Bu çalışma Anestezi ve Perioperatif Bakım ucsf Bakanlığı tarafından desteklenmiştir.

1. Kaplama ve Mikrovasküler Endotel Hücreleri Bakımı <ol><li> Çözülme ve üreticilerine göre mikrovasküler endotel hücreleri büyümek talimatları verilir. Bu protokol, hücreler EGM-2 PD ortamı (Lonza) açığa çıkaran yetiştirildi ve tüm deneyler pasaj sayısı nedeniyle herhangi bir varyasyonu en aza indirmek için çözülme iki hafta içinde yapılması tavsiye edilir. HMVEC-Akciğer ile deneyler 4 ile 9 pasajlar arasında yapılmaktadır. </li><li> 1. Gün: hücreleri% 80-90 confluency ulaştığınızda, trypsinize ve ml başına 120.000 hücre tekrar süspansiyon. 48-çukurlu, polistiren doku kültürü plakası (ler) içine Plaka oyuk başına 36,000 hücre (0.3 ml) eklenmiştir. Bir eşiğe okuma elde etmek amacıyla, nötrofiller ile inkübe olmayacak HMVEC kuyu içerir. Özellikle floresan testleri, alternatif satır veya sütun için tasarlanmış 48-iyi plakaları kullanarak sürece komşu kuyulardan herhangi bir ışık kirliliği en aza indirecektir. NOT: Wells poli-LYSI önceden kaplanmış olabilirKD, kolajen ya da fibronektin. </li><li> 2. Gün: taze medya ekleyin. </li><li> 3. Gün: faz kontrast mikroskobu olarak, hücreler (yani &quot;arnavut&quot; görünüm ve küçük hücre artıkları) sağlıklı onaylayın, ve% 100 konfluent (Şekil 1). Hücrelerin% 100 konfluent değilseniz onlar hazır olana kadar, her gün medya değiştirin. </li><li> HMVEC mono tabakaları tedavisi için hazır olduğunda, Hank dengeli tuz solüsyonu (HBSS) ile bir kere hücreleri yıkama ve uygun kuyulara inflamatuar agonist içeren taze bir EGM-2 PD ortam ya da ortamın 0.3 ml ilave edilir. Bu protokolde HMVEC-Akciğer TNFa ile muamele edildi, 3 saat boyunca [100 ng / ml] (Peprotech, New Jersey), bu EC 21 arasında iyi tanımlanmış bir aktivatör olduğu. NOT: Bu aktive HMVEC hücreleri (Adım 4.1) ve Calcein etiketli nötrofil (Adım 3.5) AM böylece zaman denemenizi aynı anda kullanıma hazır önerilir. Bu neutroph izole ve etiketlemek için bize yaklaşık 2.5 saat sürerils. </li></ol> 2. Polymorphprep kullanarak Nötrofil İzolasyon <ol><li> Daha önce 22 açıklandığı gibi nötrofil izole, ya da tam kandan polimorfonükleer granülositler izole etmek için hazır bir yoğunluk gradiyenti çözüm. Nuzzi ve arkadaşları tarafından protokolü takip Polymorphprep kullanılması. Tüm kan 23 ml&#39;si başına yaklaşık 2-3 x 10 6 nötrofil verimi 2007 sonuçlanır. Not: kırmızı kan hücreleri çıkarmak için aşırı eritrosit lizis, bir dekstran sedimantasyonu önlemek için, yoğunluk gradyanlı santrifüjlemeye 24 önce gerçekleştirilebilir. </li><li> Oda sıcaklığına kadar Polymorphprep yoğunluk gradyanı çözüm getirmiştir. </li><li> Varlığında sağlıklı gönüllü insan tüm kan 30 ml arasında bir heparin, sitrat veya EDTA gibi anti-koagülan. Kan, 2 saat içinde kullanıldı, ve 18-22 ° C arasında tutulmalıdır </li><li> 15 ml konik bir tüp içinde yoğunluk gradyanı çözeltisi (5 ml &#39;den fazla bir tam kan Katman 5 mi <strong&gt; Şekil 2A). Bu sonraki santrifüj koşulları değişebilir olarak kan hacmi ve yoğunluğu degrade çözüm değiştirmekten kaçının. </li><li> 18-22, 30 dakika boyunca 450 x g&#39;de santrifüjleyin ° C Yavaş yavaş hızlandırmak ve aşağı santrifüj (yani santrifüj fren kapatın) ve nötrofil aktivasyonu azaltmak ve katmanları karıştırma önlemek için titreşimleri önlemek için de tüpler dengelemek için emin olun. Daha uzun santrifüj kez veya daha fazla santrifüj kuvveti pelet kırmızı kan hücrelerine karşı daha aşağı geçirmek için, nötrofil lökosit içeren alt tabaka ile sonuçlanacaktır. </li><li> Nötrofiller (Şekil 2B) içeren katman kirlenmesini önlemek için PBMC içeren plazma ve üst bant lökosit aspire. </li><li> Nötrofil içeren alt lökosit katmanı kaldırmak için bir 1-2 ml serolojik pipet kullanın. PBS, 30 ml içine nötrofil tabakalar birleştirildi, 50 ml (Ca kalmadan 2 + ve Mg2 +)konik tüp. </li><li> PBS ile 50 ml (Ca 2 olmadan + ve Mg 2 +) 18-22 10 dakika 450 xg ve santrifüj ° C için ses getirmek </li></ol> Not: Adım 2.9 ve 2.10 isteğe bağlıdır ama tavsiye. <ol start="9"><li> Süpernatant aspire. Kırmızı kan hücreleri lyse 30 saniye boyunca steril su 8 ml nötrofil süspanse edin, hemen 5x 2 ml PBS (Ca 2 olmadan + ve Mg 2 +) ve hafifçe elle karıştırın. Hücreleri inkübe ETMEYİN için hücre süspansiyonu ekleyin daha uzun 30 saniye için su önemli nötrofil ölüm meydana gelebilir çünkü. </li><li> 18-22 5 dakika boyunca 250 x g santrifüj ° C </li><li> 10 ml PBS (Ca2 + olmadan ve Mg2 +) ve 18-22 az 5 dakika boyunca 250 x g&#39;de tekrar santrifüj ° C ile bir kez yıkama hücreleri </li><li> RPMI-1640, 10 ml nötrofil süspanse (fenol kırmızısı olmadan) ve tripan blu kullanılarak canlı hücre sayımıE boyasıyla çıkarma metoduna. Bu da nötrofillerin aktivasyonunun neden olabileceği için, ml başına 5 x 10 6 daha büyük hücre yoğunlukları, uzun süreler kaçının. </li></ol> 3. Calcein AM ile nötrofil Etiketleme <ol><li> 6 x 10 5 nötrofiller, 48-kuyulu plakanın oyuk başına kullanılır. </li><li> Hesapladıktan sonra, 50 ml konik bir tüp süspanse hücreleri aktarmak ve 2-4 fenol kırmızısı içermeyen RPMI-1640 ile, ml başına 6 x 10 hücreler, nötrofiller seyreltin. </li><li> Calcein 3 mcM (Calcein AM stok yani 2.98 ul (1 mg / ml) ml başına medya) için stok solüsyonu AM ekleyin ve yavaşça tüp hafifçe vurarak iyice karıştırın. 5&#39;inden fazlasını mcM Calcein nötrofil sızıntı neden olacaktır AM Not:. Olmayan floresan Calcein AM son derece floresan molekül Calcein (yani ölü hücreleri floresan olmaz) üretmek için endojen esterazlarla hücre içinde parçalanır. </li><li> Alüminyum folyo ile tüp kapağı ve f inkübeveya 37 ° C&#39;de 30 dakika karanlıkta Not C:. uzun inkübasyon süreleri yapışma deneyi boyunca nötrofillerden serbest bırakılır daha kalsein ile sonuçlanabilir. </li><li> 18-22 ° C&#39;de 5 dakika boyunca 450 x g&#39;de santrifüj ve RPMI-1640 içinde 10 ml (fenol kırmızısı olmaksızın, 37 önceden ısıtılmış ° C) 2x nötrofil yıkayın. 40 uM steril filtre 18-22 de kümeleri kaldırmak ve daha sonra 5 dakika boyunca 450 x g&#39;de santrifüj ile bir kez daha da ikinci yıkama için yeniden süspansiyona sonra ilk olarak nötrofiller geçmek ° C </li><li> , Ml başına 2 x 10 6 nötrofil de.; (37 ° C&#39;ye kadar önceden ısıtılmış fenol kırmızısı olmadan) RPMI 1640 içerisinde yeniden süspanse nötrofil </li></ol> 4. Nötrofil Bağlama Deneyi <ol><li> Filtre ile sterilize edilmiş (0.22 um) RPMI 1640 içinde 0.5 ml (fenol kırmızısı olmadan) oyuk başına% 3 BSA içeren 3x HMVEC mono tabakalar yıkayın. </li><li> Medya aspire ve 6 x 10 5 Calcein-etiketli nötrofil (hücre suspensio 0.3 ml. 48-kaynak plaka Not uygun kuyulara nötrofil olmaksızın RPMI 1640 K) ya da 0.3 ml (fenol kırmızısı olmadan): Bu cm2 başına 8 x 10 5 nötrofillerin eşdeğerdir. </li><li> 37 ° C 20 dakika,% 5 CO 2 inkübatör inkübe edin. </li><li> Toplam Nötrofil Floresan (PRE yıkama): 485 nm dalgaboyu ve FLUOstar veya eşdeğer, spektrofotometrede 520 nm (floresein filtre seti) bir emisyon dalga boyu her kuyunun floresan ölçün. . Hemen önce inkübasyon son noktaya Bu adım yapın: Bu protokol, kalsein uyarılma ve yayılan ışık algılama ortaya kuyu üst yapıldı, ancak her ikisi de iki kuyu altından gerçekleştirilebilir. </li><li> PBS içinde çukur başına 0.5 ml &#39;si ile 5x HMVEC mono tabakaları ve nötrofiller içeren kuyu yıkayın (w / Ca2 + ve Mg2 +). Medya ve yıkar çıkarınters plaka ile ve kağıt havlu üzerine hafifçe okşamaya kalan sıvı kaldırmak için. </li><li> Geri de başına RPMI 1640 0.3 ml (fenol kırmızısı olmadan) ekleyin. </li><li> Yapışık Nötrofil Floresans (POST yıkama): Aşama 4.4 &#39;de hem de her bir floresan yoğunluğu ölçün. </li><li> Yüzde bağlılık ve iyi başına göreceli bağlılık belirleyin: </li></ol> Not: Bu aşamada, kalsein etiketli nötrofil görüntüler standart fluorescein filtre ile donatılmış bir floresan sahip mikroskobu kullanılarak elde edilebilir. Şekil 4&#39;teki görüntü Pro7 yazılımı (Imaging S) Q-Yakalama kullanarak Retiga 2000R kamera (S Görüntüleme) ile donatılmış bir Olympus IX51 ters mikroskop ile elde edildi.

