Bu çalışma mali İsviçre Ulusal Vakfı, (NRP 64 programı hiçbir 4.064-131.232 vermek) tarafından desteklenmektedir.

1. Perfüzyon Sistemi hazırlanması <ol><li> Bir su banyosu, bir perfüzyon odası, oksijen için iki sütun, iki peristaltik pompa, iki kabarcık tuzakları, iki akış ısıtıcılar ve basınç sensörü (Şekil 1) oluşan perfüzyon sistemi kurun. Şekil 2&#39;deki şemaya göre silikon, polivinil klorür maddelerden oluşan boru bölümleri ile bu bileşenlerin iletişime. Son olarak sırasıyla fetal ve maternal devre, temsil eden iki devre vardır. </li><li> Su banyosu, akış ısıtıcılar ve perfüzyon odası için ısıtma açın. Sıcaklık 37 ° C olmalıdır </li><li> (NCTC-135 doku kültürü ortamı Earle tamponu (6.8 g / L sodyum klorür, 0.4 g / l, potasyum klorür, 0.14 g / l monosodyum fosfat, 0.2 g / l magnezyum sülfat, 0.2 gram ile 1:02 seyreltilmiş Perfüzyon ortamı ısıtın / l kalsiyum klorür, 2 g / L glikoz), glukoz (1 g / l), dekstran 40 (10 g / L), sığır serum albümini (10 gr ile desteklenmiş/ L), sodyum heparin (2500 IU / L), ameksisilin (250 mg / L) ve sodyum bikarbonat (2.2 g / L), su banyosu içinde pH 7.4). </li><li> - 20 ml 15: arka arkaya tekrar 200 ml distile su (akış oranı: a) 200 ml distile su ile, fetal ve maternal devresinin arteriyel sistemleri, B) 50 ml% 1 sodyum hidroksit, c)% 1 lik fosforik asit ve d) durulama / dak.) </li><li> Fetal kanül bağlayın (Ø 1.2 mm; künt bir iğne değiştirilmiş bir kanatlı iğne infüzyon seti eklenmelidir) fetal arter boru için. </li><li> Tüm tüpleri orta (: 15-20 ml / dk akış hızı) içeren kadar perfüzyon ortamı ile fetal ve maternal devrenin arteriyel sistemleri durulayın. Bu adım sırasında kabarcık tuzakları doldurmak ve tuzak tüm kabarcıklar aşağı kaldırın. Daha sonra pompa durdurun. Bu afferent arter tüpleri her zaman kabarcıkları serbest gerçekten önemlidir, aksi halde kanülasyon sonra özellikle ince fetal damarların yırtılması olabilir. </li><li> Gaz akışını açın. Anne devre wi oksijenliTh% 5 karbon dioksit ve% 5 karbon dioksit ve% 95 nitrojen ile% 95 sentetik hava ve fetal devresi. </li><li> Basınç sensörünün kayda başlayın. </li></ol> 2. Plasenta cannulating <ol><li> Primer sezaryen sonra komplikasyonsuz vadeli gebelik sağlam plasenta alın. Yazılı izni doğumdan önce anne tarafından (bizim çalışma durumunda elde edilmiştir) verilmelidir ve çalışma (bizim çalışmalarda olduğu) yerel etik kurul tarafından onaylanmış olması gerekir. İlk görsel kontrol, sağlıklı ve sağlam plasenta sağlamak için ebe tarafından yapılmalıdır. </li><li> Plasentanın kanülasyon önemli bir adımdır! Perfüzyon sırasında dokuda her küçük bozulma maternal ve fetal dolaşım arasında bir sızıntı yol açabilir. Plasenta doğumdan sonra 30 dakika içinde alınması gerekir. </li><li> Anne tarafında görünür kesintileri olmadan plasentanın marjinal zon bir sağlam kotiledon seçin. Koryonik plaka,umbilikal arter ve cerrahi dikiş malzemesi kullanarak daha sonra kanülasyon tarafı (göbek kordonu doğru) için yukarı ven hem ilgili şube kravat. Her zaman iki knot olun. </li><li> İlk fetal arter cannulate. Fetal plasental arter her zaman damarlar daha küçük ve incedir. </li><li> Fetal arter etrafında bir dikiş yapmak, ama hemen kravat yok. Bir forseps ile gemi tutun, dikkatle gemi kesip arter küçük kanül (Ø 1.2 mm) koymak. Daha sonra dikiş (iki knot) bağlayacağım. </li><li> Aynı şekilde fetal damar devam ama daha büyük bir kanül kullanımı (Ø 1.5-1.8 mm; künt bir iğne değiştirilmiş bir kanatlı iğne infüzyon seti eklenmelidir). </li><li> Fetal pompası (2 ml / dak) açın. Hiçbir görünür sızıntı ve kan fetal ven kanül dışına yayılan ise, yavaş yavaş 4 ml / dk &#39;ya kadar akışını artırmak. Fetal arter içindeki basınç dikkat edin, bu 70 mmHg geçmemelidir. Fetal veya arkadaşı da sıvı sızıntıları dışarı eğerCihaz Dışı kanül başka bir dikiş ile bunları düzeltmek. </li><li> Fetal yüzü doku tutucu üzerindeki plasenta kadar yerleştirin ve sivri üzerinde plasental membran ve doku çekin. Sonunda perfüze kotiledon doku tutucu delik ortasında olmalıdır. </li><li> Yalnızca membran, bir silikon membran (o, 1 mm) ya da alternatif olarak iki Parafilm adet plasenta tutan parçası stabilize. </li><li> Tam doku tutucu monte, vidaları sıkın ve sarkan doku kesti. Venöz ve arteriyel kanül sıkışmak unutmayınız ancak bunun yerine doku tutucu küçük kanallar yatıyordu lütfen. </li><li> , Ters doku tutucu çevirin perfüzyon odasına koydu ve kapağı ekleyin. Şimdi, anne tarafı üstünde olmalıdır. Fetal devre hala bozulmamış ve orta fetal ven boru akan olup olmadığını her zaman kontrol edin. </li><li> Maternal