Yazarlar arka plan müziği sağlamak için, video işleme ve Eric Thomas, müzik departmanı, Colby College ile teknik yardım için, Qiuli Wang, Dil Kaynak Merkezi, Colby College teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Bu proje Araştırma Kaynakları, INBRE için Ulusal Merkezi (P20RR016463-12), Genel Tıp Bilimleri Ulusal Enstitüsü (P20 GM103423-12) hibe ile desteklenen, Sağlık ve Bilim Bölümü Grant, Colby College (STA) vatandaşları Enstitüleri. JL ve LWM Yaz Scholar Fonu, Colby College hibe tarafından desteklenmiştir.

1. Drosophila irkilme kaynaklı Locomotion Deneyi <ol><li> İlaç Tedavisi <ol><li> Istenilen sayıda hareketsiz için oturaklı (yaklaşık 8-12) 1-3 günlük erkek CO 2 kullanarak ve ilaç takviyesi gıda içeren flakon taşırlar uçar. Not: Başka bir anestetik, örneğin, eter veya buz sayım ve kontrol edilebilmesi için sakinleştirici sinekleri için kullanılabilir. </li><li> 25 ° C&#39;de sinekler (sinekler önlemek için gıda saplanıyor) yatay konumda göz ile 20 dakika (ya da kurtarma kadar) sedasyon kurtarmak ve daha sonra 12 saat karanlıkta dik şişeyi yerleştirmek için izin, 12 saat ışık inkübatör Deneyin geri kalan bölümü için. </li></ol></li><li> Deney Kurma <ol><li> Kalıcı bir kalem ile şişelere etrafında daireler işaretleyerek 6.33 cm olmak üzere üç eşit parçaya bu çifte flakon kurulumu bölün. </li><li> Ilaç maruziyeti 3 gün sonra, buraya, alt şişenin içine anestezi olmadan uçar ve hızlı bir şekilde üst şişe yerleştirinaçıklık boyunca yerleştirilir. Şeffaf bir bantla birlikte iki şişe bantlayın. </li><li> Sinekler 15 dakika boyunca yeni ortamına alışmaları için izin verin. </li><li> Yer beyaz bir arka plan üzerinde küçük şişeler ve görünümünde bir zamanlayıcı ile çift şişe cihazdan uygun bir mesafede bir dijital kamera kurmak. Bütün cihaz tek bir resim çerçevesi görünür olduğundan emin olun ve tüm sinekler odak olduğunu. Çalışmalar arasında tutarlı kareleri korumak için, kamera ve flakonun konumunu işaretleyin. </li></ol></li><li> Hareketlilik Deney <ol><li> Açıkçası kamera görüntüsü deneme sayısını, ilaç tedavisi ve zamanlayıcı gösterilecek. </li><li> Sıkıca tezgah karşı 3 kez çift şişe aparatı dokunun ve tüm sinekler şişenin dibine düşer emin olun. Eşzamanlı sayacını başlatmak. </li><li> Her 5 saniye ila 1 dakika boyunca, tertibatın bir resim alır. Not: Alternatif olarak, video yakalanan ve ölçümler için uygun aralıklarla durdurulmuş olabilir. </li><li> Sinekler 1 dakika boyunca rahatsız kurtarmak için izin verin. </li><li&gt; Her deneme arasında 1 dakikalık iyileşme süresi ile 2 kez daha tekrarlayın. Not: Her bir cihaz veri toplama tamamlamak için 5 dakika almalıdır. Çalışmalar arasındaki dokunarak benzer güce sahip. Birden fazla (en az 3) Cihaz kolay olarak ele alınabilir. </li></ol></li><li> Veri Analizi <ol><li> Resimlere ve zamanla her bölümde sinek sayısını kaydedin. Zamanla her bölümde sinek yüzdesini hesaplayın. Notlar: Örneğin, gün 3, 5 için, ilgi 2 veya 3 kez noktalarında aynı sinekler ile tüm bu prosedürü tekrarlayın ve çok sinek telafi etmek için orijinal deneme sayısını büyütmek mümkün olduğu deney boyunca ölmek 7. Eğer mortalite için. Verileri karşılaştırmak için uygun istatistiksel analiz kullanın. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Drosophila spontane hareketlilik deneyi <ol><li> Gıda Hazırlama <ol><li> 15 deiyonize ml su ve arzu edilen rotenone anlık Drosophila orta 3 g sulandırın(Veya ilgi başka bir ilaç) doz. </li><li> Gıda karışım firma (yaklaşık 5 dakika) hale geldikten sonra, dikkatlice üreticisi haline yüksek yaklaşık 1 cm şeffaf borular (5 mm X 65 mm) verilen olmak için gıda yükleyin. Dikkatli bir gıda dikey olarak yerleştirilmesi ve tüpler olarak, boru içindeki gıda ile temizlenebilir kadar bunları bükerek tüplerine gıda infüzyon ilacı ekleyin. Not: Bu bir vakum oluşturmak için tüpün ağzına bir parmak yerleştirmek yararlı olur. Gıda hava kabarcıkları içeren ya da sinekler gibi sıkıştığında, düzensiz bir yüzeye sahip olmamalıdır. </li></ol></li><li> Deneysel Kurulum <ol><li> Gıda yakın tüp ucunda bir plastik kap yerleştirin. Zorla itti eğer şişe içinde bir hava kabarcığı oluşturabilir gibi, mümkün olduğunca az tüp üzerindeki plastik kapağı itin. </li><li> Oturaklı 1 günlük erkek CO 2 kullanarak ve dikkatli 1 erkek bir fırça ile her bir tüp içine sinek takın uçar. İstenen denemelerin sayısına bağlı olarak tekrarlayın. </li><li> TakEl büyük deposundan rulo olabilir, küçük bir pamuk ile gıda tüp en uzak, sonu pamuk topları aldım. </li><li> Sinekler 15 dakika boyunca yatay konumda tüpleri ile kurtarmak ve tüm sinekler canlı ve aktif olmasını sağlamak için izin verin. DAM içine tüpleri yerleştirin ve tüm tüpler DAM için aynı konuma olduğundan emin olun. Not: Bu, şişenin ortasında izleme alanı ile yerleştirmek için, veya borunun ucu, izlenmekte olan, böylece tarafında tüm şişeleri itmek mümkündür. Not: Bu yöntem üzerinde varyasyonlar için tartışma bakın. </li></ol></li><li> Veri Toplama <ol><li> 12 saat karanlıkta DAM yerleştirin, 12 saat ışık inkübatör 25 ° C&#39;ye ayarlanır. Veri toplama sistemine DAM bağlayın. DAM yazılımını açın ve tercihleri ​​seçin bin uzunluğu altında 10 dakika. Veri toplama başlatın ve programı 7 gün boyunca veri toplamak için izin verir. Not: gerekirse kutusu uzunluğu ayarlanabilir. </li><li> Veri Analizi Not: SüreçVeri uzun süreli spontane hareketlilik için bir ölçüt olarak dakika başına sayımları elde edildi. <ol><li> Belirleyin giriş verilerini açık tıklayarak BARAJI dosya tarama programı ve erişim monitör verileri. </li><li> Uygun monitör aralığını seçin ve 10 dk aralıklarla bin uzunluğunu seçin. </li><li> Çıktı dosya türü içinde kanal dosyaları seçebilirsiniz. Varsayılan olarak, tüm diğer seçenekleri bırakın. </li><li> Tarama verilerini tıklayın ve belirli bir klasöre kaydedebilirsiniz. </li><li> Sirkadiyen veri analizi yazılımı ithalat verileri dakika başına sayıları elde etmek. Not: Veri analizi Clocklab yazılım yaygın olarak kullanılır için. Diğer seçenekleri de mevcuttur. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>

