This work was supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC fellowship #454330 to JX, project grant #628761 to SM and APP1058647 to JX), Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia (MSRA #12070 to JX), the University of Melbourne Research Grant Support Scheme and Melbourne Research CI Fellowship to JX as well as Australia Postgraduate Scholarships to HP and AF.&#160;We would like to acknowledge the Operational Infrastructure Scheme of the Department of Innovation, Industry and Regional Development, Victoria Australia.

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The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding this research.

축삭의 수초는 척추 동물의 중추 및 말초 신경계 양쪽의 최적의 기능을위한 중요한 과정이다. 유수 축삭의 생성 및 유지 보수와 세포 외 기질 단백질 (슈반 세포 나 희소 돌기 아교 세포)에서 분자 신경 세포 사이의 상호 작용, 아교를 포함하는 복잡하고 조정하는 과정입니다. 이 프로토콜의 의미 및 적용은 혼합 공 배양 설정 내의 하나의 특정 세포 유형에서 단백질의 조작을 허용한다는 것이다. ?...

축삭 수초는 중추 신경계 및 말초 신경계에서 활동 전위의 신속하고 효율적인 전송을 위해 중요하다. 전문화 된 세포, 슈반 세포는 중추 신경계 및 말초 신경계에서 희소 돌기 아교 세포, 랩 어라운드 및 미엘린에 ensheathe 축삭 신경 효과적으로 절연막과 도약적인 도통 한 용이. 수초의 방법은 신경절 뉴런이 설계, 나노 파이버 3 또는 4 슈반 세포 또는 희소 돌기 아교 세포 중 5-7와 공 배양 후근 신경절 신경 세포를 사용하여 시험 관내에서 연구 될 수있다. 시험 관내 분석은 수초 신경계 수초 형성을 연구 확립 모델이며 생체 5-8에서 수초 동안 발생할 근본적인 많은 프로세스를 복제. 분석은 C에 대한 개 OPC와 등쪽 뿌리 신경절 (DRG) 뉴런의 정제 인구의 공 배양을, (포함NS의 수초) 또는 슈반 세포 (PNS의 수초 용). 특정 조건에서 이러한 myelinating 세포는 생체에 존재하는 수초 특정 단백질의 같은 보완을 표현 세포막을 절연의 주문, 매우 구조적으로 검증, 다중 층상 시트 DRG 축삭을 ensheathe. 시험관 내에서 CNS의 수초 형성을 연구하는 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 셀 모델이 성공적 뉴로 같은 외인성 인자는 체외 5,6에서 CNS의 수초 형성을 발휘한다는 효과를 연구하기 위해 사용되었다 DRG 뉴런 및 OPC에의 공동 배양한다. 이러한 성장 인자 또는 소분자 저해제로서 외인성 요인이 널리 DRG-OPC 공동 배양 모델을 사용하여 7,9 수초에서 신호 전달 경로의 역할을 연구하기 위해 사용되었다. 그러나, 뉴런 및 올리고 덴드로 사이트 모두 포함하는 혼합 된 공 배양 설정에서, 그것은 정식으로 남긴 것은 가능한 성장 인자 또는 하나의 Pharmacological 억제제는 DRG 신경 세포 및 희소 돌기 아교 세포 (OL) 모두에 따라 효과를 발휘 할 수 있었다. 이것은 특히 단백질 DRGs 의해서만 표현되거나 oligodendroglia 이중 셀이 시스템을 사용하는 것이 수초에 가하는 역할을 절개하는 능력을 제공한다. 명백하게 oligodendroglial의 신호 전달 경로가 직접 체외 수초 분석에 대한 DRG 뉴런에 파종하기 전에뿐만 아니라, 야생형과 돌연변이 단백질 모두를 과발현하는 우아한 방법이 될 입증되었습니다 수초, 개 OPC의 렌티 바이러스 전달, 조절되었는지 확인하려면 희소 돌기 아교 세포에 의해 항시 적으로 발현되는 단백질의 최저 식으로. 따라서이 방법은 특히 심문과 수초 9,10 공부 희소 돌기 아교 세포 내 신호 전달 경로 조작 할 수있는 수단을 제공합니다. 본 논문에서는, 우리는 우리가 렌티 바이러스를 통해 선택적으로 희소 돌기 아교 세포에 대한 관심의 단백질을 과발현하는 개발 방법을보고체외에서 수초를 연구하기위한 방법. 기술이 관심의 유전자를 포함하는 발현 벡터의 생성으로 시작하고 후속 pENTR 벡터 (L1-L2 pENTR pENTR4IRES2GFP) 내로 클로닝 야생형, 구성 적 활성 또는 우성 네거티브 형태로 될. (관심 유전자를 포함)이 벡터는, CMV 프로모터 공여체 (pENTR L4-R1 pENTR-pDNOR-CMV) 및 2K7의 lentivector은 CMV 프로모터 함유 2K7 벡터, 관심있는 유전자를 생산하는 효소 반응으로 결합 내부 리보좀 진입 부위와 GFP (도 1). PMD2.G 바이러스 봉투 및 pBR8.91 바이러스 패키지와 결합이 게이트웨이 클로닝 2K7 구조체는이어서 OPC를 형질 도입하는데 사용될 수 렌티 바이러스를 생성하는 HEK293T 세포로 공동 형질 감염 될 수있다. 렌티 바이러스로 감염되면 OPC에 관심 단백질의 높은 레벨을 표현한다. 이 OPC를 다음 DRG 신경 세포 배양에 접종하고 그 효과를 발현 할 수있다목적 단백질의 높은 수준은 심문 수 수초화에 미치는. 공동 문화는 웨스턴 블롯 분석에 의해 수초 단백질 발현에 대한 평가 및 면역 세포에 의해 유수 축삭 세그먼트의 형성을 위해 시각입니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>2K7 lentivector&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>Kind gift from Dr Suter&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>5-Fluoro-2&amp;prime;-deoxyuridine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>F0503-100mg</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 488 Goat anti-mouse IgG</td><td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td><td>115545205</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A11008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A11005</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A11012</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ampicillin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A9518-5G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B27 - NeuroCul SM1 Neuronal Supplement</td><td>Stem Cell Technologies&amp;nbsp;</td><td>5711</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BDNF (Human)</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>PT450021000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Biotin (d-Biotin)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>B4639</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bradford Reagent</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>B6916-500ML&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BSA</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A4161</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloramphenicol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C0378-100G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CNTF</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>450-13020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAKO fluoresence mounting media</td><td>DAKO</td><td>S302380-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM, high glucose, pyruvate, no glutamine</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10313039</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DNase</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D5025-375KU</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DPBS</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>14190250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DPBS, calcium, magnesium</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>14040182</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EBSS</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>14155063</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EcoRI-HF</td><td>NEB</td><td>R3101</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Entry vectors for promoter and gene of interest</td><td></td><td></td><td>Generate as per protocols 1-2</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>12003C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forskolin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>F6886-50MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glucose (D-glucose)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G7528</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Chem Supply</td><td>GL010-500M</td><td>See stock solutions</td></tr><tr><td>Goat Anti-Mouse IgG</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td><td>115005003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat Anti-Mouse IgM&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td><td>115005020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat Anti-Rat IgG</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td><td>112005167</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hoechst 33342</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>H3570</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Igepal</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>I3021-100ML&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Insulin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>I6634&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kanamycin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>60615</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laminin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>23017015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LB