Yazarlar Christine Auste onun desteğiyle video kayıt ve stadyum Ghadban onun mükemmel teknik destek için teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Urszula Grabiec, Roux Programm FKZ 29/18 tarafından desteklenmiştir.

hayvan deneyleri gerçekleştirilen etik ilke ve nörolojik araştırma hayvanlara kullanım ilkesi doğrultusunda Avrupa Toplulukları Konseyi yönergesi 2010/63/AB tarafından Avrupa Parlamentosu onaylanmış ve bilimsel amaçlarla kullanılan hayvanların korunması üzerinde Avrupa Birliği Konseyi.
 1. Kültür ortam ve aygıtlar hazırlık <ol><li>OHSC hazırlanması için aşağıdaki araç kümesi, kullanın: iki küçük makas, iki eğri cımbız, iyi bir ipucu ile bir cımbız üç Bıçaklar (iki boyutu 11, mevcudu 15 biri), Üç neşter sahipleri, yuvarlak filtre kağıtları (çapı: 35 mm), agar, bir tıraş bıçağı, biri Pasteur pipet değiştirilmemiş ve biri Pasteur pipet bir ipucu olmadan değiştirilebilir. Kullanım ( şekil 1) önce bir otoklav içinde tüm malzemeleri sterilize.</li>
	<li>5 g agar tartmak ve 100 mL distile suda çözülür. Bir otoklav içinde 210.8 kPa, 121.7 ° C'de 20 dk için çözüm sterilize. 3 mL sıvı agar çözüm 60 mm Petri yemeklerinde steril cam pipet kullanarak dağıtmak, 5 h için kuvvetlendirmek, kirlenmesini önlemek ve 4 ° C'de daha fazla kullanmak kadar saklamak için plastik parafin film ile karşılamak izin. Agar blok Dilimleme işlemi sırasında beyin stabilize etmek için gereklidir.</li>
	198 mL en az gerekli orta (MEM) ve 2 mL L-glutamin çözüm <li>medya <ol><li>yapmak 200 mL hazırlık orta (pH 7,35) oluşan (son konsantrasyonu 2 mM). Çözüm medyası hazırlama gününde hazırlamak ve 4'te saklayın ° C.</li>
		<li>100 mL 49 mL MEM, 25 mL Hanks oluşan kültür ortamının hazırlamak &#39; dengeli tuz Çözümleri (HBSS), 25 mL (v/v) normal at serum (NHS), 1 mL L-glutamin çözüm (son konsantrasyonu 2 mM), 100 µg insülin, 120 mg glikoz, 10 mg streptomisin , 10.000 U penisilin ve 800 µg daha önce bildirildiği gibi C vitamini. Orta (37 ° C) sıcak, pH 7.4 ve steril filtre (0.2 µm gözenek boyutu) pH değerine ayarlayın. Orta değiştirmeden önce her iki günde (ısınma pH ayarlama, vb,) yordamı yineleyin. Orta en bir hafta boyunca kullanmak saat 4'te saklandığında ° C.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Bir 35 mm Petri kabına beyin depolamak için hazırlık orta ile doldurun. Doku üzerinde bir soğutma paketi çalışma alanı içinde toplamak için iki boş Petri tabağı yere.</li>
</ol> 2. Hazırlık ve dilimleme bir Vibratome ile <ol><li>Kullanım beyin 7-9 gün eski fareler veya 4-5 gün Stoppini ve ark göre OHSC hazırlık için eski fareler. 4 sonra işten çıkarma hayvanların, deri kafatasından makasla kaldırmak.</li>
	<li>İyi makas bıçak deliği magnum tanıtmak ve kafatası Kaudal (geri) rostral (açık) ekseni boyunca keserek açın. Yapmak iki makas sırasıyla sol ve sağ kulak doğru işaret böylece ilki için dik keser (&#34; T-kesi &#34;).</li>
	<li>Kafatası beyin zarar değil dikkat iyi Forseps ile dikkatlice açın. Bir neşter (bıçak büyüklüğüne 11) ön direğe ve beyincik en rostral parçası kesmek için kullanın.</li>
	<li>Tarafından bir spatula ile beyin kaldırmak ve hazırlık orta ( Şekil 2) ile dolu Petri kabına dikkatle yer anlamına gelir. Beyin numune tutucu üzerinde konumlandırın ve tıbbi siyanoakrilat yapıştırıcı ile düzeltebilirim. Mekanik stabilizasyon temin için agar parçaları kullanın.</li>