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Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Bu çalışmada, Parkinson hastalığı ile indüklenen Drosophila rotenon modelinde uzun süreli spontane hareketlilik ve kısa süreli irkilme kaynaklı hareketlilik iki ölçüm için iki prosedürleri tarif eder. Bir de, Parkinson hastalığı, örneğin modellemek için bilinen diğer farmakolojik ajanlar, parakuat 14, Parkinson hastalığı, örneğin genetik modelleri, alfa-sinüklein mutantlar 15, ve hareketlilikte bir etkileyen hastalıklar ve d...

Lokomosyon eksiklikler Parkinson hastalığının büyük bir semptomudur ve büyük ölçüde, substantia nigra 1 dopaminerjik nöronların bozulmasına neden olur. Rotenon Drosophila 2-6 Parkinson motor açıkları modellemek için yoğun şekilde çalışılmış bir ketonik bir böcek öldürücüdür. Rotenon sonuçta hücre ölümüne 7 neden oksidatif fosforilasyon yolu bloke ederek oksidatif hasara neden olur. Dopaminerjik nöronlar, esas olarak, motor 2,7 göre kimyasal etkiler yaratmak, rotenon zehirlenmesine karşı daha eğilimlidir. Sinekler Parkinson hastalığı belirtileri uyararak, biz daha iyi hastalığı anlamak ve 6,8-11. Drosophila bakımı kolay, genetik uysal çünkü bu etkiyi incelemek için iyi bir model sağlamaktadır belirtilerini düzeltmek ve hızlı bir yaşam döngüsüne sahip olabilir. Çeşitli çalışmalarda rotenon kısa süreli irkilme kaynaklı yol açtığını göstermiştirDrosophila&#39;nın -zaman sinekler lokomosyon kusurlar rrotenon-takviye gıda muhafaza, bunlar irkilme 2-6 sonra daha yavaş bir olumsuz geotactic tepki gösterir. Kontrol denemelerinde olduğu kadar çabuk bir şişe aparatı yukarı tırmanmak için başarısızlık irkilme-kaynaklı lokomosyon kusurları göstergesidir. Uzun vadede rotenone etkisi, kendiliğinden hareket de Drosophila etkinliği izler (DAMs) başarıyla Drosophila sirkadiyen ritim hareketini izlemek için kullanılır olmuştur. Tarif 12,13 inceler değildir. Sinekler DAM yüklenen bireysel tüpler içine yerleştirilir. Bu cihaz, bir sinek kızılötesi ışını kırar kez sayar bir kızılötesi sensörü ile donatılmıştır. Bu sayımlar rahatsız hareketlilik ve aktivite 12,13 bir ölçüsü olarak kullanılabilir. Bir DAM sinek koyarak, onların uzun vadeli lokomosyon rotenone etkisi karakterize edilebilir. Bu çalışma, ölçüm için yöntemler anlatılmaktadırure kısa vadeli iyi rrotenon aracılı motorlu eksikliklerin etkilerini anlamak için hareketlilik ve uzun vadeli spontan lokomosyonu irkilme kaynaklı. Bunlar, bu kusurlar lokomosyon tersi diğer bileşiklerin çalışmaya izin vermesi nedeniyle, Parkinson hastalığının taklit lokomosyon eksiklikleri karakterizasyonu önemlidir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="628">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Standard narrow vials</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">32-120</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Rotenone</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R8875</td>
			<td>Store in freezer, make fresh for each experiment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8418</td>
			<td>Solvent for rotenone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Instant Drosophila medium</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Carolina Biological&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Formula 4-24</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Drosophila activity monitor (DAM)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Trikinetics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DAM2</td>
			<td>trikinetics.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">DAM tubes</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Trikinetics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Tubes 5X65 mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Recipe for Rotenone +food (125 mM dose)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Make 62.5 mM rotenone stock solution in DMSO by dissolving 25 mg rotenone in 1 ml DMSO&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For 125 mM dose, add 10 mM rotenone stock in DMSO to 5 ml water.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

methods to characterize spontaneous and startle-induced locomotion in a rotenone-induced parkinson's disease model of drosophila

Parkinson hastalığı esas olarak, substantia nigra merkezi sinir sistemindeki dopaminerjik nöronların dejenerasyonu ile sonuçlanan bir nörodejeneratif hastalıktır. Hastalık insanlarda katılık, titreme ve demans gibi sunmak motorlu eksiklikleri neden olur. Rotenon mitokondrideki elektron taşıma zincirinin işlevini inhibe ederek oksidatif hasara neden olan bir insektisit olan. Ayrıca, Drosophila Parkinson hastalığı modeli kullanılır. Sinekler onları şaşırtan geçtikten sonra yukarı tırmanmaya zorlayan içsel bir negatif geotactic yanıtı var. Bu rrotenon onlar aşağı dinlendiğini sonra tırmanmaya sineklerin yeteneğini bozabilir erken mortalite ve hareket kusurlarına neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ancak, spontan hareketi rotenone etkisi iyi belgelenmiş değildir. Bu çalışma, rotenon kaynaklı eksiklikleri karakterize etmek için, iki, hassas, tekrarlanabilir ve kapsamlı incelemeler özetlenmektedirKısa vadeli Drosophila lokomosyon ve uzun vadeli spontane hareketlilik irkilme kaynaklı. Bu deneyler, uygun bir hareket yeteneği kusurları ve terapötik maddelerin etkinliğinin diğer Drosophila modelleri karakterize adapte edilebilir.

