This work was funded by grants from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RG4179 to A.N.), the National Institutes of Health (NIH R01NS073425 and R01NS074870 to A.N.) and the National Science Foundation (A.N.). We thank Dr. Frank Kirchhoff (University of Saarland, Homburg Germany) for providing PLPDsRed transgenic mice. We thank Youfen Sun for her assistance in maintaining the transgenic mouse colony.

NOT: Tüm hayvan prosedürleri yönergeleri izleyerek ve Connecticut Üniversitesi Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Komitesi (IACUC) tarafından onaylanmıştır. NOT: YFP muhabiri 20 (JAX # 006148) çizgiler sırasıyla kullanıldı: NG2cre 18 bünye (JAX # 008533) ve NG2creER 16 uyarılabilir bu deneylerde (JAX # 008538) için transgenik fareler 19 (JAX # 003920) veya gtRosa26 / EG Z&#39;ye geçti Görüntü NG2 hücreleri ve soylarına. Görüntü olgun oligodendrositlere, PLPDsRed transgenik farenin 21 kullanılmıştır. Tutarlı hayatta kalmak için, dilimler ön beyin ve beyincik hem doğum sonrası gün 10 fareden izole edilebilir. 1. Dilim Hazırlık <ol><li> Bir kültürü kaputu, altı iyi plakaları doku kültürü yerlefltirmede ve (reaktif bölümünde tarifi) 1 ml dilim kültür ortamı ekleyin. % 5 ile 37 ° C&#39;de diseksiyon önce CO2 en az 2 saat, hücre kültürü inkübatöründe plakaları koyun. </li><li> % 70 etanol ile tüm araçları ve doku chopper sterilize edin. </li><li> Diseksiyon önce başlamasından en az 15 dakika boyunca buz üzerinde% 95 O2,% 5 CO2 ile kabarcık tampon diseksiyon (reaktif bölümünde tarif). </li><li> Onaylanmış hayvan protokollere göre 5-10 dakika süreyle buz üzerinde yerleştirerek fare yavrular anestezisi. Farenin kuyruk ve ayak sıkıştığı yanıt vermeyen onaylayarak anestezi uygun derinliğini teyit edin. </li><li> Hayvan protokolleri aşağıdaki keskin bir makas kullanarak hayvanları başını kesmek. Hızla ilk sterilize araçlarını kullanarak lateral insizyon ardından sagital kesim, yaparak ön beyin ve beyincik üzerinde kafatası çıkarın. Dikkatli bir tarafına doku yuvarlayarak beyin ve beyincik ventral yüzeyinden kafatası sinirlerinde kesin. </li><li> Buzla soğutulmuş, oksijenli diseksiyon tampon içeren steril bir 35 mm çanak doku yerleştirin. </li><li> Bir jilet kullanarak, beyincik ve ön beyin sever. Sonra mid-sagital kesim uçtan bir uca yapmakhemisferleri ayıran öf ön beyin ve beyincik. </li><li> Manuel doku kıyıcı ile ön beyin ve beyincik 300 mikron kalınlığında koronal ve sagital kesitler halinde kesilmiştir. NOT: Manuel doku kesici ve agaroz yerleştirilmesi için gerek kalmadan kültür kuluçkalamadan diseksiyon ikinci hızlı bir şekilde işlenebilirlik sağlar. Daha önce tarif edildiği gibi, 9 bir vibratome da kullanılabilir. </li><li> Buz üzerinde taze kabarmış soğuk diseksiyon tampon ayrılır dilim aktarın. </li><li> Küçük diseksiyon kullanın veya bireysel bölümleri ayırmak ve kültürü ekler ile altı iyi yemekler preinkübe aktarmak için spatulası ağırlığında. </li><li> Tek kullanımlık bir transfer pipeti veya P 200 pipet ucu kullanılarak kültür uç yüzeyinden herhangi bir aşırı diseksiyon tamponunu çıkarın. Üç önbeyinde üç serebellar dilim iki bir kültür insert yerleştirilebilir. NOT: ön beyin kültürleri ile tutarlı sonuçlar için, anterior korpus kallosum üçte birini kapsayan dilim almak idealdirAynı dilim içinde hem gri hem de beyaz cevher bölgelerini incelemek için (Şekil 1A). Her hayvan genellikle 6 ön beyin dilimleri ve 6 beyincik dilimleri verir. </li><li> Inkübatör altı havuzlu plakalar yerleştirin ve daha sonra 1 1 gün sonra dilim dilim hazırlanması ortamının mililitresi ve dilim sabitleme kadar her gün ile dilim orta yerine. </li><li> Deneye bağlı olarak, kültür 5-7 gün sonra dilimler kullanın. Sadece ilk birkaç gün sonra şeffaf hale dilimleri kullanın ve düzensiz opak bölgeler var olanlar atın. NOT: dilimler içinde Opak bölgeler gözle görünür ve faz kontrast altında koyu hücrelerin bir yığın olarak görünür. Teknik hakim olmuştur sonra ölü opak dilimler dilim az% 1-5, nadiren meydana gelir. </li></ol> NG2 hücre Bölümü ve Oligodendrosit Farklılaşma 2. Time-Lapse Görüntüleme NOT: ZEG farenin 16: biz NG2cre kullanmak NG2 hücre çoğalması ve farklılaşması zaman atlamalı görüntüleme gerçekleştirmek içinNG2 