Bu çalışma Alman Araştırma Vakfı (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) tarafından finanse edildi.

1. Enjeksiyon için DNA ve Cam mikropipetler hazırlanması <ol><li> İyi kaliteli cam mikropipetler amniyotik sıvı kaybı nedeniyle ilk yüksek kürtaj oranını azaltmak için gereklidir. Cam mikropipetler çekmek için prosedür de 13,18,25 belgelenmiştir. Isı = 300,, 1.2 mm çapında kılcal kullanın ayarları p = 500 ile geleneksel bir Sutter P-97 cihazı çekti = 40 çekin; Hız = 50; Zaman = 50. 3 mm &quot;çukur&quot; filamentler (Sutter Instrument FT330B) ile çektirme takın. 2 mm boyutu filamentler bize daha az tatmin edici sonuçlar için vermiştir. Öte yandan, mikropipet ipuçları beveling bizim için sonuçlarını geliştirmek için görünmüyor. </li><li> 1-2 mg / ml bir son konsantrasyona kadar hızlı şekilde yeşil% 0.1 içeren PBS içinde saflaştınldı, endotoksin içermeyen DNA (Hücre Kültürü Sınıf) içinde çözülür. Hızlı Yeşil embriyonik beyin ventrikül görünür enjekte çözüm yapacaktır. </li><li> Cam mikropipet içine DNA çözüm 10 ul yükleyin. </li&gt; <li> Enjeksiyon sistemi (Pico Pompa) veya ağız pipet cam mikropipet bağlayın. </li></ol> 2. Anestezi Bir ısıtma yastığı ve cerrahi aletler ile cerrahi tablo hazırlayın. Embriyoların görselleştirme kolaylaştırmak için soğuk ışık kaynakları açın. Örneğin bir cam boncuk sterilizatör için kullanarak cerrahi aletler dezenfekte edin. Üç farklı anestezi prosedürleri (Tartışma) bu protokol için mümkündür. Burada biz (debisi 0,5 L / dk) anestezi indüksiyonunda izofluran inhalasyon kullanarak, iyi düşünün bir de bakım (akış hızı 1 L / dk) anlatacağız. <ol><li> Boru kısa bir uzunluğu Komesaroff Mark 5 Anestezi Cihazı bağlı bir (yani fare görünür kalır) şeffaf küçük bir kapta hamile fare tanıtmak. </li><li> Izofluran ile buharlaştırıcı doldurun, daha sonra cihaza bağlı oksijen şişe açın. Isofl bir ya da iki darbe Darbeurane / narkoz set in için fare ve saat tutan kaba oksijen (0.5 L / dk) </li><li> Onları kurumasını önlemek ve hemen kendi kafasına akış anestezi maskesi uygun merhem ile göz kapağı, fareyi çıkarın. </li></ol> 3. Laparotomi <ol><li> Isıtma yastığı (aksi takdirde vücut ısısı kurtarma şansı azalan, çok hızlı aşağı gidecek) kadar göbek fare yerleştirin ve bant ile yanlarına dört ayakları sabitleme tarafından yerine gövdesi sabitleyin. Refleks stimülasyon (firma basınç ile örneğin parmak veya kuyruk tutam) yanıt kaybı denetleyerek anestezi derinliği değerlendirin. </li><li> Karın yüzeyi Tıraş ve iodophorpovidone-iyot (Braunoderm) ile dezenfekte edin. </li><li> Karın derisi üzerinde bir uzunlamasına kesik (1-1,5 cm uzunluğunda) olun. Daha sonra periton kesti. Kesi etrafında pamuk gazlı bez yerleştirin. Bir uterin boynuz görünür yapın ve PBS-durulanır gauz üzerine künt forseps ile dikkatli bir şekilde çekine. Çok sık, her zaman (Şekil 2A ve 2B) nemlendirilmiş tutmak için PBS ile rahim durulayın. Tüm işlem sırasında rahim içinde yüksek basınç kürtaj ile sonuçlanan enjeksiyon üzerine sıvı kaybı şansı artan embriyo ilettiğiniz çünkü, sıkı mesometrium veya rahim çekerek kaçının. </li></ol> 4. Beyin Ventrikül içine DNA Enjeksiyon <ol><li> Beyin ventriküller görülebilmesi şekilde rahim tutun. Yaygın olumsuz bir pozisyonda yatıyor bir embriyo yeniden konumlandırmak etmeyin - bu sadece kürtaj şansını artırır. </li><li> Üstten embriyonun kafası bakıldığında, sol ve sağ kortikal hemisfer arasındaki görsel boşluğu veya fissür lokalize. Hemisfer ayırt etmek kolaydır ve içlerinde lateral ventriküller (hedef olmamak), genellikle biraz daha koyu şekiller olarak algılanabilir. Bir embriyo (Figür DNA enjeksiyonu için mükemmel odaklı olduğu bulunursaes 2C ve 2D), bu delmek için rahim duvarı mevcuttur ve aynı anda üçüncü ventrikül girin. Yaklaşık 1 mm delici, rahim duvarı ve kortikal hemisfer arasındaki farkın rostral sonunda delinme buna 45 ° cam mikropipet tutun. Bu şekilde, cam mikropipet ucu beyin (değil yanal ventrikül) (Şekil 2C ve 2D) üçüncü ventrikül girecektir. Bu embriyonik baş çevresinde ilk delmek rahim duvarına (her zaman 45 °) için yararlıdır az olumlu odaklı embriyolarda, kortikal hemisfer arasında doğru pozisyonda mikropipet