저자는 배경 음악을 제공하기 위해, 비디오 처리 및 에릭 토마스, 음악학과, 콜비 대학과 기술 지원을, Qiuli 왕, 언어 리소스 센터, 콜비 대학에게 감사의 말씀을 전합니다. 이 프로젝트는 연구 자료, INBRE을위한 국가 센터 (P20RR016463-12), 일반 의료 과학 국립 연구소 (P20의 GM103423-12)에서 보조금에 의해 지원되었다, 보건 및 과학 사업부 그랜트, 콜비 대학 (STA)의 국민 연구소. JL과 LWM 여름 학술 기금, 콜비 대학에서 보조금에 의해 지원되었다.

1 초파리 놀라게 유도 로코의 분석 <ol><li> 약물 치료 <ol><li> 원하는 번호를 고정화하는 차분한 (약 8 ~ 12) 1-3 일 된 남성 CO 2를 사용하여 약물이 첨가 된 음식을 포함하는 유리 병에 수송 파리. 참고 : 또 다른 마취 예를 들면, 에테르, 얼음 계산 및 처리를 가능하게하기 위해 파리를 마취하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 25 ° C에서 파​​리 (파리를 방지하기 위해 식품에 갇히지) 수평으로 유리 병 20 분 (또는 복구까지)에 대한 진정을 복구 한 후 12 시간 어둠 속에서 똑바로 유리 병을 배치 할 수 있도록 허용, 12 시간 빛 인큐베이터 실험의 나머지. </li></ol></li><li> 실험 세트 최대 <ol><li> 영구 마커 튜브 주위에 원을 표시하여 6.33 cm의 세 동일한 섹션으로이 두 병 설정을 나눈다. </li><li> 약물 노출 3 일 후에, 전송은 바이알 바닥에 마취없이 빠르게 날아 가기 바이알을 놓고입구에. 분명 테이프와 함께 병을 두 개 테이프입니다. </li><li> 파리 15 분 동안 새로운 환경에 적응할 수 있도록해야합니다. </li><li> 장소 흰색 배경에 튜브 및보기에 타이머 이중 유리 병 장치로부터 적절한 거리에 디지털 카메라를 설정합니다. 장치 전체가 하나의 액자에 표시됩니다 확인하고 모든 파리는 초점이있다. 실험 사이의 일관성을 유지하기 위해 프레임들, 카메라 및 바이알의 위치를​​ 표시한다. </li></ol></li><li> 모바일 분석 <ol><li> 분명히 카메라 뷰에서 재판 번호, 약물 치료, 그리고 타이머를 표시합니다. </li><li> 단단히 카운터에 세 번 두 번 유리 병 장치를 누르고 모든 파리는 유리 병의 바닥에 떨어질 있는지 확인합니다. 동시에 타이머를 시작합니다. </li><li> 매 5 초마다 1 분 동안, 장치의 사진을 촬영. 참고 : 또는 비디오 캡처 및 측정을위한 적절한 간격으로 일시 중지 될 수있다. </li><li> 파리 1 분 동안 방해받지 않고 복구 할 수 있습니다. </li><li&gt; 각 시험 사이에 1 분 복구 시간을 2 번 이상 반복합니다. 주 : 각 장치는 데이터 수집을 완료 5 분 소요. 시험 사이에 도청 비슷한 힘을 유지한다. 다수의 (적어도 3) 장치는 동시에 쉽게 취급 할 수있다. </li></ol></li><li> 데이터 분석 <ol><li> 사진을 검토하고 시간이 지남에 따라 각 섹션에서 파리의 수를 기록한다. 시간이 지남에 따라 각 섹션에서 파리의 비율을 계산합니다. 주 : 예를 들어, 일 3, 5에 대한 관심이 또는 세 시점에서 같은 파리이 전체 절차를 반복하고, 너무 많은 파리를 보상하기 위해 원래 시험 수를 확장하는 것이 가능 실험을하는 동안 죽을 7 경우 사망률. 데이터를 비교하기 위해 적절한 통계 분석을 사용합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 2 초파리 자발적 로코의 분석 <ol><li> 음식 준비 <ol><li> 탈 이온수 15 ml의 물과 함께 원하는 로테 논 인스턴트 초파리 배지 3g 재구성(또는 관심의 다른 약물) 복​​용. </li><li> 식품 혼합물 회사 (약 5 분)가되면, 조심스럽게 제조 업체에 높은 약 1cm 투명 튜브 (5mm X 65mm)를 공급하는 음식을로드합니다. 조심스럽게 음식을 수직으로 튜브를 삽입하고이 관 내부의 음식을 제거 할 수 있습니다 때까지를 왜곡하여 튜브로 음식을 주입 약물을 추가합니다. 참고 : 진공을 만들기 위해 튜브의 구멍에 손가락을 배치하는 것이 도움이된다. 음식은 공기 방울을 포함하거나 파리가 붙어 될 수 요철이 없어야합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 실험 설정 <ol><li> 음식 가까운 튜브의 끝 부분에 플라스틱 캡을 배치합니다. 강제로 푸시 경우가 바이알에 기포를 생성 할 수 있기 때문에, 가능한 한 작은 플라스틱 튜브에 캡을 밀어. </li><li> 침착 한 일일 세 남자는 CO 2를 사용하여 조심스럽게 한 남성이 페인트 브러시와 각 튜브에 비행 삽입 날아갑니다. 원하는 시험의 수에 따라 반복한다. </li><li> 연결손 큰 상점에서 롤백 할 수있는 작은 목화 공을 가진 음식에서 튜브 먼의 끝은 면봉을 샀다. </li><li> 파리 15 분간 수평으로 튜브 복구하고 모든 파리가 살아 있고 활성화되어 있는지 확인 할 수 있습니다. DAM에 튜브를 삽입하고 모든 튜브 댐 같은 상대적인 위치에 있는지 확인하십시오. 주 : 바이알의 중간에 모니터링 영역으로 이들을 배치, 또는 튜브의 단부가 모니터링되고, 그래서 측으로 모든 튜브를 밀어하는 것이 가능하다. 참고 :이 방법에 변화를 설명을 참조하십시오. </li></ol></li><li> 데이터 수집 <ol><li> 12 시간 어둠 속에서 DAM을 배치, 12 시간 빛 인큐베이터는 25 ° C로 설정합니다. 데이터 수집 시스템에 DAM을 연결합니다. DAM 소프트웨어를 열고 환경 설정을 선택 빈 길이에 따라 10 분에. 데이터 수집을 시작하고 프로그램이 칠일에 대한 데이터를 수집 할 수 있습니다. 주 : 필요한 경우 빈 길이를 조정할 수있다. </li><li> 데이터 분석 참고 : 프로세스데이터는 장기 자발 운동을위한 수단으로 분당 카운트를 얻었다. <ol><li> 선택 입력 데이터를 클릭하여 열기 DAM 파일 스캔 프로그램 및 액세스 모니터 데이터입니다. </li><li> 해당 모니터 범위를 선택하고 10 분 간격으로 빈 길이를 선택합니다. </li><li> 출력 파일 형식에서 채널 파일을 선택합니다. 기본적으로 다른 모든 옵션을 둡니다. </li><li> 스캔 데이터를 클릭하고 지정된 폴더에 저장합니다. </li><li> 생체 데이터 분석 소프트웨어의 데이터 가져 오기가 분당 카운트를 얻었다. 