<ol>
	<li>Ley, K., Laudanna, C., Cybulsky, M. I., Nourshargh, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Getting+to+the+site+of+inflammation:+the+leukocyte+adhesion+cascade+updated.">Getting to the site of inflammation: the leukocyte adhesion cascade updated.</a> Nat. Rev. Immunol. 7, 678-689 (2007).</li><li>Collins, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+regulation+of+endothelial+cell+adhesion+molecules:+NF-kappa+B+and+cytokine-inducible+enhancers.">Transcriptional regulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules: NF-kappa B and cytokine-inducible enhancers.</a> FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 9, 899-909 (1995).</li><li>Medzhitov, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Origin+and+physiological+roles+of+inflammation.">Origin and physiological roles of inflammation.</a> Nature. 454, 428-435 (2008).</li><li>Chen, G. Y., Nunez, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sterile+inflammation:+sensing+and+reacting+to+damage.">Sterile inflammation: sensing and reacting to damage.</a> Nat. Rev. Immunol. 10, 826-837 (2010).</li><li>Middleton, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcytosis+and+surface+presentation+of+IL-8+by+venular+endothelial+cells.">Transcytosis and surface presentation of IL-8 by venular endothelial cells.</a> Cell. 91, 385-395 (1997).</li><li>Rot, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+cell+binding+of+NAP-1/IL-8:+role+in+neutrophil+emigration.">Endothelial cell binding of NAP-1/IL-8: role in neutrophil emigration.</a> Immunol. Today. 13, 291-294 (1992).</li><li>Detmers, P. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil-activating+protein+1/interleukin+8+stimulates+the+binding+activity+of+the+leukocyte+adhesion+receptor+CD11b/CD18+on+human+neutrophils.">Neutrophil-activating protein 1/interleukin 8 stimulates the binding activity of the leukocyte adhesion receptor CD11b/CD18 on human neutrophils.</a> J. Exp. Med. 171, 1155-1162 (1990).</li><li>Laudanna, C., Kim, J. Y., Constantin, G., Butcher, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+leukocyte+integrin+activation+by+chemokines.">Rapid leukocyte integrin activation by chemokines.</a> Immunol. Rev. 186, 37-46 (2002).</li><li>Simon, S. I., Hu, Y., Vestweber, D., Smith, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+tethering+on+E-selectin+activates+beta+2+integrin+binding+to+ICAM-1+through+a+mitogen-activated+protein+kinase+signal+transduction+pathway.">Neutrophil tethering on E-selectin activates beta 2 integrin binding to ICAM-1 through a mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway.</a> J. Immunol. 164, 4348-4358 (2000).</li><li>Zarbock, A., Ley, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+and+consequences+of+neutrophil+interaction+with+the+endothelium.">Mechanisms and consequences of neutrophil interaction with the endothelium.</a> The American Journal of Pathology. 172, 1-7 (2008).</li><li>Muller, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+leukocyte+transendothelial+migration.">Mechanisms of leukocyte transendothelial migration.</a> Annu. Rev. Pathol. 6, 323-344 (2011).</li><li>Brinkmann, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+extracellular+traps+kill+bacteria.">Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria.</a> Science. 303, 1532-1535 (2004).</li><li>Kumar, V., Sharma, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophils:+Cinderella+of+innate+immune+system.">Neutrophils: Cinderella of innate immune system.</a> International Immunopharmacology. 10, 1325-1334 (2010).</li><li>McDonald, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravascular+danger+signals+guide+neutrophils+to+sites+of+sterile+inflammation.">Intravascular danger signals guide neutrophils to sites of sterile inflammation.</a> Science. 330, 362-366 (2010).</li><li>Nathan, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophils+and+immunity:+challenges+and+opportunities.">Neutrophils and immunity: challenges and opportunities.</a> Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6, 173-182 (2006).</li><li>Soehnlein, O., Lindbom, L., Weber, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+underlying+neutrophil-mediated+monocyte+recruitment.">Mechanisms underlying neutrophil-mediated monocyte recruitment.</a> Blood. 114, 4613-4623 (2009).</li><li>Wilhelmsen, K., Mesa, K. R., Prakash, A., Xu, F., Hellman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+endothelial+TLR2+by+bacterial+lipoprotein+upregulates+proteins+specific+for+the+neutrophil+response.">Activation of endothelial TLR2 by bacterial lipoprotein upregulates proteins specific for the neutrophil response.</a> Innate Immun. 18, 602-616 (2012).</li><li>Haugland, R. P., Johnson, I. D., Basey, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Handbook: A Guide to Fluorescent Probes and Labelling Technologies. , (2005).</li><li>Shin, H. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+lipoprotein+TLR2+agonists+broadly+modulate+endothelial+function+and+coagulation+pathways+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">Bacterial lipoprotein TLR2 agonists broadly modulate endothelial function and coagulation pathways in vitro and in vivo.</a> J. Immunol. 186, 1119-1130 (2011).</li><li>Wilhelmsen, K., Mesa, K. R., Lucero, J., Xu, F., Hellman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ERK5+protein+promotes,+whereas+MEK1+protein+differentially+regulates,+the+Toll-like+receptor+2+protein-dependent+activation+of+human+endothelial+cells+and+monocytes.">ERK5 protein promotes, whereas MEK1 protein differentially regulates, the Toll-like receptor 2 protein-dependent activation of human endothelial cells and monocytes.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 287, 26478-26494 (2012).</li><li>Pober, J. S., Sessa, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolving+functions+of+endothelial+cells+in+inflammation.">Evolving functions of endothelial cells in inflammation.</a> Nat. Rev. Immunol. 7, 803-815 (2007).</li><li>Oh, H., Siano, B., Diamond, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+isolation+protocol.">Neutrophil isolation protocol.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (17), e745 (2008).</li><li>Nuzzi, P. A., Lokuta, M. A., Huttenlocher, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+neutrophil+chemotaxis.">Analysis of neutrophil chemotaxis.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 370, 23-36 (2007).</li><li>Garcia-Garcia, E., Uribe-Querol, E., Rosales, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+and+efficient+method+to+detect+nuclear+factor+activation+in+human+neutrophils+by+flow+cytometry.">A simple and efficient method to detect nuclear factor activation in human neutrophils by flow cytometry.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (74), e50410 (2013).