Medium</td><td></td><td></td><td>See stock solutions</td></tr><tr><td>LB-Agar</td><td></td><td></td><td>See stock solutions</td></tr><tr><td>L-Cysteine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C-7477</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Leibovitz&#039;s L-15 Medium</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11415064</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-Glutamate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G1626</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-Glutamine- 200 mM (100x) liquid</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>25030081</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LR Clonase II Plus enzyme</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>12538-120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MEM, NEAA, no Glutamine</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10370088</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse &amp;alpha; &amp;beta;III Tubulin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Promega</td><td>G7121</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse &amp;alpha;MBP (monoclonal)</td><td>Millipore</td><td>MAB381</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na pyruvate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11360-070</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NAC</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A8199</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NcoI-HF</td><td>NEB</td><td>R3193S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NEBuffer 4</td><td>NEB</td><td>B7004S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Neurobasal medium</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>21103049</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NGF (mouse)</td><td>Alomone Labs</td><td>N-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NT-3</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>&amp;nbsp;450-03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>O1 antibody - Mouse anti-O1</td><td>Millipore</td><td>MAB344</td><td>Alternative if O1 hybridoma cells are unavailable</td></tr><tr><td>O1 hybridoma cells</td><td></td><td></td><td>Conditioned medium containing anti-O1 antibody to be used for immunopanning</td></tr><tr><td>O4 antibody - Mouse anti-O4</td><td>Millipore</td><td>MAB345</td><td>Alternative if O4 hybridoma cells are unavailable</td></tr><tr><td>O4 hybridoma cells</td><td></td><td></td><td>Conditioned medium containing anti-O4 antibody to be used for immunopanning</td></tr><tr><td>Competent cells</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A10460</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>One Shot Stbl competent cells</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>C7373-03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Papain Suspension</td><td>Worthington/Cooper</td><td>LS003126</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pBR8.91</td><td></td><td></td><td>Kind gift from Dr Denham&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>PDGF-AA (Human)</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>PT10013A500&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-streptomycin 100x solution</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15140122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pENTRY4IRES2GFP</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>11818-010&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pMD2.G</td><td>Addgene</td><td>12259</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly-D-lysine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P6407-5MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyethylenimine (PEI)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>408727-100ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly-L-ornithine&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>P3655</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Progesterone&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P8783</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protease inhibitor tablet (Complete mini)</td><td>Roche</td><td>11836153001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Proteinase K</td><td></td><td></td><td>Supplied with Clonase enzyme</td></tr><tr><td>Putrescine</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P-5780</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rabbit &amp;alpha; neurofilament</td><td>Millipore</td><td>AB1987&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rabbit &amp;alpha;MBP (polyclonal)</td><td>Millipore</td><td>AB980</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ran2 hybridoma cells</td><td>ATCC</td><td>TIB-119</td><td>Conditioned medium containing anti-Ran2 antibody to be used for immunopanning</td></tr><tr><td>Rat anti CD140A/PDGFRa antibody</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>558774</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SacII</td><td>NEB</td><td>R0157</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SOC medium</td><td></td><td></td><td>Supplied with competent bacteria</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium selenite&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S5261</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spe I</td><td>NEB</td><td>R0133S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T4 DNA Ligase</td><td>NEB</td><td>M0202S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T4 DNA Ligase Buffer</td><td>NEB</td><td>B0202S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TE buffer pH8</td><td></td><td></td><td>See stock solutions</td></tr><tr><td>TNE lysis buffer</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trace Elements B</td><td>Cellgro&amp;nbsp;</td><td>99-175-CI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transferrin (apo-Transferrin human)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T1147</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T9284&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T9201-1G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin Inhibitor From Chicken Egg White</td><td>Roche</td><td>10109878001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin-EDTA (1x), phenol red (0.05%)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>25300-054</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unconjugated Griffonia Simplicifolia Lectin BSL-1</td><td>Vector laboratories&amp;nbsp;</td><td>L-1100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Uridine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>U3003-5G</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

