Os autores gostariam de agradecer Qiuli Wang, Language Resource Center, Colby College, de assistência técnica, com processamento de vídeo e Eric Thomas, do departamento de música, Colby College, para fornecer a música de fundo. Este projecto foi apoiado por doações do Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos, INBRE (P20RR016463-12), do Instituto Nacional de Ciências Médicas Gerais (P20 GM103423-12), os cidadãos Institutes of Health and Science Division Grant, Colby College (STA). JL e LWM foram apoiados por bolsas do Fundo Escolar Verão, Colby College.

1 induzida por Startle Drosophila Ensaio locomoção <ol><li> Tratamento de Drogas <ol><li> Sedate para imobilizar o número desejado (aproximadamente 8-12) de 1-3 dias de idade do sexo masculino voa usando CO 2 e transportá-los para os frascos que contêm o alimento suplementado com a droga. Nota: Um outro anestésico por exemplo, éter ou gelo podem ser usados ​​para sedar moscas para permitir a contagem e manuseamento. </li><li> Permitir moscas para se recuperar de sedação por 20 minutos (ou até que a recuperação), com o frasco em posição horizontal (para evitar moscas ficar preso em alimentos) e em seguida, coloque o frasco na posição vertical em um escuro de 12 h, 12 h luz incubadora a 25 ° C para o resto da experiência. </li></ol></li><li> Experimental Set Up <ol><li> Divida esta configuração frasco duplo em três partes iguais de 6,33 centímetros, marcando círculos em torno dos frascos com um marcador permanente. </li><li> Depois de 3 dias de exposição ao fármaco, a transferência voa sem anestesia no frasco de fundo e rapidamente colocar o topo do frascoatravés da abertura. Tape os dois frascos em conjunto com fita adesiva transparente. </li><li> Permitir moscas para se aclimatar ao novo ambiente por 15 min. </li><li> Coloque os frascos em um fundo branco e configurar uma câmera digital a uma distância adequada do aparelho frasco duplo com um temporizador em vista. Certifique-se de todo o aparelho é visível em um único quadro de imagem e que todas as moscas estão em foco. Para manter quadros consistentes entre ensaios, marcar a localização da câmera e no frasco. </li></ol></li><li> Mobility Assay <ol><li> Claramente exibir o número de teste, o tratamento medicamentoso, e temporizador de visão da câmera. </li><li> Bata firmemente o aparelho de frasco duplo contra a bancada 3 vezes e assegurar que todas as moscas cair para o fundo do frasco. Simultaneamente iniciar o temporizador. </li><li> A cada 5 segundos para 1 min, tirar uma foto do aparelho. Nota: Como alternativa, um vídeo pode ser capturado e fez uma pausa em intervalos apropriados para medições. </li><li> Permitir que as moscas se recuperar em repouso durante 1 minuto. </li><li&gt; Repita mais duas vezes com 1 min tempo de recuperação entre cada tentativa. Nota: Cada aparelho deve levar de 5 min para completar a coleta de dados. Manter a força similar de tocar entre ensaios. (Pelo menos três) aparelhos múltipla pode ser facilmente manuseados simultaneamente. </li></ol></li><li> Análise de Dados <ol><li> Veja as fotos e registrar o número de moscas em cada seção ao longo do tempo. Calcula-se a percentagem de moscas em cada secção ao longo do tempo. Notas: Repita esse procedimento inteiro com as mesmas moscas em 2 ou 3 pontos de tempo de interesse, por exemplo, dia 3, 5 e 7 Se muitas moscas morrem durante todo o experimento, é possível ampliar o número de julgamento original para compensar para a mortalidade. Use a análise estatística adequada para comparar os dados. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Drosophila espontânea Locomotion Assay <ol><li> Preparação de Alimentos <ol><li> Reconstituir 3 g de meio de Drosophila instante com 15 ml de água desionizada e rotenona pretendido(Ou outro fármaco de interesse) de dosagem. </li><li> Uma vez que a mistura de alimentos tornou-se firme (cerca de 5 minutos), coloque cuidadosamente o alimento a ser de aproximadamente 1 cm de altura em fabricante fornecido tubos transparentes (5 mm X 65 mm). Adicionar o fármaco infundido alimentos para os tubos, colocando cuidadosamente os tubos verticalmente no alimento e torcendo-os até que eles possam ser removidos com o alimento para dentro do tubo. Nota: É útil para colocar um dedo na abertura do tubo, para criar um vácuo. Os alimentos não devem conter quaisquer bolhas de ar ou ter uma superfície irregular, como as moscas podem ficar presos. </li></ol></li><li> Configuração Experimental <ol><li> Colocar uma tampa de plástico na extremidade do tubo mais próximo ao alimento. Empurre a tampa de plástico do tubo tão pouco quanto possível, uma vez que pode criar uma bolha de ar no frasco, se levado a força. </li><li> Sedate masculino 1 dia de idade, voa usando CO 2 e cuidadosamente inserir um homem voar em cada tubo com um pincel. Repetir dependendo do número de ensaios desejados. </li><li> Ligue oextremidade do tubo mais distante do alimento com uma bola de algodão pequeno, que pode ser de mão rolou maior loja comprou bolas de algodão. </li><li> Permitir moscas para recuperar com os tubos em posição horizontal durante 15 min e assegurar que todas as moscas estão vivos e activos. Inserir os tubos em DAM e certifique-se que todos os tubos estão na mesma posição em relação a barragem. Nota: É possível colocá-los com a área de monitorização no meio do recipiente, ou para apertar todos os frascos para o lado, de modo que a extremidade do tubo está a ser monitorizado. Nota: Veja a discussão de variações sobre este método. </li></ol></li><li> Coleta de Dados <ol><li> Coloque o DAM em um escuro de 12 h, 12 h luz incubadora regulada a 25 ° C. Conecte o DAM para o sistema de coleta de dados. Abra o software DAM e sob preferências selecione comprimento bin para 10 min. Comece a coleta de dados e permitir que o programa para coletar dados durante 7 dias. Nota: comprimento Bin pode ser ajustado, se necessário. </li><li> Análise de Dados Nota: Processoos dados para se obter contagens por min como uma medida para a locomoção espontânea de longo prazo. <ol><li> Arquivo DAM abrir o programa e monitorar o acesso de digitalização de dados, clicando em dados de entrada selecionados. </li><li> Selecione a faixa de monitor apropriado e selecione comprimento bin para intervalos de 10 minutos. </li><li> Em tipo de arquivo de saída escolher arquivos do canal. Deixe todas as outras opções como padrão. </li><li> Clique dados de digitalização e salvar em uma pasta designada. </li><li> Importar dados em um software de análise de dados circadiano obter contagens por min. Nota: Para a análise dos dados software Clocklab é comumente usado. Outras opções também estão disponíveis. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
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B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+toxicity+in+rotenone+models+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Mechanism of toxicity in rotenone models of Parkinson's disease.</a> The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 23, 10756-10764 (2003).</li><li>Munoz-Soriano, V., Paricio, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+models+of+Parkinson's+disease:+discovering+relevant+pathways+and+novel+therapeutic+strategies.">Drosophila models of Parkinson's disease: discovering relevant pathways and novel therapeutic strategies.</a> Parkinson's disease. , 520640 (2011).</li><li>Steffan, J. 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Os autores não têm nada a revelar.

