This work was supported by NIH HL-10342

NOT: Tüm hayvan protokolleri Johns Hopkins Üniversitesi Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Kurulu tarafından kabul edildi. 1. Hayvan hazırlanması <ol><li> Aşağıdaki adımda 2.3 belirtildiği gibi ketamin ve xylazin ile anestezi yoluyla, DFCO ölçümü için 6 C57BL / 6 fareler kontrol hazırlayın. </li><li> Kontroller için olanla aynı yöntem kullanılarak, Tablo 1 &#39;de gösterilen farklı akciğer patolojisi olan diğer tüm fareler hazırlayın. Bu modellerin her biri kurmak için gerekli belirli detaylar ilgili referanslar bulunmaktadır. Kontrol fareleri ve diğer patolojik kohortlarda bu çağın tüm 6-12 haftadır. </li></ol> Karbon monoksit için Difüzyon Faktörü 2. ölçümü (DFCO) <ol><li> Azot, oksijen, neon, ve karbon monoksit için zirveleri ölçmek için makine ile birlikte verilen gaz kromatografisi modülünü kurmak. Bu uygulama için sadece neon ve CO veri. NOT: Bu cihaz bir moleküler s kullanırBir 12.00 mikron film 320.00 mikron kimliği ve 10 metre uzunluğunda taşıyıcı gaz olarak helyum ile ieve sütunu. kromatografi kolonu 0.8 ml bir hacme sahiptir, fakat örnek ile bağlantı boruları yeterli temizleme sağlamak için 2 ml kullanıldı. </li><li> Her deney gününde başlangıcında, küçük farelerden gelen numuneler ölçümleri yapmadan önce, yaklaşık olarak% 0.5 Ne,% 0.5 CO ihtiva eden bir gaz karışımı, torbadan doğrudan 2 ml lik bir numuneyi almak ve hava denge ve kalibre etmek için bu örneği kullanmak Gaz kromatografisi. </li><li> Ketamin (90 mg / kg) ve ksilazin (15 mg / kg) ile fareler anestezi ve refleks hareketinin olmaması ile anestezi teyit etmektedir. Kuruluğunu önlemek için gözleri veteriner merhem sürün. (Çok genç farelerde erişkinlerde 18 G veya 20 G) bir taslaktır iğne kanül ile fareler Tracheostomize. NOT: DFCO anestezi sonrası en az 10 dakika tamamlandı ve herhangi bir mekanik havalandırma veya diğer prosedürler öncesinde olduğu. </li><li> 6 haftalıkken daha büyük farelerde, bir 3 ml&#39;lik bir enjektör t kullanımıo gaz karışımı çantasından gaz 0,8 ml çekilme. Trakeal kanül için şırınga bağlayın ve hızlı bir şekilde akciğer şişirmek. Bir metronom kullanarak, 9 sn saymak, ve sonra hızlı bir şekilde 0.8 ml (üfledi hava) çekilme. </li><li> Bu geri 0.8 mi oda havası ile 2 ml kadar nefes vermeyle oluşan seyreltin, en az 15 saniye boyunca dinlenmeye bırakın. Sonra analiz için gaz kromatografisinde içine bütün örnek enjekte. </li><li> Bu ilk DFCO örneği analiz birlikte, gaz karışımı, torba, ikinci bir 0.8 ml fare akciğer şişirmek ve ilk örneğe benzer bu örnek işlem. İki DFCO ölçümleri ortalama. Not: 0.8 ml hacmi çok küçük farelerin akciğerlerinde ölçümler yapmak için çok büyük olduğu için 2 haftalık olarak genç farelerde ölçümleri için, 0.4 ml bir hacim kullanılır. Bu 6 hafta daha yaşlı fareler için 0.8 ml hacmi kullanmak daha iyidir, ve 0.4 ml hacim bazı fareler için gerekli ise, bu çalışılan kohort tüm fareler için sürekli kullanılması gerektiğini söyledi. </li><li> DFCO hesaplayın(CO 9 / CO c) / (Ne 9 / Ne c), c ve 9 indisler enjekte kalibrasyon gazları konsantrasyonları sırasıyla, 9 saniye nefes tutma süresinden sonra kaldırıldı gazlara bakın - 1 olarak. </li><li> Analiz ve tek yönlü ANOVA ile farklılıkları karşılaştırmak ve tüm kohort farelerde çoklu karşılaştırmalar için Tukey düzeltme ile anlamlılık düzeyini değerlendirmek. P &lt;0.05 anlamlı olarak değerini düşünün. NOT: Burada kullanılan farelerin tamamı burada rapor değil akciğer ventilasyonu, mekanik, akciğer lavaj veya histoloji birkaç sonraki ölçümleri içeren deneysel çalışmaların bir parçası idi. Yöntem, kontrol fareleri, yukarıda yapıldığı gibi her deneysel modellerde aynı olduğu için buna ek olarak, çeşitli patolojik modellerden sadece sonuçlar sunulmaktadır. Bu modellerde daha fazla bilgi ek tabloda yer almaktadır. </li><li> Derin anesthe tarafından hayvanları Euthanizetic aşırı doz servikal dislokasyon veya başları kesilerek izledi. Gerekli yerlerde, daha fazla biyolojik veya histolojik işleme ve analiz için ölü farelerin akciğer hücreleri ve / veya dokuları kaldırın. </li></ol>