참고 : 데이터 분석 Clocklab 소프트웨어는 일반적으로 사용하십시오. 다른 옵션도 사용할 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Olanow, C. W., Tatton, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Etiology+and+pathogenesis+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.</a> Annual review of neuroscience. 22, 123-144 (1999).</li><li>Coulom, H., Birman, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+exposure+to+rotenone+models+sporadic+Parkinson's+disease+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Chronic exposure to rotenone models sporadic Parkinson's disease in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 24, 10993-10998 (2004).</li><li>Hosamani, R., Ramesh, S. R., Muralidhara, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attenuation+of+rotenone-induced+mitochondrial+oxidative+damage+and+neurotoxicty+in+Drosophila+melanogaster+supplemented+with+creatine.">Attenuation of rotenone-induced mitochondrial oxidative damage and neurotoxicty in Drosophila melanogaster supplemented with creatine.</a> Neurochemical research. 35, 1402-1412 (2010).</li><li>Islam, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+neuroprotective+role+of+the+human+uncoupling+protein+2+(hUCP2)+in+a+Drosophila+Parkinson's+disease+model.">A neuroprotective role of the human uncoupling protein 2 (hUCP2) in a Drosophila Parkinson's disease model.</a> Neurobiology of disease. 46, 137-146 (2012).</li><li>Lawal, H. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+vesicular+monoamine+transporter+reduces+pesticide-induced+loss+of+dopaminergic+neurons.">The Drosophila vesicular monoamine transporter reduces pesticide-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons.</a> Neurobiology of. 40, 102-112 (2010).</li><li>St Laurent, ., O'Brien, R., M, L., Ahmad, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sodium+butyrate+improves+locomotor+impairment+and+early+mortality+in+a+rotenone-induced+Drosophila+model+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Sodium butyrate improves locomotor impairment and early mortality in a rotenone-induced Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease.</a> Neuroscience. 246, 382-390 (2013).</li><li>Sherer, T. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+toxicity+in+rotenone+models+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Mechanism of toxicity in rotenone models of Parkinson's disease.</a> The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 23, 10756-10764 (2003).</li><li>Munoz-Soriano, V., Paricio, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+models+of+Parkinson's+disease:+discovering+relevant+pathways+and+novel+therapeutic+strategies.">Drosophila models of Parkinson's disease: discovering relevant pathways and novel therapeutic strategies.</a> Parkinson's disease. , 520640 (2011).</li><li>Steffan, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histone+deacetylase+inhibitors+arrest+polyglutamine-dependent+neurodegeneration+in+Drosophila.">Histone deacetylase inhibitors arrest polyglutamine-dependent neurodegeneration in Drosophila.</a> Nature. 413, 739-743 (2001).