Neste estudo, são descritos dois procedimentos para medir tanto a locomoção espontânea a longo prazo e a locomoção induzida pelo sobressalto a curto prazo num modelo de doença de Parkinson induzida por Drosophila rotenona. Pode-se também medir essas características de locomoção em moscas expostas a outros agentes farmacológicos conhecidos para modelar a doença de Parkinson, por exemplo, paraquat 14, modelos genéticos da doença de Parkinson, por exemplo, alfa-sinucleí...

Deficiências de locomoção são um dos principais sintomas de doença de Parkinson e são em grande parte causadas por deterioração dos neurónios dopaminérgicos da substância negra 1. Rotenone é um inseticida cetônico que tem sido estudado extensivamente para modelar déficits motores de Parkinson em Drosophila 2-6. Rotenone provoca danos oxidativos, bloqueando a via de fosforilação oxidativa, o que acaba por causar a morte de células 7. Neurónios dopaminérgicos são mais propensas a toxicidade de rotenona, fazendo com que os efeitos do produto químico principalmente motor baseado 2,7. Ao induzir sintomas da doença de Parkinson em moscas, podemos entender melhor a doença e seus sintomas remediar 6,8-11. Drosophila fornece um bom modelo para estudar o efeito, porque eles são geneticamente dócil, de fácil manutenção, e têm um ciclo de vida rápido. Vários estudos têm mostrado que provoca rotenona induzida por sobressalto de curto prazodefeitos de locomoção em moscas Drosophila -quando são mantidos em alimentos suplementados com rotenona, eles mostram uma resposta mais lenta geotactic negativo após susto 2-6. Sua incapacidade de subir para cima em um aparelho de frasco tão rapidamente quanto os ensaios de controle é indicativo de defeitos de locomoção induzida pelo sobressalto. O efeito de rotenona no longo prazo, o movimento espontâneo não está bem descrita. Monitores de actividade de Drosophila (DAMS) têm sido utilizados com sucesso para controlar o movimento em Drosophila ritmo circadiano estuda 12,13. As moscas são colocadas em tubos individuais, as quais são carregadas para o DAM. Este aparelho é equipado com um sensor de infravermelhos, o qual conta o número de vezes que uma mosca divide o feixe de infravermelhos. Estas contas podem ser utilizados como uma medida de actividade de locomoção e 12,13 imperturbável. Ao colocar as moscas em um DAM, o efeito de rotenona na sua locomoção de longo prazo pode ser caracterizado. Este estudo descreve métodos para mediçãoure a curto prazo de sobressalto-locomoção induzida e locomoção espontânea de longo prazo, de modo a compreender melhor os efeitos da rotenona mediada deficiências motoras. Caracterização de deficiências de locomoção que imitam a doença de Parkinson são importantes porque permitem o estudo de outros compostos que podem reverter esses defeitos de locomoção.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="628">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Standard narrow vials</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">32-120</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Rotenone</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R8875</td>
			<td>Store in freezer, make fresh for each experiment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8418</td>
			<td>Solvent for rotenone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Instant Drosophila medium</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Carolina Biological&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Formula 4-24</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Drosophila activity monitor (DAM)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Trikinetics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DAM2</td>
			<td>trikinetics.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">DAM tubes</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Trikinetics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Tubes 5X65 mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Recipe for Rotenone +food (125 mM dose)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Make 62.5 mM rotenone stock solution in DMSO by dissolving 25 mg rotenone in 1 ml DMSO&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For 125 mM dose, add 10 mM rotenone stock in DMSO to 5 ml water.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

methods to characterize spontaneous and startle-induced locomotion in a rotenone-induced parkinson's disease model of drosophila

A doença de Parkinson é uma desordem neurodegenerativa que resulta da degeneração dos neurónios dopaminérgicos no sistema nervoso central, principalmente na substantia nigra. A doença provoca deficiências motoras, que apresentam como rigidez, tremores e demência em humanos. Rotenone é um inseticida que causa dano oxidativo, inibindo a função da cadeia de transporte de elétrons na mitocôndria. É também usado para modelar a doença de Parkinson na Drosophila. As moscas têm uma resposta geotactic negativa inerente, o que os obriga a subir para cima ao ser assustado. Foi estabelecido que a rotenona causa defeitos de mortalidade e de locomoção primeiros que perturbam a capacidade das moscas para subir depois de terem sido aproveitado para baixo. No entanto, o efeito de rotenona em movimento espontâneo não está bem documentada. Este estudo descreve dois ensaios sensíveis, reprodutíveis e de alto rendimento para caracterizar deficiências induzida por rotenona ema curto prazo de sobressalto-locomoção induzida e locomoção espontânea de longo prazo em Drosophila. Estes ensaios podem ser convenientemente adaptados para caracterizar outros modelos de Drosophila de defeitos de locomoção e a eficácia de agentes terapêuticos.

