This work was supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC fellowship #454330 to JX, project grant #628761 to SM and APP1058647 to JX), Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia (MSRA #12070 to JX), the University of Melbourne Research Grant Support Scheme and Melbourne Research CI Fellowship to JX as well as Australia Postgraduate Scholarships to HP and AF.&#160;We would like to acknowledge the Operational Infrastructure Scheme of the Department of Innovation, Industry and Regional Development, Victoria Australia.

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The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding this research.

Aksonların myelinizasyonuna omurgalıların merkezi ve çevresel sinir sistemlerinde optimal fonksiyonu için önemli bir işlemdir. miyelinli akson nesil ve bakım ve hücre dışı matriks proteinleri (Schwann hücreleri veya oligodendrositler itibaren) moleküler nöronal arasındaki etkileşimleri, glial içeren bir karmaşık ve koordineli bir süreçtir. Bu protokolün önemi ve uygulanabilirliği karışık ko-kültür ayarları içinde belirli bir hücre tipinde proteinlerin manipülasyonu izin vermesidir. Bird...

Aksonların myelinizasyonuna hem merkezi hem periferik sinir sisteminde aksiyon potansiyeli hızlı ve etkin iletimi için çok önemlidir. İhtisas hücreler, Schwann hücreleri, merkezi sinir sisteminde periferik sinir sistemi ve oligodendrositler olarak, etrafında sarın ve miyelin de ensheathe aksonlar, etkin bir sinir yalıtım ve saltatory iletimini 1 kolaylaştırılması. miyelinasyon işlemi, retinal ganglion nöronlarının 2, mühendislik nanolifler 3 ya da Schwann hücrelerinin 4 veya oligodendrosit 5-7 ya da birlikte kültürlenmiş Dorsal kök ganglion nöronlarının kullanılarak in vitro incelenebilir. in vitro miyelinasyon tahlil sinir sistemi miyelinasyonun eğitim için kurulmuş bir modeldir ve in vivo 5-8 miyelinasyona sırasında meydana temel süreçlerin birçok çoğaltır. Tahlil C OPC ile dorsal kök ganglion (DRG) nöronların saflaştırılmış popülasyonlarının kokültürü, (içerirNS myelinasyon) veya Schwann hücreleri (PNS miyelinasyona için). Belirli koşullar altında bu myelinating hücrelerin in vivo mevcut miyelin spesifik proteinlerin aynı tamamlayıcısı ifade plazma zarı yalıtım sipariş ultra yapısal doğrulanmış, çok katmanlı levha DRG aksonlar ensheathe. in vitro olarak merkezi sinir sistemi miyelin okuyan en yaygın olarak kullanılan hücre modeli başarılı bir şekilde bu nörotrofinlerin gibi dış faktörler, in vitro 5,6 CNS miyelinasyon üzerinde uyguladığı etkilerini incelemek için kullanılmıştır DRG nöronlarının ve OPC, ko-kültürler bir. Bu gibi büyüme faktörlerinin veya küçük molekül farmakolojik inhibitörleri olarak, dış faktörlerin yaygın DRG&#39;ye OPC kokültürünün modeli 7,9 ile miyelinasyon yolaklarını rolünü incelemek için kullanılmıştır. Ancak, nöronlar ve oligodendrositlerin hem de içeren karma ko-kültür ortamlarında, resmen mümkün kaldığını büyüme faktörleri veya phar yamacological inhibitörleri DRG nöronlar ve oligodendrosit (OL) hem üzerine etkileri sarf olabilirdi. Bu, özellikle proteinler DRG&#39;lerin sadece ifade veya oligodendroglia bu ikili hücre sistemini kullanarak miyelinasyona üzerine uyguladığı bu rolleri incelemek için yeteneği sunuyor. Tümden oligodendroglial sinyalizasyon yolunun doğrudan, in vitro miyelinasyon deneyi için DRG nöronlarının üzerine konmadan önce, yanı sıra, yabani tip ve mutant proteinlerin her ikisini fazla sentezleyen bir zarif bir yolu olduğu kanıtlanmıştır miyelinasyon, OPC lentiviral transdüksiyon düzenleyen olduğunu doğrulamak için oligodendrositler tarafından kurucu olarak ifade proteinlerin demonte ifadesi olarak. Böylece bu yaklaşım, özellikle sorguya ve miyelinasyonun 9,10 çalışmak için oligodendrositler içinde sinyal yolları işlemek için bir cadde sunuyor. Bu yazıda, biz bir lentiviral aracılığıyla seçici oligodendrositlerin ilgi bir protein aşın geliştirdik yöntemleri raporin vitro miyelinasyonun incelemek için yaklaşım. teknikler ilgi alanı dahilindeki geni içeren sentezleme vektörlerinin üretimi ile başlar, daha sonra daha sonra pENTR vektörü (pENTR L1-L2 pENTR4IRES2GFP) klonlanır bir vahşi tipli, yapısal olarak aktif bir veya baskın negatif formunda olsun. (Ilgili geni içeren) Bu vektör, CMV yükselticisi verici (pENTR L4-R1, pENTR-pDNOR CMV) ve 2K7 Lentivector CMV promotörünü içeren bir 2K7 vektör yapılandırmak için söz konusu genin bir üretilmesi için bir enzim reaksiyonu birleştirilir ensefalomiyokarditis ve GFP (Şekil 1). PMD2.G virüs kılıfının ve pBR8.91 virüs paketi ile birlikte, bu ağ klonlanmış 2K7 yapısı daha sonra OPC nakletmek için kullanılabilir lentivirüs oluşturmak için HEK293T hücrelerine ko-transfekte edilirler. Lentivirüs ile enfekte sonra OPC ilgi protein yüksek düzeyde ifade. Bu OPC sonra DRG nöron kültürleri üzerine ekilmiş ve etkisi ifadesi olduğunu edilebiliristenen proteinin yüksek düzeyde sorguya olabilir miyelinasyona üzerinde uygular. ko-kültürler Western blot analizi ile miyelin protein ifadesi için değerlendirilir ve immünositokimya miyelinli aksonal segmentlerin oluşumu için görünür hale getirilir.