</li><li>Auluck, P. K., Bonini, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+prevention+of+Parkinson+disease+in+Drosophila.">Pharmacological prevention of Parkinson disease in Drosophila.</a> Nature medicine. 8, 1185-1186 (2002).</li><li>Whitworth, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+glutathione+S-transferase+activity+rescues+dopaminergic+neuron+loss+in+a+Drosophila+model+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Increased glutathione S-transferase activity rescues dopaminergic neuron loss in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102, 8024-809 (2005).</li><li>Ahmad, S. T., Steinmetz, S. B., Bussey, H. M., Possidente, B., Seggio, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Larval+ethanol+exposure+alters+free-running+circadian+rhythm+and+per+Locus+transcription+in+adult+D.+melanogaster+period+mutants.">Larval ethanol exposure alters free-running circadian rhythm and per Locus transcription in adult D. melanogaster period mutants.</a> Behavioural brain research. 241, 50-55 (2013).</li><li>Seggio, J. A., Possidente, B., Ahmad, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Larval+ethanol+exposure+alters+adult+circadian+free-running+locomotor+activity+rhythm+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Larval ethanol exposure alters adult circadian free-running locomotor activity rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Chronobiology international. 29, 75-81 (2012).</li><li>Chaudhuri, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+of+genetic+and+environmental+factors+in+a+Drosophila+parkinsonism+model.">Interaction of genetic and environmental factors in a Drosophila parkinsonism model.</a> The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 27, 2457-2467 (2007).</li><li>Feany, M. B., Bender, W. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Drosophila+model+of+Parkinson's+disease.">A Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease.</a> Nature. 404, 394-398 (2000).</li><li>Ali, Y. O., Escala, W., Ruan, K., Zhai, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assaying+locomotor,+learning,+and+memory+deficits+in+Drosophila+models+of+neurodegeneration.">Assaying locomotor, learning, and memory deficits in Drosophila models of neurodegeneration.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE. , (2011).</li><li>Gargano, J. W., Martin, I., Bhandari, P., Grotewiel, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+iterative+negative+geotaxis+(RING):+a+new+method+for+assessing+age-related+locomotor+decline+in+Drosophila.">Rapid iterative negative geotaxis (RING): a new method for assessing age-related locomotor decline in Drosophila.</a> Experimental gerontology. 40, 386-395 (2005).</li><li>Nichols, C. D., Becnel, J., Pandey, U. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+to+assay+Drosophila+behavior.">Methods to assay Drosophila behavior.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. , (2012).</li><li>Slawson, J. B., Kim, E. Z., Griffith, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+video+tracking+of+locomotion+in+adult+Drosophila+melanogaster.">High-resolution video tracking of locomotion in adult Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE. , (2009).</li></ol>