hücreleri ve soyu (Şekil 1C-E) EGFP ifade edilmektedir. Bu hat Raportör ekspresyonu, kısa bir sürede en az dört haftalık bir süre boyunca kesit sonra dilimler canlı GFP görüntüleri + hücreler elde etmek için yeterince sağlamdır. Açık görüntüler kültüründe ilk 3-5 gün içinde gerçekleşir dilim, ilk incelmesi döneminden sonra elde edilir. <ol><li> Deney boyunca, 37 ° C&#39;de hücre kültürü inkübatöründe dilimleri tutmak ve kısa süreler için, sadece kaldırma (dilim başına en az 15 dakika), altı yuvalı plaka sırasında görüntüleme üzerindeki kapağı tutmak. </li><li> Bir dijital kamera ile donatılmış bir ters floresan mikroskop kullanılarak, bir 10X objektif kullanılarak ilk kez noktasında görüntüleri yakalayabilir. NOT: İlk kez puan deney göre değişir ve dilimler hazırlanmıştır gün veya sonrasında herhangi bir zaman noktası olabilir. </li><li> Dilim hem gri hem de beyaz cevher alanlarında zaman noktasında bir çoklu bölgelerden görüntüler yakalayın. Not thdilim içinde belirli noktalara ile ve daha sonra bir görüntüleme oturumları için kullanılabilecek bir şema üzerinde görüntü konumu eşleyerek görüntülenmiş e bölgesi. Faydalı yerlerine beyaz cevher yollarının dilimleri ve / veya yönlendirme kenarlarını içerebilir. Görüntü her zaman noktasında her dilim 4-8 yerleri. </li><li> 4-6 saat arayla sonraki fotoğrafları çekmek NG2 hücre bölünmesini ve olgodendrosit farklılaşma, ideal üzerinde 5-7 gün inceleyerek eğer. </li><li> Tüm bölgelerin nihai bir görüntü yakalamak ve hemen dilimleri düzeltmek. Daha sonra dilimler üzerine başka bir 1 ml ilave edilir, kültür ucun tabanına (0.1 M L-lisin, 0.01 M sodyum meta-periodat ile% 4 PFA), sabitleyici 1 ml ilave edilir. Bu membran ayırmak gibi dilim doğrudan Fiksatif fışkırtma dikkat edin. 30 dakika boyunca doku saptamak ve bölüm 4&#39;te tarif edildiği gibi gelişimsel aşama spesifik markörleri kullanılarak immünohistokimya ile devam edin. </li><li> 0.2 M sodyum fosfat tamponu, 3 x 10 m ile yıkayın dilimleriolarak. 1-3 gün boyunca 0.2 M sodyum fosfat tampon maddesi içinde 4 ° C&#39;de, gerekli deposu dilimleri daha önce immüno-boyama ve ancak ideal olanı ise, 24 saat içinde ve boyama gibi. Oligodendrositler (Şekil 2D,-F) farklılaşmış olan hücrelerin oranını belirlemek için bölüm 4, aşağıda tarif edildiği gibi immünohistokimya ile devam edin. </li></ol> Dilim Kültürlerde indüklenebi- Muhabir transgenik fareler kullanılarak NG2 hücre Döl 3. Kader Haritalama Not: kültüründe belirli bir zaman noktasında NG2 hücrelerin kaderini izlemek için, uyarılabilir NG2creER: YFP transgenik fareler kullanılabilir. <ol><li> Kültür ortamına, etanol içerisinde çözündürüldü, 100 nM 4OHT ekleyerek, Cre rekombinasyonunu ve bildirici ifadesini teşvik eder. Not: Raportör pozitif hücreler, bütün NG2 hücre aşamasında hücreler olacaktır ~% 20-25, YFP + NG2 + / + hücrelerinin NG2 bir indüksiyon verimle ve bu zaman noktasında 1-2 gün içinde görünecektir (Şekil 2A-C) </li><li> Fix ve dilim yıkayınFarklı zaman noktalarında in çeşitli değişiklikler yapıldıktan sonra (Bölüm 2.5 ve 2.6 &#39;da tarif edilmiştir). </li></ol> 4. Dilim İmmünhistokimya <ol><li> Bir neşter kullanılarak ekler dışarı ekli dilimleri ile membranlar kesti. </li><li> Membran taşırken dilimin bileşimi bozmak için özen cımbız bir dizi kullanılarak 24 gözenekli bir plaka ihtiva eden fosfat tamponlu tuzlu su (PBS), tek tek oyuklara dilimleri aktarın. </li><li> 1 saat boyunca PBS içerisinde% 5 normal keçi serumu (NGS) ve% 0.1 Triton-X100 içeren bloke etme çözeltisi, 24 gözlü bir levhaya dilimleri aktarın. </li><li> 4 ° C&#39;de PBS içinde% 5 NGS / birincil antikor O&#39;da N dilimleri inkübe edin. NG2 hücre safhasında hücrelerin belirlenmesi için, ve NG2 PDGFRα antikorlar kullanır. Diferansiye oligodendrositlerin belirlenmesi için, adenomatus poliposis koli antijene karşı bir antikorun kullanılması (APC klon CC1). </li><li> PBS 3 x15 dakikada ikinci gün yıkama dilimleri, daha sonra ikincil Antibo kuluçkaya yatmaktadıroda sıcaklığında 1 saat boyunca PBS içerisinde% 5 NGS ölür. PBS 3 x15 dakika dilimleri yıkayın ve slaytlar monte. Membran objektif ve doku arasındaki olmayacak şekilde slayt karşı karşıya dilimleri yukarı ve membran ile monte edin. </li></ol>

