalarda birkaç hafta boyunca, yavaş yavaş alıcı farelerde geliştirilmiştir. Benzer şekilde, çeşitli T hücresi klonları, zaman alıcı ve pahalı bir hesaplayarakdiyabetojenik T hücrelerinin kültürlenmesi, birkaç hafta alıcı farenin 7,10 içine transferinden sonra şeker hastalığı aracılık ettiği bildirilmiştir. CD4 veya CD8-kısıtlı diyabetojenik T hücresi klonları, birkaç laboratuar tarafından türetilen TCRS eksprese eden transgenik farelerin kullanılması ile daha sonra bu farelerin dalak T hücreleri 11-13 alıcıya diyabet aktarmak mümkün olduğunu göstermiştir. Özellikle, BDC2.5 NOD farelerinde kromogranin A, pankreatik beta hücreleri 14-16 bir protein için spesifik olan BDC2.5 TCR için transgenik olan. In vitro-aktif veya verimliliği 11,17-19 değişen yenidoğan veya bağışıklık yetersizliği NOD fareler diyabet transfer açıkça diyabetik veya prediyabetik BDC2.5 farelerin un-aktif tamamen veya fraksiyone dalak hücrelerinde devri. Bu saflaştırılmış CD4 transgenik kullanan basit bir yöntem + yüksek verim ve müteşekkildi de alıcı farelerde T1D endüklemek için, pre-diyabetik BDC2.5 farenin alınan T hücreleri tanımlamakNCY. Naif, adacık antijene özgü CD4 + T hücrelerinin çok sayıda CD4 floresans ile aktive edilen hücre sıralama (FACS) TCR transjenik Vβ4 zincirini ifade + CD62L + T hücreleri, bu farelerden izole edilmiştir. Saflaştırılmış transgenik sonra T hücreleri fonksiyonel T ve B hücreleri eksikliği ve insülit ve şeker içermeyen 20 vardır NOD.SCID farenin içine aktivasyonsuz aktarılır. Alıcı fareler T hücre transferinden sonra iki hafta içinde hızla gelişir T1D, gösteren idrar glukoz konsantrasyonları için izlenir. Heterojen özgünlükleri ile diyabetojenik T hücreleri aktarmak, bizim protokol FACS-sıralaması CD4 + neredeyse sadece diyabetojenik BDC2.5 TCR ifade T hücreleri kullandığı diğer yöntemler aksine. Homojenlikleri bağlı olarak, transfer T-hücreleri (1x10 ~ 6 hücre / fare) sadece çok az sayıda% 100 görülme az 2 hafta içinde hızlı bir tip 1 diyabetin gelişimi için gereklidir. Bizim protokol bir diğer avantajı irradiatio olanalıcı farenin n bazı diğer yöntemler için olduğu gibi gerekli değildir. Bu yöntemin özel bir potansiyel bir sınırlama hem CD4 ve CD8 T hücresi alt ya da özellikle diyabet ve CD8 T hücrelerinin katkı soruşturma izin olmamasıdır. Açıklanan protokol hedef organa adacık antijen belirli Th hücreleri yuvalandırma müdahalede saf, monospesifik CD4 + T hücreleri, hem de tedavi edici stratejiler aracılığı ile oluşan hızlı bir tip 1 diyabetin gelişimi, çalışmak için yararlı olacaktır.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BDC 2.5 TCR transgenic NOD mice (NOD.Cg-Tg(Tcr&alpha;BDC 2.5, Tcr&beta;BDC 2.5)</td>
			<td>JAX</td>
			<td>004460</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NOD.SCID mice (NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J)</td>
			<td>JAX</td>
			<td>001303</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Themo Scientific</td>
			<td>SH30022.01</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bayer Diastix</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AM2803</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml conical tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352095</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml conical tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile surgical tweezers</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile small pair scissors</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile large pair scissors</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70 &mu;m cell strainers</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22363548</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 &mu;m cell strainer cap tubes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium-Chloride-Potassium (ACK) buffer</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>0.15 M NH4Cl, 1 mM KHCO3, 0.1 mM Na2EDTA, pH 7.2 in dH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD FACSFlowTM sheath fluid</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>342003</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS staining buffer</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>PBS, 0.2 mM EDTA, 0.5% BSA/FCS, filter sterilized</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phase contrast microscope</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan blue</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD4 (APC) mAb</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>1005616</td>
			<td>clone RM4-5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-TCR V&beta;4 (FITC) mAb</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>553365</td>
			<td>clone KT4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD62L (PE) mAb</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>553151</td>
			<td>clone MEL-14</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell sorter</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>e.g. BD FACSAria III</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat lamp</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse restrainer</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 ml syringes</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>309602</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18-1&frac12; gauge needles (sterile)</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>305196</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>27&frac12; gauge needles (sterile)</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>305109</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