Induzida por Startle Drosophila Ensaio locomoção De tipo selvagem, Canton-S, as moscas apresentaram uma resposta negativa geotactic robusta com apenas cerca de 88% e 5% das moscas nas partes superior e inferior, respectivamente, do aparelho duplo frasco após 30 segundos (Figura 1). Moscas expostos a 125 mM e 250 mM rotenone por 3 dias apresentaram um ligeiro decréscimo no número de moscas na parte superior e ligeiro aumento no número ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods to Characterize Spontaneous and Startle-induced Locomotion in a Rotenone-induced Parkinson's Disease Model of Drosophila at JoVE.com

Methods to Characterize Spontaneous and Startle-induced Locomotion in a Rotenone-induced Parkinson&#039;s Disease Model of Drosophila

A doença de Parkinson é uma desordem neurodegenerativa que resulta da degeneração dos neurónios dopaminérgicos no sistema nervoso central, causando defeitos de locomoção. Modelos rotenona doença de Parkinson em Drosophila. Este documento descreve dois ensaios que caracterizam as deficiências de locomoção tanto espontâneas e induzidas por assustar causadas por rotenona.

Métodos para caracterizar espontânea e surpreender-induzida Locomotion em um modelo de doença de Parkinson induzida por Rotenone de<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Parkinson&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that results from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system, ...

methods-to-characterize-spontaneous-startle-induced-locomotion

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Methods to Characterize Spontaneous and Startle-induced Locomotion in a Rotenone-induced Parkinson's Disease Model of Drosophila

10.0K visualizações.  Colby College.  A doença de Parkinson é uma desordem neurodegenerativa que resulta da degeneração dos neurónios dopaminérgicos no sistema nervoso central, causando defeitos de locomoção. Modelos rotenona doença de Parkinson em Drosophila. Este documento descreve dois ensaios que caracterizam as deficiências de locomoção tanto espontâneas e induzidas por assustar causadas por rotenona. 

Vídeo: Methods to Characterize Spontaneous and Startle-induced Locomotion in a Rotenone-induced Parkinson's Disease Model of Drosophila

Autologous Blood Injection to Model Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice

Investigation of the pathophysiology of injury after intracerebral
hemorrhage (ICH) requires a reproducible animal model. While ICH
accounts for 10-15% of all strokes, there remains no specific
effective therapy. The autologous blood injection model in mice
involves the stereotaxic injection of arterial blood into the basal
ganglia mimicking a spontaneous hypertensive hemorrhage in man. The
response to hemorrhage can then be studied in vivo and the
neurobehavioral deficits quantified, allowing for description of the
ensuing pathology and the testing of potential therapeutic agents. The
procedure described in this protocol uses the double injection
technique to minimize risk of blood reflux up the needle track, no
anticoagulants in the pumping system, and eliminates all dead space
and expandable tubing in the system.

The autologous blood injection model of intracerebral hemorrhage in mice described in this protocol uses the double injection technique to minimize risk of blood reflux up the needle track, no anticoagulants in the pumping system, and eliminates all dead space and expandable tubing in the system.

Injeção de sangue autólogo de Modelo hemorragia intracerebral espontânea em ratos

Investigation of the pathophysiology of injury after intracerebral
hemorrhage (ICH) requires a reproducible animal model.  While ICH
accounts for 10-15% ...

Neurociência

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and various neurological diseases1. We have optimized simple and robust behavioral assays for determining larval locomotion, adult climbing ability (RING assay), and courtship behaviors of Drosophila. These behavioral assays are widely applicable for studying the role of genetic and environmental factors on fly behavior. Larval crawling ability can be reliably used for determining early stage changes in the crawling abilities of Drosophila larvae and also for examining effect of drugs or human disease genes (in transgenic flies) on their locomotion. The larval crawling assay becomes more applicable if expression or abolition of a gene causes lethality in pupal or adult stages, as these flies do not survive to adulthood where they otherwise could be assessed. This basic assay can also be used in conjunction with bright light or stress to examine additional behavioral responses in Drosophila larvae. Courtship behavior has been widely used to investigate genetic basis of sexual behavior, and can also be used to examine activity and coordination, as well as learning and memory. Drosophila courtship behavior involves the exchange of various sensory stimuli including visual, auditory, and chemosensory signals between males and females that lead to a complex series of well characterized motor behaviors culminating in successful copulation. Traditional adult climbing assays (negative geotaxis) are tedious, labor intensive, and time consuming, with significant variation between different trials2-4. The rapid iterative negative geotaxis (RING) assay5 has many advantages over more widely employed protocols, providing a reproducible, sensitive, and high throughput approach to quantify adult locomotor and negative geotaxis behaviors. In the RING assay, several genotypes or drug treatments can be tested simultaneously using large number of animals, with the high-throughput approach making it more amenable for screening experiments.