</li><li>Kuma, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BIRB796+inhibits+all+p38+MAPK+isoforms+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">BIRB796 inhibits all p38 MAPK isoforms in vitro and in vivo.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 280, 19472-19479 (2005).</li><li>Westra, J., Kuldo, J. M., van Rijswijk, M. H., Molema, G., Limburg, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemokine+production+and+E-selectin+expression+in+activated+endothelial+cells+are+inhibited+by+p38+MAPK+(mitogen+activated+protein+kinase)+inhibitor+RWJ+67657.">Chemokine production and E-selectin expression in activated endothelial cells are inhibited by p38 MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) inhibitor RWJ 67657.</a> International Immunopharmacology. 5, 1259-1269 (2005).</li><li>Leeuwenberg, J. F., Jeunhomme, G. M., Buurman, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adhesion+of+polymorphonuclear+cells+to+human+endothelial+cells.+Adhesion-molecule-dependent,+and+Fc+receptor-mediated+adhesion-molecule-independent+mechanisms.">Adhesion of polymorphonuclear cells to human endothelial cells. Adhesion-molecule-dependent, and Fc receptor-mediated adhesion-molecule-independent mechanisms.</a> Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 81, 496-500 (1990).</li><li>Akeson, A. L., Woods, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+fluorometric+assay+for+the+quantitation+of+cell+adherence+to+endothelial+cells.">A fluorometric assay for the quantitation of cell adherence to endothelial cells.</a> Journal of Immunological Methods. 163, 181-185 (1993).</li><li>Vaporciyan, A. A., Jones, M. L., Ward, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+analysis+of+leukocyte-endothelial+adhesion.">Rapid analysis of leukocyte-endothelial adhesion.</a> Journal of Immunological Methods. 159, 93-100 (1993).</li><li>De Clerck, L. S., Bridts, C. H., Mertens, A. M., Moens, M. M., Stevens, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+fluorescent+dyes+in+the+determination+of+adherence+of+human+leucocytes+to+endothelial+cells+and+the+effect+of+fluorochromes+on+cellular+function.">Use of fluorescent dyes in the determination of adherence of human leucocytes to endothelial cells and the effect of fluorochromes on cellular function.</a> Journal of Immunological Methods. 172, 115-124 (1994).</li><li>Bevilacqua, M. P., Pober, J. S., Wheeler, M. E., Cotran, R. S., Gimbrone, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin+1+acts+on+cultured+human+vascular+endothelium+to+increase+the+adhesion+of+polymorphonuclear+leukocytes,+monocytes,+and+related+leukocyte+cell+lines.">Interleukin 1 acts on cultured human vascular endothelium to increase the adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, and related leukocyte cell lines.</a> The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 76, (1985).</li><li>Schleimer, R. P., Rutledge, B. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cultured+human+vascular+endothelial+cells+acquire+adhesiveness+for+neutrophils+after+stimulation+with+interleukin+1,+endotoxin,+and+tumor-promoting+phorbol+diesters.">Cultured human vascular endothelial cells acquire adhesiveness for neutrophils after stimulation with interleukin 1, endotoxin, and tumor-promoting phorbol diesters.</a> J. Immunol. 136, 649-654 (1986).</li><li>Gamble, J. R., Harlan, J. M., Klebanoff, S. J., Vadas, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulation+of+the+adherence+of+neutrophils+to+umbilical+vein+endothelium+by+human+recombinant+tumor+necrosis+factor.">Stimulation of the adherence of neutrophils to umbilical vein endothelium by human recombinant tumor necrosis factor.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82, 8667-8671 (1985).</li><li>Braut-Boucher, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+non-isotopic,+highly+sensitive,+fluorimetric,+cell-cell+adhesion+microplate+assay+using+calcein+AM-labeled+lymphocytes.">A non-isotopic, highly sensitive, fluorimetric, cell-cell adhesion microplate assay using calcein AM-labeled lymphocytes.</a> Journal of Immunological Methods. 178, 41-51 (1995).</li><li>Ait-Oufella, H., Maury, E., Lehoux, S., Guidet, B., Offenstadt, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+endothelium:+physiological+functions+and+role+in+microcirculatory+failure+during+severe+sepsis.">The endothelium: physiological functions and role in microcirculatory failure during severe sepsis.</a> Intensive Care Medicine. 36, 1286-1298 (2010).</li><li>Andonegui, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelium-derived+Toll-like+receptor-4+is+the+key+molecule+in+LPS-induced+neutrophil+sequestration+into+lungs.">Endothelium-derived Toll-like receptor-4 is the key molecule in LPS-induced neutrophil sequestration into lungs.</a> The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 111, 1011-1020 (2003).</li><li>Sharma, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lung+endothelial+cell+platelet-activating+factor+production+and+inflammatory+cell+adherence+are+increased+in+response+to+cigarette+smoke+component+exposure.">Lung endothelial cell platelet-activating factor production and inflammatory cell adherence are increased in response to cigarette smoke component exposure.</a> American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 302, L47-L55 (2012).</li><li>Deban, L., Correale, C., Vetrano, S., Malesci, A., Danese, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+pathogenic+roles+of+microvasculature+in+inflammatory+bowel+disease:+a+Jack+of+all+trades.">Multiple pathogenic roles of microvasculature in inflammatory bowel disease: a Jack of all trades.</a> The American Journal of Pathology. 172, 1457-1466 (2008).</li><li>Gross, W. L., Trabandt, A., Csernok, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogenesis+of+Wegener&amp;#39;s+granulomatosis.">Pathogenesis of Wegener&amp;#39;s granulomatosis.</a> Annales de Medecine Interne. 149, 280-286 (1998).</li><li>Chen, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+of+inflammatory+cell+involvement+in+brain+arteriovenous+malformations.">Evidence of inflammatory cell involvement in brain arteriovenous malformations.</a> Neurosurgery. 62, 1340-1349 (2008).</li><li>Martens, C. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peptides+which+bind+to+E-selectin+and+block+neutrophil+adhesion.">Peptides which bind to E-selectin and block neutrophil adhesion.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 270, 21129-21136 (1995).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Başarılı bir nötrofil / mikrovasküler endotelyal hücre yapışma deneyi için en kritik adımlar şunlardır: 1) düşük geçiş sayısı (&lt;9), sağlıklı endotel hücreleri kullanarak, bir düşük yoğunluklu (yani &lt;5 x 10 6 hücre izole edilmiş nötrofiller bakımı 2) / ml) ve izolasyon iki saat içinde bunları kullanarak, sırasıyla, ve 3) titiz Kalsein-etiketli nötrofillerin yıkama ve nötrofillerden kalsein EC kirlenme ve kaybını en aza indirmek için bir zamanında Kalsei...