저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

본 연구에서는 파킨슨 병 로테 논 유도 초파리 모델에서 장기 자발 운동 단기 놀라게 유도 운동 모두를 측정하기위한 두 가지 방법을 설명한다. 하나는 또한 파킨슨 질환 등을 모델링하는 것으로 알려진 기타 약리학 적 제제, 파라콰트 14, 파킨슨 씨병 등의 유전 모델, 알파 - 시누 클레인 돌연변이 체 (15), 및 운동에 영향을주는 질환의 다른 플라이...

운동력 결핍은 파킨슨 병의 주요 증상이며 크게 흑색질 (1)의 도파민 뉴런의 열화에 의해 야기된다. 로테 논은 초파리 2-6 파킨슨 모터 적자를 모델로 광범위하게 연구 된 케톤 살충제입니다. 로테 논은 궁극적으로 세포의 죽음 (7)의 원인이되는 산화 적 인산화 경로를 차단하여 산화 적 손상이 발생합니다. 도파민 뉴런은 주로 모터 2,7 기반 화학 물질의 효과를 만들고, 로테 논 독성에 더 쉽다. 파리에서 파킨슨 병 증상을 유도함으로써, 우리는 더 나은 질병을 이해하고 6,8-11이. 초파리들이 유지 보수가 용이, 유전자 취급 용이하기 때문에 이러한 효과를 연구하기위한 좋은 모델을 제공 증상을 개선하고 급속한 수명을 가질 수있다. 몇몇 연구 로테 논 단기 놀라게 유도 일으키는 것으로 나타났다초파리 언제 파리에서 운동 결함 로테 논 - 보충 식품에서 유지, 그들은 놀람 2-6 후 느린 부정적인 geotactic 응답을 보여줍니다. 컨트롤 실험 빨리 바이알 장치에서 위쪽으로 오르는 그들의 실패 놀라게 유도 운동력 결함을 나타낸다. 장기간에 로테 논의 효과는, 자발 운동은 잘 초파리 활동 모니터 (댐)이 성공적 초파리 생체 리듬 운동을 모니터링하는데 사용되어왔다. 설명 12,13 연구되지 않는다. 파리는 DAM에로드 된 각각의 튜브에 배치됩니다. 이 장치는 비행 적외선 빔을 중단 횟수를 카운트 적외선 센서가 장착된다. 이 카운트는 교란 운동 및 활동 12,13의 척도로 사용될 수있다. DAM에 파리를 배치하여 자신의 장기 운동에 로테 논의 효과가 특징으로 할 수있다. 이 연구는 MEAS에 대한 방법을 설명합니다URE 단기 나은 로테 논 매개 모터 결함의 영향을 이해하기 위해 운동과 장기 자발 운동 놀라게는 유도. 그들이이 운동 결함을 반대 할 수있는 다른 화합물의 연구를 위해 수 있기 때문에 파킨슨 병을 흉내 낸 운동 부족의 특성이 중요하다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="628">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Standard narrow vials</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">32-120</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Rotenone</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R8875</td>
			<td>Store in freezer, make fresh for each experiment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8418</td>
			<td>Solvent for rotenone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Instant Drosophila medium</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Carolina Biological&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Formula 4-24</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Drosophila activity monitor (DAM)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Trikinetics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DAM2</td>
			<td>trikinetics.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">DAM tubes</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Trikinetics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Tubes 5X65 mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Recipe for Rotenone +food (125 mM dose)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Make 62.5 mM rotenone stock solution in DMSO by dissolving 25 mg rotenone in 1 ml DMSO&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For 125 mM dose, add 10 mM rotenone stock in DMSO to 5 ml water.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

methods to characterize spontaneous and startle-induced locomotion in a rotenone-induced parkinson's disease model of drosophila

파킨슨 병은 주로 흑질에서, 중추 신경계에서 도파민 성 뉴런의 변성으로 인한 신경 퇴행성 장애이다. 질병은 인간의 강성, 떨림과 치매로 제시 모터 결함을 발생합니다. 로테 논은 미토콘드리아의 전자 전달계의 기능을 억제함으로써 산화 적 손상을 일으키는 살충제. 또한 초파리 파킨슨 병을 모델링하기 위해 사용된다. 파리 그들을 놀라게되는시 위쪽으로 올라 강요 고유의 부정적인 geotactic 응답을 가지고있다. 그것은 로테 논들이 아래쪽으로 도청 한 후 상승 할 수있는 파리의 능력을 방해 조기 사망률과 운동 결함을 유발한다는 설립되었습니다. 그러나, 자발적인 움직임에 로테 논의 효과는 잘 설명되지 않는다. 이 연구에서 로테 논에 의한 결함의 특성을이 민감한 재현성, 높은 처리량 분석을 설명단기 초파리 운동 및 장기 자발적인 운동을 놀라게은 유도. 이러한 분석법은 편리 운동력 결함 치료제의 효능을 다른 초파리 모델을 특성화하도록 구성 될 수있다.