production and use of lentivirus to selectively transduce primary oligodendrocyte precursor cells for in vitro myelination assays

수초가 뉴런 및 신경교 세​​포 미엘린 형성을 모두 포함 복잡한 과정이며, 말초 신경계 (PNS)의 중추 신경계 (CNS) 및 희소 돌기 아교 세포에 슈반 세포. 우리는 시험 관내 수초 분석, 시험 관내에서 중추 신경계 수초를 연구하기위한 설립 된 모델을 사용하고 있습니다. 이를 위해서는, 희소 돌기 아교 세포 전구 세포 (개 OPC)는 myelinating 공동 배양을 형성하는 정제 된 차 설치류 후근 신경절 (DRG) 뉴런에 추가된다. 희소 돌기 아교 세포에 의해 발현 특정 단백질이 수초에 가하는 것을 구체적 역할을 심문하기 위해 우리는 선택적 DRG 뉴런 상에 파종 전에 야생형, 구성 적으로 활성 또는 우성 네거티브 단백질을 과발현하는 렌티 바이러스를 사용하여 OPC를 형질 도입 프로토콜을 개발했다. 이것은 우리가 구체적으로 수초를 조절하는 이러한 oligodendroglial 단백질의 역할을 심문 할 수 있습니다. 프로토콜은 또한 OT의 연구에 적용 할 수있다그녀의 세포 유형은, 이와 같은 시그널링 및 보상 메커니즘의 연구를위한 표적 올리고 덴드로 사이트 등의 원하는 세포 유형에 의해 발현 된 단백질의 선택적 조작을 허용하는 방법을 제공한다. 결론적으로, 렌티 바이러스 감염과 OPC에 수초 관내 분석을 결합하는 수초 형성에 관여하는 분자 메커니즘의 분석을위한 전략적인 도구를 제공한다.