accelerated type 1 diabetes induction in mice by adoptive transfer of diabetogenic cd4+ t cells

Obez olmayan diyabetik (NOD) fare kendiliğinden yaş 12 hafta sonra otoimmün diyabet gelişir ve insan Tip 1 diyabet (T1D) en çok çalışılan hayvan modelidir. Işınlanmış alıcı farelerde hücre transferi çalışmaları T hücreleri bu modelde T1D patogenezinde önemli olduğunu kurduk. Hızla arıtılmış adoptif transfer yoluyla T1D endüklemek için burada basit bir yöntem tarif primer CD4 + NOD.SCID alıcı farelere adacık-spesifik T hücre reseptörü (TCR) BDC2.5 için transgenik pre-diyabetik NOD farelerde T hücreleri. Bu tekniğin en önemli avantajlarından aynı gün içinde, alıcıların ışınlama gerekli değildir, ve tip 1 diyabetin yüksek oranda T hücre transferinden sonra 2 hafta içinde ortaya çıkarılan bir diyabetojenik T hücrelerinin izolasyonu ve evlatlık transferi tamamlanabilir vardır. Böylece, T1D patogenez ve tedavi edici girişimlerin çalışmaları heterojen T hücre popülasyonlarının veya klonlar dayalı yöntemlere göre daha hızlı bir oranda devam edebilirsinizNOD farelerinde diyabet türetilmiştir.

Bulgularımız başta pankreas lenf düğümleri gibi ikincil lenfoid organlara eve T hücreleri için önemlidir CD62L, ifade transgenik BDC2.5 hücrelerin izolasyonu göstermektedir. Bulgularımız hızlı aktarmak ve verimli NOD.SCID alıcı farelere T1D için bu monospesifik T hücre popülasyonunun güçlü yeteneğini göstermek. Diyabetojenik CD4 + BDC2.5 farenin alınan T hücrelerinin izolasyonu, Şekil 2&#39;de gösterilmiştir. Toplanmış, dalak ve lenf düğüml...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells at JoVE.com

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

Biz adacık antigen spesifik primer CD4 + T-hücrelerinin adoptif transfer yoluyla, iki hafta içinde farenin tip 1 diyabet (tip 1 diyabetin) ikna etmek için tekrarlanabilir bir yöntem sağlar.

Diyabetojenik CD4 Kabul edilmiş Transfer ile Farelerde Hızlandırılmış Tip 1 Diyabet İndüksiyon + T Hücreleri

The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops autoimmune diabetes after 12 weeks of age and is the most extensively studied animal model of ...

accelerated-type-1-diabetes-induction-mice-adoptive-transfer

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

16.6K Görüntüleme.  Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine. Biz adacık antigen spesifik primer CD4 + T-hücrelerinin adoptif transfer yoluyla, iki hafta içinde farenin tip 1 diyabet (tip 1 diyabetin) ikna etmek için tekrarlanabilir bir yöntem sağlar.