<table><tbody><tr><td>2K7 lentivector&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>Kind gift from Dr Suter&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>5-Fluoro-2&amp;prime;-deoxyuridine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>F0503-100mg</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 488 Goat anti-mouse IgG</td><td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td><td>115545205</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A11008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A11005</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A11012</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ampicillin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A9518-5G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B27 - NeuroCul SM1 Neuronal Supplement</td><td>Stem Cell Technologies&amp;nbsp;</td><td>5711</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BDNF (Human)</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>PT450021000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Biotin (d-Biotin)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>B4639</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bradford Reagent</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>B6916-500ML&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BSA</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A4161</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloramphenicol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C0378-100G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CNTF</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>450-13020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAKO fluoresence mounting media</td><td>DAKO</td><td>S302380-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM, high glucose, pyruvate, no glutamine</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10313039</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DNase</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D5025-375KU</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DPBS</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>14190250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DPBS, calcium, magnesium</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>14040182</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EBSS</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>14155063</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EcoRI-HF</td><td>NEB</td><td>R3101</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Entry vectors for promoter and gene of interest</td><td></td><td></td><td>Generate as per protocols 1-2</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>12003C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forskolin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>F6886-50MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glucose (D-glucose)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G7528</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Chem Supply</td><td>GL010-500M</td><td>See stock solutions</td></tr><tr><td>Goat Anti-Mouse IgG</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td><td>115005003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat Anti-Mouse IgM&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td><td>115005020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat Anti-Rat IgG</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td><td>112005167</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hoechst 33342</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>H3570</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Igepal</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>I3021-100ML&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Insulin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>I6634&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kanamycin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>60615</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laminin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>23017015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LB Medium</td><td></td><td></td><td>See stock solutions</td></tr><tr><td>LB-Agar</td><td></td><td></td><td>See stock solutions</td></tr><tr><td>L-Cysteine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C-7477</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Leibovitz&#039;s L-15 Medium</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11415064</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-Glutamate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G1626</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-Glutamine- 200 mM (100x) liquid</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>25030081</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LR Clonase II Plus enzyme</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>12538-120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MEM, NEAA, no Glutamine</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10370088</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse &amp;alpha; 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neurofilament</td><td>Millipore</td><td>AB1987&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rabbit &amp;alpha;MBP (polyclonal)</td><td>Millipore</td><td>AB980</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ran2 hybridoma cells</td><td>ATCC</td><td>TIB-119</td><td>Conditioned medium containing anti-Ran2 antibody to be used for immunopanning</td></tr><tr><td>Rat anti CD140A/PDGFRa antibody</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>558774</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SacII</td><td>NEB</td><td>R0157</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SOC medium</td><td></td><td></td><td>Supplied with competent bacteria</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium selenite&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S5261</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spe I</td><td>NEB</td><td>R0133S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T4 DNA Ligase</td><td>NEB</td><td>M0202S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T4 DNA Ligase Buffer</td><td>NEB</td><td>B0202S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TE buffer pH8</td><td></td><td></td><td>See stock solutions</td></tr><tr><td>TNE lysis buffer</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trace Elements B</td><td>Cellgro&amp;nbsp;</td><td>99-175-CI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transferrin (apo-Transferrin human)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T1147</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T9284&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T9201-1G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin Inhibitor From Chicken Egg White</td><td>Roche</td><td>10109878001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin-EDTA (1x), phenol red (0.05%)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>25300-054</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unconjugated Griffonia Simplicifolia Lectin BSL-1</td><td>Vector laboratories&amp;nbsp;</td><td>L-1100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Uridine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>U3003-5G</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