	<li>Yatay olarak 350 µm doku teşrih sürgülü vibratome kullanarak kalın OHSC.</li>
	<li>Optik Binoküler mikroskop kullanma dilim değerlendirin. OHSC düşük kalite hemen atın. Hipokampüs orta kısmından izole olduğu gibi cytoarchitecture ile yalnızca bu dilimleri almak önemlidir (bkz. Şekil 3 ve 4) arasında dorsal ve ventral Hipokampus.</li>
	Hipokampal bölgeyi ve neşter (yuvarlak bıçak büyüklüğüne 15; kullanarak entorhinal korteks <li>ayrı şekil 3). Perforant yolu ve entorhinal korteks korunmalıdır.</li>
	<li>6-8 OHSC her beyin elde edilir. 2-3 dilim içine bir hücre kültür ekleme (gözenek boyutu 0.4 µm) aktarmak ve 1 mL kültür orta iyi ücret içeren bir 6-şey kültür yemeğin bir şey yerleştirebilirsiniz.</li>
	<li>6-iyi yemekler %5 (v/v) CO 2 ile tam olarak oksijen bir ortamda 35 ° C'de kuluçkaya ve hücre kültür orta iki günde değiştirin. 
	Not: 6 gün vitro (div), senin deney. İnflamatuar reaksiyonları Dilimleme yordamı ile ilişkili gün 6 tarafından yok olur. Bu aşamada, mikroglial hücre ramified Morfoloji yeniden göstermek ve sinaptik bağlantıları olgunlaştı.</li>
</ol> 3. Doku niteliğinin <ol><li>fiksasyon, etiketleme ve görsel olarak yozlaşıyor nöronların OHSC <ol><li>deneyler gerçekleştirdikten sonra fiksasyon önce 2 h 5 µg/mL propidium iyodür (PI) ile OHSC içinde kuluçkaya nöronların oluşan bozucu çekirdekleri leke için sipariş. 
		Dikkat: PI şüpheli bir kanserojen, her zaman kişisel koruyucu ekipman (PPE) gibi eldiven giymek.</li>
		<li>0.1 M fosfat tampon (pH 7,4) ile OHSC yıkama ve paraformaldehyde (PFA) 24 h için %4 (v/v) çözeltisi ile tamir 
		Dikkat: PFA şüpheli ve zehirli kanserojen olduğu. İş duman başlık altında ve KKE giymek.</li>
		<li>OHSC ekler 1 mL PBS ile yıkayın ve membran dilimleri ayırmak için bir de fırça kullanın.</li>
		<li>Etiket OHSC IB 4 boya 24-şey plaka ( şekil 5).</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Tek hücreleri iletim tümör işgali deneyler fluorescently kullanarak etiketli <ol><li>bir deney başlamadan önce 24 h etiket tümör hücreleri floresan boya Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl kullanarak Ester (CFDA SE).</li>
		<li>Ayır ve Neubauer odası kullanarak tümör hücreleri saymak.</li>
		<li>Süspansiyon 10 µL istenen cep numarasını (normalde 50.000 veya 100.000 hücreleri) içerir öyle ki Orta, hücrelerde resuspend.</li>
		<li>Hücre süspansiyon dilim kültür üzerine 10 µL uygulayın ve 3 gün boyunca işgal hücrelere izin.</li>
		<li>Deneme sonunda %4 (v/v) İngiltere'de yılın 24 h için kullanma dilim kültürler düzeltmek ve PI başka bir 24 h için cytoarchitecture görselleştirmek için yardımcı kültürlerle etiket. 
		Dikkat: PFA şüpheli ve zehirli kanserojen olduğu. İş duman başlık altında ve KKE giymek.</li>
		<li>Üzerine bir kapak notu montaj medya kullanarak daha ayrıntılı bir çözümleme için ortak kültürler mount.</li>
	</ol></li></ol> 4. OHSC deneyler değerlendirilmesi OHSC confocal lazer mikroskop (CLSM) tarama bir analiz. 543 PI tespiti etiketli, nöronların oluşan bozucu veya cytoarchitecture etiketli PI kullanın monokromatik ışık dalga boyu λ = nm ve emisyon grubu pass filtre dalga boyu λ için 585-615 nm =. Tümör hücreleri veya IB 4 microglia CFDA etiketli, bir uyarma dalga boyu λ kullanmak 488 = nm. Deneysel her iki türü için bir z-yığın 2 µm kalınlığında optik dilim ile kayıt ve değerlendirme için kullanılan.