Video: Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

Preparation and Use of HIV-1 Infected Primary CD4+ T-Cells as Target Cells in Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxic Assays

Natural killer (NK) cells are a vital component of the innate immune response to virus-infected cells. It is important to understand the ability of NK cells to recognize and lyse HIV-1 infected cells because identifying any aberrancy in NK cell function against HIV-infected cells could potentially lead to therapies that would enhance their cytolytic activity. There is a need to use HIV-infected primary T-cell blasts as target cells rather then infected-T-cell lines in the cytotoxicity assays. T-cell lines, even without infection, are quite susceptible to NK cell lysis. Furthermore, it is necessary to use autologous primary cells to prevent major histocompatibility complex class I mismatches between the target and effector cell that will result in lysis. Early studies evaluating NK cell cytolytic responses to primary HIV-infected cells failed to show significant killing of the infected cells 1,2. However, using HIV-1 infected primary T-cells as target cells in NK cell functional assays has been difficult due the presence of contaminating uninfected cells 3. This inconsistent infected cell to uninfected cell ratio will result in variation in NK cell killing between samples that may not be due to variability in donor NK cell function. Thus, it would be beneficial to work with a purified infected cell population in order to standardize the effector to target cell ratios between experiments 3,4. Here we demonstrate the isolation of a highly purified population of HIV-1 infected cells by taking advantage of HIV-1's ability to down-modulate CD4 on infected cells and the availability of commercial kits to remove dead or dying cells 3-6. The purified infected primary T-cell blasts can then be used as targets in either a degranulation or cytotoxic assay with purified NK cells as the effector population 5-7. Use of NK cells as effectors in a degranulation assay evaluates the ability of an NK cell to release the lytic contents of specialized lysosomes 8 called "cytolytic granules". By staining with a fluorochrome conjugated antibody against CD107a, a lysosomal membrane protein that becomes expressed on the NK cell surface when the cytolytic granules fuse to the plasma membrane, we can determine what percentage of NK cells degranulate in response to target cell recognition. Alternatively, NK cell lytic activity can be evaluated in a cytotoxic assay that allows for the determination of the percentage of target cells lysed by release of 51Cr from within the target cell in the presence of NK cells.

Cytotoxicity assays to measure natural killer cell lytic responses to HIV-infected cells is limited by the purity of the target cells. We demonstrate here the isolation of a highly purified population of HIV-1 infected primary T-cell blasts by taking advantage of HIV-1 s ability to down-modulate CD4.

Hazırlanması ve kullanımı, HIV-1 Enfekte İlköğretim CD4 + T-Hücreleri Hedef Hücreler olarak Natural Killer Hücre Sitotoksik Tahliller

 Natural killer (NK) cells are a vital component of the innate immune response to virus-infected cells. It is important to understand the ability of NK ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the protocols described here use freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to sense infections in either T cell line (MT4) or heterologous primary CD4+ T cells. In order to ensure proper sensing, it is essential that PBMC are isolated immediately after blood collection and that optimal percentage of infected T cells are used. Furthermore, multi-parametric flow cytometric staining can be used to confirm that PBMC samples contain the different cell lineages at physiological ratios. A number of controls can also be included to evaluate viability and functionality of pDCs. These include, the presence of specific surface markers, assessing cellular responses to known agonist of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) pathways, and confirming a lack of spontaneous type-I interferon (IFN) production. In this system, freshly isolated PBMCs or pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected cells in 96 well plates for 18-22 hr. Supernatants from these co-cultures are then used to determine the levels of bioactive type-I IFNs by monitoring the activation of the ISGF3 pathway in HEK-Blue IFN-&#945;/&#946; cells. Prior and during co-culture conditions, target cells can be subjected to flow cytometric analysis to determine a number of parameters, including the percentage of infected cells, levels of specific surface markers, and differential killing of infected cells. Although, these protocols were initially developed to follow type-I IFN production, they could potentially be used to study other imuno-modulatory molecules released from pDCs and to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms governing HIV-1 innate sensing.

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Unlike cell-free HIV-1 particles, infected CD4+ T cells are effectively sensed by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). This manuscript describes a method where peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or isolated pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected T cells to evaluate innate sensing by pDCs as assessed by release of type-I IFN.

HIV-1 Enfekte CD4 Doğuştan Algılama Değerlendirilmesi<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Bir kullanılması plazmositoid dendritik hücreler tarafından T Hücreleri<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Co-kültür sistemi.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the ...