production and use of lentivirus to selectively transduce primary oligodendrocyte precursor cells for in vitro myelination assays

Miyelinasyon nöronlar ve glial hücreleri oluşturan miyelin iki içeren karmaşık bir süreçtir, periferal sinir sisteminin (PNS), merkezi sinir sisteminde (CNS) oligodendrositler ve Schwann hücreleri. Biz bir in vitro miyelinasyon deneyi, in vitro MSS miyelinasyonun eğitim için kurulmuş bir modeli kullanın. Bunu yapmak için, ön-madde oligodendrosit hücreleri (OPC) Myelinating ko-kültürler oluşturmak üzere saflaştırılmış primer, kemirgen Dorsal kök ganglion (DRG) nöronlarının ilave edilir. Oligodendrositler tarafından ifade belirli proteinler miyelinasyona üzerine uygulamayın spesifik rolleri sorgulamak için biz seçici DRG nöronlar üzerine numaralı seribaşı önce yabani türü, yapısal olarak aktif veya dominant negatif proteinlerini aşın lentivirüs kullanarak OPC transduce protokolleri geliştirmiştir. Bu bize özellikle miyelinasyonun düzenleyen bu oligodendroglial proteinlerin rollerini sorgulamak için izin verir. protokolleri de ot çalışmaya uygulanabilirher hücre tipi, böylece bu tip bir sinyal ve dengeleme mekanizmaları arasında hedef çalışma için oligodendrositler gibi arzu edilen bir hücre tipi ile ifade edilen proteinlerin, seçici manipülasyonuna olanak veren bir yaklaşım sağlar. Sonuç olarak, lentiviral enfekte OPC ile in vitro miyelinasyon tahlil birleştirerek miyelinasyona yer alan moleküler mekanizmaların analizi için stratejik bir araç sağlar.

FLAG-etiketli hücre dışı sinyal ile ilişkili kinaz 1 (Flag-ERK1) enzim 2K7 yapıları ve virüs üretimi için gerekli olan ambalaj ve aksesuar yapılar, her iki dahil olmak üzere kullanılan yapıların, bir restriksiyon dijest ile doğrulanır lentivirüs üretimi için kullanılan yapı (Şekil 3) . <img alt="Şekil 3," src="/files/ftp_upload/52179/52179fig3highres.jpg" /> Şekil 3: DNA yapısı doğrulama....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Production and Use of Lentivirus to Selectively Transduce Primary Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells for In Vitro Myelination Assays at JoVE.com

Production and Use of Lentivirus to Selectively Transduce Primary Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells for In Vitro Myelination Assays

Here we present protocols that offer a flexible and strategic foundation for virally manipulating oligodendrocyte precursor cells to overexpress proteins of interest in order to specifically interrogate their role in oligodendrocytes via the in vitro model of central nervous system myelination.