ucu yerleştirin ve ancak o zaman beyin perfore. Üçüncü ventrikül (iyi bir enjeksiyon yeşil sıvı ile ventrikül doldurur) içine DNA çözüm 1 ul hakkında enjekte edilir. Bir rahim boynuzu tüm embriyolar ile aynı işlemi tekrarlayın. Bu DNA çözümü için bir süre ventriküler sıvı ile eşit karıştırın ve entir ulaşmasını sağlare neuroepithelium. </li></ol> 5. Elektroporasyon için Hipotalamus Hedefleme <ol><li> Üzerinde Elektroporatör açın ve embriyonik yaş (E12.5 için biz 5 kare-dalga darbeleri kullanın, 50 V, 50 msn ON/950 msn OFF) göre ayarlayın. Pozitif kutbu paslanmaz çelik iğne elektrot (CUY550-10) olarak ve negatif kutup yuvarlak düz elektrot (CUY700P4L) olarak kullanın. (Bu, aksi takdirde mevcut değil, sadece bu kadar embriyo çevresinde akar yana elektrotlar, embriyo daha küçük olması önemlidir.) </li><li> Elektroporasyon için olan sırt tarafında (yani deneyci dönük) kadar (bunlardan çoğu gibi) bu embriyoların seçin, ve olan yönelim elverişli değildir bu atın. Bu etanol-dezenfekte parmakları ile veya eldiven ile rahim dokunmak artık güvenlidir. Forseps ile rahim Holding Ancak, elektroporasyon sırasında elektrik akımını bozabilir. </li><li> Pierce amn arasındaki embriyonun başkanı tarafından rahim duvarıiğne elektrot ucu ile aşağı doğru sokmak tarafından iotic kese ve plasenta. Itme blok gibi diğer elin işaret parmağınızı kullanın. Elektrot ucu yaklaşık 5 mm orta beyin (Şekil 2E ve 2F) yaklaşık düzeyinde, amniyon kesesi ve uterus duvar arasında şimdi olmalıdır. Bu &quot;hedef elektrot&quot;, bu nedenle konumunu hipotalamik neuroepithelium parçası transfekte almak için büyük olasılıkla belirlemek unutmayın. Embriyo çok yavaşça elektrotlar arasında &quot;sıkıştırılmış&quot; olmak zorundadır. </li><li> Öte yandan, pozisyon ile embriyo kafası (Şekil 2E ve 2G) ters tarafında rahim dış duvarın yuvarlak yassı elektrod. </li><li> (, 950 msn kapalı, 5 kare dalga darbeleri ON 50 V, 50 msn) gerilim uygulamak için pedal anahtarı kullanın. </li><li> Diğer elin işaret parmağı ile rahim geri tutarak yavaşça rahim iğne elektrot çekin - eğer Amniotik sıvı Patlak duvarından kaybolur, genellikle embriyo kürtaj geçirecek. Tüm embriyolar ile aynı işlemi tekrarlayın. </li><li> Karın içine rahim boynuz dönün ve kalan boynuz içinde enjeksiyon ve elektroporasyon tekrarlayın. </li></ol> 6. Cerrahi Bitirme <ol><li> Tüm embriyoların enjeksiyon ve elektroporasyon sonra, kapatmadan önce serum fizyolojik ile periton boşluğuna önce ve nemli tam olarak konumlandırılmış, çok dikkatli bir şekilde karın geri rahim yerleştirin. </li><li> Cerrahi katgüt (Vicryl poliglaktin 910, 5-0, Ethicon V4914) ile periton dikin. Cilt kullanım kapatılması için methodwith daha dayanıklı sütür (Supramid Naylon, 6-0, Serag Wiessner 07171L TO) &quot;dikiş kesildi&quot;. </li><li> Povidon-iyot (Braunoderm) ile karın yüzeyi dezenfekte edin ve bir non-steroid subkutan anti-inflamatuar (örneğin% 0.9 NaCl içinde Rimadyl içinde 1:10 çözüm 100 ul) veya, daha iyi, met gibi bir opioid enjekteprenorphine (Temgesic,% 0.9 NaCl 0.05 ile 0,1 mg / kg vücut ağırlığı) ağrı gidermek için. </li><li> Anestezi makineden anne çıkarın ve bir ısıtma yastığı ile ısıtılan bir kafes yerleştirin. Tamamen anestezi kurtarıldı kadar sürekli fare izleyin. Daha sonra, onlar enfeksiyon veya ağrı belirtisi olmadan prosedürü gelen kurtarma sağlamak için her gün hayvanları kontrol edin. </li></ol> 7. Sonuçları analiz <ol><li> Analiz istenilen güne göre embriyolar (veya postnatals) hasat. Doğum Sonrası fareler (1 ile 2 günlük) dekapitasyon tarafından öldürüldü. </li><li> Bir önceki elektroporasyon açıklama göre her embriyo ayırın. Bir stereo mikroskop altında beyin incelemek ve uygun bölgede yeşil floresan sinyal (GFP muhabiri itibaren) için mikroskop altında kontrol edin. </li><li> Seçilen beyin &quot;taze&quot; analiz edilebilir:% 4 paraformaldehid kısa bir süre için doku düzeltmek ve agaroz% 4 veya jelatin-bir gömmeklbumin, o zaman bir vibratome tipi cihaz bölümü (Şekil 3). Daha detaylı immünohistokimyasal analizi için (Şekil 4), OKT montaj orta (Doku Tek) gömmek% 30 sakaroz çözüm, beyinde kriyo-koruma sonra kriyostat 20 mikron bölümleri kesti. </li></ol>