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Molecular Cell Biology. 8 (10), 839-845 (2007).</li><li>Lubetzki, C., Demerens, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Even+in+culture,+oligodendrocytes+myelinate+solely+axons.">Even in culture, oligodendrocytes myelinate solely axons.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (14), 6820-6824 (1993).</li><li>Demerens, C., Stankoff, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+myelination+in+the+central+nervous+system+by+electrical+activity.">Induction of myelination in the central nervous system by electrical activity.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (18), 9887-9892 (1996).</li><li>Wood, P. M., Bunge, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+that+sensory+axons+are+mitogenic+for+Schwann+cells.">Evidence that sensory axons are mitogenic for Schwann cells.</a> Nature. 256 (5519), 662-664 (1975).</li><li>Stevens, B., Tanner, S., Fields, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+myelination+by+specific+patterns+of+neural+impulses.">Control of myelination by specific patterns of neural impulses.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 18 (22), 9303-9311 (1998).</li><li>Stevens, B., Porta, S., Haak, L. L., Gallo, V., Fields, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenosine:+a+neuron-glial+transmitter+promoting+myelination+in+the+CNS+in+response+to+action+potentials.">Adenosine: a neuron-glial transmitter promoting myelination in the CNS in response to action potentials.</a> Neuron. 36 (5), 855-868 (2002).</li><li>Wake, H., Lee, P. R., Fields, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+local+protein+synthesis+and+initial+events+in+myelination+by+action+potentials.">Control of local protein synthesis and initial events in myelination by action potentials.</a> Science. 333 (6049), 1647-1651 (2011).</li><li>Rosenberg, S. S., Kelland, E. E., Tokar, E., De la Torre, A. R., Chan, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+geometric+and+spatial+constraints+of+the+microenvironment+induce+oligodendrocyte+differentiation.">The geometric and spatial constraints of the microenvironment induce oligodendrocyte differentiation.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (38), 14662-14667 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests

Merkezi sinir sisteminde etkin Myelinasyon nöronal iletişim ve aksonal hayatta 22 için gereklidir. 25 - En beyin bölgelerinde 16,23 içinde yerleşik nüfusu korurken NG2 hücreleri sürekli yetişkinlik içine Myelinating oligodendrositleri oluşturmak. Bu hücrelerin farklılaşmasını düzenleyen bazı genetik ve moleküler mekanizmalar tarif edilmiştir ama çok keşfedilmeyi beklemektedir. Organotipik dilim kültürleri nedeniyle anatomik bölge, hücre dışı ortama kolay man...