Üretim ve seçici transduce İlköğretim Oligodendrosit Öncü Hücreler için Lentivirüste kullanımı için<em&gt; İn Vitro</em&gt; Myelinasyon Tahliller

Myelination is a complex process that involves both neurons and the myelin forming glial cells, oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Production and Use of Lentivirus to Selectively Transduce Primary Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells for In Vitro Myelination Assays

14.4K Görüntüleme.  The University of Melbourne. Here we present protocols that offer a flexible and strategic foundation for virally manipulating oligodendrocyte precursor cells to overexpress proteins of interest in order to specifically interrogate their role in oligodendrocytes via the in vitro model of central nervous system myelination.

Video: Production and Use of Lentivirus to Selectively Transduce Primary Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells for In Vitro Myelination Assays

Preparation of Rat Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cultures and Quantification of Oligodendrogenesis Using Dual-infrared Fluorescence Scanning

Efficient oligodendrogenesis is the therapeutic goal of a number of areas of research including spinal cord injury, neonatal hypoxia, and demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and transverse myelitis. Myelination is required to not only facilitate rapid impulse propagation within the central nervous system, but also to provide trophic support to underlying axons. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) can be studied in vitro to help identify factors that may promote or inhibit oligodendrocyte differentiation. To date, many of the methods available to evaluate this process have either required large numbers of cells, thus limiting the number of conditions that can be investigated at any one time, or labor-intensive methods of quantification. Herein, we describe a protocol for the isolation of large numbers of highly pure OPCs together with a fast and reliable method to determine oligodendrogenesis from multiple conditions simultaneously. OPCs are isolated from P5-P7 neonatal rat cortices and grown in vitro for three days prior to differentiation. Four days after differentiation, oligodendrogenesis is evaluated using a dual-infrared fluorescence-scanning assay to determine expression of the myelin protein.

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. This protocol describes a method for the isolation and culture of their precursors, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, from rat cortices, as well as a fast and reliable quantitative method to evaluate oligodendrogenesis in vitro in response to experimental factors.

Sıçan oligodendrosit Progenitör Kültürler hazırlanması ve Oligodendrogenesis Niceleme Çift kızılötesi Floresan Tarama kullanma

Efficient oligodendrogenesis is the therapeutic goal of a number of areas of research including spinal cord injury, neonatal hypoxia, and demyelinating ...

Gelişim Biyolojisi

Lentiviral Vector Platform for the Efficient Delivery of Epigenome-editing Tools into Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Disease Models

The use of hiPSC-derived cells represents a valuable approach to study human neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we describe an optimized protocol for the differentiation of hiPSCs derived from a patient with the triplication of the alpha-synuclein gene (SNCA) locus into Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD)-relevant dopaminergic neuronal populations. Accumulating evidence has shown that high levels of SNCA are causative for the development of PD. Recognizing the unmet need to establish novel therapeutic approaches for PD, especially those targeting the regulation of SNCA expression, we recently developed a CRISPR/dCas9-DNA-methylation-based system to epigenetically modulate SNCA transcription by enriching methylation levels at the SNCA intron 1 regulatory region. To deliver the system, consisting of a dead (deactivated) version of Cas9 (dCas9) fused with the catalytic domain of the DNA methyltransferase enzyme 3A (DNMT3A), a lentiviral vector is used. This system is applied to cells with the triplication of the SNCA locus and reduces the SNCA-mRNA and protein levels by about 30% through the targeted DNA methylation of SNCA intron 1. The fine-tuned downregulation of the SNCA levels rescues disease-related cellular phenotypes. In the current protocol, we aim to describe a step-by-step procedure for differentiating hiPSCs into neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and the establishment and validation of pyrosequencing assays for the evaluation of the methylation profile in the SNCA intron 1. To outline in more detail the lentivirus-CRISPR/dCas9 system used in these experiments, this protocol describes how to produce, purify, and concentrate lentiviral vectors and to highlight their suitability for epigenome- and genome-editing applications using hiPSCs and NPCs. The protocol is easily adaptable and can be used to produce high titer lentiviruses for in vitro and in vivo applications.