Drosophila irkilme kaynaklı Locomotion Deneyi Yabani tip, kanton S, sinekler 30 sn (Şekil 1) sonra çift flakon tertibatının, sadece sırasıyla yaklaşık% 88 ve üst ve alt bölümlerinde sinekler% 5 güçlü bir negatif geotactic tepki gösterdi. 125 mcM ve 3 gün boyunca 250 mcM rotenone maruz sinekler üst bölümde ve alt kısmında sinek sayısında hafif bir artış sinek sayısında hafif bir azalma gösterdi. 500 ıLl rotenone...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods to Characterize Spontaneous and Startle-induced Locomotion in a Rotenone-induced Parkinson's Disease Model of Drosophila at JoVE.com

Methods to Characterize Spontaneous and Startle-induced Locomotion in a Rotenone-induced Parkinson&#039;s Disease Model of Drosophila

Parkinson hastalığı hareket yeteneği etkilere neden, merkezi sinir sistemindeki dopaminerjik nöronların dejenerasyonu ile sonuçlanan bir nörodejeneratif hastalıktır. Rotenon modelleri Drosophila Parkinson hastalığı bulunmaktadır. Bu kağıt rotenone neden spontan ve irkilme-kaynaklı hem lokomosyon eksiklikleri niteleyen iki deneyleri özetliyor.

Yöntem Spontan Karakterizasyonu Ürkütme kaynaklı hareket yeteneği bir Rotenon ile uyarılan Parkinson Hastalığı Modeli için<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Parkinson&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that results from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system, ...

methods-to-characterize-spontaneous-startle-induced-locomotion

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Methods to Characterize Spontaneous and Startle-induced Locomotion in a Rotenone-induced Parkinson's Disease Model of Drosophila

10.0K Görüntüleme.  Colby College.  Parkinson hastalığı hareket yeteneği etkilere neden, merkezi sinir sistemindeki dopaminerjik nöronların dejenerasyonu ile sonuçlanan bir nörodejeneratif hastalıktır. Rotenon modelleri Drosophila Parkinson hastalığı bulunmaktadır. Bu kağıt rotenone neden spontan ve irkilme-kaynaklı hem lokomosyon eksiklikleri niteleyen iki deneyleri özetliyor. 

Video: Methods to Characterize Spontaneous and Startle-induced Locomotion in a Rotenone-induced Parkinson's Disease Model of Drosophila

Autologous Blood Injection to Model Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice

Investigation of the pathophysiology of injury after intracerebral
hemorrhage (ICH) requires a reproducible animal model. While ICH
accounts for 10-15% of all strokes, there remains no specific
effective therapy. The autologous blood injection model in mice
involves the stereotaxic injection of arterial blood into the basal
ganglia mimicking a spontaneous hypertensive hemorrhage in man. The
response to hemorrhage can then be studied in vivo and the
neurobehavioral deficits quantified, allowing for description of the
ensuing pathology and the testing of potential therapeutic agents. The
procedure described in this protocol uses the double injection
technique to minimize risk of blood reflux up the needle track, no
anticoagulants in the pumping system, and eliminates all dead space
and expandable tubing in the system.

The autologous blood injection model of intracerebral hemorrhage in mice described in this protocol uses the double injection technique to minimize risk of blood reflux up the needle track, no anticoagulants in the pumping system, and eliminates all dead space and expandable tubing in the system.

Farelerde Spontan İntraserebral Kanama Model Otolog Kan Enjeksiyon

Investigation of the pathophysiology of injury after intracerebral
hemorrhage (ICH) requires a reproducible animal model.  While ICH
accounts for 10-15% ...