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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mammillary+bodies:+two+memory+systems+in+one.">The mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 35-44 (2004).</li><li>Gratsch, T. E., De Boer, L. S., O'Shea, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+inhibition+of+BMP-4+gene+expression+in+postimplantation+mouse+embryos.">RNA inhibition of BMP-4 gene expression in postimplantation mouse embryos.</a> Genesis. 37, 12-17 (2003).</li><li>Wu, N., Yu, A. B., Zhu, H. B., Lin, X. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effective+silencing+of+Sry+gene+with+RNA+interference+in+developing+mouse+embryos+resulted+in+feminization+of+XY+gonad.">Effective silencing of Sry gene with RNA interference in developing mouse embryos resulted in feminization of XY gonad.</a> J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2012, 343891 (2012).</li><li>Kikuchi, N., Nakamura, S., Ohtsuka, M., Kimura, M., Sato, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Possible+mechanism+of+gene+transfer+into+early+to+mid-gestational+mouse+fetuses+by+tail+vein+injection.">Possible mechanism of gene transfer into early to mid-gestational mouse fetuses by tail vein injection.</a> Gene Ther. 9, 1529-1541 (2002).</li><li>Foust, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravascular+AAV9+preferentially+targets+neonatal+neurons+and+adult+astrocytes.">Intravascular AAV9 preferentially targets neonatal neurons and adult astrocytes.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 27, 59-65 (2009).</li><li>Xin, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+brain+targeting+mechanism+of+Angiopep-conjugated+poly(ethylene+glycol)-co-poly(epsilon-caprolactone)+nanoparticles.">The brain targeting mechanism of Angiopep-conjugated poly(ethylene glycol)-co-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanoparticles.</a> Biomaterials. 33, 1673-1681 (2012).</li><li>Niwa, H., Yamamura, K., Miyazaki, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+selection+for+high-expression+transfectants+with+a+novel+eukaryotic+vector.">Efficient selection for high-expression transfectants with a novel eukaryotic vector.</a> Gene. 108, 193-199 (1991).</li><li>Kaufman, R. J., Davies, M. V., Wasley, L. C., Michnick, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+vectors+for+stable+expression+of+foreign+genes+in+mammalian+cells+by+use+of+the+untranslated+leader+sequence+from+EMC+virus.">Improved vectors for stable expression of foreign genes in mammalian cells by use of the untranslated leader sequence from EMC virus.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 4485-4490 (1991).</li><li>Tsien, R. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+green+fluorescent+protein.">The green fluorescent protein.</a> Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67, 509-544 (1998).</li><li>Londrigan, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+promoters+for+driving+efficient+transgene+expression+in+neonatal+porcine+islets.">Evaluation of promoters for driving efficient transgene expression in neonatal porcine islets.</a> Xenotransplantation. 14, 119-125 (2007).</li></ol>