Yazarlar ifşa yoktur

Mevcut protokolünü OHSC hazırlanması açıklar. Bu model iç yetenekleri ve beyin dokusu reaksiyonları fizyolojik ve patolojik bir çekim gücü uygulamadan sonra test sağlar. Elektrofizyolojik parametrelerinin analizler, yanı sıra OHSC lesioned olabilir ve hasar etkisi tüm hücre türleri belirlenebilir. Farklı maddeler ve lesioning işlemler veya makrofajlar ve lenfositler yokluğunda şifa ayrıntılı açıklaması ile tedavi mümkündür.
The Most kritik adımlar için bir başa...

OHSC nöronlar, astrocytes ve microglia1fizyolojik ve patolojik özelliklerini incelemek için iyi karakterize vitro modeli vardır. Hücre dışı ortam kontrol etmek ve hücresel ve morfolojik değişiklikler sonra çeşitli uyaranlara izlemek kolaydır. Hipokampal nöronlar organizasyonu ve bağlantıları sonra hazırlık2,3iyi korunmuş. Çeşitli yararları dışarı OHSC izin hayvan ameliyat olmadan beyin hasarı ve tümör işgalinin izleme. Altı ya da sekiz OHSC tek bir kemirgen beyinden elde edilebilir. OHSC bu nedenle önemli ölçüde hayvan sayısını azaltmak ve birden fazla ilaç konsantrasyonları, genetik manipülasyon veya farklı lezyon modelleri aynı hayvan test izin vermek için yardımcı olur. Dilim tabanlı deneyleri içinde deneysel koşullar tam olarak kontrol edilebilir. Ayrıca, ikincil hasar gibi patolojik durumlardan zaman bağımlı geliştirme kolayca zaman hata görüntüleme tarafından izlenebilir.
Başlangıçta Stoppini ve ark. tarafından kurulan belirli iletişim kuralı 4, hazırlık adımları açıklanmıştır ve uygun dilimleri seçimi için önemli morfolojik yerler vurgulanır. Doğum sonrası gün 7-9 fareler veya doğum sonrası 4-5 gün fareler hazırlanması tavsiye ediyoruz. Bu dönemlerde OHSC mekanik travmalar ve nöronal devreler yeniden yapılanma yüksek bir potansiyel güçlü bir direnç gösteriyor. Buna ek olarak, ürünleri embriyonik veya yetişkin fareler üzerinden hızla yapılarını değiştirmek ve onların organotypic Morfoloji ekimi sırasında kaybetmek ve bu nedenle temel araştırma5,6 ' uzun vadeli işlemler çalışmak için daha az uygun , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11. Difüzyon ve böylece besin kaynağı sınırlı12,13,14OHSC hayatta kalma oranı için başka bir kritik nokta dilim kalınlığı 's.