Nörobilim

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and various neurological diseases1. We have optimized simple and robust behavioral assays for determining larval locomotion, adult climbing ability (RING assay), and courtship behaviors of Drosophila. These behavioral assays are widely applicable for studying the role of genetic and environmental factors on fly behavior. Larval crawling ability can be reliably used for determining early stage changes in the crawling abilities of Drosophila larvae and also for examining effect of drugs or human disease genes (in transgenic flies) on their locomotion. The larval crawling assay becomes more applicable if expression or abolition of a gene causes lethality in pupal or adult stages, as these flies do not survive to adulthood where they otherwise could be assessed. This basic assay can also be used in conjunction with bright light or stress to examine additional behavioral responses in Drosophila larvae. Courtship behavior has been widely used to investigate genetic basis of sexual behavior, and can also be used to examine activity and coordination, as well as learning and memory. Drosophila courtship behavior involves the exchange of various sensory stimuli including visual, auditory, and chemosensory signals between males and females that lead to a complex series of well characterized motor behaviors culminating in successful copulation. Traditional adult climbing assays (negative geotaxis) are tedious, labor intensive, and time consuming, with significant variation between different trials2-4. The rapid iterative negative geotaxis (RING) assay5 has many advantages over more widely employed protocols, providing a reproducible, sensitive, and high throughput approach to quantify adult locomotor and negative geotaxis behaviors. In the RING assay, several genotypes or drug treatments can be tested simultaneously using large number of animals, with the high-throughput approach making it more amenable for screening experiments.

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster is a genetically and behaviorally tractable model system that has been used to understand the molecular and cellular basis of many important biological processes for over a century 1. Drosophila has been well exploited to gain insights into the genetic basis of fly behavior.

Test için Yöntemler Drosophila Davranış

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular ...

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust (Schistocerca Americana) Olfactory Circuits

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar olfactory systems suggesting that the biological approach to chemical sensing has been optimized over evolutionary time1. In the insect olfactory system, odorants are transduced by olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) in the antenna, which convert chemical stimuli into trains of action potentials. Sensory input from the ORNs is then relayed to the antennal lobe (AL; a structure analogous to the vertebrate olfactory bulb). In the AL, neural representations for odors take the form of spatiotemporal firing patterns distributed across ensembles of principal neurons (PNs; also referred to as projection neurons)2,3. The AL output is subsequently processed by Kenyon cells (KCs) in the downstream mushroom body (MB), a structure associated with olfactory memory and learning4,5. Here, we present electrophysiological recording techniques to monitor odor-evoked neural responses in these olfactory circuits.
First, we present a single sensillum recording method to study odor-evoked responses at the level of populations of ORNs6,7. We discuss the use of saline filled sharpened glass pipettes as electrodes to extracellularly monitor ORN responses. Next, we present a method to extracellularly monitor PN responses using a commercial 16-channel electrode3. A similar approach using a custom-made 8-channel twisted wire tetrode is demonstrated for Kenyon cell recordings8. We provide details of our experimental setup and present representative recording traces for each of these techniques.

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust Schistocerca Americana Olfactory Circuits

We demonstrate variations of the extracellular multi-unit recording technique to characterize odor-evoked responses in the first three stages of the invertebrate olfactory pathway. These techniques can easily be adapted to examine ensemble activity in other neural systems as well.

Locust Sinir Aktivitesi Karakterize Multi-ünite Kayıt Yöntemleri (<em&gt; Schistocerca Americana</em&gt;) Olfaktör Devreler

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival  of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar ...

Determination of the Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster has been used as an excellent model organism to study environmental and genetic manipulations that affect behavior. One such behavior is spontaneous locomotor activity. Here we describe our protocol that utilizes Drosophila population monitors and a tracking system that allows continuous monitoring of the spontaneous locomotor activity of flies for several days at a time. This method is simple, reliable, and objective and can be used to examine the effects of aging, sex, changes in caloric content of food, addition of drugs, or genetic manipulations that mimic human diseases.

Determination of the Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster are useful in studying genetic or environmental manipulations that affect behaviors such as spontaneous locomotor activity.&#160; Here we describe a protocol that utilizes monitors with infrared beams and data analysis software to quantify spontaneous locomotor activity.&#160;

Olarak spontan lokomotor aktivitenin belirlenmesi<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Drosophila melanogaster has been used as an excellent model organism to study environmental and genetic manipulations that affect behavior. One such ...