Vasküler endotel dolaşan kan ile doğrudan temas halinde olduğu için, bu benzersiz enfeksiyon veya yaralanma sırasında hızlı bir inflamatuvar yanıt başlatmak için yer almaktadır. Endotel hücreleri (EC) korunmuş bakteriyel bileşenleri ve tehlike moleküllerin çeşitli tanımak ifade örüntü tanıma reseptörleri ve bu TNF gibi ev sahibi yangı için reseptörleri. Bu reseptörlerin aktivasyonu EC sitokinler (örn., IL-6, IL-8, CXCL1 ve CCL2) salgılamaya ve hücrenin yüzeyinde 1 yapışma molekülleri (örneğin, E / P-selektin, VCAM-1 ve ICAM-1) upregüle indükler , 2. Bu moleküller tüm bulaşıcı ajanların ev sahibi açık ve doku onarımı 3,4 başlatmak için enfeksiyon ve yaralanma sitelere lökositlerin lokalizasyonu kolaylaştırmak. Enfeksiyona nötrofil yanıtı vasküler endotel ve yanıt arasında iyi koordine etkileşim içerir nötrofil. EM aktivasyonu üzerine, IL-8 salgılanan ve enfeksiyon veya yaralanma 5,6 siteye ev için nötrofil sağlar endotel üzerindeki bir damar içi degrade oluşturur. E / P-selektinler aracılık nötrofil yakalama ve nötrofil hücre yüzeyinde glycomolecules ile nispeten zayıf dernekleri aracılığıyla haddeleme. Bu etkileşimler, bununla aynı soydan gelen reseptörlere IL-8, bağlayıcı ile birlikte, sağlam, integrin-aracılı bağlanma ve endotel hücre yüzeyi 7-10 nötrofil nihai durması kolaylaştırır. Tutuklanmasından sonra, nötrofil doğrudan, patojenlerin ortadan kaldırmak patojenlerin yayılmasını önlemek için nötrofil hücre dışı tuzaklar oluşturmak, yaraların iyileşmesini sağlar ve bu monositler, makrofajlar ve dendritik gibi diğer lökosit işe ek faktörler serbest bırakmak için enfeksiyon belirli sitelere damar dışına geçirebilirsiniz hücreleri 11-17. Microv için nötrofil bağlılık ölçmek için bir in vitro bir yöntemdir Bu raporda açıklananascular TNF ev sahibi inflamatuar arabulucu tarafından aktif hale ECS. Bu deney, EC aktivasyonu, ve nötrofil değerlendirmek için tasarlanmıştır. Birincil insan nötrofil ilk yoğunluk gradiyenti ayırma kullanılarak izole, ve sonra Calcein asetoksimetil (AM) ile etiketlenir. Canlı hücreler hidrolize Calcein içinde esteraz 492-495 nm ve 513-516 nm 18 emisyon bir uyarma ile yüksek floresan Calcein molekülüne var. Floresan etiketli nötrofil sonra EM mono tabakaları ile inkübe edilir ve yapışkan olmayan nötrofil sonradan kaldırılır. Geriye kalan, bağlı nötrofil floresan sonra bir floresan spektrofotometre kullanılarak ölçülmüştür ve oyuk başına toplam nötrofil floresan girişi bir yüzdesi olarak hesaplanır. Bu yöntem spektrofotometre kullanılan bağlı Calcein-etiketli nötrofil doğrudan AB ac okumak daha nitel vermek için floresan mikroskobu kullanılarak görüntülendi olabilir ek bir avantaja sahiptirtivasyon. Bu testte statik şartlar altında gerçekleştirilir, çünkü nötrofil yapışma kaskad ortaya yalnızca çok ilk olayların değerlendirilecektir. Bu TNF ile tedavi edilen insan akciğer mikrovasküler EC (HMVEC-Akciğer) bu nötrofil bağlılık E-selektin ile etkileşim bozulur zaman mono tabakaları büyük ölçüde azalır göstermek için E-selektin engelleme antikorlar kullanarak bu raporda teyit edilir. TNF ek olarak, başarıyla Toll-benzeri reseptör 1/2 agonistleri peptidoglikan ile ilişkili lipoprotein (PAL), murein lipoprotein (MLP) ve Pam3Cys ve insan umbilikal ven EC (HUVEC) aktivasyon boyutunu belirlemek için bu testte kullanmış Pam3Cys 19,20 ile HMVEC-Akciğer aktivasyonu. Buna ek olarak, başarılı bir şekilde bu metodoloji bir çeşitliliği ile uyumlu olduğunu düşündürmektedir, kinaz inhibitörleri ile ve HMVEC-Akciğer yüzeyi ve sitoplazmik proteinlerin RNAi aracılı demonte sonra bu testte kullanılabilir ve biyokimyasal screening deneyleri 20. Özetle, bu testte in vitro yangı tarafından EC aktivasyon ölçüde erişmek için, tekrarlanabilir, daha işlevsel şekilde kullanmak için kolay sağlar.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of the reagent</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comments (optional)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>HMVEC-Lung</td>
 <td>Lonza</td>
 <td>CC-2527</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>EGM-2 MV</td>
 <td>Lonza</td>
 <td>CC-3202</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>HBSS</td>
 <td>Life Technologies</td>
 <td>14175-095</td>
 <td>Can be substituted with any vendor</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>48-well Tissue Culture Plates</td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>353078</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PBS (without phenol red)</td>
 <td>UCSF Cell Culture Facility</td>
 <td>CCFAL001 </td>
 <td>Can be substituted with any vendor</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>D-PBS (without Ca2+ and Mg2+ and phenol red)</td>
 <td>UCSF Cell Culture Facility</td>
 <td>CCFAL003</td>
 <td>Can be substituted with any vendor</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>RPMI-1640 (without phenol red)</td>
 <td>Life Technologies</td>
 <td>11835-030</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Polymorphprep</td>
 <td>Axis-Shield</td>
 <td>1114683</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>calcein AM</td>
 <td>Life Technologies</td>
 <td>C3099</td>
 <td>(0.995 mM) stock soln</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Trypan Blue Solution</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>T8154</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>40 &mu;M filters</td>
 <td>VWR</td>
 <td>21008-949</td>
 <td>Can be substituted with any vendor</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>FLUOstar OPTIMA Spectrophotometer</td>
 <td>BMG LABTECH</td>
 <td>-</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