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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator+regulates+epithelial+cell+response+to+Aspergillus+and+resultant+pulmonary+inflammation.">Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator regulates epithelial cell response to Aspergillus and resultant pulmonary inflammation.</a> Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 185 (3), 301-310 (2012).</li><li>Foster, W. M., Walters, D. M., Longphre, M., Macri, K., Miller, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methodology+for+the+measurement+of+mucociliary+function+in+the+mouse+by+scintigraphy.">Methodology for the measurement of mucociliary function in the mouse by scintigraphy.</a> J Appl Physiol. 90 (3), 1111-1117 (2001).</li><li>Yildirim, A. 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Ilgi ve hiçbir şey yok çatışmalar ifşa.

Bu çalışmada, biz fare akciğer gaz alışverişi yeteneğini ölçmek için yeni bir metrik tanımladı. Bu metrik difüzyon kapasitesi, yani, akciğer birincil işlevi ölçen bir genel klinik ölçüm, gaz alışverişi yeteneği benzerdir. difüzyon kapasitesi kolayca ve hızlı bir şekilde fareler ve insanlar hem de yapılabilir ancak akciğer fonksiyonel bir ölçüdür. Farelerde akciğer hastalığı tespiti için önemli bir hedef kontrol ve deney kohort arasında akciğer fonksiyon değişiklikleri ölçme...

Fare hemen akciğer hastalıklarının çeşitli modellemek için kullanılan birincil bir hayvandır. Bu tür patolojiler altında yatan mekanizmaları incelemek için, fenotipik yöntemler bunu patolojik değişiklikler ölçmek ki ihtiyaç vardır. Havalandırma mekaniği ölçülür birçok fare çalışma olmasına rağmen, bu ölçümlerin genelde normal insanlarda yapılan akciğer fonksiyonunun standart değerlendirmelere ilgisiz. Bu insan hastalığı için fare modellerinde sonuçların çeviri kolaylaştırabilir fareler ve insan deneklerde eşdeğer ölçümleri gerçekleştirmek için yeteneği beri, talihsiz bir durumdur. Insan deneklerde en yaygın ve en kolay yapılan ölçümlerin bir karbon monoksit (DLCO) 1,2 difüzyon kapasitesi olduğunu, ancak bu ölçüm sadece nadiren fare modellerinde yapılmıştır. Prosedürler genellikle hantal veya req olabilir çünkü 3-7 bildirilmiştir bu çalışmalarda, kısmen, hiçbir izlem çalışmaları olmuşturkarmaşık bir ekipmana uire. Başka bir yaklaşım bilinçli farelerde CO difüzyon ölçümü mümkün olmanın avantajına sahip bir sabit devlet sisteminde, bir CO, yeniden soluk yöntemi kullanmaktır. Ancak bu yöntem çok hantal ve sonuçları farenin havalandırma düzeyi yanı sıra O 2 ve CO 2 konsantrasyonları 8,9 ile değişebilir. Bu zorluklar onun çeşitli avantajlara rağmen, farelerde akciğer patolojileri tespit etmek difüzyon kapasitesi rutin kullanımını engellemiştir gibi görünüyor. Farelerde difüzyon kapasitesi ölçümü ile ilgili sorunları aşmak için, basit araçlarla ayrıntıları farelerde ölçmek için son 10 bildirilmiştir. prosedür hızlı bir şekilde tüm ilham gaza eşit bir hacim örnekleyerek kirlenmemiş alveol gaz örnekleme zor sorunu ortadan kaldırır. Bir çok tekrarlanabilir ölçüm Bu prosedür sonuçları, pa bir dizi duyarlı karbon monoksit (DFCO), difüzyon faktörü olarak adlandırılanAkciğer fenotipinde thologic değişir. (CO 9 / CO c) / (Ne 9 / Ne c), c ve 9 indisler enjekte kalibrasyon gazların yoğunlaşması ve 9 sn nefes tutma süresinden sonra kaldırıldı gazlara bakın - DFCO böylece 1 olarak hesaplanır sırasıyla. DFCO 1 tüm CO tam alımını yansıtan ve 0 CO hiçbir alımını yansıtan, 0 ve 1 arasında değişen bir boyutsuz değişken vardır. Bu sunumda bu difüzyon kapasitesi ölçümü yapmak için nasıl göstermek ve neredeyse tüm amfizem, fibrozis, akut akciğer hasarı, ve viral ve mantar enfeksiyonları dahil olmak üzere mevcut fare akciğer hastalığı modellerinin değişiklikleri belgelemek için nasıl kullanılabilir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas Chromatograph</td>
			<td>Inficon</td>
			<td>Micro GC Model 3000A</td>
			<td>Agilent makes a comparable model</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18 g Luer stub needle</td>
			<td>Becton Dickenson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Several other possible vendors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 mL plastic syringe</td>
			<td>Becton Dickenson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Several other possible vendors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polypropylene gas sample bags</td>
			<td>SKC</td>
			<td>1 or 2 liter capacity works well</td>
			<td>Other gas tight bags will work well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas tank, 0.3% Ne,0.3% CO, balance air; (size ME)</td>
			<td>Airgas, Inc</td>
			<td>Z04 NI785ME3012</td>
			<td>This is the standard mixture used for DLCO in humans</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 TCID50/mouse of influenza virus A/PR8 diluted in phosphate buffered saline.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Porcine pancreatic elastase</td>
			<td>Elastin Products, Owensville, MO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5.4 U</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bleomycin</td>
			<td>APP Pharmaceuticals, Schaumburg, IL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.25 U</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Escherichia coli LPS8</td>
			<td>Sigma L2880</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3 &#956;g/g body weight; O55:B5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aspergillus fumigatus (isolate Af293) conidia were collected from mature colonies grown on potato dextrose agar.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