4 - merkezi sinir sistemi Organoytpic dilim kültürlerinin semiintact sistem 1 &#39;de nöron ve glial hücre biyolojisi çalışmak için çok yararlı olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. 9 - Bu kültürler, kabul ve bu hücre dışı ortamın bir manipülasyon ve tekrarlamalı uzun-süreli canlı hücre görüntüleme için kolay erişim ve elektrofizyolojik kayıtları 5, birincil hücre kültürleri ayrışmış birçok yararlarını korumak için nispeten basittir. Buna ek olarak, dilim kültürler, 3 boyutlu doku hücre mimarisini, bölgesel sinir bağlantısına sahip, ve en önemli hücre tiplerinin sistemde bulunmaktadır. Bu özellikler hücresel ve çevresel etkileşimleri ile tek hücre davranış ve fizyolojisini araştırmak için bu Kültürlerin benzersiz ve kullanışlı bir sistem yapmak. NG2 hücrelerinin çoğalmasını ve m oluşturmaya devam memelilerin merkezi sinir sistemindeki glial hücreler bir nüfusembriyonik ve postnatal gelişim 10 sırasında oligodendrositleri yelinating. Bunlar yaygın olarak ayrışmış primer hücre kültürlerinde incelenmiştir ve floresan proteinleri NG2, hücre spesifik ifadesi ile transgenik fare hatları son gelişmeler, akut dilim preparasyonlarında in vivo kaderi haritalama ve elektrofizyolojik kayıtları kolaylaştırmıştır. Hatta bu çalışmalar ile, küçük NG2 hücre çoğalması ve olgodendrosit farklılaşmasının zamansal dinamikleri hakkında bilinmektedir. Ayrışık hücre kültürü geniş farmakolojik ve genetik manipülasyon göreli tesis için kullanılır, ancak, bunun hücresel mikro-bağlamını sağlamak tercih edilir, özellikle, beynin farklı bölgelerinde bu hücrelerin fonksiyonel farklılıklar sorgulamak için uygun değildir. Dilim kültürleri, hücre farmakolojik manipülasyonlar mükellef ve olgodendrosit myelinleşmeyi 11,12 araştırmak için kullanılır olmuştur basit bir alternatif sağlamak(LPC) lisolesitin veya antikor farmakolojik tedavinin 15 üzeri demiyelinizasyonu 13,14 ve remiyelinizasyon indüklenmesini sonra ular yanıt. Bir yöntem araştırmak ve canlı görüntüleme ve sabit doku (veya Postfiksasyon) ön beyin ve beyincik hem de alınan organotipik dilim kültürlerde NG2 hücre çoğalması ve farklılaşması olgodendrosit analizini tarif gerçekleştirmek için. Bu bölünme sonrası 16 tek NG2 hücrelerinin hücre kaderine incelemek için ve büyüme faktörü ile uyarılan NG2 hücre çoğalması 17 bölge ve yaşa bağlı farka için kullanılabilir güçlü bir yöntemdir. Bu, nispeten basit teknik ayrıca doğuştan ve / veya çevresel, bu glial hücre fizyolojisi ve nöronal aktivite ya da mielin hasarına cevabı düzenleyen mekanizmaların hücre araştırılması yaygın erişilebilir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Slice Culture Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minimum Essential Medium</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11090</td>
			<td>50%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#8217;s Balanced Salt Solution</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14175</td>
			<td>25%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H-4034</td>
			<td>25mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25030</td>
			<td>1mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I6634</td>
			<td>1mg/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ascorbic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A-0278</td>
			<td>0.4mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horse Serum</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30074.03</td>
			<td>25%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Titrate to pH 7.22 with NaOH, filter with bottle top filter, and store at 4 degrees Celsius</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dissection Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S3014</td>
			<td>124mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5405</td>
			<td>3.004mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5655</td>
			<td>1.25mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4 (anhydrous)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M7506</td>
			<td>4.004mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2 2H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C7902</td>
			<td>2mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5761</td>
			<td>26mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7021</td>
			<td>10mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ascorbic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A-0278</td>
			<td>2.0mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adenosine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A4036</td>
			<td>0.075mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Filter with bottle top filter and store at 4 degrees Celsius, oxygenate with 95%O2 5%CO2 before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Other Reagents and Supplies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-hydroxy tamoxifen (4OHT)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H7904</td>
			<td>100nM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>EM Sciences</td>
			<td>19200</td>
			<td>4%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L-6027</td>
			<td>0.1M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Metaperiodate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S-1878</td>
			<td>0.01M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit anti NG2 antibody</td>
			<td>Chemicon (Millipore)</td>
			<td>AB5320</td>
			<td>1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti CC1 antibody</td>
			<td>Calbiochem (Millipore)</td>
			<td>OP80</td>
			<td>1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti Ki67 antibody</td>
			<td>Vision Biosystems</td>
			<td>NCL-Ki67-MM1</td>
			<td>1:300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti NeuN antibody</td>
			<td>Chemicon (Millipore)</td>
			<td>MAB377</td>
			<td>1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Species specific secondary antibodies</td>
			<td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal Goat Serum (NGS)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.10%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mounting medium with DAPI</td>
			<td>Vector Labs</td>
			<td>H-1200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millicell culture membrane inserts 0.45&#956;m pore size</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PICM03050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottle top filters</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09-740-25E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>95% O2 5% CO2 gas mix</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile six well plates</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting (hippocampal) or weighing spatulas</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manual or automatic tissue chopper</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blades</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable transfer pipettes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35mm and 60mm sterile Petri dishes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted Phase Microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminar Flow Hood</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Culture Incubator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted Fluorescence Microcope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

organotypic slice cultures to study oligodendrocyte dynamics and myelination

NG2 ifade eden hücreler (polydendrocytes oligodendrosit öncü hücreleri), merkezi sinir sisteminde, dördüncü bir glial hücre içerisinde yer alırlar. Embriyonik ve postnatal gelişim sırasında aktif çoğalırlar ve Myelinating oligodendrositleri oluşturmak. Bu hücreler sık ​​primer ayrışmış kültürler, nöron cocultures okudu ve sabit dokuda edilmiştir. Kullanımı uygun yeni transgenik fare soyları kültür sistemleri ön beyin ve beyincik hem gri ve beyaz madde bölgelerde oligodendrosit soy hücrelerinin çoğalması ve farklılaşması araştırmak için kullanılabilir dilim. Dilim kültürleri erken doğum sonrası farelerde hazırlanan ve 1 aya kadar kültür içinde tutulur. Bu dilimler hücresel davranış ve etkileşimleri araştırmak için kültür dönemi boyunca birden fazla kez görüntülenmiş olabilir. Bu yöntem NG2 hücre bölünmesi görselleştirme ve ayrıntılı analizini sağlarken olgodendrosit farklılaşma giden adımlar bölgede-bağlıdır veriyorent NG2 hücre ve olgodendrosit fonksiyonel heterojenite. Bu ise, in vivo olarak bulunan andıran bir hücresel ortamda zaman bu hücreleri etkileyen iç ve dış sinyalleri araştırmak için kullanılan bir güçlü bir tekniktir.