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organotypic hippocampal slice cultures as a model to study neuroprotection and invasiveness of tumor cells

Organotypic Hipokampal dilim kültürler (OHSC), sinir hücreleri ve gliyal hücreler morfolojik ve fonksiyonel özellikleri iyi korunmuş. Bu model dahil çalışmaları nöronlar, nöronal ağlar veya tümör işgali üzerinde Elektrofizyolojik deneyler neuroprotection üzerinde farklı araştırma soruları ele almak için uygundur. Hipokampal mimarisi ve multisynaptic devrelerde nöronal aktivite iyi OHSC, düz-se bile Dilimleme yordam başlangıçta lezyonlar ve gliyal yara oluşumuna yol açar korunmuş. Yara oluşumu muhtemelen mekanik özellikleri ve küçük moleküller, vbdiffusive davranışını değiştirir. Dilimleri Saat bağımlı süreçlerinin beyin hasarı hayvan cerrahi ve çeşitli beyin türetilmiş hücre tipleri, yani astrocytes, microglia ve fizyolojik ve patolojik altında nöronlar arasındaki etkileşimler çalışmaları olmadan sonra izleme izin koşullar. Bu model kararsız bir yönünü kan akımı ve bağışıklık kan hücreleri olmaması. Nöronal yaralanma ilerleme sırasında bağışıklık hücreleri kan oynamak önemli bir rol geçirme. Bu hücreleri dilimler halinde eksik olduğundan, içsel süreçleri kültür dış müdahale gözlenen. Ayrıca, OHSC orta-dış ortam bileşimi tam olarak kontrol edilir. Bu yöntem bir başka kurban hayvanların standart hazırlıkları için karşılaştırıldığında daha düşük sayıda avantajdır. Birkaç OHSC birden çok tedavileri ile eşzamanlı çalışmalar bir hayvan edinerek bir hayvandan elde edilebilir. Bu nedenlerden dolayı OHSC sonra doku hasarı veya tümör işgali sırasında yeni koruyucu tedavi etkilerini çözümlemek için uygundur.
Sunulan Protokolü burada üreten son derece tekrarlanabilir sağlar OHSC hazırlama yöntemi açıklar, iyi korunmuş deneysel araştırma, neuroprotection veya tümör işgali çalışmalar gibi çeşitli için kullanılan dilimler.

Neuroprotection çalışmaları: Nöronal hasar, PI olumlu çekirdek ve IB4 microglia dentat gyrus (DG) granül hücre Katmanı (un) her üçüncü optik bölümünde sayılan olumlu sayısını belirlemek için. Tümör işgali deneyler için maksimum yoğunluk z-projeksiyon yığının tümör hücreleri tarafından işgali ve farklı işgali desenleri (şekil 6) görselleştirmek için bir tedbir olarak bölgeyi hesaplamak için...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures As a Model to Study Neuroprotection and Invasiveness of Tumor Cells at JoVE.com

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures As a Model to Study Neuroprotection and Invasiveness of Tumor Cells

Organotypic Hipokampal dilim kültürler (OHSC) vivo durumu çok iyi taklit bir vitro modeli temsil. Burada biz vibratome tabanlı açıklar yüksek kaliteli dilimleri tümör hücreleri biyolojik davranışını veya yeni maddeler nöroprotektif potansiyelini değerlendirmek amacıyla elde etmek için iletişim kuralı Dilimleme geliştirilmiş.

Organotypic Hipokampal dilim kültürler çalışma Neuroprotection ve tümör hücrelerinin Invasiveness Model olarak

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. ...

organotypic-hippocampal-slice-cultures-as-model-to-study

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.8K Görüntüleme.  Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg. Organotypic Hipokampal dilim kültürler (OHSC) vivo durumu çok iyi taklit bir vitro modeli temsil. Burada biz vibratome tabanlı açıklar yüksek kaliteli dilimleri tümör hücreleri biyolojik davranışını veya yeni maddeler nöroprotektif potansiyelini değerlendirmek amacıyla elde etmek için iletişim kuralı Dilimleme geliştirilmiş.