초파리 놀라게 유도 로코의 분석 야생형, 캔톤-S는, 파리는 30 초 (도 1) 이후 두 번 바이알 장치의 각각 단지 약 88 % 및 상부 및 하부 부분에있는 파리의 5 %와 강력한 geotactic 부정적인 반응을 보였다. 125 μM 3 일간 250 μM의 로테 노출 파리 상부 섹션 및 하부 섹션 파리의 수가 약간 증가 파리의 수가 약간 감소 하였다. 500 μM의 로테 논에 노?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods to Characterize Spontaneous and Startle-induced Locomotion in a Rotenone-induced Parkinson's Disease Model of Drosophila at JoVE.com

Methods to Characterize Spontaneous and Startle-induced Locomotion in a Rotenone-induced Parkinson&#039;s Disease Model of Drosophila

파킨슨 병은 운동력 결함을 일으키는 중추 신경계의 도파민 성 뉴런의 변성으로 인한 신경 퇴행성 장애이다. 로테 논 모델 초파리 파킨슨 병. 이 논문은 로테 논으로 인한 자연 및 놀라게 유도 모두 운동 부족의 특성이 분석을 간략하게 설명합니다.

방법은 자발적인 특성화 및 놀라게 유도 로코을의 로테 논에 의한 파킨슨 병 모델에서합니다<em&gt; 초파리</em

Parkinson&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that results from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system, ...

methods-to-characterize-spontaneous-startle-induced-locomotion

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Methods to Characterize Spontaneous and Startle-induced Locomotion in a Rotenone-induced Parkinson's Disease Model of Drosophila

10.0K 조회수.  Colby College.  파킨슨 병은 운동력 결함을 일으키는 중추 신경계의 도파민 성 뉴런의 변성으로 인한 신경 퇴행성 장애이다. 로테 논 모델 초파리 파킨슨 병. 이 논문은 로테 논으로 인한 자연 및 놀라게 유도 모두 운동 부족의 특성이 분석을 간략하게 설명합니다. 

비디오: Methods to Characterize Spontaneous and Startle-induced Locomotion in a Rotenone-induced Parkinson's Disease Model of Drosophila

Autologous Blood Injection to Model Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice

Investigation of the pathophysiology of injury after intracerebral
hemorrhage (ICH) requires a reproducible animal model. While ICH
accounts for 10-15% of all strokes, there remains no specific
effective therapy. The autologous blood injection model in mice
involves the stereotaxic injection of arterial blood into the basal
ganglia mimicking a spontaneous hypertensive hemorrhage in man. The
response to hemorrhage can then be studied in vivo and the
neurobehavioral deficits quantified, allowing for description of the
ensuing pathology and the testing of potential therapeutic agents. The
procedure described in this protocol uses the double injection
technique to minimize risk of blood reflux up the needle track, no
anticoagulants in the pumping system, and eliminates all dead space
and expandable tubing in the system.

The autologous blood injection model of intracerebral hemorrhage in mice described in this protocol uses the double injection technique to minimize risk of blood reflux up the needle track, no anticoagulants in the pumping system, and eliminates all dead space and expandable tubing in the system.

마우스에서 자연 했습니다만 출혈을 모델로 Autologous 혈액 주입

Investigation of the pathophysiology of injury after intracerebral
hemorrhage (ICH) requires a reproducible animal model.  While ICH
accounts for 10-15% ...