플래그 태그가 세포 외 신호 관련 키나제 1 (플래그-ERK1) 효소 2K7의 구조와 바이러스 생산에 필요한 포장 및 액세서리 구조를 모두 포함하여 사용하는 구조,의 소화 제한에 의해 확인 렌티 바이러스 생산에 사용되는 구조 (그림 3) . <img alt="그림 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52179/52179fig3highres.jpg" /> 그림 3 : DNA 구조 확인. 렌티 바?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Production and Use of Lentivirus to Selectively Transduce Primary Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells for In Vitro Myelination Assays at JoVE.com

Production and Use of Lentivirus to Selectively Transduce Primary Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells for In Vitro Myelination Assays

Here we present protocols that offer a flexible and strategic foundation for virally manipulating oligodendrocyte precursor cells to overexpress proteins of interest in order to specifically interrogate their role in oligodendrocytes via the in vitro model of central nervous system myelination.

생산 및 선택적으로 형질 도입 기본 희소 돌기 아교 세포 전구체 세포에 렌티 바이러스의 사용을위한<em&gt; 체외</em&gt; 수초 분석

Myelination is a complex process that involves both neurons and the myelin forming glial cells, oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and ...

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JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Production and Use of Lentivirus to Selectively Transduce Primary Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells for In Vitro Myelination Assays

14.4K 조회수.  The University of Melbourne. Here we present protocols that offer a flexible and strategic foundation for virally manipulating oligodendrocyte precursor cells to overexpress proteins of interest in order to specifically interrogate their role in oligodendrocytes via the in vitro model of central nervous system myelination.

비디오: Production and Use of Lentivirus to Selectively Transduce Primary Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells for In Vitro Myelination Assays

Preparation of Rat Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cultures and Quantification of Oligodendrogenesis Using Dual-infrared Fluorescence Scanning

Efficient oligodendrogenesis is the therapeutic goal of a number of areas of research including spinal cord injury, neonatal hypoxia, and demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and transverse myelitis. Myelination is required to not only facilitate rapid impulse propagation within the central nervous system, but also to provide trophic support to underlying axons. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) can be studied in vitro to help identify factors that may promote or inhibit oligodendrocyte differentiation. To date, many of the methods available to evaluate this process have either required large numbers of cells, thus limiting the number of conditions that can be investigated at any one time, or labor-intensive methods of quantification. Herein, we describe a protocol for the isolation of large numbers of highly pure OPCs together with a fast and reliable method to determine oligodendrogenesis from multiple conditions simultaneously. OPCs are isolated from P5-P7 neonatal rat cortices and grown in vitro for three days prior to differentiation. Four days after differentiation, oligodendrogenesis is evaluated using a dual-infrared fluorescence-scanning assay to determine expression of the myelin protein.

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. This protocol describes a method for the isolation and culture of their precursors, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, from rat cortices, as well as a fast and reliable quantitative method to evaluate oligodendrogenesis in vitro in response to experimental factors.

쥐 희소 돌기 아교 세포 전구 문화의 준비 및 Oligodendrogenesis의 정량화 이중 적외선 형광 스캔을 사용하여

Efficient oligodendrogenesis is the therapeutic goal of a number of areas of research including spinal cord injury, neonatal hypoxia, and demyelinating ...