Targeted DNA epigenome editing represents a powerful therapeutic approach. This protocol describes the production, purification, and concentration of all-in-one lentiviral vectors harboring the CRISPR-dCas9-DNMT3A transgene for epigenome-editing applications in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons.

Pluripotent kök hücre kaynaklı hastalık modelleri lentiviral vektör platformu için Epigenome düzenleme araçları verimli bir şekilde teslim insan içine indüklenen

The use of hiPSC-derived cells represents a valuable approach to study human neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we describe an optimized protocol for the ...

Genetik

Intraventricular Transplantation of Engineered Neuronal Precursors for In Vivo Neuroarchitecture Studies

Gene control of neuronal cytoarchitecture is currently the subject of intensive investigation. Described here is a simple method developed to study in vivo gene control of neocortical projection neuron morphology. This method is based on (1) in vitro lentiviral engineering of neuronal precursors as "test" and "control" cells, (2) their co-transplantation into wild-type brains, and (3) paired morphometric evaluation of their neuronal derivatives. Specifically, E12.5 pallial precursors from panneuronal, genetically labeled donors, are employed for this purpose. They are engineered to take advantage of selected promoters and tetON/OFF technology, and they are free-hand transplanted into neonatal lateral ventricles. Later, upon immunofluorescence profiling of recipient brains, silhouettes of transplanted neurons are fed into NeurphologyJ open source software, their morphometric parameters are extracted, and average length and branching index are calculated. Compared to other methods, this one offers three main advantages: it permits achieving of fine control of transgene expression at affordable costs, it only requires basic surgical skills, and it provides statistically reliable results upon analysis of a limited number of animals. Because of its design, however, it is not adequate to address non cell-autonomous control of neuroarchitecture. Moreover, it should be preferably used to investigate neurite morphology control after completion of neuronal migration. In its present formulation, this method is exquisitely tuned to investigate gene control of glutamatergic neocortical neuron architecture. Taking advantage of transgenic lines expressing EGFP in other specific neural cell types, it can be re-purposed to address gene control of their architecture.

Based on in vitro lentiviral engineering of neuronal precursors, their co-transplantation into wild-type brains and paired morphometric evaluation of "test" and "control" derivatives, this method allows accurate modeling of in vivo gene control of neocortical neuron morphology in a simple and affordable way.

In vivo Nöromimarlık çalışmaları için tasarlanan nöronal öncülerin intraventriküler nakli

Gene control of neuronal cytoarchitecture is currently the subject of intensive investigation. Described here is a simple method developed to study in ...

Production of Lentiviral Vectors for Transducing Cells from the Central Nervous System