pompası (12 ml / dak) açın. Inci de üç künt kanüller (Ø 0.8 mm) tanıtmakdesidual plaka nüfuz ederek intervillöz uzaya anne arter tüp e sonu. Maternal devresine perfüzat geri dönmek için de perfüzyon odasının üst kısmında en alt konuma anne pompa ile bağlantılı olan venöz drenaj olarak bir tüp koydu. </li><li> Fetal ven tüp fetal ven kanül bağlayın. </li></ol> 3. Perfüzyon ve öncesi ve Deneysel Faz yürütme <ol><li> Doku doğum sonrası iskemik dönemden kurtarmak için ve intervillöz uzayda kan dışarı atılması için izin vermek için, 20 dakika öncesi faz açık gereklidir. Maternal ve fetal damar anlamına gelir perfüzyon orta içeren arteriyel rezervuar geri lider değildir. Bir şişe fetal ve maternal venöz çıkış toplamak ve öncesi aşamasından sonra atın. </li><li> Perfüzyonunun bütünlüğü değerlendirmek için, 20 dakikalık bir ön-fazlı gerçekleştirmek için değil, bir kapalı devre içinde. Perfüzyon ortamı ile iki ayrı rezervuar kullanınfetal ve maternal devre için ve fetal rezervuar ve anne haznesindeki anne venöz çıkış geri geri fetal venöz çıkışı önde gelen devreleri kapatın. </li><li> Ana perfüzyon deneme için 120 ml perfüzyon orta (anne için bir ve fetal rezervuar için) ile iki şişeler hazırlamak. Ve bir anne rezervuar için analiz etmek istediği floresan işaretli ksenobiyotik veya nano-tanecikleri: (radyoaktif bir madde,, pozitif bir kontrol olarak hizmet DİKKAT 4 nCi / ml), radyo-etiketli 14C-antipirin ekleyin. Iyi anne perfüzat karıştırın. </li><li> İki hazırlanan şişeler (fetal ve maternal rezervuar) ile saf perfüzyon orta alışverişinde deney başlayın. Fetal haznesindeki fetal venöz çıkış geri ve anne haznesindeki anne venöz çıkış geri önde gelen devreleri kapatın. </li><li> 6 saat perfüzyon devam edin ve düzenli olarak numune almak. Her zaman fetal ve maternal olarak orta tekrar süspansiyonçekilme önce rezervuar. </li><li> Perfüzyon sırasında fetal arter (70 mmHg geçmemelidir), her iki devrede pH (fizyolojik bir aralık 7.2-7.4 olmalıdır) ve rezervuar hem hacmi (fetal hacim kaybı 4 ml / saat geçmemelidir) içinde basınç kontrol . Eğer gerekli ise, hidroklorik asit ya da sodyum hidroksit kullanarak, pH değerini ayarlamak. </li><li> Fetal rezervuar hacim kaybı 4 aşarsa ml / saat orada dokuda bir kaçak ve bir perfüzyon durdurmak zorundadır. Sızıntı olmadan 6 saat bir perfüzyon başarı oranı yaklaşık% 15-20 olduğunu. </li><li> 6 saat sonra perfüzyon durdurun. Pompalar, su banyosu, akış ısıtıcıları ve gaz akışını açın. </li><li> Doku tutucu gelen plasenta kaldırmak, perfüze kotiledon kesme (unperfused doku daha parlak) ve tartın. </li><li> Unperfused (başlangıçta kesildi plasenta parçası, daha önce ön aşamasında alınabilir) numune almak ve perfüze doku (her biri yaklaşık 1 g) eklendi ve -20 ° C&#39;de saklayınhomojenizasyon kadar ya da daha sonraki analizler için likit nitrojende. Histopatolojik değerlendirme için formalin% 4 başka bir doku örneği Fix. Numuneler, plasentanın tüm katmanları içermelidir. </li><li> ) Art arda: a) 200 ml distile su ile b fetal ve maternal devresinin arteriyel sistemleri durulama ile 50 ml% 1 sodyum hidroksit, C) tekrar 50 ml% 1 lik fosforik asit ve d) 200 ml distile su perfüzyon sonra tüpler temizlemek (akış: 15-20 ml / dak). </li></ol> Plasenta perfüzyon deneyinin tüm çalışma prosedürü, Şekil 3&#39;te gösterilmiştir. 4. Örnekler analiz <ol><li> Kalıntı eritrositler çıkarmak için analiz edilmeden önce 800 x g &#39;de 10 dakika boyunca Perfüzat örnekleri santrifüj. Daha fazla analiz için supernatant al. Numuneler 4 ° C&#39;de bir gece boyunca bırakılabilir Leptin ve hCG üretiminin analizi için numuneler, -20 ° C&#39;de saklanabilir </li><li> En geçirgenliği değerlendirmekplasenta sıvı sintilasyon tarafından C-antipirin 14 analiz. Bir beta sayacı içerisinde 5 dakika boyunca 3 ml sintilasyon kokteyli ve ölçü ile fetal ve maternal numunelerin 300 ul karıştırın. </li><li> Floresan nanopartiküllerin transferi ya da ilgi duyulan ksenobiyotik bir mikroplaka okuyucu (belirtilen dalga boylarında biz nanopartiküller için kullanılan sarı yeşil bir etiket analizi için olan) 485 nm&#39;de uyarma ve 528 nm&#39;de emisyonla flüoresans okunur değerlendirmek. </li><li> Perfüzyon ölçümü sırasında plasenta dokusu glukoz tüketimi ve otomatik bir kan gazı sistemi ile fetal ve maternal devrede laktat üretim canlılığı belirlemek için. Ayrıca, plasenta hormonları insan choriongonadotropin (hCG) ve enzim bağlı immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ile homojenize doku örnekleri ve guruplarına leptin üretimini değerlendirmek. </li></ol>