연구

발생학

Lentiviral Vector Platform for the Efficient Delivery of Epigenome-editing Tools into Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Disease Models

The use of hiPSC-derived cells represents a valuable approach to study human neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we describe an optimized protocol for the differentiation of hiPSCs derived from a patient with the triplication of the alpha-synuclein gene (SNCA) locus into Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD)-relevant dopaminergic neuronal populations. Accumulating evidence has shown that high levels of SNCA are causative for the development of PD. Recognizing the unmet need to establish novel therapeutic approaches for PD, especially those targeting the regulation of SNCA expression, we recently developed a CRISPR/dCas9-DNA-methylation-based system to epigenetically modulate SNCA transcription by enriching methylation levels at the SNCA intron 1 regulatory region. To deliver the system, consisting of a dead (deactivated) version of Cas9 (dCas9) fused with the catalytic domain of the DNA methyltransferase enzyme 3A (DNMT3A), a lentiviral vector is used. This system is applied to cells with the triplication of the SNCA locus and reduces the SNCA-mRNA and protein levels by about 30% through the targeted DNA methylation of SNCA intron 1. The fine-tuned downregulation of the SNCA levels rescues disease-related cellular phenotypes. In the current protocol, we aim to describe a step-by-step procedure for differentiating hiPSCs into neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and the establishment and validation of pyrosequencing assays for the evaluation of the methylation profile in the SNCA intron 1. To outline in more detail the lentivirus-CRISPR/dCas9 system used in these experiments, this protocol describes how to produce, purify, and concentrate lentiviral vectors and to highlight their suitability for epigenome- and genome-editing applications using hiPSCs and NPCs. The protocol is easily adaptable and can be used to produce high titer lentiviruses for in vitro and in vivo applications.

Targeted DNA epigenome editing represents a powerful therapeutic approach. This protocol describes the production, purification, and concentration of all-in-one lentiviral vectors harboring the CRISPR-dCas9-DNMT3A transgene for epigenome-editing applications in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons.

인간으로 Epigenome 편집 도구의 효율적인 배달 lentiviral 벡터 플랫폼 유도 만능 줄기 세포 유래 질병 모델

The use of hiPSC-derived cells represents a valuable approach to study human neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we describe an optimized protocol for the ...

유전학

Intraventricular Transplantation of Engineered Neuronal Precursors for In Vivo Neuroarchitecture Studies

Gene control of neuronal cytoarchitecture is currently the subject of intensive investigation. Described here is a simple method developed to study in vivo gene control of neocortical projection neuron morphology. This method is based on (1) in vitro lentiviral engineering of neuronal precursors as "test" and "control" cells, (2) their co-transplantation into wild-type brains, and (3) paired morphometric evaluation of their neuronal derivatives. Specifically, E12.5 pallial precursors from panneuronal, genetically labeled donors, are employed for this purpose. They are engineered to take advantage of selected promoters and tetON/OFF technology, and they are free-hand transplanted into neonatal lateral ventricles. Later, upon immunofluorescence profiling of recipient brains, silhouettes of transplanted neurons are fed into NeurphologyJ open source software, their morphometric parameters are extracted, and average length and branching index are calculated. Compared to other methods, this one offers three main advantages: it permits achieving of fine control of transgene expression at affordable costs, it only requires basic surgical skills, and it provides statistically reliable results upon analysis of a limited number of animals. Because of its design, however, it is not adequate to address non cell-autonomous control of neuroarchitecture. Moreover, it should be preferably used to investigate neurite morphology control after completion of neuronal migration. In its present formulation, this method is exquisitely tuned to investigate gene control of glutamatergic neocortical neuron architecture. Taking advantage of transgenic lines expressing EGFP in other specific neural cell types, it can be re-purposed to address gene control of their architecture.

Based on in vitro lentiviral engineering of neuronal precursors, their co-transplantation into wild-type brains and paired morphometric evaluation of "test" and "control" derivatives, this method allows accurate modeling of in vivo gene control of neocortical neuron morphology in a simple and affordable way.

생체 내 신경 아키텍처 연구를 위한 엔지니어링된 신경 전구체의 내 측 통 이식

Gene control of neuronal cytoarchitecture is currently the subject of intensive investigation. Described here is a simple method developed to study in ...