quantitative in vitro assay to measure neutrophil adhesion to activated primary human microvascular endothelial cells under static conditions

Vasküler endotel inflamatuvar yanıt olarak ayrılmaz bir rol oynar. Inflamasyon akut aşamasında, endotel hücreleri (EC) ana bilgisayar arabulucular veya doğrudan korunmuş mikrobiyal bileşenler veya ana-türetilmiş tehlike moleküller tarafından aktive edilir. Aktif EC ifade sitokinler, harekete kemokin ve adezyon molekülleri, enfeksiyon veya yaralanma yerinde lökosit etkinleştirmek ve korumak. Nötrofiller gelmesi ilk lökosit vardır ve her ikisi de hücrelerin yüzeyleri üzerinde mevcut yapışma molekülleri çeşitli yoluyla endotele bağlı. Nötrofil ana fonksiyonları doğrudan, mikrobiyal tehditleri ortadan kaldırmak ek faktörler serbest bırakılması yoluyla diğer lökositlerin teşvik ve yara tamir başlatmak için vardır. Bu nedenle, endotel onların işe alma ve eki inflamatuar yanıtın başlamasında önemli bir adımdır. Bu yazıda kullanarak in vitro nötrofil yapışma deneyi tarifCalcein statik şartlar altında mikrovasküler endotelyal hücre aktivasyonu ölçüde miktarını belirlemek için, birincil insan nötrofil AM-etiketli. Bu yöntem, floresan spektrofotometre ile ölçülmüştür aynı numuneleri, aynı zamanda doğrudan nötrofil bağlanmasının daha niteliksel değerlendirmesi için floresan mikroskobu kullanılarak görüntülendi edilebilir ek bir avantaja sahiptir.

, Nötrofil bağlanma tahlili kullanılarak güvenilir, tekrar üretilebilir sonuçlar elde etmek amacıyla, Şekil 1 &#39;de HMVEC-Akciğer ile gösterildiği gibi sağlık ve mikrovasküler endotel hücreleri konfluent, deney gününde uygun olması esastır. Buna ek olarak, düşük geçit sayısı mikrovasküler EC (az 9 geçitler gibi) kullanılmaktadır zorunludur, ve buna göre, biz çözülme iki hafta içinde tüm deneyler tavsiye ederiz. Nötrofil sağlık hücreleri bir biçimde olu?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative In vitro Assay to Measure Neutrophil Adhesion to Activated Primary Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Static Conditions at JoVE.com

Quantitative In vitro Assay to Measure Neutrophil Adhesion to Activated Primary Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Static Conditions

Enfeksiyon bölgelerinde aktif endotele nötrofil bağlılık konağın inflamatuvar yanıt ayrılmaz bir bileşenidir. Için izin veren bir nötrofil bağlayıcı bir testtir Bu raporda açıklanan<em&gt; In vitro</emStatik şartlar altında yangı ile aktive endotel hücrelerine bağlanan primer insan nötrofil&gt; kantitasyonu.