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In Vitro. 23, 1380-1386 (2009).</li><li>Mathiesen, L., Rytting, E., Mose, T., Knudsen, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transport+of+benzo[alpha]pyrene+in+the+dually+perfused+human+placenta+perfusion+model:+effect+of+albumin+in+the+perfusion+medium.+Basic+Clin.">Transport of benzo[alpha]pyrene in the dually perfused human placenta perfusion model: effect of albumin in the perfusion medium. Basic Clin.</a> Pharmacol. Toxicol. 105, 181-187 (2009).</li></ol>

Yazarlar hiçbir rakip mali çıkarlarının olmadığını beyan ederim.

Çift sirkülasyon perfüzyon burada gösterdi altında, cevaplanması gereken soru bağlı olarak mümkün birçok deneysel yapılandırmaları vardır. Özellikle açık plasental perfüzyonları yaygın kararlı durum konsantrasyonu 3 de ilaç boşluk değerlendirmek için kullanılır. Çevrimli perfüzyon kurulum endojen veya eksojen maddelerin aktif nakil teyit etmek için uygulanabilir. Bu yaklaşım için ksenobiyotik ile aynı konsantrasyonu anne ve fetal dolaşıma eklenmelidir. Konsantrasyon deği?...

Plasenta oksijen, karbon dioksit, besin ve atık ürünlerin ve anne ve birbirinden ayrılmış büyüyen cenin iki kan devrelerinde tutmak mümkün aynı zamanda değişimi için sorumlu olan karmaşık bir organdır. Buna ek olarak, bağışıklık sistemi tarafından anne çocuğun reddini önler ve gebelik korumak için hormon salgılayan. Hücresel bariyer 4,5 yanal hücre zarları olmayan bir gerçek syncytium eritmek ve formu sitotrofoblastta hücreler tarafından oluşturulmuştur. Tüm plasenta bir fetal villöz ağaç içeren ve plasentanın bir işlevsel birim temsil birkaç kotiledon, düzenleniyor. Plasenta bariyerini fonksiyonunun çalışma 1960&#39;lı yıllarda talidomid bağlı malformasyonların keşfi ile yoğunlaştı. Bilinen nedenlerden dolayı hamile kadınlar ile translokasyon çalışmaları gerçekleştirilemez. Sonuç olarak, çeşitli alternatif modeller 6,7 geliştirilmiştir </s&gt; kadar. En umut verici ve belki de en klinik ilgili model Panigel ve iş 2,3 tarafından geliştirilen ex vivo insan plasental perfüzyon modelidir. Birçok kadın bu gebelik 8 sırasında uyuşturucu veya çevresel kirleticiler gibi farklı ksenobiyotikler maruz kalmaktadır. Zaten hamilelik sırasında düzenli olarak uygulanmıştır bazı ilaçlar, in vivo çalışmalarda göbek kordonu kanı o ile anne kan konsantrasyonu karşılaştırılması ile gerçekleştirilebilir. Ancak, genel olarak fetus ve bu maddelerin teratojenik olarak farmakokinetik ve-dinamikleri hakkında sadece sınırlı bilgi vardır. Eroin kolayca plasenta bariyerini geçtiği ve intrauterin gelişme geriliği, erken doğum ya da spontan abortus 9,10 yol açabilir gibi örneğin afyon. Yani, gebelik sırasında kayıp yoksunluk durumunda metadon ile replasman tedavisi önerilir. Eskiin vivo insan plasental perfüzyon modeli fetal dolaşıma metadon devri teslim 12 sonra hesaplanan kordon kanı-to-anne kan konsantrasyon oranı ile iyi korelasyon önemsiz 11 olduğunu ortaya çıkardı. Nanoteknoloji, özellikle tıpta büyüyen bir alandır. Yani, doğal olarak ince meydana gelen (çapı &lt;2.5 mikron) ve orman yangınları, volkan patlamalar duman ve çöl toz ultra ince parçacıklar (çapı &lt;0.1 mikron), mühendislik nano maruz kalma (en az bir boyut &lt;0,1 mikron 13 altında ) artmaktadır. Bu mühendislik Nanomalzemelerin toksikolojik potansiyeli hakkında sorular yöneltti. Hiçbir insan tehlike henüz ispat edilebilir olsa da, mühendislik nanopartiküller toksikolojik sonuçlarının 14 yol açan olumsuz biyolojik reaksiyona neden olduğunu gösteren temel deneysel çalışmalar da vardır. Son zamanlarda, bazı çalışmalarda bu prenatal maruz belirttihava kirliliği yenidoğan ve çocuk 15,16 daha yüksek solunum ihtiyaç ve hava yolu inflamasyonu ile bağlantılıdır. Buna ek olarak, küçük nano-tanecikleri, özellikle fetus ya da anne ya da tedavi etmek için ilaç taşıyıcılar olarak kullanılabilir. Bu nedenle, farklı ksenobiyotikler veya nano ve plasenta bariyerini geçtiği için yeteneklerini geniş çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Mühendislik Nanomalzemelere plasental geçirgenliği ile ilgili mevcut çalışmaların gerçek bir bakış Menezes ve ark özetlenmiştir. 2.011 17 ve Buerki-Thurnherr ve ark. 2.012 7. Insan plasental perfüzyon modeli sirkülasyon ex vivo çift sorumlu mekanizmalar gibi çeşitli endojen ve eksojen bileşiklerin 3,11,12,18,19 ve plasental ulaşım ve plasentanın diğer işlevleri geniş bir yelpazede eğitim için kontrollü ve güvenilir bir sistem sağlar preeklampsi gibi patolojik durumları geliştirilmesi &lt;&gt; 20-22 sup. Birikimi, efektler ve ksenobiyotiklerin veya nanopartiküller geniş bir dizi translokasyon oranları çalışma izin Bu protokolü biz sette özellikle kadar odaklanmak, taşıma ve yöntemi.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of the Reagent</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue Number</td>
 <td>Comments (optional)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>NCTC-135 medium</td>
 <td>ICN Biomedicals, Inc.</td>
 <td>10-911-22C</td>
 <td>could be replaced by Medium 199 from Sigma (M3769)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium chloride (NaCl)</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich, Fluka</td>
 <td>71381</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Potassium chloride (KCl)</td>
 <td>Hospital pharmacy</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>also possible: Sigma (P9541)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Monosodium phosphate (NaH2PO4 &middot; H2O)</td>
 <td>Merck</td>
 <td>106346</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 &middot; H2O)</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich, Fluka</td>
 <td>63139</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Calcium chloride (CaCl, anhydrous)</td>
 <td>Merck</td>