Production of Lentiviral Vectors for Transducing Cells from the Central Nervous System

Efficient gene delivery in the central nervous system (CNS) is important in studying gene functions, modeling neurological diseases and developing therapeutic approaches. Lentiviral vectors are attractive tools in transduction of neurons and other cell types in CNS as they transduce both dividing and non-dividing cells, support sustained expression of transgenes, and have relatively large packaging capacity and low toxicity 1-3. Lentiviral vectors have been successfully used in transducing many neural cell types in vitro 4-6 and in animals 7-10.
Great efforts have been made to develop lentiviral vectors with improved biosafety and efficiency for gene delivery. The current third generation replication-defective and self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vectors are depicted in Figure 1. The required elements for vector packaging are split into four plasmids. In the lentiviral transfer plasmid, the U3 region in the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) is replaced with a strong promoter from another virus. This modification allows the transcription of the vector sequence independent of HIV-1 Tat protein that is normally required for HIV gene expression 11. The packaging signal (&Psi;) is essential for encapsidation and the Rev-responsive element (RRE) is required for producing high titer vectors. The central polypurine tract (cPPT) is important for nuclear import of the vector DNA, a feature required for transducing non-dividing cells 12. In the 3' LTR, the cis-regulatory sequences are completely removed from the U3 region. This deletion is copied to 5' LTR after reverse transcription, resulting in transcriptional inactivation of both LTRs. Plasmid pMDLg/pRRE contains HIV-1 gag/pol genes, which provide structural proteins and reverse transcriptase. pRSV-Rev encodes Rev which binds to the RRE for efficient RNA export from the nucleus. pCMV-G encodes the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) that replaces HIV-1 Env. VSV-G expands the tropism of the vectors and allows concentration via ultracentrifugation 13. All the genes encoding the accessory proteins, including Vif, Vpr, Vpu, and Nef are excluded in the packaging system. The production and manipulation of lentiviral vectors should be carried out according to NIH guidelines for research involving recombinant DNA (<a href="http://oba.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/Guidelines/NIH_Guidelines.pdf" target="_blank">http://oba.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/Guidelines/NIH_Guidelines.pdf</a>). An approval from individual Institutional Biological and Chemical Safety Committee may be required before using lentiviral vectors. Lentiviral vectors are commonly produced by cotransfection of 293T cells with lentiviral transfer plasmid and the helper plasmids encoding the proteins required for vector packaging. Many lentiviral transfer plasmids and helper plasmids can be obtained from Addgene, a non-profit plasmid repository (<a href="http://www.addgene.org/" target="_blank">http://www.addgene.org/</a>). Some stable packaging cell lines have been developed, but these systems provide less flexibility and their packaging efficiency generally declines over time 14, 15. Commercially available transfection kits may support high efficiency of transfection 16, but they can be very expensive for large scale vector preparations. Calcium phosphate precipitation methods provide highly efficient transfection of 293T cells and thus provide a reliable and cost effective approach for lentiviral vector production.
In this protocol, we produce lentiviral vectors by cotransfection of 293T cells with four plasmids based on the calcium phosphate precipitation principle, followed by purification and concentration with ultracentrifugation through a 20% sucrose cushion. The vector titers are determined by fluorescence- activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis or by real time qPCR. The production and titration of lentiviral vectors in this protocol can be finished with 9 days. We provide an example of transducing these vectors into murine neocortical cultures containing both neurons and astrocytes. We demonstrate that lentiviral vectors support high efficiency of transduction and cell type-specific gene expression in primary cultured cells from CNS.

In this protocol we describe production, purification and titration of lentiviral vectors. We provide an example of lentiviral vector-mediated gene delivery in primary cultured neurons and astrocytes. Our methods may also apply to other cell types in vitro and in vivo.

중추 신경계에서 Transducing 전지 Lentiviral 벡터 제작

Efficient gene delivery in the central nervous system (CNS) is important in studying gene functions, modeling neurological diseases and developing ...