Yazarlar hiçbir rakip mali çıkarlarının olmadığını beyan ederim.

Anestezi hakkında: Hipotalamus içine utero elektroporasyon teknik olarak zorlu olması ve daha uzun narkoz kez gerektirebilir yana, oksijen ve izofluran karışımı verilmesi ile anestezi neden ve korumak için tercih. Bizim tecrübelerimize göre, hayvanlar en az, annenin iyileşme çok hızlı, ve embriyo hayatta kalma geliştirilmiş bir saat kadar süre bu şekilde uygun anestezi kalabilir. Anestezi için diğer yaklaşımlar da mevcuttur. En basit bir prosedür intraperitoneal enjeksiyon ile na...

Embriyonik fare beyin genetik manipülasyon gelişimsel düzenleme hakkında bilgi almak için tercih edilen bir yaklaşımdır. Mutant fare hatları üretimi ne kadar yavaş ve pahalıdır. Memeli beyin nöronların geliştirilmesinde belirli genetik değişiklikler tanıtmak için bir güçlü bir yöntem utero elektroporasyon olduğunu. Esasen, teknik daha sonra embriyo, belirli bir zaman süresi boyunca hayatta beyin toplamak ve olası yeni, bilgilendirici, fenotip için bunları incelemeye izin veren elektrik darbeleri vasıtasıyla embriyonik beyin epitele DNA transfekte oluşur. Bu şekilde, fare deneyi mutantlarının üretimi için gerekli olan uzun bekleme süreleri olmaksızın hemen hipotezleri test edebilir. Gelişmekte olan embriyo içine DNA Transfeksiyon civciv embriyoları 1 ovo elektroporasyon ile başladı. Fare için proof-of-concept temel kültüründe yapıldı <s2&gt; kadar. Bu yakında utero 3,4 fare üzerindeki tekniğin ilk açıklamaları izledi. Asıl sorun onları ya da anne öldürmeden rahimde gelişmekte olan embriyo beyin transfect etmektir. (Laparotomi, enjeksiyon, elektroporasyon) gerekli ameliyat öğrenmek uzun bir eğitim süresi gerektirir. Ameliyat embriyo hayatta kalma oranı kabul edilebilir noktaya hakim sonra, bir sonraki önemli bir soru: beyin yapıları erişilebilir olan? Beklendiği gibi, utero elektroporasyon ile elde edilen sonuçlar gösteren ilk yayınlanan bildiri kortikal gelişim 5-9 odaklanmıştır. Cerrahi işlemler için en kolay gelişmekte olan fare beyin bölgesi korteks (Şekil 1), bu durum, bu yöntem kullanılarak yayın çoğu için de geçerlidir. Korteks içine utero elektroporasyon prosedürü tarif edilmiştirbaskı 10 ve video 11-14. Tekniğin bir değişiklik telencephalon bir karın kısmı, bazal ganglion 15 hedeflemek için kullanılabilir. Telencephalon ötesinde, diensefalon (klasik talamus ve hipotalamus ayrılmıştır) ulaşmak için daha zor ön beyin bir bölgedir. Onun dorsal ve en kolay kısmı, talamus 16-19 hedef kağıtları raporların az sayıda. Hipotalamus, ön beyin en karın kısmı bu nedenle bir dorsal yüzeyi (korteks), (Şekil 1) &#39;den en derin lokalize. Bu bölge genetik rahimde fare beyin işlemek için taahhüt araştırmacılar için zor bir sorun olmaya devam etmektedir. Bildiğimiz kadarıyla, sadece çok az sayıda makale fare hipotalamus 20,21 içine utero transfeksiyon içinde sonuçları rapor. Ancak, hipotalamus bulaşmıyor işlevsel önemibu, çiftleşme, üreme ve ebeveynlik 22 yeme ve içme gibi davranışları düzenleyen beri t, abartılmış. Ayrıca, hipotalamik gelişiminde değişiklikler daha sonra obezite, hipertansiyon, diyabet ve erken ergenlik 23 gibi yaşam koşulları kaynaklı katkıda bulunur. Gelişimi sırasında genetik hipotalamus değiştirmek için güçlü olmak bunu anlamak için çok güçlü bir araç sağlayacaktır. Burada kullandığımız gebe farelerin laparotomi için temel cerrahi protokolü diğer protokoller 11,13,14,24 kullanılan benzemektedir. Biz bütünlüğü için kısaca bunları anlatacağız. Bizim prosedüre anahtar, diğer taraftan, anestezi tipi, enjeksiyon yeri, elektrotların türü ve ekleme ve embriyonun kafası ile ilgili olarak pozitif elektrot pozisyonu vardır. Eski sağlar beri, basit intraperitoneal anestezi üzerinden gaz solunması anestezi teşvik ve korumak için tercihnarkozu biraz daha uzun süre zor bir ameliyat için gerekli. Anestezi daha hızlı kurtarma izofluran inhalasyon sonuçları, genellikle anne zaten ameliyattan sonra dakika normal bir davranışı gösterir beri. Cam mikropipet ile DNA çözüm enjeksiyon en kolay nokta ancak hipotalamus elektroporasyon için tamamen uygun değildir lateral ventrikül vardır. Doğrudan üçüncü ventrikül enjeksiyon gerçekten derin diensefalik yapıları hedef için çok önemlidir. Bu standart, off-the-raf elektrotlar ile E12.0 veya E12.5 gelen hipotalamus transfect mümkündür. Biz özellikle bu amaç için uygun Nepa, Gene (Chiba, Japonya) tarafından üretilen bazı elektrodların bulduk. Bizim işlem ile, tüm hipotalamik neuroepithelium veya elektrot yönüne bağlı olarak kısmi, bölgesel aktarılmasının transfeksiyon edinin. Burada muhtemelen, göğüs vücut transfecting tarafından tekniği göstermekderin ve bütün hipotalamik çekirdek en gömme. Buna ek olarak, çözünürlük, hücresel seviyede için transfekte edilmiş hücrelerin ayrıntılı histolojik analizi aşağı göstermektedir. Utero fare gelişen beyin transfecting diğer yaklaşımlarla utero elektroporasyon karşılaştırılması Tartışma bölümünde bulunabilir.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>REAGENTS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acepromazine</td>
			<td>Sanofi GmbH</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>HDG9623</td>
			<td>anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamin</td>
			<td>Pharma GmbH</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast Green</td>
			<td>Fluka</td>
			<td>44715</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rimadyl</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>non-steroidal anti-inflammatory</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Braunoderm</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>3887138</td>
			<td>povidone-iodine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffer Saline PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temgesic (buprenorphine)</td>
			<td>Essex Pharma</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>opioid analgesic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eye Ointment</td>
			<td>Pan-Ophtal</td>
			<td>7136926</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Bayer</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>EQUIPMENT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anaesthetic Device Komesaroff Mark-5</td>
			<td>Medical Developments Australia</td>
			<td>ACN 004 903 682</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Capillary puller P-97</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument Co.</td>
			<td>P-97</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compresstome</td>
			<td>Precisionary Instr.</td>
			<td>VF-300</td>
			<td>Vibratome-type device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>LSM700</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>CM3050S</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electroporator</td>
			<td>Nepa Gene Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td>CUY21EDIT</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrode 1</td>
			<td>Nepa Gene Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td>CUY550-10</td>
			<td>Stainless Steel Needle Electrode, 10 mm-Tip, 0. 5 mm diam.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrode 2</td>
			<td>Nepa Gene Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td>CUY700P4L</td>
			<td>Cover Round Platinum Plate 4 mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiberoptic cold light source</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>KL2500 LCD</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass capillaries</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>GC120T-15</td>
			<td>1. 2 mm O.D. x 0. 94 mm I.D.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bead sterilizer</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>FST250</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating pad</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>py872-5272</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Injection device</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>Pneumatic Pico Pump PV820</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suture Thread Coated Vicryl</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>V4914</td>
			<td>Peritoneal Suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suture Thr. Supramid</td>
			<td>Serag Wiessner</td>
			<td>TO07171L</td>
			<td>Skin Suture</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

genetic manipulation of the mouse developing hypothalamus through in utero electroporation

Gelişmekte olan memeli beynin belirli bölgelerde genetik modifikasyonu çok güçlü bir deneysel bir yaklaşımdır. Ancak, yeni fare mutantlar üreten genellikle sinir bozucu yavaş. Makul post-operatif sağkalım rahimde gelişmekte olan fare beyin erişimi mümkün olduğu gösterilmiştir. Yine de, bu prosedüre sonuçlar gelişmekte olan beynin en yüzeysel ve kolay erişilebilir kısmı için neredeyse sadece bildirilmiştir, korteks yani. Talamus, daha dar ve daha orta bölgesinden bir hedef, daha zor olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Özellikle derin çekirdek, hipotalamus bu içine Transfeksiyon, en zorlu ve bu nedenle çok az sonuç bildirilmiştir belki de. Burada tüm hipotalamik epitele veya elektroporasyon ile transfeksiyon için bunun bir parçası (hipotalamik bölgeler) hedef için bir prosedürü göstermektedir. Bizim yaklaşım anahtarları t uzun narkoz kez, enjeksiyon olarakHird ventrikül ve uygun tür ve elektrot konumlandırma. Ayrıca, hedef ve en girintili hipotalamik çekirdek, göğüs vücudun sonraki histolojik analiz sonuçları göstermektedir.