 <td>102388</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>D(+) Glucose (anhydrous)</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich, Fluka</td>
 <td>49138</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)</td>
 <td>Merck</td>
 <td>106329</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dextran from Leuconostoc spp.</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>31389</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
 <td>Applichem</td>
 <td>A1391</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Amoxicilline (Clamoxyl)</td>
 <td>GlaxoSmithKline AG</td>
 <td>2021101A</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium heparin</td>
 <td>B. Braun Medical AG</td>
 <td>3511014</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium hydoxide (NaOH) pellets</td>
 <td>Merck</td>
 <td>106498</td>
 <td>CAUTION: corrosive</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ortho-phosphoric acid 85% (H3PO4)</td>
 <td>Merck</td>
 <td>100573</td>
 <td>CAUTION: corrosive</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Maternal gas mixture: 95% synthetic air, 5% CO2</td>
 <td>PanGas AG</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fetal gas mixture: 95% N2, 5% CO2</td>
 <td>PanGas AG</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Antipyrine (N-methyl-14C)</td>
 <td>American Radiolabeled Chemicals, Inc.</td>
 <td>ARC 0108-50 &mu;Ci</td>
 <td>CAUTION: radioactive material (specific activity: 55mCi/mmol)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Scintillation cocktail (IrgaSafe Plus)</td>
 <td>Zinsser Analytic GmbH</td>
 <td>1003100</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Polystyrene particles 80 nm</td>
 <td>Polyscience, Inc.</td>
 <td>17150</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Polystyrene particles 500 nm</td>
 <td>Polyscience, Inc.</td>
 <td>17152</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>EQUIPMENT</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Water bath</td>
 <td>VWR</td>
 <td>462-7001</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Thermostat</td>
 <td>IKA-Werke GmbH &amp; Co. KG</td>
 <td>3164000</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Peristaltic pumps</td>
 <td>Ismatec</td>
 <td>ISM 833</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Bubble traps (glass)</td>
 <td>UNI-GLAS Laborbedarf</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Flow heater</td>
 <td>UNI-GLAS Laborbedarf</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Pressure sensor + Software for analyses</td>
 <td>MSR Electronics GmbH</td>
 <td>145B5</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Notebook</td>
 <td>Hewlett Packard</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Miniature gas exchange oxygenator</td>
 <td>Living Systems Instrumentation</td>
 <td>LSI-OXR</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Tygon Tube (ID: 1.6 mm; OD: 4.8 mm)</td>
 <td>Ismatec</td>
 <td>MF0028</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Tubes for pumps (PharMed BPT; ID: 1.52 mm)</td>
 <td>Ismatec</td>
 <td>SC0744</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Blunt cannulae (&Oslash; 0.8 mm)</td>
 <td>Polymed Medical Center</td>
 <td>03.592.81</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Blunt cannulae (&Oslash; 1.2 mm)</td>
 <td>Polymed Medical Center</td>
 <td>03.592.90</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Blunt cannulae (&Oslash; 1.5 mm)</td>
 <td>Polymed Medical Center</td>
 <td>03.592.94</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Blunt cannulae (&Oslash; 1.8 mm)</td>
 <td>Polymed Medical Center</td>
 <td>03.952.82</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Parafilm</td>
 <td>VWR</td>
 <td>291-1212</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Perfusion chamber with tissue holder (plexiglass)</td>
 <td>Internal technical department</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Similar equipment is available from Hemotek Limited, UK</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Surgical suture material (PremiCron)</td>
 <td>B. Braun Medical AG</td>
 <td>C0026005</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Winged Needle Infusion Set (21G Butterfly)</td>
 <td>Hospira, Inc.</td>
 <td>ASN 2102</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Multidirectional stopcock (Discofix C-3)</td>
 <td>B. Braun Medical AG</td>
 <td>16494C</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Surgical scissors</td>
 <td>B. Braun Medical AG</td>
 <td>BC304R</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dissecting scissors</td>
 <td>B. Braun Medical AG</td>
 <td>BC162R</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Needle holder</td>
 <td>B. Braun Medical AG</td>
 <td>BM200R</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dissecting forceps</td>
 <td>B. Braun Medical AG </td>
 <td>BD215R</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Automated blood gas system </td>
 <td>Radiometer Medical ApS</td>
 <td>ABL800 FLEX</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Multi-mode microplate reader</td>
 <td>BioTek</td>
 <td>Synergy HT</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Liquid scintillation analyzer</td>
 <td>GMI, Inc.</td>
 <td>Packard Tri-Carb 2200</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Scintillation tubes 5.5 ml</td>
 <td>Zinsser Analytic GmbH</td>
 <td>3020001</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Tissue Homogenizer</td>
 <td>OMNI, Inc.</td>
 <td>TH-220</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>pH meter + electrode</td>
 <td>VWR</td>
 <td>662-2779 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
	 </tbody>
 </table>

determination of the transport rate of xenobiotics and nanomaterials across the placenta using the ex vivo human placental perfusion model