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster is a genetically and behaviorally tractable model system that has been used to understand the molecular and cellular basis of many important biological processes for over a century 1. Drosophila has been well exploited to gain insights into the genetic basis of fly behavior.

Métodos de Ensaio para Drosophila Comportamento

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular ...

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust (Schistocerca Americana) Olfactory Circuits

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar olfactory systems suggesting that the biological approach to chemical sensing has been optimized over evolutionary time1. In the insect olfactory system, odorants are transduced by olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) in the antenna, which convert chemical stimuli into trains of action potentials. Sensory input from the ORNs is then relayed to the antennal lobe (AL; a structure analogous to the vertebrate olfactory bulb). In the AL, neural representations for odors take the form of spatiotemporal firing patterns distributed across ensembles of principal neurons (PNs; also referred to as projection neurons)2,3. The AL output is subsequently processed by Kenyon cells (KCs) in the downstream mushroom body (MB), a structure associated with olfactory memory and learning4,5. Here, we present electrophysiological recording techniques to monitor odor-evoked neural responses in these olfactory circuits.
First, we present a single sensillum recording method to study odor-evoked responses at the level of populations of ORNs6,7. We discuss the use of saline filled sharpened glass pipettes as electrodes to extracellularly monitor ORN responses. Next, we present a method to extracellularly monitor PN responses using a commercial 16-channel electrode3. A similar approach using a custom-made 8-channel twisted wire tetrode is demonstrated for Kenyon cell recordings8. We provide details of our experimental setup and present representative recording traces for each of these techniques.

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust Schistocerca Americana Olfactory Circuits

We demonstrate variations of the extracellular multi-unit recording technique to characterize odor-evoked responses in the first three stages of the invertebrate olfactory pathway. These techniques can easily be adapted to examine ensemble activity in other neural systems as well.

Multi-unidade Métodos de gravação para caracterizar a atividade neural no Locust (<em&gt; Schistocerca Americana</em&gt;) Circuitos olfatórias

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival  of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar ...

Determination of the Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster has been used as an excellent model organism to study environmental and genetic manipulations that affect behavior. One such behavior is spontaneous locomotor activity. Here we describe our protocol that utilizes Drosophila population monitors and a tracking system that allows continuous monitoring of the spontaneous locomotor activity of flies for several days at a time. This method is simple, reliable, and objective and can be used to examine the effects of aging, sex, changes in caloric content of food, addition of drugs, or genetic manipulations that mimic human diseases.

Determination of the Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster are useful in studying genetic or environmental manipulations that affect behaviors such as spontaneous locomotor activity.&#160; Here we describe a protocol that utilizes monitors with infrared beams and data analysis software to quantify spontaneous locomotor activity.&#160;

Determinação da atividade locomotora espontânea em<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Drosophila melanogaster has been used as an excellent model organism to study environmental and genetic manipulations that affect behavior. One such ...

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI). The mechanisms responsible for its complex pathological changes remain largely elusive, despite a recent consensus to define the neuropathological criteria. Here, we describe a novel method to develop a model of CTE in Drosophila melanogaster&#160;(Drosophila&#160;)&#160;in an attempt to identify the key genes and pathways that lead to the characteristic hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation and neuronal death in the brain. Adjustable-strength impacts to inflict mild closed injury are delivered directly to the fly head, subjecting the head to rapid acceleration and deceleration. Our method eliminates the potential problems inherent with other Drosophila mTBI models (e.g.,animal death might be induced by damage to other parts of the body or to internal organs). The less labor- and cost-intensive animal care, short life span, and extensive genetic tools make the fruit fly ideal to study CTE pathogenesis and make it possible to perform large-scale, genome-wide forward genetic and pharmacological screens. We anticipate that the ongoing characterization of the model will generate important mechanistic insights on disease prevention and therapeutic approaches.