En hipotalamus nöronlar biraz daha kısa fare geliştirme 27,28 tercüme sıçan 26 doğum kalma analizine göre, E11.5 arasında E15.2 için doğarlar. Hipotalamik nöron zirve E12.5 29-31 ulaşılır. Buna göre, bu çalışmada (E12.5) için seçilen transfeksiyon yaşta, hipotalamus nöronları büyük bir kısmı, herhangi bir rostro-kaudal seviyesinde etiketlenebilir. Kalın vibratome tip bölümlerde E18.5 de analizi (Şekil 3A ve <st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation at JoVE.com

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Hipotalamusun fonksiyonel ve tıbbi önemine rağmen,<em&gt; Utero</emGelişimi&gt; genetik manipülasyon nadiren çalışılmıştır. Biz için ayrıntılı bir prosedür göstermek<em&gt; Utero</emFare hipotalamus ve total ve parsiyel (bölgesel) hipotalamik aktarılmasının gösterisi temsilcisi sonuçlara&gt; elektroporasyon.

Fare Genetik Manipülasyon yoluyla Hipotalamus geliştirilmesi<em&gt; Utero olarak</em&gt; Elektroporasyon

Genetic  modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very  powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse ...

genetic-manipulation-mouse-developing-hypothalamus-through-utero

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

15.8K Görüntüleme.  University of Heidelberg. Hipotalamusun fonksiyonel ve tıbbi önemine rağmen, Utero genetik manipülasyon nadiren çalışılmıştır. Biz için ayrıntılı bir prosedür göstermek Utero elektroporasyon.

Video: Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural connectivity form during development. In mice, retinofugal projections are arranged in a topographic manner and form eye-specific layers in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus and the Superior Colliculus (SC). The development of these precise patterns of retinofugal projections has typically been studied by labeling populations of RGCs with fluorescent dyes and tracers, such as horseradish peroxidase1-4. However, these methods are too coarse to provide insight into developmental changes in individual RGC axonal arbor morphology that are the basis of retinotopic map formation. They also do not allow for the genetic manipulation of RGCs.
Recently, electroporation has become an effective method for providing precise spatial and temporal control for delivery of charged molecules into the retina5-11. Current retinal electroporation protocols do not allow for genetic manipulation and tracing of retinofugal projections of a single or small cluster of RGCs in postnatal mice. It has been argued that postnatal in vivo electroporation is not a viable method for transfecting RGCs since the labeling efficiency is extremely low and hence requires targeting at embryonic ages when RGC progenitors are undergoing differentiation and proliferation6. 
In this video we describe an in vivo electroporation protocol for targeted delivery of genes, shRNA, and fluorescent dextrans to murine RGCs postnatally. This technique provides a cost effective, fast and relatively easy platform for efficient screening of candidate genes involved in several aspects of neural development including axon retraction, branching, lamination, regeneration and synapse formation at various stages of circuit development. In summary we describe here a valuable tool which will provide further insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying sensory map development.

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

We demonstrate an in vivo electroporation protocol for transfecting single or small clusters of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and other retinal cell types in postnatal mice over a wide range of ages. The ability to label and genetically manipulate postnatal RGCs in vivo is a powerful tool for developmental studies.

Fare Retina Ganglion Hücreleri Transfeksiyon tarafından In vivo Elektroporasyon

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural ...

Nörobilim

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge. Gene targeting to generate constitutive or conditional loss of function knockouts remains cost and labor intensive, as well as time consuming. Adding to these challenges, retina expressed genes may have essential roles outside the retina leading to unintended confounds when using a knockout approach. Furthermore, the ability to ectopically express a gene in a gain of function experiment can be extremely valuable when attempting to identify a role in cell fate specification and/or terminal differentiation.
We present a method for the rapid and efficient incorporation of DNA plasmids into the neonatal mouse retina by electroporation. The application of short electrical impulses above a certain field strength results in a transient increase in plasma membrane permeability, facilitating the transfer of material across the membrane 1,2,3,4. Groundbreaking work demonstrated that electroporation could be utilized as a method of gene transfer into mammalian cells by inducing the formation of hydrophilic plasma membrane pores allowing the passage of highly charged DNA through the lipid bilayer 5. Continuous technical development has resulted in the viability of electroporation as a method for in vivo gene transfer in multiple mouse tissues including the retina, the method for which is described herein 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 
DNA solution is injected into the subretinal space so that DNA is placed between the retinal pigmented epithelium and retina of the neonatal (P0) mouse and electrical pulses are applied using a tweezer electrode. The lateral placement of the eyes in the mouse allows for the easy orientation of the tweezer electrode to the necessary negative pole-DNA-retina-positive pole alignment. Extensive incorporation and expression of transferred genes can be identified by postnatal day 2 (P2). Due to the lack of significant lateral migration of cells in the retina, electroporated and non-electroporated regions are generated. Non-electroporated regions may serve as internal histological controls where appropriate. 
Retinal electroporation can be used to express a gene under a ubiquitous promoter, such as CAG, or to disrupt gene function using shRNA constructs or Cre-recombinase. More targeted expression can be achieved by designing constructs with cell specific gene promoters. Visualization of electroporated cells is achieved using bicistronic constructs expressing GFP or by co-electroporating a GFP expression construct. Furthermore, multiple constructs may be electroporated for the study of combinatorial gene effects or simultaneous gain and loss of function of different genes. Retinal electroporation may also be utilized for the analysis of genomic cis-regulatory elements by generating appropriate expression constructs and deletion mutants. Such experiments can be used to identify cis-regulatory regions sufficient or required for cell specific gene expression 11. Potential experiments are limited only by construct availability.