Nicel<em&gt; In vitro</emStatik Koşullarında Account İlköğretim İnsan mikrovasküler endotel hücreleri için Nötrofil yapışma Tedbir&gt; Testi

The vascular  endothelium plays an integral part in the inflammatory response. During the  acute phase of inflammation, endothelial cells (ECs) are ...

quantitative-vitro-assay-to-measure-neutrophil-adhesion-to-activated

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Quantitative In vitro Assay to Measure Neutrophil Adhesion to Activated Primary Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Static Conditions

17.0K Görüntüleme.  University of California, San Francisco. Enfeksiyon bölgelerinde aktif endotele nötrofil bağlılık konağın inflamatuvar yanıt ayrılmaz bir bileşenidir. Için izin veren bir nötrofil bağlayıcı bir testtir Bu raporda açıklanan In vitro kantitasyonu.

Video: Quantitative In vitro Assay to Measure Neutrophil Adhesion to Activated Primary Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Static Conditions

In Vitro Assay of Bacterial Adhesion onto Mammalian Epithelial Cells

To cause infections, bacteria must colonize their host. Bacterial pathogens express various molecules or structures able to promote attachment to host cells1. These adhesins rely on interactions with host cell surface receptors or soluble proteins acting as a bridge between bacteria and host. Adhesion is a critical first step prior to invasion and/or secretion of toxins, thus it is a key event to be studied in bacterial pathogenesis. Furthermore, adhered bacteria often induce exquisitely fine-tuned cellular responses, the studies of which have given birth to the field of 'cellular microbiology'2. Robust assays for bacterial adhesion on host cells and their invasion therefore play key roles in bacterial pathogenesis studies and have long been used in many pioneer laboratories3,4. These assays are now practiced by most laboratories working on bacterial pathogenesis.
Here, we describe a standard adherence assay illustrating the contribution of a specific adhesin. We use the Escherichia coli strain 27875, a human pathogenic strain expressing the autotransporter Adhesin Involved in Diffuse Adherence (AIDA). As a control, we use a mutant strain lacking the aidA gene, 2787&Delta;aidA (F. Berthiaume and M. Mourez, unpublished), and a commercial laboratory strain of E. coli, C600 (New England Biolabs). The bacteria are left to adhere to the cells from the commonly used HEp-2 human epithelial cell line. This assay has been less extensively described before6.

In Vitro Assay of Bacterial Adhesion onto Mammalian Epithelial Cells

This protocol is a simple bacterial adhesion assay consisting in counting the numbers of bacterial colony forming units that are adhered onto cultured cells. The assay is robust, independent of the adhesin studied, and numerous variations are used in most laboratories working on bacterial pathogenesis.

Bakteriyel Yapışma Memeli Epitel Hücreleri üzerine In Vitro Testi

To cause infections, bacteria must colonize their host. Bacterial pathogens express various molecules or structures able to promote attachment to host ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Isolation of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells and Their Use in the Study of Neutrophil Transmigration Under Flow Conditions

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell. They form an essential part of the innate immune system1. During acute inflammation, neutrophils are the first inflammatory cells to migrate to the site of injury. Recruitment of neutrophils to an injury site is a stepwise process that includes first, dilation of blood vessels to increase blood flow; second, microvascular structural changes and escape of plasma proteins from the bloodstream; third, rolling, adhesion and transmigration of the neutrophil across the endothelium; and fourth accumulation of neutrophils at the site of injury2,3. A wide array of in vivo and in vitro methods has evolved to enable the study of these processes4. This method focuses on neutrophil transmigration across human endothelial cells.
One popular method for examining the molecular processes involved in neutrophil transmigration utilizes human neutrophils interacting with primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC)5. Neutrophil isolation has been described visually elsewhere6; thus this article will show the method for isolation of HUVEC. Once isolated and grown to confluence, endothelial cells are activated resulting in the upregulation of adhesion and activation molecules. For example, activation of endothelial cells with cytokines like TNF-&alpha; results in increased E-selectin and IL-8 expression7. E-selectin mediates capture and rolling of neutrophils and IL-8 mediates activation and firm adhesion of neutrophils. After adhesion neutrophils transmigrate. Transmigration can occur paracellularly (through endothelial cell junctions) or transcellularly (through the endothelial cell itself). In most cases, these interactions occur under flow conditions found in the vasculature7,8.
The parallel plate flow chamber is a widely used system that mimics the hydrodynamic shear stresses found in vivo and enables the study of neutrophil recruitment under flow condition in vitro9,10. Several companies produce parallel plate flow chambers and each have advantages and disadvantages. If fluorescent imaging is needed, glass or an optically similar polymer needs to be used. Endothelial cells do not grow well on glass.
Here we present an easy and rapid method for phase-contrast, DIC and fluorescent imaging of neutrophil transmigration using a low volume ibidi channel slide made of a polymer that supports the rapid adhesion and growth of human endothelial cells and has optical qualities that are comparable to glass. In this method, endothelial cells were grown and stimulated in an ibidi &mu;slide. Neutrophils were introduced under flow conditions and transmigration was assessed. Fluorescent imaging of the junctions enabled real-time determination of the extent of paracellular versus transcellular transmigration.

This article first describes a procedure for isolating human endothelial cells from umbilical veins and then shows how to use these cells to examine neutrophil transmigration under flow conditions. By using a low-volume flow chamber made from a polymer with the optical characteristics of glass, live-cell fluorescent imaging of rare cell populations is also possible.

Akış Koşullarında İnsan umbilikal ven endotel hücreleri ve nötrofil Transmigration Çalışmaları Kullanılması İzolasyonu

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell. They form an essential part of the innate immune system1. During acute inflammation, ...

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of the deadliest form of malaria, and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) are among the most important health problems worldwide, being responsible for a total of 4 million deaths annually1. Due to their extensive overlap in developing regions, especially Sub-Saharan Africa, co-infections with malaria and HIV-1 are common, but the interplay between the two diseases is poorly understood. Epidemiological reports have suggested that malarial infection transiently enhances HIV-1 replication and increases HIV-1 viral load in co-infected individuals2,3. Because this viremia stays high for several weeks after treatment with antimalarials, this phenomenon could have an impact on disease progression and transmission.
The cellular immunological mechanisms behind these observations have been studied only scarcely. The few in vitro studies investigating the impact of malaria on HIV-1 have demonstrated that exposure to soluble malarial antigens can increase HIV-1 infection and reactivation in immune cells. However, these studies used whole cell extracts of P. falciparum schizont stage parasites and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), making it hard to decipher which malarial component(s) was responsible for the observed effects and what the target host cells were4,5. Recent work has demonstrated that exposure of immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells to the malarial pigment hemozoin increased their ability to transfer HIV-1 to CD4+ T cells6,7, but that it decreased HIV-1 infection of macrophages8. To shed light on this complex process, a systematic analysis of the interactions between the malaria parasite and HIV-1 in different relevant human primary cell populations is critically needed.
Several techniques for investigating the impact of HIV-1 on the phagocytosis of micro-organisms and the effect of such pathogens on HIV-1 replication have been described. We here present a method to investigate the effects of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes on the replication of HIV-1 in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages. The impact of parasite exposure on HIV-1 transcriptional/translational events is monitored by using single cycle pseudotyped viruses in which a luciferase reporter gene has replaced the Env gene while the effect on the quantity of virus released by the infected macrophages is determined by measuring the HIV-1 capsid protein p24 by ELISA in cell supernatants.