Efficient gene delivery in the central nervous system (CNS) is important in studying gene functions, modeling neurological diseases and developing therapeutic approaches. Lentiviral vectors are attractive tools in transduction of neurons and other cell types in CNS as they transduce both dividing and non-dividing cells, support sustained expression of transgenes, and have relatively large packaging capacity and low toxicity 1-3. Lentiviral vectors have been successfully used in transducing many neural cell types in vitro 4-6 and in animals 7-10.
Great efforts have been made to develop lentiviral vectors with improved biosafety and efficiency for gene delivery. The current third generation replication-defective and self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vectors are depicted in Figure 1. The required elements for vector packaging are split into four plasmids. In the lentiviral transfer plasmid, the U3 region in the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) is replaced with a strong promoter from another virus. This modification allows the transcription of the vector sequence independent of HIV-1 Tat protein that is normally required for HIV gene expression 11. The packaging signal (&Psi;) is essential for encapsidation and the Rev-responsive element (RRE) is required for producing high titer vectors. The central polypurine tract (cPPT) is important for nuclear import of the vector DNA, a feature required for transducing non-dividing cells 12. In the 3' LTR, the cis-regulatory sequences are completely removed from the U3 region. This deletion is copied to 5' LTR after reverse transcription, resulting in transcriptional inactivation of both LTRs. Plasmid pMDLg/pRRE contains HIV-1 gag/pol genes, which provide structural proteins and reverse transcriptase. pRSV-Rev encodes Rev which binds to the RRE for efficient RNA export from the nucleus. pCMV-G encodes the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) that replaces HIV-1 Env. VSV-G expands the tropism of the vectors and allows concentration via ultracentrifugation 13. All the genes encoding the accessory proteins, including Vif, Vpr, Vpu, and Nef are excluded in the packaging system. The production and manipulation of lentiviral vectors should be carried out according to NIH guidelines for research involving recombinant DNA (<a href="http://oba.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/Guidelines/NIH_Guidelines.pdf" target="_blank">http://oba.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/Guidelines/NIH_Guidelines.pdf</a>). An approval from individual Institutional Biological and Chemical Safety Committee may be required before using lentiviral vectors. Lentiviral vectors are commonly produced by cotransfection of 293T cells with lentiviral transfer plasmid and the helper plasmids encoding the proteins required for vector packaging. Many lentiviral transfer plasmids and helper plasmids can be obtained from Addgene, a non-profit plasmid repository (<a href="http://www.addgene.org/" target="_blank">http://www.addgene.org/</a>). Some stable packaging cell lines have been developed, but these systems provide less flexibility and their packaging efficiency generally declines over time 14, 15. Commercially available transfection kits may support high efficiency of transfection 16, but they can be very expensive for large scale vector preparations. Calcium phosphate precipitation methods provide highly efficient transfection of 293T cells and thus provide a reliable and cost effective approach for lentiviral vector production.
In this protocol, we produce lentiviral vectors by cotransfection of 293T cells with four plasmids based on the calcium phosphate precipitation principle, followed by purification and concentration with ultracentrifugation through a 20% sucrose cushion. The vector titers are determined by fluorescence- activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis or by real time qPCR. The production and titration of lentiviral vectors in this protocol can be finished with 9 days. We provide an example of transducing these vectors into murine neocortical cultures containing both neurons and astrocytes. We demonstrate that lentiviral vectors support high efficiency of transduction and cell type-specific gene expression in primary cultured cells from CNS.

In this protocol we describe production, purification and titration of lentiviral vectors. We provide an example of lentiviral vector-mediated gene delivery in primary cultured neurons and astrocytes. Our methods may also apply to other cell types in vitro and in vivo.

Merkezi sinir sisteminin transducing Hücreleri için lentiviral Vektörler Üretimi

Efficient gene delivery in the central nervous system (CNS) is important in studying gene functions, modeling neurological diseases and developing ...