신경과학

Progenitor-derived Oligodendrocyte Culture System from Human Fetal Brain

Differentiation of human neural progenitors into neuronal and glial cell types offers a model to study and compare molecular regulation of neural cell lineage development. In vitro expansion of neural progenitors from fetal CNS tissue has been well characterized. Despite the identification and isolation of glial progenitors from adult human sub-cortical white matter and development of various culture conditions to direct differentiation of fetal neural progenitors into myelin producing oligodendrocytes, acquiring sufficient human oligodendrocytes for in vitro experimentation remains difficult. Differentiation of galactocerebroside+ (GalC) and O4+ oligodendrocyte precursor or progenitor cells (OPC) from neural precursor cells has been reported using second trimester fetal brain. However, these cells do not proliferate in the absence of support cells including astrocytes and neurons, and are lost quickly over time in culture. The need remains for a culture system to produce cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage suitable for in vitro experimentation.
Culture of primary human oligodendrocytes could, for example, be a useful model to study the pathogenesis of neurotropic infectious agents like the human polyomavirus, JCV, that in vivo infects those cells. These cultured cells could also provide models of other demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Primary, human fetal brain-derived, multipotential neural progenitor cells proliferate in vitro while maintaining the capacity to differentiate into neurons (progenitor-derived neurons, PDN) and astrocytes (progenitor-derived astrocytes, PDA) This study shows that neural progenitors can be induced to differentiate through many of the stages of oligodendrocytic lineage development (progenitor-derived oligodendrocytes, PDO). We culture neural progenitor cells in DMEM-F12 serum-free media supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF-AA), Sonic hedgehog (Shh), neurotrophic factor 3 (NT-3), N-2 and triiodothyronine (T3). The cultured cells are passaged at 2.5e6 cells per 75cm flasks approximately every seven days. Using these conditions, the majority of the cells in culture maintain a morphology characterized by few processes and express markers of pre-oligodendrocyte cells, such as A2B5 and O-4. When we remove the four growth factors (GF) (bFGF, PDGF-AA, Shh, NT-3) and add conditioned media from PDN, the cells start to acquire more processes and express markers specific of oligodendrocyte differentiation, such as GalC and myelin basic protein (MBP). We performed phenotypic characterization using multicolor flow cytometry to identify unique markers of oligodendrocyte.

Primary, human fetal brain-derived, multipotential progenitor cells proliferate in vitro while maintaining the capacity to differentiate into neurons and astrocytes. This work shows that neural progenitors can be induced to differentiate through stages of the oligodendrocytic lineage by conditioning with select growth factors.

인간 태아 뇌에서 전구 - 파생 Oligodendrocyte 문화 시스템

Differentiation of human neural progenitors into neuronal and glial cell types offers a model to study and compare molecular regulation of neural cell ...

Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (&gt;80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.

We describe a small molecule-based protocol for differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This protocol generates Olig2+NG2+ OPCs with high efficiency by 30 days of differentiation. We also describe a method to generate "spiking" OPCs that can fire action potentials.

Oligodendrocyte 엽 성의 전구 물질로 배아 줄기 세포의 분화

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant ...

생물학

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their post-natal development, abundance, and accessibility, CGNs are an ideal model to study neuronal processes, including neuronal development, neuronal migration, and physiological neuronal activity stimulation. In addition, CGN cultures provide an excellent model for studying different modes of cell death including excitotoxicity and apoptosis. Within a week in culture, CGNs express N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a specific ionotropic glutamate receptor with many critical functions in neuronal health and disease. The addition of low concentrations of NMDA in conjunction with membrane depolarization to rodent primary CGN cultures has been used to model physiological neuronal activity stimulation while the addition of high concentrations of NMDA can be employed to model excitotoxic neuronal injury. Here, a method of isolation and culturing of CGNs from 6 day old pups as well as genetic manipulation of CGNs by adenoviruses and lentiviruses are described. We also present optimized protocols on how to stimulate NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and DNA damage following transduction of these neurons.

This protocol describes a simple method for isolating and culturing primary mouse cerebral granule neurons (CGNs) from 6-7 day old pups, efficient transduction of CGNs for loss and gain of function studies, and modelling NMDA-induced neuronal excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced cell death, DNA-damage, and oxidative stress using the same culture model.

신경 죽음 및 마우스 기본 소 뇌과 립 신경에 변성을 모델링

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their ...

Rapid and Specific Immunomagnetic Isolation of Mouse Primary Oligodendrocytes

The efficient and robust isolation and culture of primary oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the development of oligodendroglia as well as the biology of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease (PMLD). Here, we present a simple and efficient selection method for the immunomagnetic isolation of stage three O4+ preoligodendrocytes cells from neonatal mice pups. Since immature OL constitute more than 80% of the rodent-brain white matter at postnatal day 7 (P7) this isolation method not only ensures high cellular yield, but also the specific isolation of OLs already committed to the oligodendroglial lineage, decreasing the possibility of isolating contaminating cells such as astrocytes and other cells from the mouse brain. This method is a modification of the techniques reported previously, and provides oligodendrocyte preparation purity above 80% in about 4 h.