Insan plasenta onlarca yıl önce anne ve doğmamış çocuk arasında bir aşılmaz engel olduğu düşünülüyordu. Ancak, talidomid bağlı doğum kusurları ve çok daha sonraki çalışmalar keşfinden sonra tam tersi oldu. Bugün nikotin gibi birçok zararlı ksenobiyotiklerin, eroin, metadon ya da ilaçlar gibi çevresel kirleticiler bu engeli aşmak için tanımlanmıştır. Nanoteknoloji artan kullanımı ile, plasenta ya yanlışlıkla maruz kalma yoluyla ya da kasten potansiyel nanomedical uygulamaları durumunda yeni nanopartiküller temas muhtemeldir. Plasenta en türe özgü memeli organı 1 çünkü Hayvan deneylerinden elde edilen veri insanlara tahmin edilemez. Bu nedenle, Panigel ve arkadaşları tarafından geliştirilen ex vivo çift devir daim insan plasental perfüzyon,. 1.967 2 ve sürekli Schneider ve arkadaşları tarafından modifiye. 1.972 3, mükemmel bir model t olarak hizmet verebilirksenobiyotiklerin veya parçacıkların transferi çalışma o. Burada, tekrarlanabilir sonuçlar elde etmek için insan plasental perfüzyon protokolü ve daha da geliştirilmesi sirkülasyon ex vivo çift odaklanmak. Plasenta sezaryenle doğum komplikasyonsuz vadeli gebelik annelerin bilgilendirilmiş onam sonra elde edilmiştir. Sağlam bir Kotiledon fetal ve maternal gemiler en az beş saat için kanül ve perfüze edildi. Bir örnek olarak, 80 parçacık boyutları ve çapı 500 nm olan floresan etiketli polistiren partikülleri, maternal devresi eklenmiştir. 80 nm parçacıklar plasenta bariyerini geçtiği ve 500 nm partiküller plasental doku ya da anne devrede muhafaza ise fetusa plasenta üzerinden aktarılır bir madde için mükemmel bir örnek sağlamak mümkün. Ex vivo insan plasental perfüzyon modeli hakkında güvenilir bilgi veren birkaç model biridirakıllı ve klinik ilgili verileri sağlayan önemli bir doku engeli de ksenobiyotiklerin taşıma davranışı.

Şekil 4A, fetal bölmesine transfer değildi büyük polistiren partikülleri (500 nm) ile karşılaştırıldığında plasenta boyunca taşınan küçük polistiren tanecikler (80 mil) arasında, perfüzyon profillerini göstermektedir. Her veri noktası, en az 3 bağımsız deney için belirli bir zaman noktasında ortalama parçacık konsantrasyonunu temsil eder. Polistiren için plasental aktarım boyutu bağlı 19 olan nanopartiküller. 500 nm polistiren partikülleri bile perfüzyon 6...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of the Transport Rate of Xenobiotics and Nanomaterials Across the Placenta using the ex vivo Human Placental Perfusion Model at JoVE.com

Determination of the Transport Rate of Xenobiotics and Nanomaterials Across the Placenta using the ex vivo Human Placental Perfusion Model

<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Çift çevrimli insan plasental perfüzyon modeli insan plasenta boyunca ksenobiyotik ve nanopartiküller devri araştırmak için kullanılabilir. Bu video protokol biz ekipman ve plasenta perfüzyon bir başarılı bir şekilde yürütülmesi için gerekli teknikleri anlatıyoruz.

Plasenta karşısında Ksenobiyotik ve Nanomalzemelerin Ulaştırma Hızı belirlenmesi kullanarak<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; İnsan Plasental Perfüzyon Modeli

Decades ago the human placenta was thought to be an impenetrable barrier between mother and unborn child. However, the discovery of thalidomide-induced ...

determination-transport-rate-xenobiotics-nanomaterials-across

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Determination of the Transport Rate of Xenobiotics and Nanomaterials Across the Placenta using the ex vivo Human Placental Perfusion Model

17.2K Görüntüleme.  University Hospital Zurich.  Ex vivo Çift çevrimli insan plasental perfüzyon modeli insan plasenta boyunca ksenobiyotik ve nanopartiküller devri araştırmak için kullanılabilir. Bu video protokol biz ekipman ve plasenta perfüzyon bir başarılı bir şekilde yürütülmesi için gerekli teknikleri anlatıyoruz.

Video: Determination of the Transport Rate of Xenobiotics and Nanomaterials Across the Placenta using the ex vivo Human Placental Perfusion Model