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. We describe here an experimental colitis model that is initiated by adoptive transfer of syngeneic splenic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipient mice. The CD4+CD45RBhigh T cell population that largely consists of na&#239;ve effector cells is capable of inducing chronic intestinal inflammation, closely resembling key aspects of human IBD. This method can be manipulated to study aspects of disease onset and progression. Additionally it can be used to study the function of innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune cell populations, and the role of environmental exposures, i.e., the microbiota, in intestinal inflammation. In this article we illustrate the methodology for inducing colitis with a step-by-step protocol. This includes a video demonstration of key technical aspects required to successfully develop this murine model of experimental colitis for research purposes.

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

Here, we present a protocol to induce colonic inflammation in mice by adoptive transfer of syngeneic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipients. Clinical and histopathological features mimic human inflammatory bowel diseases. This method allows the study of the initiation of colonic inflammation and progression of disease.

Efektör CD4 Evlatlık transferi ile Kemirgen Bağırsak Enflamasyon indüksiyonu<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; CD45RB<sup&gt; Yüksek</sup&gt; Bağışık yetmezliği olan farelere içine T Hücreleri

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages ...

Preparation of CD4+ T Cells for Analysis of GD3 and GD2 Ganglioside Membrane Expression by Microscopy

The methods described herein for activation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells in suspension and their adherence in coverslips for confocal microscopy analysis allow the spatial localization and visualization of gangliosides involved in CD4+ T cell activation, that complement expression profiling experiments such as flow cytometry, western blotting or real-time PCR. The quantification of ganglioside expression through flow cytometry and their cellular localization through microscopy can be obtained by the use of anti-ganglioside antibodies with high affinity and specificity. Nonetheless, an adequate handling of cells in suspension involves the treatment of culture plates to promote the necessary adherence required for fluorescence or confocal microscopy acquisition. In this work, we describe a protocol for determining GD3 and GD2 ganglioside expression and colocalization with the TCR during na&#239;ve CD4+ T cell activation. Also, real-time PCR experiments using &#60;40,000 cells are described for the determination of the GD3 and GM2/GD2 synthase genes, demonstrating that gene analysis experiments can be performed with a low number of cells and without the need of additional low input RNA kits.

Preparation of CD4+ T Cells for Analysis of GD3 and GD2 Ganglioside Membrane Expression by Microscopy

We describe a standard antibody staining protocol for use in microscopy to determine the membrane expression and localization of gangliosides in resting and activated human na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells. Also described are real-time PCR experiments using &#60;40,000 cells that do not require additional low input RNA kits.

CD4 hazırlanması<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Mikroskopi GD3 ve GD2 Gangliozidleri Membran İfade Analizi T hücreleri

The methods described herein for activation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells in suspension and their adherence in coverslips for confocal microscopy analysis ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-&#946;-containing Protocol

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an integral part of peripheral tolerance, suppressing immune reactions against self-structures and thus preventing autoimmune diseases. Clinical approaches to adoptively transfer Tregs, or to deplete Tregs in cancer, are underway with promising first outcomes. 
Because the number of naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs) is very limited, studying certain Treg features using in vitro induced Tregs (iTregs) can be advantageous. To date, the best although not absolutely specific protein marker to delineate Tregs is the transcription factor FOXP3. Despite the importance of Tregs including non-redundant roles of peripherally induced Tregs, the protocols to generate iTregs are currently controversial, particularly for human cells. This protocol therefore describes the in vitro differentiation of human CD4+FOXP3+ iTregs from human na&#239;ve T cells using a range of Treg-inducing factors (TGF-&#946; plus IL-2 only, or their combination with retinoic acid, rapamycin or butyrate) in parallel. It also describes the phenotyping of these cells by flow cytometry and qRT-PCR. 
These protocols result in reproducible expression of FOXP3 and other Treg signature genes and enable the study of general FOXP3-regulatory mechanisms as well as protocol-specific effects to delineate the impact of certain factors. iTregs can be utilized to study various phenotypic aspects as well as molecular mechanisms of Treg induction. Detailed molecular studies are facilitated by relatively large cell numbers that can be obtained. 
A limitation for the application of iTregs is the relative instability of FOXP3 expression in these cells compared to nTregs. iTregs generated by these protocols can also be used for functional assays such as studying their suppressive function, in which iTregs induced by TGF-&#946; plus retinoic acid and rapamycin display superior suppressive activity. However, the suppressive capacity of iTregs can differ from nTregs and the use of appropriate controls is crucial.