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

We have developed an in vitro malaria-HIV-1 co-infection model to study the impact of Plasmodium falciparum on the HIV-1 replicative cycle in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages. This versatile system can easily be adapted to other primary cell types susceptible to HIV-1 infection.

Bir<em&gt; In vitro</emOkumak&gt; Co-enfeksiyon Modeli<em&gt; Plasmodium falciparum</emİnsan İlköğretim Monosit kökenli Bağışıklık Hücrelerde&gt;-HIV-1 Etkileşimleri

Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent  of the deadliest form of malaria, and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) are among the most important ...

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

Mucosal surfaces serve as protective barriers against pathogenic organisms.&#160;Innate immune responses are activated upon sensing pathogen leading to the infiltration of tissues with migrating inflammatory cells, primarily neutrophils.&#160;This process has the potential to be destructive to tissues if excessive or held in an unresolved state.&#160; Cocultured in vitro models can be utilized to study the unique molecular mechanisms involved in pathogen induced neutrophil trans-epithelial migration.&#160;This type of model provides versatility in experimental design with opportunity for controlled manipulation of the pathogen, epithelial barrier, or neutrophil.&#160;Pathogenic infection of the apical surface of polarized epithelial monolayers grown on permeable transwell filters instigates physiologically relevant basolateral to apical trans-epithelial migration of neutrophils applied to the basolateral surface.&#160;The in vitro model described herein demonstrates the multiple steps necessary for demonstrating neutrophil migration across a polarized lung epithelial monolayer that has been infected with pathogenic P. aeruginosa (PAO1).&#160;Seeding and culturing of permeable transwells with human derived lung epithelial cells is described, along with isolation of neutrophils from whole human blood and culturing of PAO1 and nonpathogenic K12 E. coli (MC1000).&#160; The emigrational process and quantitative analysis of successfully migrated neutrophils that have been mobilized in response to pathogenic infection is shown with representative data, including positive and negative controls.&#160;This in vitro model system can be manipulated and applied to other mucosal surfaces.&#160;Inflammatory responses that involve excessive neutrophil infiltration can be destructive to host tissues and can occur in the absence of pathogenic infections.&#160;A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that promote neutrophil trans-epithelial migration through experimental manipulation of the in vitro coculture assay system described herein has significant potential to identify novel therapeutic targets for a range of mucosal infectious as well as inflammatory diseases.

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

Neutrophil trans-epithelial migration in response to mucosal bacterial infection contributes to epithelial injury and clinical disease.&#160;An in vitro model has been developed that combines pathogen, human neutrophils, and polarized human epithelial cell layers grown on transwell filters to facilitate investigations towards unraveling the molecular mechanisms orchestrating this phenomenon.

Tüp bebek Patojen Kaynaklı Nötrofil Trans-epitel Göçünü Değerlendirmek için Coculture Tahlili

Mucosal surfaces serve as protective barriers against pathogenic organisms.&#160;Innate immune responses are activated upon sensing pathogen leading to ...

A Flow Adhesion Assay to Study Leucocyte Recruitment to Human Hepatic Sinusoidal Endothelium Under Conditions of Shear Stress

Leucocyte infiltration into human liver tissue is a common process in all adult inflammatory liver diseases. Chronic infiltration can drive the development of fibrosis and progression to cirrhosis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that mediate leucocyte recruitment to the liver could identify important therapeutic targets for liver disease. The key interaction during leucocyte recruitment is that of inflammatory cells with endothelium under conditions of shear stress. Recruitment to the liver occurs within the low shear channels of the hepatic sinusoids which are lined by hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSEC). The conditions within the hepatic sinusoids can be recapitulated by perfusing leucocytes through channels lined by human HSEC monolayers at specific flow rates. In these conditions leucocytes undergo a brief tethering step followed by activation and firm adhesion, followed by a crawling step and subsequent transmigration across the endothelial layer. Using phase contrast microscopy, each step of this &#39;adhesion cascade&#39; can be visualized and recorded followed by offline analysis. Endothelial cells or leucocytes can be pretreated with inhibitors to determine the role of specific molecules during this process.

Leucocyte recruitment to the liver occurs within the specialized channels of the hepatic sinusoids which are lined by unique hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells. Phase contrast microscopy of leucocyte recruitment across human hepatic sinusoidal endothelium under conditions of physiological shear stress can facilitate the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms which underlie this process.

Kayma Stres İnsan Karaciğer Sinüzoidal Endoteline altında Koşullarına Lökositer İşe Alım Eğitim için Bir Akış Adezyon Deneyi

Leucocyte infiltration into human liver tissue is a common process in all adult inflammatory liver diseases. Chronic infiltration can drive the ...

Human Neutrophil Flow Chamber Adhesion Assay

Neutrophil firm adhesion to endothelial cells plays a critical role in inflammation in both health and disease. The process of neutrophil firm adhesion involves many different adhesion molecules including members of the &beta;2 integrin family and their counter-receptors of the ICAM family. Recently, naturally occurring genetic variants in both &beta;2 integrins and ICAMs are reported to be associated with autoimmune disease. Thus, the quantitative adhesive capacity of neutrophils from individuals with varying allelic forms of these adhesion molecules is important to study in relation to mechanisms underlying development of autoimmunity. Adhesion studies in flow chamber systems can create an environment with fluid shear stress similar to that observed in the blood vessel environment in vivo. Here, we present a method using a flow chamber assay system to study the quantitative adhesive properties of human peripheral blood neutrophils to human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) and to purified ligand substrates. With this method, the neutrophil adhesive capacities from donors with different allelic variants in adhesion receptors can be assessed and compared. This method can also be modified to assess adhesion of other primary cell types or cell lines.

A method of quantitating neutrophil adhesion is reported. This method creates a dynamic flow environment similar to that encountered in a blood vessel. It allows the investigation of neutrophil adhesion to either purified adhesion molecules (ligand) or endothelial cell substrate (HUVEC) in a context similar to the in vivo environment with sheer stress.

İnsan nötrofil Akış odası Yapışma Deneyi

Neutrophil firm adhesion to endothelial cells plays a critical role in inflammation in both health and disease. The process of neutrophil firm adhesion ...