Video: Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures As a Model to Study Neuroprotection and Invasiveness of Tumor Cells

The Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Culture Model for Examining Neuronal Injury

Organotypic hippocampal slice culture is an in vitro method to examine mechanisms of neuronal injury in which the basic architecture and composition of the hippocampus is relatively preserved 1. The organotypic culture system allows for the examination of neuronal, astrocytic and microglial effects, but as an ex vivo preparation, does not address effects of blood flow, or recruitment of peripheral inflammatory cells. To that end, this culture method is frequently used to examine excitotoxic and hypoxic injury to pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, but has also been used to examine the inflammatory response. Herein we describe the methods for generating hippocampal slice cultures from postnatal rodent brain, administering toxic stimuli to induce neuronal injury, and assaying and quantifying hippocampal neuronal death.

The organoptypic hippocampal slice culture model is an in vitro model used to examine neuronal injury in a variety of paradigms. In this article, we describe the methods for generating slice cultures and quantifying neuronal injury.

Nöronal Sakatlık incelenmesi için Organotipik Hipokampal Dilim Kültür Modeli

Organotypic hippocampal slice culture is an in vitro method to examine mechanisms of neuronal injury in which the basic architecture and composition of ...

Nörobilim

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the strength of their connections after brief periods of strong activation. This phenomenon, known as long-term potentiation (LTP) can last for hours or days and has become the best candidate mechanism for learning and memory 2. In addition, the well defined anatomy and connectivity of the hippocampus 3 has made it a classical model system to study synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity4.
As our understanding of the physiology of hippocampal synapses grew and molecular players became identified, a need to manipulate synaptic proteins became imperative. Organotypic hippocampal cultures offer the possibility for easy gene manipulation and precise pharmacological intervention but maintain synaptic organization that is critical to understanding synapse function in a more naturalistic context than routine culture dissociated neurons methods.
Here we present a method to prepare and culture hippocampal slices that can be easily adapted to other brain regions. This method allows easy access to the slices for genetic manipulation using different approaches like viral infection 5,6 or biolistics 7. In addition, slices can be easily recovered for biochemical assays 8, or transferred to microscopes for imaging 9 or electrophysiological experiments 10.

We describe a method to prepare organotypic hippocampal slices that can be easily adapted to other brain regions. Brain slices are laid on porous membranes and culture media is allowed to form an interface. This method preserves the gross architecture of the hippocampus for up to 2 weeks in culture.

Organotipik Hipokampal Dilim Kültürler

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the ...

Organotypic Cerebellar Cultures: Apoptotic Challenges and Detection

Organotypic cultures of neuronal tissue were first introduced by Hogue in 1947 1,2 and have constituted a major breakthrough in the field of neuroscience. Since then, the technique was developed further and currently there are many different ways to prepare organotypic cultures. The method presented here was adapted from the one described by Stoppini et al. for the preparation of the slices and from Gogolla et al. for the staining procedure 3,4.
A unique feature of this technique is that it allows you to study different parts of the brain such as hippocampus or cerebellum in their original structure, providing a big advantage over dissociated cultures in which all the cellular organization and neuronal networks are disrupted. In the case of the cerebellum it is even more advantageous because it allows the study of Purkinje cells, extremely difficult to obtain as dissociated primary culture. This method can be used to study certain developmental features of the cerebellum in vitro, as well as for electrophysiological and pharmacological experiments in both wild type and mutant mice.
The method described here was designed to study the effect of apoptotic stimuli such as Fas ligand in the developing cerebellum, using TUNEL staining to measure apoptotic cell death. If TUNEL staining is combined with cell type specific markers, such as Calbindin for Purkinje cells, it is possible to evaluate cell death in a cell population specific manner. The Calbindin staining also serves the purpose of evaluating the quality of the cerebellar cultures.

This method describes the generation of organotypic cerebellar cultures and the effect of certain apoptotic stimuli on the viability of different cerebellar cell types.

Organotipik Serebellar Kültürler: Apoptotik Zorluklar ve Tayin

Organotypic cultures of neuronal tissue were first introduced by Hogue in 1947 1,2 and have constituted a major breakthrough in the field of neuroscience. ...