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic valve leaflets are composed of interstitial cells suspended within an extracellular matrix (ECM) and are lined with an endothelial cell monolayer. The valve withstands a harsh, dynamic environment and is constantly exposed to shear, flexion, tension, and compression. Research has shown calcific lesions in diseased valves occur in areas of high mechanical stress as a result of endothelial disruption or interstitial matrix damage1-3. Hence, it is not surprising that epidemiological studies have shown high blood pressure to be a leading risk factor in the onset of aortic valve disease4. 
The only treatment option currently available for valve disease is surgical replacement of the diseased valve with a bioprosthetic or mechanical valve5. Improved understanding of valve biology in response to physical stresses would help elucidate the mechanisms of valve pathogenesis. In turn, this could help in the development of non-invasive therapies such as pharmaceutical intervention or prevention. Several bioreactors have been previously developed to study the mechanobiology of native or engineered heart valves6-9. Pulsatile bioreactors have also been developed to study a range of tissues including cartilage10, bone11 and bladder12. The aim of this work was to develop a cyclic pressure system that could be used to elucidate the biological response of aortic valve leaflets to increased pressure loads. 
The system consisted of an acrylic chamber in which to place samples and produce cyclic pressure, viton diaphragm solenoid valves to control the timing of the pressure cycle, and a computer to control electrical devices. The pressure was monitored using a pressure transducer, and the signal was conditioned using a load cell conditioner. A LabVIEW program regulated the pressure using an analog device to pump compressed air into the system at the appropriate rate. The system mimicked the dynamic transvalvular pressure levels associated with the aortic valve; a saw tooth wave produced a gradual increase in pressure, typical of the transvalvular pressure gradient that is present across the valve during diastole, followed by a sharp pressure drop depicting valve opening in systole. The LabVIEW program allowed users to control the magnitude and frequency of cyclic pressure. The system was able to subject tissue samples to physiological and pathological pressure conditions. This device can be used to increase our understanding of how heart valves respond to changes in the local mechanical environment.

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

A cyclic pressure bioreactor capable of subjecting heart valve tissue to physiological and pathological pressure conditions has been designed. A LabVIEW program allows users to control pressure magnitude, amplitude and frequency. This device can be used to study the mechanobiology of heart valve tissue or isolated cells.

Devirli Basınç Biyoreaktör Tasarım Ex vivo</emAort Kalp Vanalar> Eğitim

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic ...

Biyomühendislik

Ex vivo Mimicry of Normal and Abnormal Human Hematopoiesis

Hematopoietic stem cells require a unique microenvironment in order to sustain blood cell formation1; the bone marrow (BM) is a complex three-dimensional (3D) tissue wherein hematopoiesis is regulated by spatially organized cellular microenvironments termed niches2-4. The organization of the BM niches is critical for the function or dysfunction of normal or malignant BM5. Therefore a better understanding of the in vivo microenvironment using an ex vivo mimicry would help us elucidate the molecular, cellular and microenvironmental determinants of leukemogenesis6.
Currently, hematopoietic cells are cultured in vitro in two-dimensional (2D) tissue culture flasks/well-plates7 requiring either co-culture with allogenic or xenogenic stromal cells or addition of exogenous cytokines8. These conditions are artificial and differ from the in vivo microenvironment in that they lack the 3D cellular niches and expose the cells to abnormally high cytokine concentrations which can result in differentiation and loss of pluripotency9,10.
Herein, we present a novel 3D bone marrow culture system that simulates the in vivo 3D growth environment and supports multilineage hematopoiesis in the absence of exogenous growth factors. The highly porous scaffold used in this system made of polyurethane (PU), facilitates high-density cell growth across a higher specific surface area than the conventional monolayer culture in 2D11. Our work has indicated that this model supported the growth of human cord blood (CB) mononuclear cells (MNC)12 and primary leukemic cells in the absence of exogenous cytokines. This novel 3D mimicry provides a viable platform for the development of a human experimental model to study hematopoiesis and to explore novel treatments for leukemia.

Ex vivo Mimicry of Normal and Abnormal Human Hematopoiesis

A 3D culture system for hematopoiesis is described using human cord blood and leukemic bone marrow cells. The method is based on the use of a porous synthetic polyurethane scaffold coated with extracellular matrix proteins. This scaffold is adaptable to accommodate a wide range of cells.

Normal ve Anormal İnsan Hematopoezin ex vivo Mimicry

Hematopoietic stem cells require a unique microenvironment in order to sustain blood cell formation1; the bone marrow (BM) is a complex three-dimensional ...

Anatomical Reconstructions of the Human Cardiac Venous System using Contrast-computed Tomography of Perfusion-fixed Specimens

A detailed understanding of the complexity and relative variability within the human cardiac venous system is crucial for the development of cardiac devices that require access to these vessels. For example, cardiac venous anatomy is known to be one of the key limitations for the proper delivery of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)1 Therefore, the development of a database of anatomical parameters for human cardiac venous systems can aid in the design of CRT delivery devices to overcome such a limitation. In this research project, the anatomical parameters were obtained from 3D reconstructions of the venous system using contrast-computed tomography (CT) imaging and modeling software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). The following parameters were assessed for each vein: arc length, tortuousity, branching angle, distance to the coronary sinus ostium, and vessel diameter.
	CRT is a potential treatment for patients with electromechanical dyssynchrony. Approximately 10-20% of heart failure patients may benefit from CRT2. Electromechanical dyssynchrony implies that parts of the myocardium activate and contract earlier or later than the normal conduction pathway of the heart. In CRT, dyssynchronous areas of the myocardium are treated with electrical stimulation. CRT pacing typically involves pacing leads that stimulate the right atrium (RA), right ventricle (RV), and left ventricle (LV) to produce more resynchronized rhythms. The LV lead is typically implanted within a cardiac vein, with the aim to overlay it within the site of latest myocardial activation. 
	We believe that the models obtained and the analyses thereof will promote the anatomical education for patients, students, clinicians, and medical device designers. The methodologies employed here can also be utilized to study other anatomical features of our human heart specimens, such as the coronary arteries. To further encourage the educational value of this research, we have shared the venous models on our free access website: <a href="http://www.vhlab.umn.edu/atlas" target="_blank">www.vhlab.umn.edu/atlas</a>.

The objective of this research is to recreate and then access the anatomy of the human cardiac venous system using 3D reconstructions generated from contrast-computed tomography scans.

Kontrast-bilgisayarlı Perfüzyon-sabit Örneklerinin Tomografi kullanarak İnsan Kardiyak Venöz Sistemi anatomik yeniden düzenlemesi

A detailed  understanding of the complexity and relative variability within the human  cardiac venous system is crucial for the development of cardiac ...