연구

신경과학

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and various neurological diseases1. We have optimized simple and robust behavioral assays for determining larval locomotion, adult climbing ability (RING assay), and courtship behaviors of Drosophila. These behavioral assays are widely applicable for studying the role of genetic and environmental factors on fly behavior. Larval crawling ability can be reliably used for determining early stage changes in the crawling abilities of Drosophila larvae and also for examining effect of drugs or human disease genes (in transgenic flies) on their locomotion. The larval crawling assay becomes more applicable if expression or abolition of a gene causes lethality in pupal or adult stages, as these flies do not survive to adulthood where they otherwise could be assessed. This basic assay can also be used in conjunction with bright light or stress to examine additional behavioral responses in Drosophila larvae. Courtship behavior has been widely used to investigate genetic basis of sexual behavior, and can also be used to examine activity and coordination, as well as learning and memory. Drosophila courtship behavior involves the exchange of various sensory stimuli including visual, auditory, and chemosensory signals between males and females that lead to a complex series of well characterized motor behaviors culminating in successful copulation. Traditional adult climbing assays (negative geotaxis) are tedious, labor intensive, and time consuming, with significant variation between different trials2-4. The rapid iterative negative geotaxis (RING) assay5 has many advantages over more widely employed protocols, providing a reproducible, sensitive, and high throughput approach to quantify adult locomotor and negative geotaxis behaviors. In the RING assay, several genotypes or drug treatments can be tested simultaneously using large number of animals, with the high-throughput approach making it more amenable for screening experiments.

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster is a genetically and behaviorally tractable model system that has been used to understand the molecular and cellular basis of many important biological processes for over a century 1. Drosophila has been well exploited to gain insights into the genetic basis of fly behavior.

분석의 방법 Drosophila 행동

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular ...

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust (Schistocerca Americana) Olfactory Circuits

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar olfactory systems suggesting that the biological approach to chemical sensing has been optimized over evolutionary time1. In the insect olfactory system, odorants are transduced by olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) in the antenna, which convert chemical stimuli into trains of action potentials. Sensory input from the ORNs is then relayed to the antennal lobe (AL; a structure analogous to the vertebrate olfactory bulb). In the AL, neural representations for odors take the form of spatiotemporal firing patterns distributed across ensembles of principal neurons (PNs; also referred to as projection neurons)2,3. The AL output is subsequently processed by Kenyon cells (KCs) in the downstream mushroom body (MB), a structure associated with olfactory memory and learning4,5. Here, we present electrophysiological recording techniques to monitor odor-evoked neural responses in these olfactory circuits.
First, we present a single sensillum recording method to study odor-evoked responses at the level of populations of ORNs6,7. We discuss the use of saline filled sharpened glass pipettes as electrodes to extracellularly monitor ORN responses. Next, we present a method to extracellularly monitor PN responses using a commercial 16-channel electrode3. A similar approach using a custom-made 8-channel twisted wire tetrode is demonstrated for Kenyon cell recordings8. We provide details of our experimental setup and present representative recording traces for each of these techniques.

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust Schistocerca Americana Olfactory Circuits

We demonstrate variations of the extracellular multi-unit recording technique to characterize odor-evoked responses in the first three stages of the invertebrate olfactory pathway. These techniques can easily be adapted to examine ensemble activity in other neural systems as well.

메뚜기에 신경 활동을 특성화하기 위해 다중 단위 기록 방법 (<em&gt; Schistocerca 아메리카나</em&gt;) 강한 회로

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival  of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar ...

Determination of the Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster has been used as an excellent model organism to study environmental and genetic manipulations that affect behavior. One such behavior is spontaneous locomotor activity. Here we describe our protocol that utilizes Drosophila population monitors and a tracking system that allows continuous monitoring of the spontaneous locomotor activity of flies for several days at a time. This method is simple, reliable, and objective and can be used to examine the effects of aging, sex, changes in caloric content of food, addition of drugs, or genetic manipulations that mimic human diseases.

Determination of the Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster are useful in studying genetic or environmental manipulations that affect behaviors such as spontaneous locomotor activity.&#160; Here we describe a protocol that utilizes monitors with infrared beams and data analysis software to quantify spontaneous locomotor activity.&#160;

의 자발적인 운동 활성의 결정<em&gt; 초파리</em

Drosophila melanogaster has been used as an excellent model organism to study environmental and genetic manipulations that affect behavior. One such ...