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Here, we describe a new approach to inflict closed-head traumatic brain injury in Drosophila melanogaster. Our method has the advantage of directly delivering repetitive impacts with adjustable strength to the head alone. Further exploration of the invertebrate system will help to illuminate the pathogenesis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

Um novo método para modelar a encefalopatia traumática crônica em<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic ...

Quantifying Spontaneous Ca2+ Fluxes and their Downstream Effects in Primary Mouse Midbrain Neurons

Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Excessive Ca2+ influx due to the abnormal activation of glutamate receptors results in DA excitotoxicity and has been identified as an important mechanism for DA neuron loss. In this study, we isolate, dissociate, and culture midbrain neurons from the mouse ventral mesencephalon (VM) of ED14 mouse embryos. We then infect the long-term primary mouse midbrain cultures with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing a genetically encoded calcium indicator, GCaMP6f under control of the human neuron-specific synapsin promoter, hSyn. Using live confocal imaging, we show that cultured mouse midbrain neurons display spontaneous Ca2+ fluxes detected by AAV-hSyn-GCaMP6f. Bath application of glutamate to midbrain cultures causes abnormal elevations in intracellular Ca2+ within neurons and this is accompanied by caspase-3 activation in DA neurons, as demonstrated by immunostaining. The techniques to identify glutamate-mediated apoptosis in primary mouse DA neurons have important applications for the high content screening of drugs that preserve DA neuron health.

Quantifying Spontaneous Ca2+ Fluxes and their Downstream Effects in Primary Mouse Midbrain Neurons

Here we present a protocol to measure in vitro Ca2+ fluxes in midbrain neurons and their downstream effects on caspase-3 using primary mouse midbrain cultures. This model can be employed to study pathophysiologic changes related to abnormal Ca2+ activity in midbrain neurons, and to screen novel therapeutics for anti-apoptotic properties.

Quantificando fluxos espontâneos ca2+ e seus efeitos a jusante em neurônios midcérebros do rato primário

Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Excessive Ca2+ influx ...

Applying the RatWalker System for Gait Analysis in a Genetic Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Gait abnormalities, including decreased arm swing, slower walking speed, and shorter steps are common in PD patients and appear early in the course of disease. Thus, the quantification of motor patterns in animal models of PD will be important for phenotypic characterization during disease course and upon therapeutic treatment. Most cases of PD are idiopathic; however, the identification of hereditary forms of PD uncovered gene mutations and variants, such as loss-of-function mutations in Pink1 and Parkin, two proteins involved in mitochondrial quality control that could be harnessed to create animal models. While mice are resistant to neurodegeneration upon loss of Pink1 and Parkin (single and combined deletion), in rats, Pink1 but not Parkin deficiency leads to nigral DA neuron loss and motor impairment. Here, we report the utility of FTIR imaging to uncover gait changes in freely walking young (2 months of age) male rats with combined loss of Pink1 and Parkin prior to the development of gross visually apparent motor abnormality as these rats age (observed at 4-6 months), characterized by hindlimb dragging as previously reported in Pink1 knockout (KO) rats.

Applying the RatWalker System for Gait Analysis in a Genetic Rat Model of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

Here we describe the RatWalker system, built by redesigning the MouseWalker apparatus to accommodate for the increased size and weight of rats. This system uses frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR), high-speed video capture, and open-access analysis software to track and quantify gait parameters.

Aplicando o Sistema RatWalker para Análise de Marcha em um Modelo de Rato Genético da Doença de Parkinson

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars ...

The 6-hydroxydopamine Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD)-bradykinesia, akinesia, and tremor at rest-are consequences of the neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and dopaminergic striatal deficit. Animal models have been widely used to simulate human pathology in the laboratory. Rodents are the most used animal models for PD due to their ease of handling and maintenance. Moreover, the anatomy and molecular, cellular, and pharmacological mechanisms of PD are similar in rodents and humans. The infusion of the neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), into a medial forebrain bundle (MFB) of rats reproduces the severe destruction of dopaminergic neurons and simulates PD symptoms. This protocol demonstrates how to perform the unilateral microinjection of 6-OHDA in the MFB in a rat model of PD and shows the motor deficits induced by 6-OHDA and predicted dopaminergic lesions through the stepping test. The 6-OHDA causes significant impairment in the number of steps performed with the contralateral forelimb.