Örnek veri örnekleri aşağıda verilmektedir P8 NG2cre bir ön beyin ve beyincik hem de dilim kültürleri kullanılarak elde edilmiştir ki: zeg, NG2creER: YFP ve transgenik fare hatları PLPDsRed. NG2 hücreleri ön beyin ve beyincik dilimleri (Şekil 1B-D, video 1) ve bu hücrelerin fenotip gün boyunca görüntülü olabilir tespit edilerek ve NG2 ve CC1 antikorları (Şekil 1E) ile immünboyama edilebilir. Canlı görüntülemeye ek olarak, hücre çoğalması aynı zamanda Ki67...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Organotypic Slice Cultures to Study Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Myelination at JoVE.com

Organotypic Slice Cultures to Study Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Myelination

A technique to study NG2 cells and oligodendrocytes using a slice culture system of the forebrain and cerebellum is described. This method allows examination of the dynamics of proliferation and differentiation of cells within the oligodendrocyte lineage where the extracellular environment can be easily manipulated while maintaining tissue cytoarchitecture.

Organotipik Dilim Kültürler Oligodendrosit Dinamikler ve miyelinasyonun incelemek için

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During ...

organotypic-slice-cultures-to-study-oligodendrocyte-dynamics

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

18.2K Görüntüleme.  University of Connecticut. A technique to study NG2 cells and oligodendrocytes using a slice culture system of the forebrain and cerebellum is described. This method allows examination of the dynamics of proliferation and differentiation of cells within the oligodendrocyte lineage where the extracellular environment can be easily manipulated while maintaining tissue cytoarchitecture.

Video: Organotypic Slice Cultures to Study Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Myelination

The Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Culture Model for Examining Neuronal Injury

Organotypic hippocampal slice culture is an in vitro method to examine mechanisms of neuronal injury in which the basic architecture and composition of the hippocampus is relatively preserved 1. The organotypic culture system allows for the examination of neuronal, astrocytic and microglial effects, but as an ex vivo preparation, does not address effects of blood flow, or recruitment of peripheral inflammatory cells. To that end, this culture method is frequently used to examine excitotoxic and hypoxic injury to pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, but has also been used to examine the inflammatory response. Herein we describe the methods for generating hippocampal slice cultures from postnatal rodent brain, administering toxic stimuli to induce neuronal injury, and assaying and quantifying hippocampal neuronal death.

The organoptypic hippocampal slice culture model is an in vitro model used to examine neuronal injury in a variety of paradigms. In this article, we describe the methods for generating slice cultures and quantifying neuronal injury.

Nöronal Sakatlık incelenmesi için Organotipik Hipokampal Dilim Kültür Modeli

Organotypic hippocampal slice culture is an in vitro method to examine mechanisms of neuronal injury in which the basic architecture and composition of ...

Nörobilim

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the strength of their connections after brief periods of strong activation. This phenomenon, known as long-term potentiation (LTP) can last for hours or days and has become the best candidate mechanism for learning and memory 2. In addition, the well defined anatomy and connectivity of the hippocampus 3 has made it a classical model system to study synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity4.
As our understanding of the physiology of hippocampal synapses grew and molecular players became identified, a need to manipulate synaptic proteins became imperative. Organotypic hippocampal cultures offer the possibility for easy gene manipulation and precise pharmacological intervention but maintain synaptic organization that is critical to understanding synapse function in a more naturalistic context than routine culture dissociated neurons methods.
Here we present a method to prepare and culture hippocampal slices that can be easily adapted to other brain regions. This method allows easy access to the slices for genetic manipulation using different approaches like viral infection 5,6 or biolistics 7. In addition, slices can be easily recovered for biochemical assays 8, or transferred to microscopes for imaging 9 or electrophysiological experiments 10.

We describe a method to prepare organotypic hippocampal slices that can be easily adapted to other brain regions. Brain slices are laid on porous membranes and culture media is allowed to form an interface. This method preserves the gross architecture of the hippocampus for up to 2 weeks in culture.

Organotipik Hipokampal Dilim Kültürler

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the ...