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

A method for the incorporation of plasmid DNA into murine retinal cells for the purpose of performing either gain- or loss of function studies in vivo is presented. This method capitalizes on the transient increase in permeability of cell plasma membranes induced by the application of an external electrical field.

Gelişmekte olan Fare Retina in vivo Elektroporasyon olarak

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge.  Gene targeting to generate ...

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental pathways. Several powerful and well established transgenic technologies are available to manipulate gene expression levels in mouse, allowing for the generation of both loss- and gain-of-function models. However, the generation of mouse transgenics is both costly and time consuming. Alternative methods of gene manipulation have therefore been widely sought. In utero electroporation is a method of gene delivery into live mouse embryos1,2 that we have successfully adapted3,4. It is largely based on the success of in ovo electroporation technologies that are commonly used in chick5. Briefly, DNA is injected into the open ventricles of the developing brain and the application of an electrical current causes the formation of transient pores in cell membranes, allowing for the uptake of DNA into the cell. In our hands, embryos can be efficiently electroporated as early as embryonic day (E) 11.5, while the targeting of younger embryos would require an ultrasound-guided microinjection protocol, as previously described6. Conversely, E15.5 is the latest stage we can easily electroporate, due to the onset of parietal and frontal bone differentiation, which hampers microinjection into the brain. In contrast, the retina is accessible through the end of embryogenesis. Embryos can be collected at any time point throughout the embryonic or early postnatal period. Injection of a reporter construct facilitates the identification of transfected cells.
To date, in utero electroporation has been most widely used for the analysis of neocortical development1,2,3,4. More recent studies have targeted the embryonic retina7,8,9 and thalamus10,11,12. Here, we present a modified in utero electroporation protocol that can be easily adapted to target different domains of the embryonic CNS. We provide evidence that by using this technique, we can target the embryonic telencephalon, diencephalon and retina. Representative results are presented, first showing the use of this technique to introduce DNA expression constructs into the lateral ventricles, allowing us to monitor progenitor maturation, differentiation and migration in the embryonic telencephalon. We also show that this technique can be used to target DNA to the diencephalic territories surrounding the 3rd ventricle, allowing the migratory routes of differentiating neurons into diencephalic nuclei to be monitored. Finally, we show that the use of micromanipulators allows us to accurately introduce DNA constructs into small target areas, including the subretinal space, allowing us to analyse the effects of manipulating gene expression on retinal development.

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation allows for rapid gene delivery in a spatially- and temporally-controlled manner in the developing central nervous system (CNS). Here we describe a highly adaptable in utero electroporation protocol that can be used to deliver expression constructs into multiple embryonic CNS domains, including the telencephalon, diencephalon and retina.

Verimli kullanarak birden çok CNS Topraklar&#39;da Gen Teslimat In Utero Elektroporasyon

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental ...

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance molecules, local gene transfer or knock- out is required. Gene targeting knock-in or knock-out into local regions is possible to perform with combination with a specific CRE line, which is laborious, costly, and time consuming. Therefore, a simple transfection method, an in utero electroporation technique, which can be performed with short time, will be handy to test the possible function of candidate genes prior to the generation of transgenic animals 1,2. In addition to this, in utero electroporation targets areas of the brain where no specific CRE line exists, and will limit embryonic lethality 3,4. Here, we present a method of in utero electroporation combining two different types of electrodes for simple and convenient gene transfer into target areas of the developing brain. First, a unique holding method of embryos using an optic fiber optic light cable will make small embryos (from E9.5) visible for targeted DNA solution injection into ventricles and needle type electrodes insertion to the targeted brain area 5,6. The patterning of the brain such as cortical area occur at early embryonic stage, therefore, these early electroporation from E9.5 make a big contribution to understand entire area patterning event. Second, the precise shape of a capillary prevents uterine damage by making holes by insertion of the capillary. Furthermore, the precise shape of the needle electrodes are created with tungsten and platinum wire and sharpened using sand paper and insulated with nail polish 7, a method which is described in great detail in this protocol. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA into restricted areas of the brain and will enable small embryos to be electroporated. This will help to, open a new window for many scientists who are working on cell differentiation, cell migration, axon guidance in very early embryonic stage. Moreover, this technique will allow scientists to transfect plasmid DNA into deep parts of the developing brain such as thalamus and hypothalamus, where not many region-specific CRE lines exist for gain of function (GOF) or loss of function (LOF) analyses.

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

A gene transfer method into the developing mouse brain is described by using a unique surgical method and special shape of electrodes. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA temporally and spatially, which will aid many neuroscientists in studying brain development.

Fare Utero Elektroporasyon: Kontrollü Spatiotemporal Gen Transfeksiyon

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance ...