We describe the immunomagnetic isolation of primary mouse oligodendrocytes, which allows the rapid and specific isolation of the cells for in vitro culture.

마우스 기본 Oligodendrocytes의 신속 하 고 구체적인 Immunomagnetic 절연

The efficient and robust isolation and culture of primary oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the development of ...

Generation of Human Neurons and Oligodendrocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modeling Neuron-Oligodendrocyte Interactions

In Alzheimer&#8217;s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders, oligodendroglial failure is a common early pathological feature, but how it contributes to disease development and progression, particularly in the gray matter of the brain, remains largely unknown. The dysfunction of oligodendrocyte lineage cells is hallmarked by deficiencies in myelination and impaired self-renewal of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). These two defects are caused at least in part by the disruption of interactions between neuron and oligodendrocytes along the buildup of pathology. OPCs give rise to myelinating oligodendrocytes during CNS development. In the mature brain cortex, OPCs are the major proliferative cells (comprising ~5% of total brain cells) and control new myelin formation in a neural activity-dependent manner. Such neuron-to-oligodendrocyte communications are significantly understudied, especially in the context of neurodegenerative conditions such as AD, due to the lack of appropriate tools. In recent years, our group and others have made significant progress to improve currently available protocols to generate functional neurons and oligodendrocytes individually from human pluripotent stem cells. In this manuscript, we describe our optimized procedures, including the establishment of a co-culture system to model the neuron-oligodendrocyte connections. Our illustrative results suggest an unexpected contribution from OPCs/oligodendrocytes to the brain amyloidosis and synapse integrity and highlight the utility of this methodology for AD research. This reductionist approach is a powerful tool to dissect the specific hetero-cellular interactions out of the inherent complexity inside the brain. The protocols we describe here are expected to facilitate future studies on oligodendroglial defects in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration.

The neuron-glial interactions in neurodegeneration are not well understood due to inadequate tools and methods. Here, we describe optimized protocols to obtain induced neurons, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and oligodendrocytes from human pluripotent stem cells and provide examples of the values of these methods in understanding cell-type-specific contributions in Alzheimer&#8217;s disease.

뉴런-희소돌기아교세포 상호작용 모델링을 위한 만능줄기세포로부터 인간 뉴런 및 희소돌기아교세포 생성

In Alzheimer&#8217;s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders, oligodendroglial failure is a common early pathological feature, but how it ...

Optimal Lentivirus Production and Cell Culture Conditions Necessary to Successfully Transduce Primary Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells

In vitro culture of primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells using air-liquid interface conditions provides a useful model to study the processes of airway cell differentiation and function. In the past few years, the use of lentiviral vectors for transgene delivery became common practice. While there are reports of transduction of fully differentiated airway epithelial cells with certain non-HIV pseudo-typed lentiviruses, the overall transduction efficiency is usually less than 15%. The protocol presented here provides a reliable and efficient method to produce lentiviruses and to transduce primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Using undifferentiated bronchial epithelial cells, transduction in bronchial epithelial growth media, while the cells attach, with a multiplicity of infection factor of 4 provides efficiencies close to 100%. This protocol describes, step-by-step, the preparation and concentration of high-titer lentiviral vectors and the transduction process. It discusses the experiments that determined the optimal culture conditions to achieve highly efficient transductions of primary human bronchial epithelial cells.

Primary human bronchial epithelial cells are difficult to transduce. This protocol describes the production of lentiviruses and their concentration as well as the optimal culture conditions necessary to achieve highly efficient transductions in these cells throughout differentiation to a pseudostratified epithelium.

최적의 Lentivirus 생산 및 세포 배양 조건에 필요한 성공적으로 형질 도입 기본 인간 기관지 상피 세포

In vitro culture of primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells using air-liquid interface conditions provides a useful model to study the processes of ...

생산 및 선택적으로 형질 도입 기본 희소 돌기 아교 세포 전구체 세포에 렌티 바이러스의 사용을위한

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