Organotypic Cerebellar Cultures: Apoptotic Challenges and Detection

Organotypic cultures of neuronal tissue were first introduced by Hogue in 1947 1,2 and have constituted a major breakthrough in the field of neuroscience. Since then, the technique was developed further and currently there are many different ways to prepare organotypic cultures. The method presented here was adapted from the one described by Stoppini et al. for the preparation of the slices and from Gogolla et al. for the staining procedure 3,4.
A unique feature of this technique is that it allows you to study different parts of the brain such as hippocampus or cerebellum in their original structure, providing a big advantage over dissociated cultures in which all the cellular organization and neuronal networks are disrupted. In the case of the cerebellum it is even more advantageous because it allows the study of Purkinje cells, extremely difficult to obtain as dissociated primary culture. This method can be used to study certain developmental features of the cerebellum in vitro, as well as for electrophysiological and pharmacological experiments in both wild type and mutant mice.
The method described here was designed to study the effect of apoptotic stimuli such as Fas ligand in the developing cerebellum, using TUNEL staining to measure apoptotic cell death. If TUNEL staining is combined with cell type specific markers, such as Calbindin for Purkinje cells, it is possible to evaluate cell death in a cell population specific manner. The Calbindin staining also serves the purpose of evaluating the quality of the cerebellar cultures.

This method describes the generation of organotypic cerebellar cultures and the effect of certain apoptotic stimuli on the viability of different cerebellar cell types.

Organotipik Serebellar Kültürler: Apoptotik Zorluklar ve Tayin

Organotypic cultures of neuronal tissue were first introduced by Hogue in 1947 1,2 and have constituted a major breakthrough in the field of neuroscience. ...

Whole Cell Recording from an Organotypic Slice Preparation of Neocortex

We have been studying the expression and functional roles of voltage-gated potassium channels in pyramidal neurons from rat neocortex. Because of the lack of specific pharmacological agents for these channels, we have taken a genetic approach to manipulating channel expression. We use an organotypic culture preparation (16) in order to maintain cell morphology and the laminar pattern of cortex. We typically isolate acute neocortical slices at postnatal days 8-10 and maintain the slices in culture for 3-7 days. This allows us to study neurons at a similar age to those in our work with acute slices and minimizes the development of exuberant excitatory connections in the slice. We record from visually-identified pyramidal neurons in layers II/III or V using infrared illumination (IR-) and differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC) with whole cell patch clamp in current- or voltage-clamp. We use biolistic (Gene gun) transfection of wild type or mutant potassium channel DNA to manipulate expression of the channels to study their function. The transfected cells are easily identified by epifluorescence microscopy after co-transfection with cDNA for green fluorescent protein (GFP). We compare recordings of transfected cells to adjacent, untransfected neurons in the same layer from the same slice.

This is a protocol to prepare and maintain a neocortical slice preparation in organotypic culture for the purpose of making electrical recordings from pyramidal neurons.

Neokorteks bir Organotipik Dilim Hazırlık Tüm Hücre Kaydı

We have been studying the expression and functional roles of voltage-gated potassium channels in pyramidal neurons from rat neocortex.  Because of the ...

Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Neuronal Avalanches in Organotypic Cultures

The cortex is spontaneously active, even in the absence of any particular input or motor output. During development, this activity is important for the migration and differentiation of cortex cell types and the formation of neuronal connections1. In the mature animal, ongoing activity reflects the past and the present state of an animal into which sensory stimuli are seamlessly integrated to compute future actions. Thus, a clear understanding of the organization of ongoing i.e. spontaneous activity is a prerequisite to understand cortex function. 
Numerous recording techniques revealed that ongoing activity in cortex is comprised of many neurons whose individual activities transiently sum to larger events that can be detected in the local field potential (LFP) with extracellular microelectrodes, or in the electroencephalogram (EEG), the magnetoencephalogram (MEG), and the BOLD signal from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The LFP is currently the method of choice when studying neuronal population activity with high temporal and spatial resolution at the mesoscopic scale (several thousands of neurons). At the extracellular microelectrode, locally synchronized activities of spatially neighbored neurons result in rapid deflections in the LFP up to several hundreds of microvolts. When using an array of microelectrodes, the organizations of such deflections can be conveniently monitored in space and time. 
Neuronal avalanches describe the scale-invariant spatiotemporal organization of ongoing neuronal activity in the brain2,3. They are specific to the superficial layers of cortex as established in vitro4,5, in vivo in the anesthetized rat 6, and in the awake monkey7. Importantly, both theoretical and empirical studies2,8-10 suggest that neuronal avalanches indicate an exquisitely balanced critical state dynamics of cortex that optimizes information transfer and information processing.
In order to study the mechanisms of neuronal avalanche development, maintenance, and regulation, in vitro preparations are highly beneficial, as they allow for stable recordings of avalanche activity under precisely controlled conditions. The current protocol describes how to study neuronal avalanches in vitro by taking advantage of superficial layer development in organotypic cortex cultures, i.e. slice cultures, grown on planar, integrated microelectrode arrays (MEA; see also 11-14).

A robust way to study neuronal avalanches, i.e. scale-invariant spatio-temporal activity bursts, indicative of critical state dynamics in cortex. Avalanches emerge spontaneously in developing superficial layers of cultured cortex which allows for long-term measurements of the activity with planar integrated multi-electrode arrays (MEA) under precisely controlled conditions.

Organotipik Kültürleri nöronal Çığ Çok elektrot Dizi Kayıtlar

The cortex is spontaneously active, even in the absence of any particular input or motor output.  During development, this activity is important for the ...