The 6-hydroxydopamine Rat Model of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

The 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model has been used for decades to advance the understanding of Parkinson's Disease. In this protocol, we demonstrate how to perform unilateral nigrostriatal lesions in the rat by injecting 6-OHDA in the medial forebrain bundle, assess motor deficits, and predict lesions using the stepping test.

O Modelo de Rato de 6-hidroxidopamina da Doença de Parkinson

Motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD)-bradykinesia, akinesia, and tremor at rest-are consequences of the neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in ...

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Levodopa (L-DOPA) remains the gold-standard therapy used to treat Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) motor symptoms. However, unwanted involuntary movements known as L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) develop with prolonged use of this dopamine precursor.&#160;It is estimated that the incidence of LIDs escalates to approximately 90% of individuals with PD within 10&#8211;15 years of treatment. Understanding the mechanisms of this malady and developing both novel and effective anti-dyskinesia treatments requires consistent and accurate modeling for pre-clinical testing of therapeutic interventions. A detailed method for reliable induction and comprehensive rating of LIDs following 6-OHDA-induced nigral lesioning in a rat model of PD is presented here. Dependable LID assessment in rats provides a powerful tool that can be readily utilized across laboratories to test emerging therapies focused on reducing or eliminating this common treatment-induced burden for individuals with PD.

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

This article describes methods to induce and evaluate levodopa-induced dyskinesias in a rat model of Parkinson&#39;s disease. The protocol offers detailed information regarding the intensity and frequency of a range of dyskinetic behaviors, both dystonic and hyperkinetic, providing a reliable tool to test treatments targeting this unmet medical need.

Indução e Avaliação de Dyskinesias induzidas por Levodopa em um modelo de rato da doença de Parkinson

Levodopa (L-DOPA) remains the gold-standard therapy used to treat Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) motor symptoms. However, unwanted involuntary movements ...

Analyzing the Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model Induced by Adeno-associated Viral Vectors Encoding Human &#945;-Synuclein

Parkinson&#39;s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that involves the death of the dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway and, consequently, the progressive loss of control of voluntary movements. This neurodegenerative process is triggered by the deposition of protein aggregates in the brain, which are mainly constituted of &#945;-synuclein. Several studies have indicated that neuroinflammation is required to develop the neurodegeneration associated with Parkinson&#39;s disease. Notably, the neuroinflammatory process involves microglial activation as well as the infiltration of peripheral T cells into the substantia nigra (SN). This work analyzes a mouse model of Parkinson&#39;s disease that recapitulates microglial activation, T-cell infiltration into the SN, the neurodegeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons, and motor impairment. This mouse model of Parkinson&#39;s disease is induced by the stereotaxic delivery of adeno-associated viral vectors encoding the human wild-type &#945;-synuclein (AAV-h&#945;Syn) into the SN. The correct delivery of viral vectors into the SN was confirmed using control vectors encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP). Afterward, how the dose of AAV-h&#945;Syn administered in the SN affected the extent of h&#945;Syn expression, the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons, and motor impairment were evaluated. Moreover, the dynamics of h&#945;Syn expression, microglial activation, and T-cell infiltration were determined throughout the time course of disease development. Thus, this study provides critical time points that may be useful for targeting synuclein pathology and neuroinflammation in this preclinical model of Parkinson&#39;s disease.

Analyzing the Parkinson&#039;s Disease Mouse Model Induced by Adeno-associated Viral Vectors Encoding Human &amp;#945;-Synuclein

This work analyzes the vector dose and exposure time required to induce neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and motor impairment in this preclinical model of Parkinson&#39;s disease. These vectors encoding the human &#945;-synuclein are delivered into the substantia nigra&#160;to recapitulate the synuclein pathology associated with Parkinson&#39;s disease.