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI). The mechanisms responsible for its complex pathological changes remain largely elusive, despite a recent consensus to define the neuropathological criteria. Here, we describe a novel method to develop a model of CTE in Drosophila melanogaster&#160;(Drosophila&#160;)&#160;in an attempt to identify the key genes and pathways that lead to the characteristic hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation and neuronal death in the brain. Adjustable-strength impacts to inflict mild closed injury are delivered directly to the fly head, subjecting the head to rapid acceleration and deceleration. Our method eliminates the potential problems inherent with other Drosophila mTBI models (e.g.,animal death might be induced by damage to other parts of the body or to internal organs). The less labor- and cost-intensive animal care, short life span, and extensive genetic tools make the fruit fly ideal to study CTE pathogenesis and make it possible to perform large-scale, genome-wide forward genetic and pharmacological screens. We anticipate that the ongoing characterization of the model will generate important mechanistic insights on disease prevention and therapeutic approaches.

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Here, we describe a new approach to inflict closed-head traumatic brain injury in Drosophila melanogaster. Our method has the advantage of directly delivering repetitive impacts with adjustable strength to the head alone. Further exploration of the invertebrate system will help to illuminate the pathogenesis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

Kronik Travmatik Ensefalopatiyi Modelleyen Yeni Bir Yöntem<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic ...

Quantifying Spontaneous Ca2+ Fluxes and their Downstream Effects in Primary Mouse Midbrain Neurons

Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Excessive Ca2+ influx due to the abnormal activation of glutamate receptors results in DA excitotoxicity and has been identified as an important mechanism for DA neuron loss. In this study, we isolate, dissociate, and culture midbrain neurons from the mouse ventral mesencephalon (VM) of ED14 mouse embryos. We then infect the long-term primary mouse midbrain cultures with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing a genetically encoded calcium indicator, GCaMP6f under control of the human neuron-specific synapsin promoter, hSyn. Using live confocal imaging, we show that cultured mouse midbrain neurons display spontaneous Ca2+ fluxes detected by AAV-hSyn-GCaMP6f. Bath application of glutamate to midbrain cultures causes abnormal elevations in intracellular Ca2+ within neurons and this is accompanied by caspase-3 activation in DA neurons, as demonstrated by immunostaining. The techniques to identify glutamate-mediated apoptosis in primary mouse DA neurons have important applications for the high content screening of drugs that preserve DA neuron health.

Quantifying Spontaneous Ca2+ Fluxes and their Downstream Effects in Primary Mouse Midbrain Neurons

Here we present a protocol to measure in vitro Ca2+ fluxes in midbrain neurons and their downstream effects on caspase-3 using primary mouse midbrain cultures. This model can be employed to study pathophysiologic changes related to abnormal Ca2+ activity in midbrain neurons, and to screen novel therapeutics for anti-apoptotic properties.

Primer Fare Orta Beyin Nöronlarında Spontan Ca2+ Akılarının ve Downstream Etkilerinin Ölçülmesi

Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Excessive Ca2+ influx ...

Applying the RatWalker System for Gait Analysis in a Genetic Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Gait abnormalities, including decreased arm swing, slower walking speed, and shorter steps are common in PD patients and appear early in the course of disease. Thus, the quantification of motor patterns in animal models of PD will be important for phenotypic characterization during disease course and upon therapeutic treatment. Most cases of PD are idiopathic; however, the identification of hereditary forms of PD uncovered gene mutations and variants, such as loss-of-function mutations in Pink1 and Parkin, two proteins involved in mitochondrial quality control that could be harnessed to create animal models. While mice are resistant to neurodegeneration upon loss of Pink1 and Parkin (single and combined deletion), in rats, Pink1 but not Parkin deficiency leads to nigral DA neuron loss and motor impairment. Here, we report the utility of FTIR imaging to uncover gait changes in freely walking young (2 months of age) male rats with combined loss of Pink1 and Parkin prior to the development of gross visually apparent motor abnormality as these rats age (observed at 4-6 months), characterized by hindlimb dragging as previously reported in Pink1 knockout (KO) rats.

Applying the RatWalker System for Gait Analysis in a Genetic Rat Model of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

Here we describe the RatWalker system, built by redesigning the MouseWalker apparatus to accommodate for the increased size and weight of rats. This system uses frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR), high-speed video capture, and open-access analysis software to track and quantify gait parameters.

Parkinson Hastalığının Genetik Sıçan Modelinde Yürüme Analizi için RatWalker Sisteminin Uygulanması

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars ...