The Use of the Ex Vivo Chandler Loop Apparatus to Assess the Biocompatibility of Modified Polymeric Blood Conduits

The foreign body reaction occurs when a synthetic surface is introduced to the body. It is characterized by adsorption of blood proteins and the subsequent attachment and activation of platelets, monocyte/macrophage adhesion, and inflammatory cell signaling events, leading to post-procedural complications. The Chandler Loop Apparatus is an experimental system that allows researchers to study the molecular and cellular interactions that occur when large volumes of blood are perfused over polymeric conduits. To that end, this apparatus has been used as an ex vivo model allowing the assessment of the anti-inflammatory properties of various polymer surface modifications. Our laboratory has shown that blood conduits, covalently modified via photoactivation chemistry with recombinant CD47, can confer biocompatibility to polymeric surfaces. Appending CD47 to polymeric surfaces could be an effective means to promote the efficacy of polymeric blood conduits. Herein is the methodology detailing the photoactivation chemistry used to append recombinant CD47 to clinically relevant polymeric blood conduits and the use of the Chandler Loop as an ex vivo experimental model to examine blood interactions with the CD47 modified and control conduits.

The Use of the Ex Vivo Chandler Loop Apparatus to Assess the Biocompatibility of Modified Polymeric Blood Conduits

Blood exposure to polymeric blood conduits initiates the foreign body reaction that has been implicated in clinical complications. Here, the Chandler Loop Apparatus, an experimental tool mimicking blood perfusion through these conduits, is described. Appendage of recombinant CD47 results in decreased evidence of the foreign body reaction on these conduits.

Kullanımı<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Chandler Döngü Aparatı Modifiye Polimer Kan Kondüit biyouyumuna De¤erlendirilir

The foreign body reaction occurs when a synthetic surface is introduced to the body. It is characterized by adsorption of blood proteins and the ...

Determination of Zeta Potential via Nanoparticle Translocation Velocities through a Tunable Nanopore: Using DNA-modified Particles as an Example

Nanopore technologies, known collectively as Resistive Pulse Sensors (RPS), are being used to detect, quantify and characterize proteins, molecules and nanoparticles. Tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) is a relatively recent adaptation to RPS that incorporates a tunable pore that can be altered in real time. Here, we use TRPS to monitor the translocation times of DNA-modified nanoparticles as they traverse the tunable pore membrane as a function of DNA concentration and structure (i.e., single-stranded to double-stranded DNA).
TRPS is based on two Ag/AgCl electrodes, separated by an elastomeric pore membrane that establishes a stable ionic current upon an applied electric field. Unlike various optical-based particle characterization technologies, TRPS can characterize individual particles amongst a sample population, allowing for multimodal samples to be analyzed with ease. Here, we demonstrate zeta potential measurements via particle translocation velocities of known standards and apply these to sample analyte translocation times, thus resulting in measuring the zeta potential of those analytes.
As well as acquiring mean zeta potential values, the samples are all measured using a particle-by-particle perspective exhibiting more information on a given sample through sample population distributions, for example. Of such, this method demonstrates potential within sensing applications for both medical and environmental fields.

Here we use a polyurethane tunable nanopore integrated into a resistive pulse sensing technique to characterize nanoparticles surface chemistry via the measurement of particle translocation velocities, which can be used to determine the zeta potential of individual nanoparticles.

Bir Ayarlanabilir Nanopore aracılığıyla Nanopartikül Translokasyon Hızları aracılığıyla Zeta Potansiyeli Belirlenmesi: Bir Örnek olarak DNA modifiye Parçacıklar kullanma

Nanopore technologies, known collectively as Resistive Pulse Sensors (RPS), are being used to detect, quantify and characterize proteins, molecules and ...

An Experimental and Finite Element Protocol to Investigate the Transport of Neutral and Charged Solutes across Articular Cartilage

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating disease that is associated with degeneration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Degeneration of articular cartilage impairs its load-bearing function substantially as it experiences tremendous chemical degradation, i.e. proteoglycan loss and collagen fibril disruption. One promising way to investigate chemical damage mechanisms during OA is to expose the cartilage specimens to an external solute and monitor the diffusion of the molecules. The degree of cartilage damage (i.e. concentration and configuration of essential macromolecules) is associated with collisional energy loss of external solutes while moving across articular cartilage creates different diffusion characteristics compared to healthy cartilage. In this study, we introduce a protocol, which consists of several steps and is based on previously developed experimental micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT) and finite element modeling. The transport of charged and uncharged iodinated molecules is first recorded using micro-CT, which is followed by applying biphasic-solute and multiphasic finite element models to obtain diffusion coefficients and fixed charge densities across cartilage zones.

We propose a protocol to investigate the transport of charged and uncharged molecules across articular cartilage with the aid of recently developed experimental and numerical methods.

Deneysel ve Sonlu Eleman Protokolü Eklem Kıkırdak genelinde Nötr ve Yüklü Çözünenlerin Ulaştırma Araştırma

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating disease that is associated with degeneration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Degeneration of articular ...

A New Ex Vivo Model for the Evaluation of Endoscopic Submucosal Injection Material Performance

Increasing the performance of submucosal injection materials (SIMs) is important for endoscopic therapy of early gastrointestinal cancer. It is essential to establish an ex vivo model that can evaluate SIM performance accurately, for developing high-performance SIMs. In our previous study, we developed a new ex vivo model that can be used to evaluate the performance of various SIMs in detail by applying constant tension to the specimen&#39;s ends. We also confirmed that the proposed new ex vivo model allows accurate submucosal elevation height (SEH) measurement under uniform conditions and detailed comparisons of the performances of various types of SIMs. Here, we describe the new ex vivo model and explain the detailed setup methodology of this model. Since all parts of the new model were easy to obtain, the setup of the new model could be completed quickly. SEH of various SIMs could be measured more accurately by using the new model. The critical factor that determines SIM performance can be identified using the new model. SIM development speed will drastically increase after the factor has been identified.