Nörobilim

Progenitor-derived Oligodendrocyte Culture System from Human Fetal Brain

Differentiation of human neural progenitors into neuronal and glial cell types offers a model to study and compare molecular regulation of neural cell lineage development. In vitro expansion of neural progenitors from fetal CNS tissue has been well characterized. Despite the identification and isolation of glial progenitors from adult human sub-cortical white matter and development of various culture conditions to direct differentiation of fetal neural progenitors into myelin producing oligodendrocytes, acquiring sufficient human oligodendrocytes for in vitro experimentation remains difficult. Differentiation of galactocerebroside+ (GalC) and O4+ oligodendrocyte precursor or progenitor cells (OPC) from neural precursor cells has been reported using second trimester fetal brain. However, these cells do not proliferate in the absence of support cells including astrocytes and neurons, and are lost quickly over time in culture. The need remains for a culture system to produce cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage suitable for in vitro experimentation.
Culture of primary human oligodendrocytes could, for example, be a useful model to study the pathogenesis of neurotropic infectious agents like the human polyomavirus, JCV, that in vivo infects those cells. These cultured cells could also provide models of other demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Primary, human fetal brain-derived, multipotential neural progenitor cells proliferate in vitro while maintaining the capacity to differentiate into neurons (progenitor-derived neurons, PDN) and astrocytes (progenitor-derived astrocytes, PDA) This study shows that neural progenitors can be induced to differentiate through many of the stages of oligodendrocytic lineage development (progenitor-derived oligodendrocytes, PDO). We culture neural progenitor cells in DMEM-F12 serum-free media supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF-AA), Sonic hedgehog (Shh), neurotrophic factor 3 (NT-3), N-2 and triiodothyronine (T3). The cultured cells are passaged at 2.5e6 cells per 75cm flasks approximately every seven days. Using these conditions, the majority of the cells in culture maintain a morphology characterized by few processes and express markers of pre-oligodendrocyte cells, such as A2B5 and O-4. When we remove the four growth factors (GF) (bFGF, PDGF-AA, Shh, NT-3) and add conditioned media from PDN, the cells start to acquire more processes and express markers specific of oligodendrocyte differentiation, such as GalC and myelin basic protein (MBP). We performed phenotypic characterization using multicolor flow cytometry to identify unique markers of oligodendrocyte.

Primary, human fetal brain-derived, multipotential progenitor cells proliferate in vitro while maintaining the capacity to differentiate into neurons and astrocytes. This work shows that neural progenitors can be induced to differentiate through stages of the oligodendrocytic lineage by conditioning with select growth factors.

İnsan Fetal Beyin gelen Progenitör-türetilmiş Oligodendrosit Kültür Sistemi

Differentiation of human neural progenitors into neuronal and glial cell types offers a model to study and compare molecular regulation of neural cell ...

Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (&gt;80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.

We describe a small molecule-based protocol for differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This protocol generates Olig2+NG2+ OPCs with high efficiency by 30 days of differentiation. We also describe a method to generate "spiking" OPCs that can fire action potentials.

Embriyonik Kök Hücreler farklılaşma oligodendrosit Öncüleri

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant ...

Biyoloji

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their post-natal development, abundance, and accessibility, CGNs are an ideal model to study neuronal processes, including neuronal development, neuronal migration, and physiological neuronal activity stimulation. In addition, CGN cultures provide an excellent model for studying different modes of cell death including excitotoxicity and apoptosis. Within a week in culture, CGNs express N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a specific ionotropic glutamate receptor with many critical functions in neuronal health and disease. The addition of low concentrations of NMDA in conjunction with membrane depolarization to rodent primary CGN cultures has been used to model physiological neuronal activity stimulation while the addition of high concentrations of NMDA can be employed to model excitotoxic neuronal injury. Here, a method of isolation and culturing of CGNs from 6 day old pups as well as genetic manipulation of CGNs by adenoviruses and lentiviruses are described. We also present optimized protocols on how to stimulate NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and DNA damage following transduction of these neurons.

This protocol describes a simple method for isolating and culturing primary mouse cerebral granule neurons (CGNs) from 6-7 day old pups, efficient transduction of CGNs for loss and gain of function studies, and modelling NMDA-induced neuronal excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced cell death, DNA-damage, and oxidative stress using the same culture model.

Modelleme nöronal ölüm ve fare birincil serebellar granül nöronlar dejenerasyon

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their ...

Rapid and Specific Immunomagnetic Isolation of Mouse Primary Oligodendrocytes

The efficient and robust isolation and culture of primary oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the development of oligodendroglia as well as the biology of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease (PMLD). Here, we present a simple and efficient selection method for the immunomagnetic isolation of stage three O4+ preoligodendrocytes cells from neonatal mice pups. Since immature OL constitute more than 80% of the rodent-brain white matter at postnatal day 7 (P7) this isolation method not only ensures high cellular yield, but also the specific isolation of OLs already committed to the oligodendroglial lineage, decreasing the possibility of isolating contaminating cells such as astrocytes and other cells from the mouse brain. This method is a modification of the techniques reported previously, and provides oligodendrocyte preparation purity above 80% in about 4 h.