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI). The mechanisms responsible for its complex pathological changes remain largely elusive, despite a recent consensus to define the neuropathological criteria. Here, we describe a novel method to develop a model of CTE in Drosophila melanogaster&#160;(Drosophila&#160;)&#160;in an attempt to identify the key genes and pathways that lead to the characteristic hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation and neuronal death in the brain. Adjustable-strength impacts to inflict mild closed injury are delivered directly to the fly head, subjecting the head to rapid acceleration and deceleration. Our method eliminates the potential problems inherent with other Drosophila mTBI models (e.g.,animal death might be induced by damage to other parts of the body or to internal organs). The less labor- and cost-intensive animal care, short life span, and extensive genetic tools make the fruit fly ideal to study CTE pathogenesis and make it possible to perform large-scale, genome-wide forward genetic and pharmacological screens. We anticipate that the ongoing characterization of the model will generate important mechanistic insights on disease prevention and therapeutic approaches.

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Here, we describe a new approach to inflict closed-head traumatic brain injury in Drosophila melanogaster. Our method has the advantage of directly delivering repetitive impacts with adjustable strength to the head alone. Further exploration of the invertebrate system will help to illuminate the pathogenesis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

만성 외상성 뇌증 모델링을위한 새로운 방법<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic ...

Quantifying Spontaneous Ca2+ Fluxes and their Downstream Effects in Primary Mouse Midbrain Neurons

Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Excessive Ca2+ influx due to the abnormal activation of glutamate receptors results in DA excitotoxicity and has been identified as an important mechanism for DA neuron loss. In this study, we isolate, dissociate, and culture midbrain neurons from the mouse ventral mesencephalon (VM) of ED14 mouse embryos. We then infect the long-term primary mouse midbrain cultures with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing a genetically encoded calcium indicator, GCaMP6f under control of the human neuron-specific synapsin promoter, hSyn. Using live confocal imaging, we show that cultured mouse midbrain neurons display spontaneous Ca2+ fluxes detected by AAV-hSyn-GCaMP6f. Bath application of glutamate to midbrain cultures causes abnormal elevations in intracellular Ca2+ within neurons and this is accompanied by caspase-3 activation in DA neurons, as demonstrated by immunostaining. The techniques to identify glutamate-mediated apoptosis in primary mouse DA neurons have important applications for the high content screening of drugs that preserve DA neuron health.

Quantifying Spontaneous Ca2+ Fluxes and their Downstream Effects in Primary Mouse Midbrain Neurons

Here we present a protocol to measure in vitro Ca2+ fluxes in midbrain neurons and their downstream effects on caspase-3 using primary mouse midbrain cultures. This model can be employed to study pathophysiologic changes related to abnormal Ca2+ activity in midbrain neurons, and to screen novel therapeutics for anti-apoptotic properties.

기본 마우스 중뇌 뉴런에서 자발적인 Ca2+ 플럭스와 다운스트림 효과를 정량화

Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Excessive Ca2+ influx ...

Applying the RatWalker System for Gait Analysis in a Genetic Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Gait abnormalities, including decreased arm swing, slower walking speed, and shorter steps are common in PD patients and appear early in the course of disease. Thus, the quantification of motor patterns in animal models of PD will be important for phenotypic characterization during disease course and upon therapeutic treatment. Most cases of PD are idiopathic; however, the identification of hereditary forms of PD uncovered gene mutations and variants, such as loss-of-function mutations in Pink1 and Parkin, two proteins involved in mitochondrial quality control that could be harnessed to create animal models. While mice are resistant to neurodegeneration upon loss of Pink1 and Parkin (single and combined deletion), in rats, Pink1 but not Parkin deficiency leads to nigral DA neuron loss and motor impairment. Here, we report the utility of FTIR imaging to uncover gait changes in freely walking young (2 months of age) male rats with combined loss of Pink1 and Parkin prior to the development of gross visually apparent motor abnormality as these rats age (observed at 4-6 months), characterized by hindlimb dragging as previously reported in Pink1 knockout (KO) rats.

Applying the RatWalker System for Gait Analysis in a Genetic Rat Model of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

Here we describe the RatWalker system, built by redesigning the MouseWalker apparatus to accommodate for the increased size and weight of rats. This system uses frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR), high-speed video capture, and open-access analysis software to track and quantify gait parameters.

파킨슨병의 유전적 쥐 모델에서 보행 분석을 위한 RatWalker 시스템 적용

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars ...