Static Adhesion Assay for the Study of Integrin Activation in T Lymphocytes

T lymphocyte adhesion is required for multiple T cell functions, including migration to sites of inflammation and formation of immunological synapses with antigen presenting cells. T cells accomplish regulated adhesion by controlling the adhesive properties of integrins, a class of cell adhesion molecules consisting of heterodimeric pairs of transmembrane proteins that interact with target molecules on partner cells or extracellular matrix. The most prominent T cell integrin is lymphocyte function associated antigen (LFA)-1, composed of subunits &#945;L and &#946;2, whose target is the intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1. The ability of a T cell to control adhesion derives from the ability to regulate the affinity states of individual integrins. Inside-out signaling describes the process whereby signals inside a cell cause the external domains of integrins to assume an activated state. Much of our knowledge of these complex phenomena is based on mechanistic studies performed in simplified in&#160;vitro model systems. The T lymphocyte adhesion assay described here is an excellent tool that allows T cells to adhere to target molecules, under static conditions, and then utilizes a fluorescent plate reader to quantify adhesiveness. This assay has been useful in defining adhesion-stimulatory or inhibitory substances that act on lymphocytes, as well as characterizing the signaling events involved. Although described here for LFA-1 - ICAM-1 mediated adhesion; this assay can be readily adapted to allow for the study of other adhesive interactions (e.g.&#160;VLA-4 - fibronectin).

Static adhesion assay is a powerful tool that can be used to model the interactions between T lymphocytes and other cell types. Interactions are generated by injecting labeled T cells into wells coated with adhesion molecules, while a plate reader is used to quantify the number of adherent cells following serial washes.

T Lenfositlerindeki Integrin Aktivasyonunun Çalışması için statik Adezyon Deneyi

T lymphocyte adhesion is required for multiple T cell functions, including migration to sites of inflammation and formation of immunological synapses with ...

Real-time Imaging of Endothelial Cell-cell Junctions During Neutrophil Transmigration Under Physiological Flow

During inflammation, leukocytes leave the circulation and cross the endothelium to fight invading pathogens in underlying tissues. This process is known as leukocyte transendothelial migration. Two routes for leukocytes to cross the endothelial monolayer have been described: the paracellular route, i.e., through the cell-cell junctions and the transcellular route, i.e., through the endothelial cell body. However, it has been technically difficult to discriminate between the para- and transcellular route. We developed a simple in vitro assay to study the distribution of endogenous VE-cadherin and PECAM-1 during neutrophil transendothelial migration under physiological flow conditions. Prior to neutrophil perfusion, endothelial cells were briefly treated with fluorescently-labeled antibodies against VE-cadherin and PECAM-1. These antibodies did not interfere with the function of both proteins, as was determined by electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing and FRAP measurements. Using this assay, we were able to follow the distribution of endogenous VE-cadherin and PECAM-1 during transendothelial migration under flow conditions and discriminate between the para- and transcellular migration routes of the leukocytes across the endothelium.

Leukocytes cross the endothelial monolayer using the paracellular or the transcellular route. We developed a simple assay to follow the distribution of endogenous junctional VE-cadherin and PECAM-1 during leukocyte transendothelial migration under physiological flow to discriminate between the two transmigration routes.

Nötrofil Hicret altında Fizyolojik Akış sırasında endotel hücre-hücre Eklemlerinin Gerçek zamanlı Görüntüleme

During inflammation, leukocytes leave the circulation and cross the endothelium to fight invading pathogens in underlying tissues. This process is known ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Model to Study Bacterial Adhesion to the Vessel Wall Under Flow Conditions

In order to cause endovascular infections and infective endocarditis, bacteria need to be able to adhere to the vessel wall while being exposed to the shear stress of flowing blood.
To identify the bacterial and host factors that contribute to vascular adhesion of microorganisms, appropriate models that study these interactions under physiological shear conditions are needed. Here, we describe an in vitro flow chamber model that allows to investigate bacterial adhesion to different components of the extracellular matrix or to endothelial cells, and an intravital microscopy model that was developed to directly visualize the initial adhesion of bacteria to the splanchnic circulation in vivo. These methods can be used to identify the bacterial and host factors required for the adhesion of bacteria under flow. We illustrate the relevance of shear stress and the role of von Willebrand factor for the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus using both the in vitro and in vivo model.

In Vitro and In Vivo Model to Study Bacterial Adhesion to the Vessel Wall Under Flow Conditions

To study the interaction of bacteria with the blood vessels under shear stress, a flow chamber and an in vivo mesenteric intravital microscopy model are described that allow to dissect the bacterial and host factors contributing to vascular adhesion.

In Vitro ve İn Vivo Modeli Gemi Duvar Altında Akış Koşulları Bakteriyel Yapışma Eğitim için

In order to cause endovascular infections and infective endocarditis, bacteria need to be able to adhere to the vessel wall while being exposed to the ...

Assay of Adhesion Under Shear Stress for the Study of T Lymphocyte-Adhesion Molecule Interactions

Overall, T cell adhesion is a critical component of function, contributing to the distinct processes of cellular recruitment to sites of inflammation and interaction with antigen presenting cells (APC) in the formation of immunological synapses. These two contexts of T cell adhesion differ in that T cell-APC interactions can be considered static, while T cell-blood vessel interactions are challenged by the shear stress generated by circulation itself. T cell-APC interactions are classified as static in that the two cellular partners are static relative to each other. Usually, this interaction occurs within the lymph nodes. As a T cell interacts with the blood vessel wall, the cells arrest and must resist the generated shear stress.1,2 These differences highlight the need to better understand static adhesion and adhesion under flow conditions as two distinct regulatory processes. The regulation of T cell adhesion can be most succinctly described as controlling the affinity state of integrin molecules expressed on the cell surface, and thereby regulating the interaction of integrins with the adhesion molecule ligands expressed on the surface of the interacting cell. Our current understanding of the regulation of integrin affinity states comes from often simplistic in vitro model systems. The assay of adhesion using flow conditions described here allows for the visualization and accurate quantification of T cell-epithelial cell interactions in real time following a stimulus. An adhesion under flow assay can be applied to studies of adhesion signaling within T cells following treatment with inhibitory or stimulatory substances. Additionally, this assay can be expanded beyond T cell signaling to any adhesive leukocyte population and any integrin-adhesion molecule pair.

This flow adhesion assay provides a simple, high impact model of T cell-epithelial cell interactions. A syringe pump is used to generate shear stress, and confocal microscopy captures images for quantification. The goal of these studies is to effectively quantify T cell adhesion using flow conditions.

T Lenfosit-Yapışma Molekülü Etkileşimleri Çalışmaları Yapışma Altında Kesme Stres Testi

Overall, T cell adhesion is a critical component of function, contributing to the distinct processes of cellular recruitment to sites of inflammation and ...