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

The mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the developing mouse brain is not suitable for easy manipulation and imaging in vivo since the mouse embryo is inaccessible and opaque. Organotypic slice cultures of embryonic brains are therefore widely used to study murine brain development in vitro. Ex-vivo manipulation or the use of transgenic mice allows the modification of gene expression so that subpopulations of neuronal or glial cells can be labeled with fluorescent proteins. The behavior of labeled cells can then be observed using time-lapse imaging. Time-lapse imaging has been particularly successful for studying cell behaviors that underlie the development of the cerebral cortex at late embryonic stages 1-2. Embryonic organotypic slice culture systems in brain regions outside of the forebrain are less well established. Therefore, the wealth of time-lapse imaging data describing neuronal cell migration is restricted to the forebrain 3,4. It is still not known, whether the principles discovered for the dorsal brain hold true for ventral brain areas. In the ventral brain, neurons are organized in neuronal clusters rather than layers and they often have to undergo complicated migratory trajectories to reach their final position. The ventral midbrain is not only a good model system for ventral brain development, but also contains neuronal populations such as dopaminergic neurons that are relevant in disease processes. While the function and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons has been investigated in great detail in the adult and ageing brain, little is known about the behavior of these neurons during their differentiation and migration phase 5. We describe here the generation of slice cultures from the embryonic day (E) 12.5 mouse ventral midbrain. These slice cultures are potentially suitable for monitoring dopaminergic neuron development over several days in vitro. We highlight the critical steps in generating brain slices at these early stages of embryonic development and discuss the conditions necessary for maintaining normal development of dopaminergic neurons in vitro. We also present results from time lapse imaging experiments. In these experiments, ventral midbrain precursors (including dopaminergic precursors) and their descendants were labeled in a mosaic manner using a Cre/loxP based inducible fate mapping system 6.

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

A method to generate organotypic slices from the E12.5 murine embryonic midbrain is described. The organotypic slice cultures can be used to observe the behavior of dopaminergic neurons or other ventral midbrain neurons.

Embriyonik ventral orta beyin Organotipik Dilim Kültürler: dopaminerjik Nöronal Gelişim Eğitim Bir Sistem In vitro</em

The  mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due  to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the ...

The Analysis of Purkinje Cell Dendritic Morphology in Organotypic Slice Cultures

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly oriented in the sagittal plane and develops mostly in the postnatal period in small rodents 3. Furthermore, several antibodies are available which selectively and intensively label Purkinje cells including all processes, with anti-Calbindin D28K being the most widely used. For viewing of dendrites in living cells, mice expressing EGFP selectively in Purkinje cells 11 are available through Jackson labs. Organotypic cerebellar slice cultures cells allow easy experimental manipulation of Purkinje cell dendritic development because most of the dendritic expansion of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is actually taking place during the culture period 4. We present here a short, reliable and easy protocol for viewing and analyzing the dendritic morphology of Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. For many purposes, a quantitative evaluation of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is desirable. We focus here on two parameters, dendritic tree size and branch point numbers, which can be rapidly and easily determined from anti-calbindin stained cerebellar slice cultures. These two parameters yield a reliable and sensitive measure of changes of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree. Using the example of treatments with the protein kinase C (PKC) activator PMA and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) we demonstrate how differences in the dendritic development are visualized and quantitatively assessed. The combination of the presence of an extensive dendritic tree, selective and intense immunostaining methods, organotypic slice cultures which cover the period of dendritic growth and a mouse model with Purkinje cell specific EGFP expression make Purkinje cells a powerful model system for revealing the mechanisms of dendritic development.

We present a protocol that permits to view and to quantitatively asses the morphology of the dendritic tree of individual Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. This protocol is intended to promote studies on the mechanisms of Purkinje cell dendritic development.

Organotipik Dilim Kültürleri Purkinje Hücre Dendritik Morfoloji Analizi

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly ...

Post-embedding Immunogold Labeling of Synaptic Proteins in Hippocampal Slice Cultures

Immunoelectron microscopy is a powerful tool to study biological molecules at the subcellular level. Antibodies coupled to electron-dense markers such as colloidal gold can reveal the localization and distribution of specific antigens in various tissues1. The two most widely used techniques are pre-embedding and post-embedding techniques. In pre-embedding immunogold-electron microscopy (EM) techniques, the tissue must be permeabilized to allow antibody penetration before it is embedded. These techniques are ideal for preserving structures but poor penetration of the antibody (often only the first few micrometers) is a considerable drawback2. The post-embedding labeling methods can avoid this problem because labeling takes place on sections of fixed tissues where antigens are more easily accessible. Over the years, a number of modifications have improved the post-embedding methods to enhance immunoreactivity and to preserve ultrastructure3-5.
Tissue fixation is a crucial part of EM studies. Fixatives chemically crosslink the macromolecules to lock the tissue structures in place. The choice of fixative affects not only structural preservation but also antigenicity and contrast. Osmium tetroxide (OsO4), formaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde have been the standard fixatives for decades, including for central nervous system (CNS) tissues that are especially prone to structural damage during chemical and physical processing. Unfortunately, OsO4 is highly reactive and has been shown to mask antigens6, resulting in poor and insufficient labeling. Alternative approaches to avoid chemical fixation include freezing the tissues. But these techniques are difficult to perform and require expensive instrumentation. To address some of these problems and to improve CNS tissue labeling, Phend et al. replaced OsO4 with uranyl acetate (UA) and tannic acid (TA), and successfully introduced additional modifications to improve the sensitivity of antigen detection and structural preservation in brain and spinal cord tissues7. We have adopted this osmium-free post-embedding method to rat brain tissue and optimized the immunogold labeling technique to detect and study synaptic proteins.
We present here a method to determine the ultrastructural localization of synaptic proteins in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. We use organotypic hippocampal cultured slices. These slices maintain the trisynaptic circuitry of the hippocampus, and thus are especially useful for studying synaptic plasticity, a mechanism widely thought to underlie learning and memory. Organotypic hippocampal slices from postnatal day 5 and 6 mouse/rat pups can be prepared as described previously8, and are especially useful to acutely knockdown or overexpress exogenous proteins. We have previously used this protocol to characterize neurogranin (Ng), a neuron-specific protein with a critical role in regulating synaptic function8,9 . We have also used it to characterize the ultrastructural localization of calmodulin (CaM) and Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)10. As illustrated in the results, this protocol allows good ultrastructural preservation of dendritic spines and efficient labeling of Ng to help characterize its distribution in the spine8. Furthermore, the procedure described here can have wide applicability in studying many other proteins involved in neuronal functions.

The localization and distribution of proteins provide important information for understanding their cellular functions. The superior spatial resolution of electron microscopy (EM) can be used to determine the subcellular localization of a given antigen following immunohistochemistry. For tissues of the central nervous system (CNS), preserving structural integrity while maintaining antigenicity has been especially difficult in EM studies. Here, we adopt a procedure that has been used to preserve structures and antigens in the CNS to study and characterize synaptic proteins in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons.

Hipokampal Dilim Kültürleri Synaptic Proteinler Post-gömme immunogold Etiketleme

Immunoelectron microscopy is a powerful tool to study biological molecules at the subcellular level. Antibodies coupled to electron-dense markers such as ...

Organotypic Slice Cultures to Study Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Myelination

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During embryonic and postnatal development they actively proliferate and generate myelinating oligodendrocytes. These cells have commonly been studied in primary dissociated cultures, neuron cocultures, and in fixed tissue. Using newly available transgenic mouse lines slice culture systems can be used to investigate proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in both gray and white matter regions of the forebrain and cerebellum. Slice cultures are prepared from early postnatal mice and are kept in culture for up to 1 month. These slices can be imaged multiple times over the culture period to investigate cellular behavior and interactions. This method allows visualization of NG2 cell division and the steps leading to oligodendrocyte differentiation while enabling detailed analysis of region-dependent NG2 cell and oligodendrocyte functional heterogeneity. This is a powerful technique that can be used to investigate the intrinsic and extrinsic signals influencing these cells over time in a cellular environment that closely resembles that found in vivo.

A technique to study NG2 cells and oligodendrocytes using a slice culture system of the forebrain and cerebellum is described. This method allows examination of the dynamics of proliferation and differentiation of cells within the oligodendrocyte lineage where the extracellular environment can be easily manipulated while maintaining tissue cytoarchitecture.

Organotipik Dilim Kültürler Oligodendrosit Dinamikler ve miyelinasyonun incelemek için

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During ...

The Analysis of Neurovascular Remodeling in Entorhino-hippocampal Organotypic Slice Cultures

Ischemic brain injury is among the most common and devastating conditions compromising proper brain function and often leads to persisting functional deficits in the affected patients. Despite intensive research efforts, there is still no effective treatment option available that reduces neuronal injury and protects neurons in the ischemic areas from delayed secondary death. Research in this area typically involves the use of elaborate and problematic animal models. Entorhino-hippocampal organotypic slice cultures challenged with oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) are established in&#160;vitro models which mimic cerebral ischemia. The novel aspect of this study is that changes of the brain blood vessels are studied in addition to neuronal changes and the reaction of both the neuronal compartment and the vascular compartment can be compared and correlated. The methods presented in this protocol substantially broaden the potential applications of the organotypic slice culture approach. The induction of OGD or hypoxia alone can be applied by rather simple means in organotypic slice cultures and leads to reliable and reproducible damage in the neural tissue. This is in stark contrast to the complicated and problematic animal experiments inducing stroke and ischemia in vivo. By broadening the analysis to include the study of the reaction of the vasculature could provide new ways on how to preserve and restore brain functions. The slice culture approach presented here might develop into an attractive and important tool for the study of ischemic brain injury and might be useful for testing potential therapeutic measures aimed at neuroprotection.

A protocol for entorhino-hippocampal organotypic slice cultures, which allows reproducing many aspects of ischemic brain injury, is presented. By studying changes of the neurovasculature in addition to changes in the neurons, this protocol is a versatile tool to study plastic changes in neural tissue after injury.

Içinde Neurovascular Yaptırma Analizi Entorhino-hipokampal Organotipik Dilim Kültürler

Ischemic brain injury is among the most common and devastating conditions compromising proper brain function and often leads to persisting functional ...

Preparation and Immunostaining of Myelinating Organotypic Cerebellar Slice Cultures

In the nervous system, myelin is a complex membrane structure generated by myelinating glial cells, which ensheathes axons and facilitates fast electrical conduction. Myelin alteration has been shown to occur in various neurological diseases, where it is associated with functional deficits. Here, we provide a detailed description of an ex vivo model consisting of mouse organotypic cerebellar slices, which can be maintained in culture for several weeks and further be labeled to visualize myelin.

Here we present a method to prepare organotypic slice cultures from mouse cerebellum and myelin sheath staining by immunohistochemistry suitable for investigating mechanisms of myelination and remyelination in the central nervous system.

Hazırlık ve Immunostaining Myelinating Organotypic serebellar dilim kültürlerin

In the nervous system, myelin is a complex membrane structure generated by myelinating glial cells, which ensheathes axons and facilitates fast electrical ...

Purkinje Cell Survival in Organotypic Cerebellar Slice Cultures

Organotypic slice culture is a powerful in vitro model that mimicks in vivo conditions more closely than dissociated primary cell cultures. In early postnatal development, cerebellar Purkinje cells are known to go through a vulnerable period, during which they undergo programmed cell death. Here, we provide a detailed protocol to perform mouse organotypic cerebellar slice culture during this critical time. The slices are further labeled to assess Purkinje cell survival and the efficacy of neuroprotective treatments. This method can be extremely valuable to screen for new neuroactive molecules.

Organotypic slice cultures are a powerful tool to study neurodevelopmental or degenerative/regenerative processes. Here, we describe a protocol that models the neurodevelopmental death of Purkinje cells in mouse cerebellar slice cultures. This method may benefit research in neuroprotective drug discovery.

Organotipik Serebellar Dilim Kültürlerde Purkinje Hücre Sağkalım

Organotypic slice culture is a powerful in vitro model that mimicks in vivo conditions more closely than dissociated primary cell cultures. In early ...