The 6-hydroxydopamine Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD)-bradykinesia, akinesia, and tremor at rest-are consequences of the neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and dopaminergic striatal deficit. Animal models have been widely used to simulate human pathology in the laboratory. Rodents are the most used animal models for PD due to their ease of handling and maintenance. Moreover, the anatomy and molecular, cellular, and pharmacological mechanisms of PD are similar in rodents and humans. The infusion of the neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), into a medial forebrain bundle (MFB) of rats reproduces the severe destruction of dopaminergic neurons and simulates PD symptoms. This protocol demonstrates how to perform the unilateral microinjection of 6-OHDA in the MFB in a rat model of PD and shows the motor deficits induced by 6-OHDA and predicted dopaminergic lesions through the stepping test. The 6-OHDA causes significant impairment in the number of steps performed with the contralateral forelimb.

The 6-hydroxydopamine Rat Model of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

The 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model has been used for decades to advance the understanding of Parkinson's Disease. In this protocol, we demonstrate how to perform unilateral nigrostriatal lesions in the rat by injecting 6-OHDA in the medial forebrain bundle, assess motor deficits, and predict lesions using the stepping test.

파킨슨 병의 6- 히드 록시 도파민 쥐 모델

Motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD)-bradykinesia, akinesia, and tremor at rest-are consequences of the neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in ...

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Levodopa (L-DOPA) remains the gold-standard therapy used to treat Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) motor symptoms. However, unwanted involuntary movements known as L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) develop with prolonged use of this dopamine precursor.&#160;It is estimated that the incidence of LIDs escalates to approximately 90% of individuals with PD within 10&#8211;15 years of treatment. Understanding the mechanisms of this malady and developing both novel and effective anti-dyskinesia treatments requires consistent and accurate modeling for pre-clinical testing of therapeutic interventions. A detailed method for reliable induction and comprehensive rating of LIDs following 6-OHDA-induced nigral lesioning in a rat model of PD is presented here. Dependable LID assessment in rats provides a powerful tool that can be readily utilized across laboratories to test emerging therapies focused on reducing or eliminating this common treatment-induced burden for individuals with PD.

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

This article describes methods to induce and evaluate levodopa-induced dyskinesias in a rat model of Parkinson&#39;s disease. The protocol offers detailed information regarding the intensity and frequency of a range of dyskinetic behaviors, both dystonic and hyperkinetic, providing a reliable tool to test treatments targeting this unmet medical need.

파킨슨 병의 쥐 모델에서 레보도파 유도 운동 장애의 유도 및 평가

Levodopa (L-DOPA) remains the gold-standard therapy used to treat Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) motor symptoms. However, unwanted involuntary movements ...

Analyzing the Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model Induced by Adeno-associated Viral Vectors Encoding Human &#945;-Synuclein

Parkinson&#39;s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that involves the death of the dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway and, consequently, the progressive loss of control of voluntary movements. This neurodegenerative process is triggered by the deposition of protein aggregates in the brain, which are mainly constituted of &#945;-synuclein. Several studies have indicated that neuroinflammation is required to develop the neurodegeneration associated with Parkinson&#39;s disease. Notably, the neuroinflammatory process involves microglial activation as well as the infiltration of peripheral T cells into the substantia nigra (SN). This work analyzes a mouse model of Parkinson&#39;s disease that recapitulates microglial activation, T-cell infiltration into the SN, the neurodegeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons, and motor impairment. This mouse model of Parkinson&#39;s disease is induced by the stereotaxic delivery of adeno-associated viral vectors encoding the human wild-type &#945;-synuclein (AAV-h&#945;Syn) into the SN. The correct delivery of viral vectors into the SN was confirmed using control vectors encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP). Afterward, how the dose of AAV-h&#945;Syn administered in the SN affected the extent of h&#945;Syn expression, the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons, and motor impairment were evaluated. Moreover, the dynamics of h&#945;Syn expression, microglial activation, and T-cell infiltration were determined throughout the time course of disease development. Thus, this study provides critical time points that may be useful for targeting synuclein pathology and neuroinflammation in this preclinical model of Parkinson&#39;s disease.

Analyzing the Parkinson&#039;s Disease Mouse Model Induced by Adeno-associated Viral Vectors Encoding Human &amp;#945;-Synuclein

This work analyzes the vector dose and exposure time required to induce neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and motor impairment in this preclinical model of Parkinson&#39;s disease. These vectors encoding the human &#945;-synuclein are delivered into the substantia nigra&#160;to recapitulate the synuclein pathology associated with Parkinson&#39;s disease.