phenotyping mouse pulmonary function in vivo with the lung diffusing capacity

Fare hemen akciğer hastalıklarının çeşitli modellemek için kullanılan birincil bir hayvandır. Bu tür patolojiler altında yatan mekanizmaları incelemek için, fenotipik yöntemler patolojik değişiklikler ölçmek ki ihtiyaç vardır. Bundan başka, fare modelleri ile translasyon uygunluğu sağlamak için, bu ölçümlerin kolaylıkla hem insanlarda hem farelerde yapılabilir testler olmalıdır. Ne yazık ki, bu literatürde akciğer fonksiyonunun birkaç fenotipik ölçümleri insanlara doğrudan uygulama var. Tek istisna rutin insanlarda yapılan bir ölçüm olan karbon monoksit için difüzyon kapasitesi. Bu yazıda, hızlı ve basit farelerde bu difüzyon kapasitesini ölçmek için bir araç açıklar. Prosedür 1 dk gazı analizi zaman izlediği bir anestezi fare izleyici gazları ile kısa akciğer enflasyon, içerir. Bu amfizem, fibroz, akut akciğer yaralanması ve influenza da dahil olmak üzere pek çok akciğer hastalıkları, tespit etmek için bu yöntem yeteneğini test ettikmantar enfeksiyonları akciğer, yanı sıra genç yavrular izleme akciğer olgunlaşmasının. Sonuçlar önemli tüm akciğer patolojileri düşüşler yanı sıra, akciğer olgunlaşması ile difüzyon kapasitesinde bir artış göstermektedir. Akciğer difüzyon kapasitesi Bu ölçüm, böylece mevcut patolojik akciğer modellerinin çoğu ile fenotipik yapısal değişiklikleri tespit yeteneği ile geniş bir uygulama olan solunum fonksiyon testi sağlar.

Şekil 1, var Aspergillus ve influenza enfeksiyonu hem önemli düşüşler, hem de fibrotik amfizematöz önemli düşüş vardı ve akut grupları A, B, C, D, E ve F yetişkin farelerden DFCO ölçümlerini göstermektedir Akciğer hasarı modelleri. Şekil 2 2-6 hafta fareler yaş olarak zamanla DFCO&#39;da G Grubu gelişimsel değişiklikleri gösterir. Bu sefer boyunca akciğer gelişimi ile hafif fakat anlamlı bir artış vardı. küçük bir enflasyon hacmi kullanılarak etkisi ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Phenotyping Mouse Pulmonary Function In Vivo with the Lung Diffusing Capacity at JoVE.com

Phenotyping Mouse Pulmonary Function In Vivo with the Lung Diffusing Capacity

We describe a means to quickly and simply measure the lung diffusing capacity in mice and show that it is sufficiently sensitive to phenotype changes in multiple common lung pathologies. This metric thus brings direct translational relevance to the mouse models, since diffusing capacity is also easily measured in humans.