We describe the immunomagnetic isolation of primary mouse oligodendrocytes, which allows the rapid and specific isolation of the cells for in vitro culture.

Fare birincil Oligodendrocytes hızlı ve spesifik Immunomagnetic izolasyonu

The efficient and robust isolation and culture of primary oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the development of ...

Generation of Human Neurons and Oligodendrocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modeling Neuron-Oligodendrocyte Interactions

In Alzheimer&#8217;s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders, oligodendroglial failure is a common early pathological feature, but how it contributes to disease development and progression, particularly in the gray matter of the brain, remains largely unknown. The dysfunction of oligodendrocyte lineage cells is hallmarked by deficiencies in myelination and impaired self-renewal of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). These two defects are caused at least in part by the disruption of interactions between neuron and oligodendrocytes along the buildup of pathology. OPCs give rise to myelinating oligodendrocytes during CNS development. In the mature brain cortex, OPCs are the major proliferative cells (comprising ~5% of total brain cells) and control new myelin formation in a neural activity-dependent manner. Such neuron-to-oligodendrocyte communications are significantly understudied, especially in the context of neurodegenerative conditions such as AD, due to the lack of appropriate tools. In recent years, our group and others have made significant progress to improve currently available protocols to generate functional neurons and oligodendrocytes individually from human pluripotent stem cells. In this manuscript, we describe our optimized procedures, including the establishment of a co-culture system to model the neuron-oligodendrocyte connections. Our illustrative results suggest an unexpected contribution from OPCs/oligodendrocytes to the brain amyloidosis and synapse integrity and highlight the utility of this methodology for AD research. This reductionist approach is a powerful tool to dissect the specific hetero-cellular interactions out of the inherent complexity inside the brain. The protocols we describe here are expected to facilitate future studies on oligodendroglial defects in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration.

The neuron-glial interactions in neurodegeneration are not well understood due to inadequate tools and methods. Here, we describe optimized protocols to obtain induced neurons, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and oligodendrocytes from human pluripotent stem cells and provide examples of the values of these methods in understanding cell-type-specific contributions in Alzheimer&#8217;s disease.

Nöron-Oligodendrosit Etkileşimlerini Modellemek için Pluripotent Kök Hücrelerden İnsan Nöronlarının ve Oligodendrositlerin Üretilmesi

In Alzheimer&#8217;s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders, oligodendroglial failure is a common early pathological feature, but how it ...

Optimal Lentivirus Production and Cell Culture Conditions Necessary to Successfully Transduce Primary Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells

In vitro culture of primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells using air-liquid interface conditions provides a useful model to study the processes of airway cell differentiation and function. In the past few years, the use of lentiviral vectors for transgene delivery became common practice. While there are reports of transduction of fully differentiated airway epithelial cells with certain non-HIV pseudo-typed lentiviruses, the overall transduction efficiency is usually less than 15%. The protocol presented here provides a reliable and efficient method to produce lentiviruses and to transduce primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Using undifferentiated bronchial epithelial cells, transduction in bronchial epithelial growth media, while the cells attach, with a multiplicity of infection factor of 4 provides efficiencies close to 100%. This protocol describes, step-by-step, the preparation and concentration of high-titer lentiviral vectors and the transduction process. It discusses the experiments that determined the optimal culture conditions to achieve highly efficient transductions of primary human bronchial epithelial cells.

Primary human bronchial epithelial cells are difficult to transduce. This protocol describes the production of lentiviruses and their concentration as well as the optimal culture conditions necessary to achieve highly efficient transductions in these cells throughout differentiation to a pseudostratified epithelium.

Optimal lentivirüs üretimi ve Hücre Kültürü Koşullar Gerekli Başarıyla transduce İlköğretim İnsan Bronş Epitel Hücreleri

In vitro culture of primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells using air-liquid interface conditions provides a useful model to study the processes of ...

Üretim ve seçici transduce İlköğretim Oligodendrosit Öncü Hücreler için Lentivirüste kullanımı için

Özet

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