Derivation of Enriched Oligodendrocyte Cultures and Oligodendrocyte/Neuron Myelinating Co-cultures from Post-natal Murine Tissues

Identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying OL development is not only critical to furthering our knowledge of OL biology, but also has implications for understanding the pathogenesis of demyelinating diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Cellular development is commonly studied with primary cell culture models. Primary cell culture facilitates the evaluation of a given cell type by providing a controlled environment, free of the extraneous variables that are present in vivo. While OL cultures derived from rats have provided a vast amount of insight into OL biology, similar efforts at establishing OL cultures from mice has been met with major obstacles. Developing methods to culture murine primary OLs is imperative in order to take advantage of the available transgenic mouse lines. 
Multiple methods for extraction of OPCs from rodent tissue have been described, ranging from neurosphere derivation, differential adhesion purification and immunopurification 1-3. While many methods offer success, most require extensive culture times and/or costly equipment/reagents. To circumvent this, purifying OPCs from murine tissue with an adaptation of the method originally described by McCarthy &amp; 
de Vellis 2 is preferred. This method involves physically separating OPCs from a mixed glial culture derived from neonatal rodent cortices. The result is a purified OPC population that can be differentiated into an OL-enriched culture. This approach is appealing due to its relatively short culture time and the unnecessary requirement for growth factors or immunopanning antibodies. 
While exploring the mechanisms of OL development in a purified culture is informative, it does not provide the most physiologically relevant environment for assessing myelin sheath formation. Co-culturing OLs with neurons would lend insight into the molecular underpinnings regulating OL-mediated myelination of axons. For many OL/neuron co-culture studies, dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs) have proven to be the neuron type of choice. They are ideal for co-culture with OLs due to their ease of extraction, minimal amount of contaminating cells, and formation of dense neurite beds. While studies using rat/mouse myelinating xenocultures have been published 4-6, a method for the derivation of such OL/DRGN myelinating co-cultures from post-natal murine tissue has not been described. Here we present detailed methods on how to effectively produce such cultures, along with examples of expected results. These methods are useful for addressing questions relevant to OL development/myelinating function, and are useful tools in the field of neuroscience.

This article describes methods to derive enriched populations of murine oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in primary culture, which differentiate to produce mature oligodendrocytes (OLs). In addition, this report describes techniques to produce murine myelinating co-cultures by seeding mouse OPCs onto a neurite bed of mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs).

Post-natal murin Dokular Co-kültürler Myelinating zenginleştirilmiş oligodendrosit Kültürleri ve oligodendrosit / Nöron türetilmesi

Identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying OL development is not only critical to furthering our knowledge of OL biology, but also has implications ...

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

The mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the developing mouse brain is not suitable for easy manipulation and imaging in vivo since the mouse embryo is inaccessible and opaque. Organotypic slice cultures of embryonic brains are therefore widely used to study murine brain development in vitro. Ex-vivo manipulation or the use of transgenic mice allows the modification of gene expression so that subpopulations of neuronal or glial cells can be labeled with fluorescent proteins. The behavior of labeled cells can then be observed using time-lapse imaging. Time-lapse imaging has been particularly successful for studying cell behaviors that underlie the development of the cerebral cortex at late embryonic stages 1-2. Embryonic organotypic slice culture systems in brain regions outside of the forebrain are less well established. Therefore, the wealth of time-lapse imaging data describing neuronal cell migration is restricted to the forebrain 3,4. It is still not known, whether the principles discovered for the dorsal brain hold true for ventral brain areas. In the ventral brain, neurons are organized in neuronal clusters rather than layers and they often have to undergo complicated migratory trajectories to reach their final position. The ventral midbrain is not only a good model system for ventral brain development, but also contains neuronal populations such as dopaminergic neurons that are relevant in disease processes. While the function and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons has been investigated in great detail in the adult and ageing brain, little is known about the behavior of these neurons during their differentiation and migration phase 5. We describe here the generation of slice cultures from the embryonic day (E) 12.5 mouse ventral midbrain. These slice cultures are potentially suitable for monitoring dopaminergic neuron development over several days in vitro. We highlight the critical steps in generating brain slices at these early stages of embryonic development and discuss the conditions necessary for maintaining normal development of dopaminergic neurons in vitro. We also present results from time lapse imaging experiments. In these experiments, ventral midbrain precursors (including dopaminergic precursors) and their descendants were labeled in a mosaic manner using a Cre/loxP based inducible fate mapping system 6.

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

A method to generate organotypic slices from the E12.5 murine embryonic midbrain is described. The organotypic slice cultures can be used to observe the behavior of dopaminergic neurons or other ventral midbrain neurons.

Embriyonik ventral orta beyin Organotipik Dilim Kültürler: dopaminerjik Nöronal Gelişim Eğitim Bir Sistem In vitro</em

The  mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due  to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the ...