Gene Transfer to the Developing Mouse Inner Ear by In Vivo Electroporation

The mammalian inner ear has 6 distinct sensory epithelia: 3 cristae in the ampullae of the semicircular canals; maculae in the utricle and saccule; and the organ of Corti in the coiled cochlea. The cristae and maculae contain vestibular hair cells that transduce mechanical stimuli to subserve the special sense of balance, while auditory hair cells in the organ of Corti are the primary transducers for hearing 1. Cell fate specification in these sensory epithelia and morphogenesis of the semicircular canals and cochlea take place during the second week of gestation in the mouse and are largely completed before birth 2,3. Developmental studies of the mouse inner ear are routinely conducted by harvesting transgenic embryos at different embryonic or postnatal stages to gain insight into the molecular basis of cellular and/or morphological phenotypes 4,5. We hypothesize that gene transfer to the developing mouse inner ear in utero in the context of gain- and loss-of-function studies represents a complimentary approach to traditional mouse transgenesis for the interrogation of the genetic mechanisms underlying mammalian inner ear development6.
The experimental paradigm to conduct gene misexpression studies in the developing mouse inner ear demonstrated here resolves into three general steps: 1) ventral laparotomy; 2) transuterine microinjection; and 3) in vivo electroporation. Ventral laparotomy is a mouse survival surgical technique that permits externalization of the uterus to gain experimental access to the implanted embryos7. Transuterine microinjection is the use of beveled, glass capillary micropipettes to introduce expression plasmid into the lumen of the otic vesicle or otocyst. In vivo electroporation is the application of square wave, direct current pulses to drive expression plasmid into progenitor cells8-10. 
We previously described this electroporation-based gene transfer technique and included detailed notes on each step of the protocol11. Mouse experimental embryological techniques can be difficult to learn from prose and still images alone. In the present work, we demonstrate the 3 steps in the gene transfer procedure. Most critically, we deploy digital video microscopy to show precisely how to: 1) identify embryo orientation in utero; 2) reorient embryos for targeting injections to the otocyst; 3) microinject DNA mixed with tracer dye solution into the otocyst at embryonic days 11.5 and 12.5; 4) electroporate the injected otocyst; and 5) label electroporated embryos for postnatal selection at birth. We provide representative examples of successfully transfected inner ears; a pictorial guide to the most common causes of otocyst mistargeting; discuss how to avoid common methodological errors; and present guidelines for writing an in utero gene transfer animal care protocol.

Gene Transfer to the Developing Mouse Inner Ear by In Vivo Electroporation

The mouse inner ear is a placode-derived sensory organ whose developmental program is elaborated during gestation. We define an in utero gene transfer technique consisting of three steps: mouse ventral laparotomy, transuterine microinjection, and in vivo electroporation. We use digital video microscopy to demonstrate the critical experimental embryological techniques.

Tarafından geliştirilmesi Fare İç Kulak için Gen Transferi<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Elektroporasyon

The mammalian inner ear has 6 distinct sensory epithelia: 3 cristae in the ampullae of the semicircular canals; maculae in the utricle and saccule; and ...

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date this tool has been widely used to study the regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation and neuronal migration especially in the developing cerebral cortex 6-8. Here we detail our protocol to electroporate in utero the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus and provide evidence that this approach can be used to study dendrites and spines in these two cerebral regions.
Visualization and manipulation of neurons in primary cultures have contributed to a better understanding of the processes involved in dendrite, spine and synapse development. However neurons growing in vitro are not exposed to all the physiological cues that can affect dendrite and/or spine formation and maintenance during normal development. Our knowledge of dendrite and spine structures in vivo in wild-type or mutant mice comes mostly from observations using the Golgi-Cox method 9. However, Golgi staining is considered to be unpredictable. Indeed, groups of nerve cells and fiber tracts are labeled randomly, with particular areas often appearing completely stained while adjacent areas are devoid of staining. Recent studies have shown that IUE of fluorescent constructs represents an attractive alternative method to study dendrites, spines as well as synapses in mutant / wild-type mice 10-11 (Figure 1A). Moreover in comparison to the generation of mouse knockouts, IUE represents a rapid approach to perform gain and loss of function studies in specific population of cells during a specific time window. In addition, IUE has been successfully used with inducible gene expression or inducible RNAi approaches to refine the temporal control over the expression of a gene or shRNA 12. These advantages of IUE have thus opened new dimensions to study the effect of gene expression/suppression on dendrites and spines not only in specific cerebral structures (Figure 1B) but also at a specific time point of development (Figure 1C).
Finally, IUE provides a useful tool to identify functional interactions between genes involved in dendrite, spine and/or synapse development. Indeed, in contrast to other gene transfer methods such as virus, it is straightforward to combine multiple RNAi or transgenes in the same population of cells. 
In summary, IUE is a powerful method that has already contributed to the characterization of molecular mechanisms underlying brain function and disease and it should also be useful in the study of dendrites and spines.

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

This article describes in detail a protocol to electroporate in utero the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus at E14.5 in mice. We also show that this is a valuable method to study dendrites and spines in these two cerebral regions.

Kullanarak Fare Serebral Korteks ve Hippocampus Görselleştirme ve Dendritler ve Spine Genetik Manipülasyon<em&gt; Utero olarak</em&gt; Elektroporasyon

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date ...