&lt;em&gt;In Vitro&lt;/em&gt; Differentiation of Human CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;FOXP3&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Na&amp;#239;ve CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T Cells Using a TGF-&amp;#946;-containing Protocol

This protocol describes the reproducible generation and phenotyping of human induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) from na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells in vitro. Different protocols for FOXP3 induction allow for the study of specific iTreg phenotypes obtained with respective protocols.

Bir TGF-β-içeren Protokolü kullanılarak naif CD4 + T hücrelerinden insan CD4 + FoxP3 + Bağlı regülatör T hücreleri (iTregs) in vitro ayrımında

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an integral part of peripheral tolerance, suppressing immune reactions against self-structures and thus preventing ...

Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4

While it is recognized that aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific T cells and antibodies participate in the pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a human central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune demyelinating disease, creation of an AQP4-targeted model with both clinical and histologic manifestations of CNS autoimmunity has proven challenging. Immunization of wild-type (WT) mice with AQP4 peptides elicited T cell proliferation, although those T cells could not transfer disease to na&#239;ve recipient mice. Recently, two novel AQP4 T cell epitopes, peptide (p) 135-153 and p201-220, were identified when studying immune responses to AQP4 in AQP4-deficient (AQP4-/-) mice, suggesting T cell reactivity to these epitopes is normally controlled by thymic negative selection. AQP4-/- Th17 polarized T cells primed to either p135-153 or p201-220 induced paralysis in recipient WT mice, that was associated with predominantly leptomeningeal inflammation of the spinal cord and optic nerves. Inflammation surrounding optic nerves and involvement of the inner retinal layers (IRL) were manifested by changes in serial optical coherence tomography (OCT). Here, we illustrate the approaches used to create this new in vivo model of AQP4-targeted CNS autoimmunity (ATCA), which can now be employed to study mechanisms that permit development of pathogenic AQP4-specific T cells and how they may cooperate with B cells in NMO pathogenesis.

Here, we present a protocol to induce paralysis and opticospinal inflammation by transfer of aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific T cells from AQP4-/- mice into WT mice. In addition, we demonstrate how to use serial optical coherence tomography to monitor visual system dysfunction.

Felç ve görsel sistem yaralanma tarafından Nöromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4 T hücreleri belirli farelerde indüksiyon

While it is recognized that aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific T cells and antibodies participate in the pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a human ...

Isolation and Adoptive Transfer of High Salt Treated Antigen-presenting Dendritic Cells

Excess dietary salt intake contributes to inflammation and plays a vital role in the development of hypertension. We previously found that antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) can sense elevated extracellular sodium leading to the activation of the NADPH oxidase and formation of isolevuglandin (IsoLG)-protein adducts. These IsoLG-protein adducts react with self-proteins and promote an autoimmune-like state and hypertension. We have developed and optimized state-of-the-art methods to study DC function in hypertension. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for isolation, in vitro treatment with elevated sodium, and adoptive transfer of murine splenic CD11c+ cells into recipient mice to study their role in hypertension.

Here, we present a protocol to isolate dendritic cells from murine spleens by magnetic cell sorting and subsequent adoptive transfer into na&#239;ve mice. The model of high-salt activated dendritic cells was chosen to explain the step-by-step procedures of adoptive transfer and flow cytometry.

Yalıtım ve yüksek tuz evlat edinen Transfer dendritik hücreler antijen sunan tedavi

Excess dietary salt intake contributes to inflammation and plays a vital role in the development of hypertension. We previously found that ...