The Analysis of Purkinje Cell Dendritic Morphology in Organotypic Slice Cultures

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly oriented in the sagittal plane and develops mostly in the postnatal period in small rodents 3. Furthermore, several antibodies are available which selectively and intensively label Purkinje cells including all processes, with anti-Calbindin D28K being the most widely used. For viewing of dendrites in living cells, mice expressing EGFP selectively in Purkinje cells 11 are available through Jackson labs. Organotypic cerebellar slice cultures cells allow easy experimental manipulation of Purkinje cell dendritic development because most of the dendritic expansion of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is actually taking place during the culture period 4. We present here a short, reliable and easy protocol for viewing and analyzing the dendritic morphology of Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. For many purposes, a quantitative evaluation of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is desirable. We focus here on two parameters, dendritic tree size and branch point numbers, which can be rapidly and easily determined from anti-calbindin stained cerebellar slice cultures. These two parameters yield a reliable and sensitive measure of changes of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree. Using the example of treatments with the protein kinase C (PKC) activator PMA and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) we demonstrate how differences in the dendritic development are visualized and quantitatively assessed. The combination of the presence of an extensive dendritic tree, selective and intense immunostaining methods, organotypic slice cultures which cover the period of dendritic growth and a mouse model with Purkinje cell specific EGFP expression make Purkinje cells a powerful model system for revealing the mechanisms of dendritic development.

We present a protocol that permits to view and to quantitatively asses the morphology of the dendritic tree of individual Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. This protocol is intended to promote studies on the mechanisms of Purkinje cell dendritic development.

Organotipik Dilim Kültürleri Purkinje Hücre Dendritik Morfoloji Analizi

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly ...

The Analysis of Neurovascular Remodeling in Entorhino-hippocampal Organotypic Slice Cultures

Ischemic brain injury is among the most common and devastating conditions compromising proper brain function and often leads to persisting functional deficits in the affected patients. Despite intensive research efforts, there is still no effective treatment option available that reduces neuronal injury and protects neurons in the ischemic areas from delayed secondary death. Research in this area typically involves the use of elaborate and problematic animal models. Entorhino-hippocampal organotypic slice cultures challenged with oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) are established in&#160;vitro models which mimic cerebral ischemia. The novel aspect of this study is that changes of the brain blood vessels are studied in addition to neuronal changes and the reaction of both the neuronal compartment and the vascular compartment can be compared and correlated. The methods presented in this protocol substantially broaden the potential applications of the organotypic slice culture approach. The induction of OGD or hypoxia alone can be applied by rather simple means in organotypic slice cultures and leads to reliable and reproducible damage in the neural tissue. This is in stark contrast to the complicated and problematic animal experiments inducing stroke and ischemia in vivo. By broadening the analysis to include the study of the reaction of the vasculature could provide new ways on how to preserve and restore brain functions. The slice culture approach presented here might develop into an attractive and important tool for the study of ischemic brain injury and might be useful for testing potential therapeutic measures aimed at neuroprotection.

A protocol for entorhino-hippocampal organotypic slice cultures, which allows reproducing many aspects of ischemic brain injury, is presented. By studying changes of the neurovasculature in addition to changes in the neurons, this protocol is a versatile tool to study plastic changes in neural tissue after injury.

Içinde Neurovascular Yaptırma Analizi Entorhino-hipokampal Organotipik Dilim Kültürler

Ischemic brain injury is among the most common and devastating conditions compromising proper brain function and often leads to persisting functional ...

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures As a Model to Study Neuroprotection and Invasiveness of Tumor Cells

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. This model is suitable for addressing different research questions that involve studies on neuroprotection, electrophysiological experiments on neurons, neuronal networks or tumor invasion. The hippocampal architecture and neuronal activity in multisynaptic circuits are well conserved in OHSC, even though the slicing procedure itself initially lesions and leads to formation of a glial scar. The scar formation alters presumably the mechanical properties and diffusive behavior of small molecules, etc. Slices allow the monitoring of time dependent processes after brain injury without animal surgery, and studies on interactions between various brain-derived cell types, namely astrocytes, microglia and neurons under both physiological and pathological conditions. An ambivalent aspect of this model is the absence of blood flow and immune blood cells. During the progression of the neuronal injury, migrating immune cells from the blood play an important role. As those cells are missing in slices, the intrinsic processes in the culture may be observed without external interference. Moreover, in OHSC the composition of the medium-external environment is precisely controlled. A further advantage of this method is the lower number of sacrificed animals compared to standard preparations. Several OHSC can be obtained from one animal making simultaneous studies with multiple treatments in one animal possible. For these reasons, OHSC are well suited to analyze the effects of new protective therapeutics after tissue damage or during tumor invasion. 
The protocol presented here describes a preparation method of OHSC that allows generating highly reproducible, well preserved slices that can be used for a variety of experimental research, like neuroprotection or tumor invasion studies.

Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) represent an in vitro model that simulates the in vivo situation very well. Here we describe a vibratome-based improved slicing protocol to obtain high quality slices for use in assessing the neuroprotective potential of novel substances or the biological behavior of tumor cells.

Organotypic Hipokampal dilim kültürler çalışma Neuroprotection ve tümör hücrelerinin Invasiveness Model olarak

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. ...