A New Ex Vivo Model for the Evaluation of Endoscopic Submucosal Injection Material Performance

We developed a new ex vivo model that applies constant tension to the porcine gastric specimen. This development made it possible to evaluate the performance (the height and duration of the submucosal elevation) of various SIMs accurately.&#160; The detailed setup methodology of this new model is explained.

Endoskopik Submucosal enjeksiyon malzemesi performans değerlendirilmesi için yeni bir Ex Vivo Model

Increasing the performance of submucosal injection materials (SIMs) is important for endoscopic therapy of early gastrointestinal cancer. It is essential ...

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Safety of Placenta-Targeted Drug Delivery Using Three Complementary Methods

No effective treatments currently exist for placenta-associated pregnancy complications, and developing strategies for the targeted delivery of drugs to the placenta while minimizing fetal and maternal side effects remains challenging. Targeted nanoparticle carriers provide new opportunities to treat placental disorders. We recently demonstrated that a synthetic placental chondroitin sulfate A binding peptide (plCSA-BP) could be used to guide nanoparticles to deliver drugs to the placenta. In this protocol, we describe in detail a system for assessing the efficiency of drug delivery to the placenta by plCSA-BP that employs three separate methods used in combination: in vivo imaging, high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using in vivo imaging, plCSA-BP-guided nanoparticles were visualized in the placentas of live animals, while HFUS and HPLC demonstrated that plCSA-BP-conjugated nanoparticles efficiently and specifically delivered methotrexate to the placenta. Thus, a combination of these methods can be used as an effective tool for the targeted delivery of drugs to the placenta and development of new treatment strategies for several pregnancy complications.

We describe a system that utilizes three methods to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of placenta-targeted drug delivery: in vivo imaging to monitor nanoparticle accumulation, high-frequency ultrasound to monitor placental and fetal development, and HPLC to quantify drug delivery to tissue.

Kapsamlı değerlendirme etkinliği ve güvenliği üç tamamlayıcı yöntemlerle plasenta hedefli ilaç dağıtım

No effective treatments currently exist for placenta-associated pregnancy complications, and developing strategies for the targeted delivery of drugs to ...

Bioparticle Microarrays for Chemotactic and Molecular Analysis of Human Neutrophil Swarming in vitro

Neutrophil swarming is a cooperative process by which neutrophils seal off a site of infection and promote tissue reorganization. Swarming has classically been studied in vivo in animal models showing characteristic patterns of cell migration. However, in vivo models have several limitations, including intercellular mediators that are difficult to access and analyze, as well as the inability to directly analyze human neutrophils. Because of these limitations, there is a need for an in vitro platform that studies swarming with human neutrophils and provides easy access to the molecular signals generated during swarming. Here, a multistep microstamping process is used to generate a bioparticle microarray that stimulates swarming by mimicking an in vivo infection. The bioparticle microarray induces neutrophils to swarm in a controlled and stable manner. On the microarray, neutrophils increase in speed and form stable swarms around bioparticle clusters. Additionally, supernatant generated by the neutrophils was analyzed and 16 proteins were discovered to have been differentially expressed over the course of swarming. This in vitro swarming platform facilitates direct analysis of neutrophil migration and protein release in a reproducible, spatially controlled manner.

This protocol generates bioparticle microarrays that provide spatially controlled neutrophil swarming. It provides easy access to the mediators that neutrophils release during migration and allows for quantitative imaging analysis.

İnsan Nötrofil Swarming in vitro Kemotaktik ve Moleküler Analizi için Biyopartikül Mikrodizileri

Neutrophil swarming is a cooperative process by which neutrophils seal off a site of infection and promote tissue reorganization. Swarming has classically ...

Biofunctionalization of Magnetic Nanomaterials

Magnetic nanomaterials have received great attention in different biomedical applications. Biofunctionalizing these nanomaterials with specific targeting agents is a crucial aspect to enhance their efficacy in diagnostics and treatments while minimizing the side effects. The benefit of magnetic nanomaterials compared to non-magnetic ones is their ability to respond to magnetic fields in a contact-free manner and over large distances. This allows to guide or accumulate them, while they can also be monitored. Recently, magnetic nanowires (NWs) with unique features were developed for biomedical applications. The large magnetic moment of these NWs enables a more efficient remote control of their movement by a magnetic field. This has been utilized with great success in cancer treatment, drug delivery, cell tracing, stem cell differentiation or magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, the NW fabrication by template-assisted electrochemical deposition provides a versatile method with tight control over the NW properties. Especially iron NWs and iron-iron oxide (core-shell) NWs are suitable for biomedical applications, due to their high magnetization and low toxicity.
In this work, we provide a method to biofunctionalize iron/iron oxide NWs with specific antibodies directed against a specific cell surface marker that is overexpressed in a large number of cancer cells. Since the method utilizes the properties of the iron oxide surface, it is also applicable to superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. The NWs are first coated with 3-aminopropyl-tri-ethoxy-silane (APTES) acting as a linker, which the antibodies are covalently attached to. The APTES coating and the antibody biofunctionalization are proven by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and zeta potential measurements. In addition, the antigenicity of the antibodies on the NWs is tested by using immunoprecipitation and western blot. The specific targeting of the biofunctionalized NWs and their biocompatibility are studied by confocal microscopy and a cell viability assay.

In this work, we provide a protocol to biofunctionalize magnetic nanomaterials with antibodies for specific cell targeting. As examples, we utilize iron nanowires to target cancer cells.

Manyetik Nanomalzemelerin Biyofonksiyonelleştirilmesi

Magnetic nanomaterials have received great attention in different biomedical applications. Biofunctionalizing these nanomaterials with specific targeting ...