Quantification of Proliferating Human Antigen-specific CD4+ T Cells using Carboxyfluorescein Succinimidyl Ester

Described is a simple, in vitro, dye dilution-based method for measuring antigen-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The development of stable, non-toxic, fluorescent dyes such as carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) allows for rare, antigen-specific T cells to be distinguished from bystanders by diminution in fluorescent staining, as detected by flow cytometry. This method has the following advantages over alternative approaches: (i) it is very sensitive to low-frequency T cells, (ii) no knowledge of the antigen or epitope is required, (iii) the phenotype of the responding cells can be analyzed, and (iv) viable, responding cells can be sorted and used for further analysis, such as T cell cloning.

Quantification of Proliferating Human Antigen-specific CD4+ T Cells using Carboxyfluorescein Succinimidyl Ester

Presented here is a protocol for measuring proliferating CD4+ T cells in response to antigenic proteins or peptides using dye dilution. This assay is particularly sensitive to rare antigen-specific T cells and can be modified to facilitate cloning of antigen-specific cells.

Proliferasyon ınsan antijeni spesifik CD4+ T hücrelerinin Karboksflorcein Succinimidyl Ester kullanarak ölçülmesini

Described is a simple, in vitro, dye dilution-based method for measuring antigen-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation in human peripheral blood mononuclear ...

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase (G6PI)-Induced RA Mice

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is related to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Patients with active RA present fewer iNKT cells, defective cell function, and excessive polarization of Th1. In this study, an RA animal model was established using a mixture of hGPI325-339 and hGPI469-483 peptides. The iNKT cells were obtained by in vivo induction and in vitro purification, followed by infusion into RA mice for adoptive immunotherapy. The in vivo imaging system (IVIS) tracking revealed that iNKT cells were mainly distributed in the spleen and liver. On day 12 after cell therapy, the disease progression slowed down significantly, the clinical symptoms were alleviated, the abundance of iNKT cells in the thymus increased, the proportion of iNKT1 in the thymus decreased, and the levels of TNF-&#945;, IFN-&#947;, and IL-6 in the serum decreased. Adoptive immunotherapy of iNKT cells restored the balance of immune cells and corrected the excessive inflammation of the body.

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase G6PI-Induced RA Mice

This protocol uses G6PI mixed peptides to construct rheumatoid arthritis models that are closer to that of human rheumatoid arthritis in CD4+ T cells and cytokines. High purity invariant natural killer T cells (mainly iNKT2) with specific phenotypes and functions were obtained by in vivo induction and in vitro purification for adoptive immunotherapy.

Glukoz-6-Fosfat İzomazlarında (G6PI)-Indüklenen RA Farelerde iNKT Hücrelerinin Benimseyici İmmünoterapisi

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is related to invariant natural killer T ...

A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19

An ongoing clinical trial, Autoimmunity Screening for Kids (ASK), is the first screening study in the general population for type 1 diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease in the United States. With the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the epidemiology of COVID-19 in the general population and knowledge about the association between COVID-19 infection and T1D development are urgently needed. The currently standard screening method of the radio-binding assay (RBA) has met two great challenges: low efficiency with a single assay format and low disease specificity with a large proportion of low-affinity antibodies generated in screening. With the platform of the multiplex electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay we established previously, a novel 6-Plex ECL assay was developed that combines, in a single well, all four islet autoantibodies (IAbs) to insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), insulinoma antigen 2 (IA-2), and Zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) for T1D, transglutaminase autoantibodies (TGA) for celiac disease, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibodies for COVID-19. The assay was validated in blind using 880 samples from the ASK study, including 325 positive samples and 555 all antibody-negative samples, and compared with the standard RBAs and a single ECL assay. With the advantages of high efficiency, low cost, and low serum volume, this assay has been accepted as the primary screening tool for the ASK study.

In line with the urgent need for screening for type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, and coronavirus disease 2019, we developed a high throughput 6-Plex electrochemiluminescence assay to simultaneously detect all four islet autoantibodies, tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies, and antibodies to the receptor binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Tip 1 Diyabet, Çölyak Hastalıkları ve COVID-19 için Yüksek Verimli Çok Katlı Tarama

An ongoing clinical trial, Autoimmunity Screening for Kids (ASK), is the first screening study in the general population for type 1 diabetes (T1D) and ...