Generation of Topically Transgenic Rats by In utero Electroporation and In vivo Bioluminescence Screening

In utero electroporation (IUE) is a technique which allows genetic modification of cells in the brain for investigating neuronal development. So far, the use of IUE for investigating behavior or neuropathology in the adult brain has been limited by insufficient methods for monitoring of IUE transfection success by non-invasive techniques in postnatal animals. 
 For the present study, E16 rats were used for IUE. After intraventricular injection of the nucleic acids into the embryos, positioning of the tweezer electrodes was critical for targeting either the developing cortex or the hippocampus. 
 Ventricular co-injection and electroporation of a luciferase gene allowed monitoring of the transfected cells postnatally after intraperitoneal luciferin injection in the anesthetized live P7 pup by in vivo bioluminescence, using an IVIS Spectrum device with 3D quantification software. 
 Area definition by bioluminescence could clearly differentiate between cortical and hippocampal electroporations and detect a signal longitudinally over time up to 5 weeks after birth. This imaging technique allowed us to select pups with a sufficient number of transfected cells assumed necessary for triggering biological effects and, subsequently, to perform behavioral investigations at 3 month of age. As an example, this study demonstrates that IUE with the human full length DISC1 gene into the rat cortex led to amphetamine hypersensitivity. Co-transfected GFP could be detected in neurons by post mortem fluorescence microscopy in cryosections indicating gene expression present at &ge;6 months after birth.
 We conclude that postnatal bioluminescence imaging allows evaluating the success of transient transfections with IUE in rats. Investigations on the influence of topical gene manipulations during neurodevelopment on the adult brain and its connectivity are greatly facilitated. For many scientific questions, this technique can supplement or even replace the use of transgenic rats and provide a novel technology for behavioral neuroscience.

Generation of Topically Transgenic Rats by In utero Electroporation and In vivo Bioluminescence Screening

Genes can be manipulated during development of the cortex or the hippocampus of the rat via in utero electroporation (IUE) at E16, to enable fast and targeted modifications in neuronal connectivity for later studies of behavior or neuropathology in adult animals. Postnatal in vivo imaging for control of IUE success is performed by bioluminescence of activating co-transfected luciferase.

Topikal Transgenik Rats nesil tarafından<em&gt; Utero</em&gt; Elektroporasyon ve<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Biyoparlaklık Eleme

 In utero electroporation (IUE) is a technique which allows genetic modification of cells in the brain for investigating neuronal development. So far, the ...

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow for an in-depth characterization to identify pathways involved in these events. Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) that are derived from the developing cerebellum are an ideal model system that allows for morphological analyses. Here, we describe a method of how to genetically manipulate CGNs and how to study axono- and dendritogenesis of individual neurons. With this method the effects of RNA interference, overexpression or small molecules can be compared to control neurons. In addition, the rodent cerebellar cortex is an easily accessible in vivo system owing to its predominant postnatal development. We also present an in vivo electroporation technique to genetically manipulate the developing cerebella and describe subsequent cerebellar analyses to assess neuronal morphology and migration.

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Neuronal morphogenesis and migration are crucial events underlying proper brain development. Here, we describe methods to genetically manipulate cultured cerebellar granule neurons and the developing cerebellum for the assessment of morphology and migratory characteristics of neurons.

Serebellar Granül Nöronlar Genetik Manipülasyon<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Ve<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Nöronal morfoloji ve Göç Eğitim için

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow ...

Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the developing cerebral cortex, abnormal mitosis of neural progenitors can cause defects in brain size and function. Hence, there is a critical need for tools to understand the mechanisms of neural progenitor mitosis. Cortical development in rodents is an outstanding model for studying this process. Neural progenitor mitosis is commonly examined in fixed brain sections. This protocol will describe in detail an approach for live imaging of mitosis in ex vivo embryonic brain slices. We will describe the critical steps for this procedure, which include: brain extraction, brain embedding, vibratome sectioning of brain slices, staining and culturing of slices, and time-lapse imaging. We will then demonstrate and describe in detail how to perform post-acquisition analysis of mitosis. We include representative results from this assay using the vital dye Syto11, transgenic mice (histone H2B-EGFP and centrin-EGFP), and in utero electroporation (mCherry-&#945;-tubulin). We will discuss how this procedure can be best optimized and how it can be modified for study of genetic regulation of mitosis. Live imaging of mitosis in brain slices is a flexible approach to assess the impact of age, anatomy, and genetic perturbation in a controlled environment, and to generate a large amount of data with high temporal and spatial resolution. Hence this protocol will complement existing tools for analysis of neural progenitor mitosis.

Neural progenitor mitosis is a critical parameter of neurogenesis. Much of our understanding of neural progenitor mitosis is based on analysis of fixed tissue. Live imaging in embryonic brain slices is a versatile technique to assess mitosis with high temporal and spatial resolution in a controlled environment.

Gelişmekte Fare Embriyonik Cortex mitoz Canlı Görüntüleme

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the ...

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous system. Overexpression of desired genes is just as possible as shRNA mediated loss-of-function studies. Therefore it offers a wide range of applications. The feasibility to target particular cells in a distinct area further increases the range of potential applications of this very useful method. For efficiently targeting specific regions knowledge about the subtleties, such as the embryonic stage, the voltage to apply and most importantly the position of the electrodes, is indispensable.
Here, we provide a detailed protocol that allows for specific and efficient in utero electroporation of several regions of the C57BL/6 mouse central nervous system. In particular it is shown how to transfect regions the develop into the retrosplenial cortex, the motor cortex, the somatosensory cortex, the piriform cortex, the cornu ammonis 1-3, the dentate gyrus, the striatum, the lateral septal nucleus, the thalamus and the hypothalamus. For this information about the appropriate embryonic stage, the appropriate voltage for the corresponding embryonic stage is provided. Most importantly an angle-map, which indicates the appropriate position of the positive pole, is depicted. This standardized protocol helps to facilitate efficient in utero electroporation, which might also lead to a reduced number of animals.

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

This protocol describes in detail how to specifically transfect different regions in the C57BL/6 central nervous system via in utero electroporation. Included in this protocol are detailed instructions for transfections of regions that develop into the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, lateral septal nucleus and striatum.

Korteks, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- ve Striatum özgü<em&gt; In Utero</em&gt; C57BL / 6 Fare Elektroporasyon

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous ...