This work was partially supported by B.G. Negev technology and Linda Powers's contribution.

Hayvan deneyleri Ben-Gurion Üniversitesi&#39;nde (IL-39-08-2010) hayvan deneyleri için etik kurul tarafından onaylandı. 1. Fare Beyin Protein Ekstraksiyonu <ol><li> Her bir buz üzerinde 5 mi Ringer çözeltisi ve yeri içeren tüplerde 15 ml 3 tüpleri hazırlayın. </li><li> (DİKKAT - kimyasal kaput kullanmak) İsofloran anestezi kullanarak fare Kurban servikal dislokasyon ve hemen dekapitasyon 10-20 sn. </li><li> Kafatası beyin çıkarın ve beyin dokusunda hasar görmesini önlemek için buz gibi soğuk Ringer solüsyonu ile bir kaç saniye için durulayın. </li><li> Cerrahi bıçak kullanılarak, frontal korteks beyincik (CR) ve sapı (BS) ayırır. Sonra, beyin sapından beyincik ayırmak ve frontal korteks, frontal lobu (FL) kesilmiş; frontal lob koku ampulü çıkarın. Belirlenen, 15 ml tüpler içinde 3 beyin bölgelerinin yerleştirin. </li><li> Her bir tüp içinde doku homojenize edilir. Fr EkleESH, buz soğukluğundaki Ringer solüsyonu, her bir tüp, 800 xg da 7 dakika için aynı hacim ve santrifüj içerir. </li><li> Süpernatantı ve her tüp CHAPS lizis tamponu 100 ul ekleyin. , Bir 21 G iğne ile bir 1 ml şırınga ile çözelti, birkaç kez (~ 10) geçirilerek, iyice karıştırın ve 30 dakika boyunca buz üzerinde inkübe edilir. </li><li> 13,000 x g&#39;de 30 dakika boyunca yeni bir mikro santrifüj tüpüne ve santrifüj tüpünün her aktarın. Yeni bir mikro santrifüj tüpüne aktarılır ve süpernatan, önceden belirlenmiş bir yöntem kullanarak protein konsantrasyonunu belirleyin. -80 ° C&#39;de 10 ul alikolar içinde protein muhafaza edilir. </li></ol> Araçların, Reaksiyon Çözümleri ve Protein Sulandırma Hesaplamaları 2. TUZAK Testi Hazırlık <ol><li> Protein ekstresi seyreltilerde ve telomeraz reaksiyon tamponu için etiketli mikro-santrifüj tüplerine uygun sayıda hazırlayın. Kontaminasyonu önlemek için filtre ipuçlarını kullanarak protokoldeki tüm pipetlenmesini gerçekleştirin. </li&gt; <li> TRAP Reaksiyon karışımı 10x TS astar, dNTP&#39;ler, Ultra saf su ve protein ekstreleri (reaktif ve reaktif konsantrasyonları için malzeme tabloya bakınız): buz aşağıdaki çözümleri çözülme. </li><li> Ultra saf su (Ultra saf su) ile 1 mg / ml nihai konsantrasyona kadar bir protein ekstresi çözeltisi ile seyreltilir. </li></ol> 3. Reaksiyon Telomeraz <ol><li> Bir mikro santrifüj tüpüne aşağıdakiler eklenerek telomeraz reaksiyonu karışımı hazırlayın: 2 ul TRAP karışımı (10x), 1 ul TS primer (0.1 ug), 1 ul dNTPs (10 mM) ve 15 ul UPW. Çoklu örnekler için, numuneler, artı 1 sayısına göre yukarıda sözü edilen birimler çarpın. </li><li> Her reaksiyon tüpüne, reaksiyon karışımı 19 ul ve 20 ul son hacim için, her bir tüpe seyreltilmiş protein ekstresi (1 ug protein) 1 ul. </li><li> 45 dakika süre ile, 30 ° C&#39;de önceden ısıtılmış bir su banyosu içinde, reaksiyon tüpleri yerleştirin. </li></ol> 4. PCR Reaksiyonu: <ol><li> Onbeş milACX astar, Titanyum Taq Buffer, UPW: n telomeraz reaksiyon sonundan önce, aşağıdaki çözümleri eritin. </li><li> 2.5 ul Titanyum Taq Buffer (10x), 1 ul ACX astar (0.1 ug), 2 ul (IC kullanıldığında 1 ul) UPW ve 0.5 ul Titanyum Taq Polimeraz: mikro-santrifüj tüpüne aşağıdaki ekleyerek PCR reaksiyon karışımı hazırlayın (50x). Çoklu örnekler için, numuneler artı 2 sayısına göre yukarıda sözü edilen birimler çarpın. </li><li> PCR 6 ul her bir PCR tüpü 26 ul karıştırmak ve bir son hacim için her bir tüpe telomeraz reaksiyonu (20 ul), tüm birimi ekleyin. </li><li> Bir PCR termo döngü cihazı için PCR tüpleri yerleştirin ve aşağıdaki programı çalıştırın: - 90 ° C - 2 dk. - 94 ° C - 30 san. * - 60 ° C - 30 san. * - 72 ° C -. 45 sn * - 72 ° C - 2 dk. -20 ° C&#39;de muhafaza PCR ürünleri. * = 34 devir </li></ol> 5. Agaroz Mini-gel Hazırlama, Örnekleri Koşu ve Jel Boyama <ol><li> 25 ml soğuk tampon maddesi elektroforezi (TBE) ve tampon solüsyonu 2-4 kez hacminin yavaş yavaş yüksek çözünürlüklü (HR) agaroz toz halinde 1,125 g çözelti hızlı bir şekilde karıştırılır iken serpmek, bir cam kaba, bir karıştırma çubuğu ilave edin . Karıştırma çubuğu çıkarın, havalandırma için küçük bir delik plastik bir şal ve delgi ile beher kaplayın. Daha sonra 3 dakika boyunca &quot;düşük&quot; güç mikrodalga beher ısıtın ve &quot;Yüksek&quot; güç anahtarı ve dökülmesini neden değil itina ile kısa bakliyat çözüm ısıtın. Isıtılarak oluşturulan köpük, birkaç saniye sonra, büyük kabarcıklar haline gelir ve kaybolur, agaroz hazır olduğuna dikkat edin. </li><li> Jel, oda sıcaklığında katılaşan sonra jel, kullanımdan önce 4 ° C&#39;de 20 dakika boyunca soğuk izin yatay mini jel cihazına jel döküm. </li><li> 25 TUZAK numune ul (20 ul TRAP PCR ürünlerinin ve 5 ul 6x jel yükleme boyası) ile her şerit yerleştirin ve 11 çalıştırmak4 ° C soğuk oda içinde 3 saat boyunca 0 V. </li><li> 15 ul 10,000X nükleik asit leke, 0.1 M NaCl (0.29 g) ile 50 ml iki defa destillenmiş su (DDW) stok çözeltisi eklenerek çalışma çözeltisi nükleik asit lekesi 3x hazırlayın. Nazik çalkalama ile 20 dakika boyunca jel Leke. </li><li> TRAP merdiven DNA bantları görmek için 302 nm dalga boyunda UV transilluminator kullanın. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Urquidi, V., Tarin, D., Goodison, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+telomerase+in+cell+senescence+and+oncogenesis.">Role of telomerase in cell senescence and oncogenesis.</a> Annu Rev Med. 51, 65-79 (2000).</li><li>Cong, Y., Shay, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Actions+of+human+telomerase+beyond+telomeres.">Actions of human telomerase beyond telomeres.</a> Cell Res. 18, 725-732 (2008).</li><li>Tichon, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidative+stress+protection+by+novel+telomerase+activators+in+mesenchymal+stem+cells+derived+from+healthy+and+diseased+individuals.">Oxidative stress protection by novel telomerase activators in mesenchymal stem cells derived from healthy and diseased individuals.</a> Curr.Mol. Med. 13, 1010-1022 (2013).</li><li>Lannilli, F., Zalfa, F., Gartner, A., Bagni, C., Dotti, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytoplasmic+TERT+associates+to+RNA+granules+in+fully+mature+neurons:+Role+in+the+translational+control+of+the+cell+cycle+inhibitor+p15INK4B.">Cytoplasmic TERT associates to RNA granules in fully mature neurons: Role in the translational control of the cell cycle inhibitor p15INK4B.</a> PloS one. 8, e66602 (2013).</li><li>De Jesus, B. B., Blasco, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potential+of+telomerase+activation+in+extending+health+span+and+logevity.">Potential of telomerase activation in extending health span and logevity.</a> Curr opinion in Cell Biology. 24, 1-5 (2012).</li><li>Blackburn, E., Collins, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomerase:+An+RNP+enzyme+synthesizes+DNA.">Telomerase: An RNP enzyme synthesizes DNA.</a> Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 3, 1-9 (2011).</li><li>Klapper, W., Shin, T., Mattson, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+regulation+of+telomerase+activity+and+TERT+expression+during+brain+development+in+mice.">Differential regulation of telomerase activity and TERT expression during brain development in mice.</a> J. Neurosci. Res. 64, 252-260 (2001).</li><li>Caporaso, G. L., Lim, D. A., Alvarez-Buylla, A., Chao, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomerase+activity+in+the+subventricular+zone+of+adult+mice.">Telomerase activity in the subventricular zone of adult mice.</a> Mol. Cell Neurosci. 23, 693-702 (2003).</li><li>Eitan, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+Telomerase-increasing+compound+in+mouse+brain+delays+the+onset+of+amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis.">Novel Telomerase-increasing compound in mouse brain delays the onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.</a> EMBO Mol. Med. 4, 313-329 (2012).</li><li>Kim, N. W., Wu, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+quantification+and+characterization+of+telomerase+activity+by+the+telomeric+repat+amplification+protocol+(TRAP).">Advances in quantification and characterization of telomerase activity by the telomeric repat amplification protocol (TRAP).</a> Nuc. Acid Res. 25, 2595-2597 (1997).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

PCR 4 ile telomeraz reaksiyonu 3) telomeraz reaksiyon ürünlerinin amplifikasyonu - beyin dokusu 2) spesifik bölgelerinden 1) proteinlerinin ekstre Telomeraz suretiyle, primer uzaması TS: TRAP ile fare beyin telomeraz aktivitesi analizi 4 ana adımdan oluşur yüksek çözünürlüklü agaroz jel kullanılarak, PCR-ürünlerinin) ayrılması. DNA merdiveni ve PAGE PCR ürünleri ayırma hassas bir şekilde tespit radyoaktif dCTP &#39;lerin kullanımı: Bu değiştirilmiş TRAP yönteminin...

Telomeraz telomeraz bir ribonükleoprotein oluşan ters transkriptaz (TERT), telomeraz katalitik alt birimi, ve bir RNA bileşen (TERC) &#39;dir. Telomeraz kanonik rolü, bu nedenle genomik bütünlüğü ve hücre proliferasyonunu 1 teşvik telomerik uçlarına tekrar dizileri (TTAGGG) eklenerek telomerlerin uygun uzunluğunun korumaktır. Bu çeşitli zarar verici madde 2 ile uyarılan apoptoza karşı direnç kazandıran, yani başka roller de, hücrelerde TERT atfedilmiştir oksidatif stres 3 insan mezenkimal kök hücrelerini koruyan ve pozitif RNA TIA1 ile olan ilişkisi ile tam olarak farklılaşmış nöronların hayatta kalma yanlısı bir rol oynar granüller 4. Enzim ekspresyonu ve aktivitesi düzeyleri sıkı Bölünmeyen hücreler 5,6 olarak düzenlenmiş olsa da, TERT, ifade edilen ve daha çok somatik bölünen hücreleri ve kanser tiplerinin çoğunda aktif bir biçimde gösterilmiştir. Çalışmalar r göstermiştirTERT mRNA, erişkin 7 içine daha düşük düzeyde muhafaza edilirken Odent beyin, telomeraz aktivitesi, doğum sonrası 10. günde fark edilemez hale gelecektir. Diğer çalışmalar yetişkin alt-ventriküler bölge, koku ampul, hipokampus içinde telomeraz aktivitesini gösterdi ve yetişkin beyincik ve kortekste 8. , Enjekte edilen fareler SOD1 transjenik amiyotrofik lateral skleroz hastalığının başlamasını ve ilerlemesini yavaşlattığı - Yakın zamanda beyin ve omurilik telomeraz ekspresyonunu ve aktivitesini de artırır yeni bileşikler, N-metil-D-aspartat (NMDA) nöro-koruyucu etkiler üretmiştir göstermiştir fare ve bu farelerin 9 omurilikteki motor nöronların hayatta kalma artmıştır. Tam nöronlarda ve beyinde telomeraz pro survival rolünü anlamak için, beynin farklı bölgelerinde telomeraz aktivitesinin tespit edilmesi için basit, hızlı ve nispeten hassas bir analiz geliştirmek için gereklidir. Telomerik rEPEAT amplifıkasyon protokolü (TRAP) sıraları düzenlenmiştir telomeraz aktivitesi kanonik ve polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PCR) birleştiren bir iyi bilinen hassas bir deneydir. Bu deneyde, telomeraz TTAGGG telomeraz substrata TH ters primeri kullanılarak 6 baz çifti (bp) DNA merdiveni oluşturur PCR amplifikasyonu takiben (TH astar) oligonükleotid, tekrar ekler -. ACX 32P dCTP etiketli en tespit etmek için kullanılır PCR ürünlerinin, düşük miktarda. DNA merdiveni dizileme poliakrilamid jel elektroforezi (PAGE) ile çözümlenir. Her iki DNA bantların yoğunluğu ve DNA merdiven uzunluğu, aktif enzim moleküllerinin miktarını ve işlem kapasitesi, sırasıyla 10 yansıtmaktadır. Bu geleneksel tahlil bazı önemli zorluklar tutar: (gecede her iki durumda) sıralama PAGE ve jel çalışan zaman tüketimi ve radyoaktif ürünün filmi pozlama işlemek için büyük ve sert radyoaktif maddelere maruz kalma tehlikesi. </p&gt; Bu protokol, gelişmiş bir radyoaktif olmayan bir agaroz mini jel bazlı bir deney sağlar. DNA, 6 bp&#39;lik bir basamağı% 4.5 yüksek çözünürlüklü agaroz jel kullanılarak çözümlenir ve algılama son derece hassas bir nükleik asit leke kullanılarak başarılabilir. Agaroz mini yüksek çözünürlük jel ve duyarlı nükleik asit leke kullanılarak kombinasyonu, analizi kullanımı kolay sunar radyoaktiviteye maruz tehlikesini bertaraf eder ve önemli bir kaç saate kadar 3 gün genel deney süresini kısaltır.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1102">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:628px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="49">
			<td height="49" style="height:49px;width:251px;">TRAP Mix (X10)</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:628px;">Made manually, mix the following in UPW: 630mM KCl, 200mM Tris-HCl pH8.2, 10mM EDTA, 15mM MgCl2, 1mg/ml BSA, 0.5% TWEEN (purchased from sigma). Aliquots are freezed&#160; in -20 C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:251px;">Ringer&#39;s solution</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:628px;">Made manually, mix the following in DDW: 124mM NaCl, 3mM KCl, 1.25mM NaH2PO4*H2O, 2mM MgSO4, 26mM NaHCO3, 1.802 g/L D-(+)-glucose anhydrous.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Minrad INC.</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">NDC 60307-110-10</td>
			<td style="width:628px;">Handle with care in a chemical hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">dNTP&#39;s 10 mM</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">D7295</td>
			<td style="width:628px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">TS primer (5&#39;-AATCCGTCGAGCAGAGTT-3&#39;)</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:628px;">DNA oligos orderd in DRY format and UPW added according to requierd concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:251px;">ACX primer (5&#39;-GCGCGGCTTACCCTTACCCTTACCCTAACC-3&#39;)</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:628px;">DNA oligos orderd in DRY format and UPW added according to requierd concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Titanium Taq Polymerase/Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Clontech</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">S1792/S1793</td>
			<td style="width:628px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">High Resolution agarose</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">A4718</td>
			<td style="width:628px;">Any high quality high-resolution agarose may be sutible</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Mini-gel apparatus&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">170-4466</td>
			<td style="width:628px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Nucleic-acid Stain (GEL-RED)</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Biotium</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">41003</td>
			<td style="width:628px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">IC primer (5&#39;-ATCGCTTCTCGGCCTTTT-3&#39;)</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:628px;">DNA oligos orderd in DRY format and UPW added according to requierd concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:251px;">CHAPS lysis buffer</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">9852S</td>
			<td>Add PMSF (protease inhibitor) to a final concentration of 1mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">Ultra Pure Water (UPW)</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Biological Industries</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">01-866-1B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:62px;width:251px;">CD-1 mice</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">HARLAN Laboratories INC.</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

telomerase activity in the various regions of mouse brain: non-radioactive telomerase repeat amplification protocol (trap) assay

Telomeraz, bir ribonükleoprotein, telomer uzunluğu muhafaza ve dolayısıyla genomik bütünlüğü, çoğalmasını ve ömrünü teşvik sorumludur. Nöronlar gibi mitotik olmayan, son derece aktif hücreler için hayatta kalan olası önemini göstermektedir, ilave olarak, telomeraz gibi oksidatif stresten mitokondri korur ve apoptoza direnç kazandırmaktadır. Daha önce çeşitli fare beyin bölgelerinde telomeraz aktivitesi ve ekspresyonunu artırmak ve oksidatif stres motor nöronlar hücreleri korumak için yeni telomeraz aktivatörlerinin yeteneğini gösterdi. Bu sonuçlar telomeraz çeşitli lezyonlar gelen nöronların korunması dahil olduğu görüşünü güçlendirmektedir. Beyinde telomeraz rolünü vurgulamak amacıyla, burada erkek ve dişi fare beyninde telomeraz aktivitesini ve yaş olan bağımlılığını karşılaştırın. TRAP yönteminin çeşitli dokular veya hücre hatlarında telomeraz aktivitesini tespit etmek için standart bir yöntemdir. Burada analı göstermekCHAPS kullanılarak protein çıkarımı ile denatüre edici olmayan fare beyninin üç bölgede telomeraz aktivitesi sis, standart TRAP modifikasyonu ile, ardından tampon lisis. Bu 2-aşamalı bir deneyde, endojen telomeraz TTAGGG 6 bp&#39;lik bir tekrar (telomeraz reaksiyonu) ekleyerek belirli bir alt-tabaka, telomeraz (TH primer) ilerlemektedir. Telomeraz reaksiyonu ürünleri 6 bp&#39;lik fazlalıklarının bir DNA merdiveni oluşturarak bir PCR tepkimesi ile yükseltilir. DNA merdiveni analizi son derece hassas bir nükleik asit boyası ile boyandı, ardından% 4.5 yüksek çözünürlüklü agaroz jel elektroforezi ile yapılır. 32P DNA tespiti ve DNA merdiveni çözülmesi için poliakrilamid jel elektroforez için radyoaktif dCTP etiketlenmiş kullanabilecektir geleneksel TRAP ile karşılaştırıldığında, bu protokol, fare beyninin telomeraz aktivitesini değerlendirmek yeteneğini göstermek için TRAP tasarruf toksik olmayan bir zaman sunar telomeras farklılıkları tespitÇeşitli dişi ve erkek fare beyin bölgesinde aktiviteye sahiptir.

Tüm hücre protein için 1 ve 3 aylık yaş 3, CD-1 erkek ve 3, CD-1 erkek fareler türetilen, frontal lob (FL), beyin sapı (BS), serebellum (CR) hazırlanmıştır modifiye TRAP tahlil ve radyoaktif TRAP eski 2 aylık yaşta 3 CD-1 erkek fareler. Telomeraz aktivitesi modifiye TRAP deneyi kullanılarak ayıkla 1 mcg proteinler tespit ve 2 mcg proteinler radyoaktif TRAP için ayıklamak edildi. Radyoaktif TRAP ile ve modifiye TRAP ile telomeraz aktivitesinin tespiti 1C genel DNA merdiveni <str...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol TRAP Assay at JoVE.com

Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol TRAP Assay

Telomerase is expressed in the neonatal brain and also in distinct regions of the adult brain. We present a non-toxic time saving TRAP assay for the analysis of telomerase activity in various regions of the mouse brain and detection of differences in telomerase activity between male and female mouse brains.

Fare Beyin Çeşitli Bölgelerinde Telomeraz Aktivite: Radyoaktif olmayan Telomeraz Amplifikasyon Protokolü tekrarlayın (TRAP) Deneyi

Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein, is responsible for maintaining the telomere length and therefore promoting genomic integrity, proliferation, and ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP) Assay

14.5K Görüntüleme.  Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Telomerase is expressed in the neonatal brain and also in distinct regions of the adult brain. We present a non-toxic time saving TRAP assay for the analysis of telomerase activity in various regions of the mouse brain and detection of differences in telomerase activity between male and female mouse brains.

Video: Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol TRAP Assay

Growing Neural Stem Cells from Conventional and Nonconventional Regions of the Adult Rodent Brain

Recent work demonstrates that central nervous system (CNS) regeneration and tumorigenesis involves populations of stem cells (SCs) resident within the adult brain. However, the mechanisms these normally quiescent cells employ to ensure proper functioning of neural networks, as well as their role in recovery from injury and mitigation of neurodegenerative processes are little understood. These cells reside in regions referred to as &#34;niches&#34; that provide a sustaining environment involving modulatory signals from both the vascular and immune systems. The isolation, maintenance, and differentiation of CNS SCs under defined culture conditions which exclude unknown factors, makes them accessible to treatment by pharmacological or genetic means, thus providing insight into their in vivo behavior. Here we offer detailed information on the methods for generating cultures of CNS SCs from distinct regions of the adult brain and approaches to assess their differentiation potential into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in vitro. This technique yields a homogeneous cell population as a monolayer culture that can be visualized to study individual SCs and their progeny. Furthermore, it can be applied across different animal model systems and clinical samples, being used previously to predict regenerative responses in the damaged adult nervous system.

Neural stem cells harvested from the adult brain are increasing utilized in applications ranging from the basic research of nervous system development to exploring potential clinical applications in regenerative medicine. This makes rigorous control in the isolation and culturing conditions used to grow these cells critical to sound experimental outcomes.

Yetişkin Kemirgen Beyin konvansiyonel ve konvansiyonel olmayan Bölgelerinden Nöral Kök Hücreler Büyüyen

Recent work demonstrates that central nervous system (CNS) regeneration and tumorigenesis involves populations of stem cells (SCs) resident within the ...

Nörobilim

Purification of Mouse Brain Vessels

In the brain, most of the vascular system consists of a selective barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that regulates the exchange of molecules and immune cells between the brain and the blood. Moreover, the huge neuronal metabolic demand requires a moment-to-moment regulation of blood flow. Notably, abnormalities of these regulations are etiological hallmarks of most brain pathologies; including glioblastoma, stroke, edema, epilepsy, degenerative diseases (ex: Parkinson&#8217;s disease, Alzheimer&#8217;s disease), brain tumors, as well as inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, meningitis and sepsis-induced brain dysfunctions. Thus, understanding the signaling events modulating the cerebrovascular physiology is a major challenge. Much insight into the cellular and molecular properties of the various cell types that compose the cerebrovascular system can be gained from primary culture or cell sorting from freshly dissociated brain tissue. However, properties such as cell polarity, morphology and intercellular relationships are not maintained in such preparations. The protocol that we describe here is designed to purify brain vessel fragments, whilst maintaining structural integrity. We show that isolated vessels consist of endothelial cells sealed by tight junctions that are surrounded by a continuous basal lamina. Pericytes, smooth muscle cells as well as the perivascular astrocyte endfeet membranes remain attached to the endothelial layer. Finally, we describe how to perform immunostaining experiments on purified brain vessels.

We describe a protocol allowing the purification of the mouse brain's vascular compartment. Isolated brain vessels include endothelial cells linked by tight junctions and surrounded by a continuous basal lamina, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, as well as perivascular astroglial membranes.

Fare Beyin Gemiler saflaştırılması

In the brain, most of the vascular system consists of a selective barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that regulates the exchange of molecules and ...

High Resolution Quantitative Synaptic Proteome Profiling of Mouse Brain Regions After Auditory Discrimination Learning

The molecular synaptic mechanisms underlying auditory learning and memory remain largely unknown. Here, the workflow of a proteomic study on auditory discrimination learning in mice is described. In this learning paradigm, mice are trained in a shuttle box Go/NoGo-task to discriminate between rising and falling frequency-modulated tones in order to avoid a mild electric foot-shock. The protocol involves the enrichment of synaptosomes from four brain areas, namely the auditory cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum, at different stages of training. Synaptic protein expression patterns obtained from trained mice are compared to na&#239;ve controls using a proteomic approach. To achieve sufficient analytical depth, samples are fractionated in three different ways prior to mass spectrometry, namely 1D SDS-PAGE/in-gel digestion, in-solution digestion and phospho-peptide enrichment. 
High-resolution proteomic analysis on a mass spectrometer and label-free quantification are used to examine synaptic protein profiles in phospho-peptide-depleted and phospho-peptide-enriched fractions of synaptosomal protein samples. A commercial software package is utilized to reveal proteins and phospho-peptides with significantly regulated relative synaptic abundance levels (trained/na&#239;ve controls). Common and differential regulation modes for the synaptic proteome in the investigated brain regions of mice after training were observed. Subsequently, meta-analyses utilizing several databases are employed to identify underlying cellular functions and biological pathways.

The identification of molecules and pathways controlling synaptic plasticity and memory is still a major challenge in neuroscience. Here, a workflow is described addressing the relative quantification of synaptic proteins supposedly involved in the molecular reorganization of synapses during learning and memory consolidation in an auditory learning paradigm.

İşitsel Ayrımcılık Öğrenme sonra Fare Beyin Bölgeler Yüksek Çözünürlüklü Sayısal Synaptic Proteome Profil

The molecular synaptic mechanisms underlying auditory learning and memory remain largely unknown. Here, the workflow of a proteomic study on auditory ...

High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay

Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies contribute to the identification of (candidate) disease genes for movement disorders and other neurological diseases at an increasing speed. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie these disorders. The genetic, molecular, and behavioral toolbox of Drosophila melanogaster makes this model organism particularly useful to characterize new disease genes and mechanisms in a high-throughput manner. Nevertheless, high-throughput screens require efficient and reliable assays that, ideally, are cost-effective and allow for the automatized quantification of traits relevant to these disorders. The island assay is a cost-effective and easily set-up method to evaluate Drosophila locomotor behavior. In this assay, flies are thrown onto a platform from a fixed height. This induces an innate motor response that enables the flies to escape from the platform within seconds. At present, quantitative analyses of filmed island assays are done manually, which is a laborious undertaking, particularly when performing large screens.
This manuscript describes the &#34;Drosophila Island Assay&#34; and &#34;Island Assay Analysis&#34; algorithms for&#160;high-throughput, automated data processing and quantification of island assay data. In the setup, a simple webcam connected to a laptop collects an image series of the platform while the assay is performed. The &#34;Drosophila Island Assay&#34; algorithm developed for the open-source software Fiji processes these image series and quantifies, for each experimental condition, the number of flies on the platform over time. The &#34;Island Assay Analysis&#34; script, compatible with the free software R, was developed to automatically process the obtained data and to calculate whether treatments/genotypes are statistically different. This greatly improves the efficiency of the island assay and makes it a powerful readout for basic locomotion and flight behavior. It can thus be applied to large screens investigating fly locomotor ability, Drosophila models of movement disorders, and drug efficacy.

High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay

The island assay is a relatively new, cost-effective assay that can be used to evaluate the basic locomotor behavior of Drosophila melanogaster. This manuscript describes algorithms for automatic data processing and objective quantification of island assay data, making this assay a sensitive, high-throughput readout for large genetic or pharmacological screens.

Yüksek üretilen iş analiz Locomotor davranış Drosophila Adası tahlil

Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies contribute to the identification of (candidate) disease genes for movement disorders and other ...

Use of Synaptic Zinc Histochemistry to Reveal Different Regions and Laminae in the Developing and Adult Brain

Characterization of anatomical and functional brain organization and development requires accurate identification of distinct neural circuits and regions in the immature and adult brain. Here we describe a zinc histochemical staining procedure that reveals differences in staining patterns among different layers and brain regions. Others have utilized this procedure not only to reveal the distribution of zinc-containing neurons and circuits in the brain, but also to successfully delineate areal and laminar boundaries in the developing and adult brain in several species. Here we illustrate this staining procedure with images from developing and adult ferret brains. We reveal a zinc-staining pattern that serves as an anatomical marker of areas and layers, and can be reliably used to distinguish visual cortical areas in the developing and adult visual cortex. The main goal of this protocol is to present a histochemical method that allows the accurate identification of layers and regions in the developing and adult brain where other methods fail to do so. Secondarily, in conjunction with densitometric image analysis, this method allows one to assess the distribution of synaptic zinc to reveal potential changes throughout development. This protocol describes in detail the reagents, tools, and steps necessary to successively stain frozen brain sections. Although this protocol is described using ferret brain tissue, it can easily be adapted for use in rodents, cats, or monkeys as well as in other brain regions.

We describe a histochemical procedure that reveals characteristic laminar and areal zinc staining patterns in different brain regions. The zinc-staining pattern may be used in conjunction with other anatomical markers to reliably distinguish layers and regions in the developing and adult brain.

Farklı bölge ve lamina gelişmekte olan ve yetişkin beyninin ortaya çıkarmak için sinaptik çinko Histochemistry kullanımı

Characterization of anatomical and functional brain organization and development requires accurate identification of distinct neural circuits and regions ...

Localization of the Locus Coeruleus in the Mouse Brain

The locus coeruleus (LC) is a major hub of norepinephrine producing neurons that modulate a number of physiological functions. Structural or functional abnormalities of LC impact several brain regions including cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum and may contribute to depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, as well as Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. These disorders are often associated with metal misbalance, but the role of metals in LC is only partially understood. Morphologic and functional studies of LC are needed to better understand the human pathologies and contribution of metals. Mice are a widely used experimental model, but the mouse LC is small (~0.3 mm diameter) and hard to identify for a non-expert. Here, we describe a step-by-step immunohistochemistry-based protocol to localize the LC in the mouse brain. Dopamine-&#946;-hydroxylase (DBH), and alternatively, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), both enzymes highly expressed in the LC, are used as immunohistochemical markers in brain slices. Sections adjacent to LC-containing sections can be used for further analysis, including histology for morphological studies, metabolic testing, as well as metal imaging by X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM).

The locus coeruleus is a small cluster of neurons involved in a variety of physiological processes. Here, we describe a protocol to prepare mouse brain sections for studies of proteins and metals in this nucleus.

Fare beynindeki Locus Coeruleus lokalizasyonu

The locus coeruleus (LC) is a major hub of norepinephrine producing neurons that modulate a number of physiological functions. Structural or functional ...

Quantifying Subcellular Ubiquitin-proteasome Activity in the Rodent Brain

The ubiquitin-proteasome system is a key regulator of protein degradation and a variety of other cellular processes in eukaryotes. In the brain, increases in ubiquitin-proteasome activity are critical for synaptic plasticity and memory formation and aberrant changes in this system are associated with a variety of neurological, neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. One of the issues in studying ubiquitin-proteasome functioning in the brain is that it is present in all cellular compartments, in which the protein targets, functional role and mechanisms of regulation can vary widely. As a result, the ability to directly compare brain ubiquitin protein targeting and proteasome catalytic activity in different subcellular compartments within the same animal is critical for fully understanding how the UPS contributes to synaptic plasticity, memory and disease. The method described here allows collection of nuclear, cytoplasmic and crude synaptic fractions from the same rodent (rat) brain, followed by simultaneous quantification of proteasome catalytic activity (indirectly, providing activity of the proteasome core only) and linkage-specific ubiquitin protein tagging. Thus, the method can be used to directly compare subcellular changes in ubiquitin-proteasome activity in different brain regions in the same animal during synaptic plasticity, memory formation and different disease states. This method can also be used to assess the subcellular distribution and function of other proteins within the same animal.

This protocol is designed to efficiently quantify ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) activity in different cellular compartments of the rodent brain. Users are able to examine UPS functioning in nuclear, cytoplasmic and synaptic fractions in the same animal, reducing the amount of time and number of animals needed to perform these complex analyses.

Subcellular Ubiquitin ölçümü-kemirgen beyinde proteasom aktivitesi

The ubiquitin-proteasome system is a key regulator of protein degradation and a variety of other cellular processes in eukaryotes. In the brain, increases ...

Collection of Frozen Rodent Brain Regions for Downstream Analyses

As our understanding of neurobiology has progressed, molecular analyses are often performed on small brain areas such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) or nucleus accumbens. The challenge in this work is to dissect the correct area while preserving the microenvironment to be examined. In this paper, we describe a simple, low-cost method using resources readily available in most labs. This method preserves nucleic acid and proteins by keeping the tissue frozen throughout the process. Brains are cut into 0.5&#8211;1.0 mm sections using a brain matrix and arranged on a frozen glass plate. Landmarks within each section are compared to a reference, such as the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas, and regions are dissected using a cold scalpel or biopsy punch. Tissue is then stored at -80 &#176;C until use. Through this process rat and mouse mPFC, nucleus accumbens, dorsal and ventral hippocampus and other regions have been successfully analyzed using qRT-PCR and Western assays. This method is limited to brain regions that can be identified by clear landmarks.

This procedure describes the collection of discrete frozen brain regions to obtain high-quality protein and RNA using inexpensive and commonly available tools.

Downstream Analizleri için Dondurulmuş Kemirgen Beyin Bölgeleri Koleksiyonu

As our understanding of neurobiology has progressed, molecular analyses are often performed on small brain areas such as the medial prefrontal cortex ...

Dissection and Isolation of Murine Glia from Multiple Central Nervous System Regions

The methods presented here demonstrate laboratory procedures for the dissection of four different regions of the central nervous system (CNS) from murine neonates for the isolation of glial subpopulations. The purpose of the procedure is to dissociate microglia, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), and astrocytes from cortical, cerebellar, brainstem, and spinal cord tissue to facilitate further in vitro analysis. The CNS region isolation procedures allow for the determination of regional heterogeneity among glia in multiple cell culture systems. Rapid CNS region isolation is performed, followed by the mechanical removal of meninges to prevent meningeal cell contamination of glia. This protocol combines gentle tissue dissociation and plating on a specified matrix designed to preserve cell integrity and adherence. Isolating mixed glia from multiple CNS regions provides a comprehensive analysis of potentially heterogenous glia while maximizing the use of individual experimental animals. Additionally, following dissociation of regional tissue, mixed glia are further divided into multiple cell types including microglia, OPCs, and astrocytes for use in either single cell type, cell culture plate inserts, or co-culture systems. Overall, the demonstrated techniques provide a comprehensive protocol of broad applicability for careful dissection of four individual CNS regions from murine neonates and includes methods for the isolation of three individual glia cell types to examine regional heterogeneity in any number of in vitro cell culture systems or assays.

Here we present a protocol for in vitro isolation of multiple glial cell populations from a mouse CNS. This method allows for the segregation of regional microglia, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and astrocytes to study the phenotypes of each in a variety of culture systems.

Murine glia'nın Multipl Merkezi Sinir Sistemi Bölgelerinden Diseksiyonu ve İzolasyonu

The methods presented here demonstrate laboratory procedures for the dissection of four different regions of the central nervous system (CNS) from murine ...

Acute Mouse Brain Slicing to Investigate Spontaneous Hippocampal Network Activity

Acute rodent brain slicing offers a tractable experimental approach to gain insight into the organization and function of neural circuits with single-cell resolution using electrophysiology, microscopy, and pharmacology. However, a major consideration in the design of in vitro experiments is the extent to which different slice preparations recapitulate naturalistic patterns of neural activity as observed in vivo. In the intact brain, the hippocampal network generates highly synchronized population activity reflective of the behavioral state of the animal, as exemplified by the sharp-wave ripple complexes (SWRs) that occur during waking consummatory states or non-REM sleep. SWRs and other forms of network activity can emerge spontaneously in isolated hippocampal slices under appropriate conditions. In order to apply the powerful brain slice toolkit to the investigation of hippocampal network activity, it is necessary to utilize an approach that optimizes tissue health and the preservation of functional connectivity within the hippocampal network. Mice are transcardially perfused with cold sucrose-based artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Horizontal slices containing the hippocampus are cut at a thickness of 450 &#956;m to preserve synaptic connectivity. Slices recover in an interface-style chamber and are transferred to a submerged chamber for recordings. The recording chamber is designed for dual surface superfusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid at a high flow rate to improve oxygenation of the slice. This protocol yields healthy tissue suitable for the investigation of complex and spontaneous network activity in vitro.

This protocol describes the preparation of horizontal hippocampal-entorhinal cortex (HEC) slices from mice exhibiting spontaneous sharp-wave ripple activity. Slices are incubated in a simplified interface holding chamber and recordings are performed under submerged conditions with fast-flowing artificial cerebrospinal fluid to promote tissue oxygenation and the spontaneous emergence of network-level activity.

Spontan Hipokampal Ağ Aktivitesini Araştırmak için Akut Fare Beyin Dilimlemeyi

Acute rodent brain slicing offers a tractable experimental approach to gain insight into the organization and function of neural circuits with single-cell ...