The 6-hydroxydopamine Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD)-bradykinesia, akinesia, and tremor at rest-are consequences of the neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and dopaminergic striatal deficit. Animal models have been widely used to simulate human pathology in the laboratory. Rodents are the most used animal models for PD due to their ease of handling and maintenance. Moreover, the anatomy and molecular, cellular, and pharmacological mechanisms of PD are similar in rodents and humans. The infusion of the neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), into a medial forebrain bundle (MFB) of rats reproduces the severe destruction of dopaminergic neurons and simulates PD symptoms. This protocol demonstrates how to perform the unilateral microinjection of 6-OHDA in the MFB in a rat model of PD and shows the motor deficits induced by 6-OHDA and predicted dopaminergic lesions through the stepping test. The 6-OHDA causes significant impairment in the number of steps performed with the contralateral forelimb.

The 6-hydroxydopamine Rat Model of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

The 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model has been used for decades to advance the understanding of Parkinson's Disease. In this protocol, we demonstrate how to perform unilateral nigrostriatal lesions in the rat by injecting 6-OHDA in the medial forebrain bundle, assess motor deficits, and predict lesions using the stepping test.

Parkinson Hastalığının 6-hidroksidopamin Sıçan Modeli

Motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD)-bradykinesia, akinesia, and tremor at rest-are consequences of the neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in ...

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Levodopa (L-DOPA) remains the gold-standard therapy used to treat Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) motor symptoms. However, unwanted involuntary movements known as L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) develop with prolonged use of this dopamine precursor.&#160;It is estimated that the incidence of LIDs escalates to approximately 90% of individuals with PD within 10&#8211;15 years of treatment. Understanding the mechanisms of this malady and developing both novel and effective anti-dyskinesia treatments requires consistent and accurate modeling for pre-clinical testing of therapeutic interventions. A detailed method for reliable induction and comprehensive rating of LIDs following 6-OHDA-induced nigral lesioning in a rat model of PD is presented here. Dependable LID assessment in rats provides a powerful tool that can be readily utilized across laboratories to test emerging therapies focused on reducing or eliminating this common treatment-induced burden for individuals with PD.

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

This article describes methods to induce and evaluate levodopa-induced dyskinesias in a rat model of Parkinson&#39;s disease. The protocol offers detailed information regarding the intensity and frequency of a range of dyskinetic behaviors, both dystonic and hyperkinetic, providing a reliable tool to test treatments targeting this unmet medical need.

Parkinson Hastalığının Sıçan Modelinde Levodopa Kaynaklı Diskinezilerin İndüksiyonu ve Değerlendirilmesi

Levodopa (L-DOPA) remains the gold-standard therapy used to treat Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) motor symptoms. However, unwanted involuntary movements ...

Analyzing the Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model Induced by Adeno-associated Viral Vectors Encoding Human &#945;-Synuclein

Parkinson&#39;s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that involves the death of the dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway and, consequently, the progressive loss of control of voluntary movements. This neurodegenerative process is triggered by the deposition of protein aggregates in the brain, which are mainly constituted of &#945;-synuclein. Several studies have indicated that neuroinflammation is required to develop the neurodegeneration associated with Parkinson&#39;s disease. Notably, the neuroinflammatory process involves microglial activation as well as the infiltration of peripheral T cells into the substantia nigra (SN). This work analyzes a mouse model of Parkinson&#39;s disease that recapitulates microglial activation, T-cell infiltration into the SN, the neurodegeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons, and motor impairment. This mouse model of Parkinson&#39;s disease is induced by the stereotaxic delivery of adeno-associated viral vectors encoding the human wild-type &#945;-synuclein (AAV-h&#945;Syn) into the SN. The correct delivery of viral vectors into the SN was confirmed using control vectors encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP). Afterward, how the dose of AAV-h&#945;Syn administered in the SN affected the extent of h&#945;Syn expression, the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons, and motor impairment were evaluated. Moreover, the dynamics of h&#945;Syn expression, microglial activation, and T-cell infiltration were determined throughout the time course of disease development. Thus, this study provides critical time points that may be useful for targeting synuclein pathology and neuroinflammation in this preclinical model of Parkinson&#39;s disease.

Analyzing the Parkinson&#039;s Disease Mouse Model Induced by Adeno-associated Viral Vectors Encoding Human &amp;#945;-Synuclein

This work analyzes the vector dose and exposure time required to induce neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and motor impairment in this preclinical model of Parkinson&#39;s disease. These vectors encoding the human &#945;-synuclein are delivered into the substantia nigra&#160;to recapitulate the synuclein pathology associated with Parkinson&#39;s disease.