Fenotiplendirme Fare Solunum Fonksiyon<em&gt; İn Vivo</em&gt; Akciğer Yayıcı Kapasite

The mouse is now the primary animal used to model a variety of lung diseases. To study the mechanisms that underlie such pathologies, phenotypic methods ...

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Phenotyping Mouse Pulmonary Function In Vivo with the Lung Diffusing Capacity

10.5K Görüntüleme.  Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. We describe a means to quickly and simply measure the lung diffusing capacity in mice and show that it is sufficiently sensitive to phenotype changes in multiple common lung pathologies. This metric thus brings direct translational relevance to the mouse models, since diffusing capacity is also easily measured in humans.

Video: Phenotyping Mouse Pulmonary Function In Vivo with the Lung Diffusing Capacity

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

In vivo Görüntüleme ve Yumurtalık Kanseri Ortotopik Fare Modeli Tedavi Tedaviler

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Biyoloji

Characterization of the Isolated, Ventilated, and Instrumented Mouse Lung Perfused with Pulsatile Flow

The isolated, ventilated and instrumented mouse lung preparation allows steady and pulsatile pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationships to be measured with independent control over pulmonary arterial flow rate, flow rate waveform, airway pressure and left atrial pressure. Pulmonary vascular resistance is calculated based on multi-point, steady pressure-flow curves; pulmonary vascular impedance is calculated from pulsatile pressure-flow curves obtained at a range of frequencies. As now recognized clinically, impedance is a superior measure of right ventricular afterload than resistance because it includes the effects of vascular compliance, which are not negligible, especially in the pulmonary circulation. Three important metrics of impedance - the zero hertz impedance Z0, the characteristic impedance ZC, and the index of wave reflection RW - provide insight into distal arterial cross-sectional area available for flow, proximal arterial stiffness and the upstream-downstream impedance mismatch, respectively. All results obtained in isolated, ventilated and perfused lungs are independent of sympathetic nervous system tone, volume status and the effects of anesthesia. We have used this technique to quantify the impact of pulmonary emboli and chronic hypoxia on resistance and impedance, and to differentiate between sites of action (i.e., proximal vs. distal) of vasoactive agents and disease using the pressure dependency of ZC. Furthermore, when these techniques are used with the lungs of genetically engineered strains of mice, the effects of molecular-level defects on pulmonary vascular structure and function can be determined.

The following protocol outlines the process of isolating, ventilating and instrumenting mouse lungs to measure steady or pulsatile pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationships in order to quantify the effects of blood flow, airflow, airway changes and vascular changes on right ventricular afterload.

İzole, Havalandırmalı ve Enstrumanlı Fare Akciğer Karakterizasyonu Pulsatif Akış ile perfüze

The isolated, ventilated and instrumented mouse lung preparation allows steady and pulsatile pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationships to be measured ...

Examining BCL-2 Family Function with Large Unilamellar Vesicles

The BCL-2 (B cell CLL/Lymphoma) family is comprised of approximately twenty proteins that collaborate to either maintain cell survival or initiate apoptosis1. Following cellular stress (e.g., DNA damage), the pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family effectors BAK (BCL-2 antagonistic killer 1) and/or BAX (BCL-2 associated X protein) become activated and compromise the integrity of the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), though the process referred to as mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP)1. After MOMP occurs, pro-apoptotic proteins (e.g., cytochrome c) gain access to the cytoplasm, promote caspase activation, and apoptosis rapidly ensues2.
In order for BAK/BAX to induce MOMP, they require transient interactions with members of another pro-apoptotic subset of the BCL-2 family, the BCL-2 homology domain 3 (BH3)-only proteins, such as BID (BH3-interacting domain agonist)3-6. Anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins (e.g., BCL-2 related gene, long isoform, BCL-xL; myeloid cell leukemia 1, MCL-1) regulate cellular survival by tightly controlling the interactions between BAK/BAX and the BH3-only proteins capable of directly inducing BAK/BAX activation7,8. In addition, anti-apoptotic BCL-2 protein availability is also dictated by sensitizer/de-repressor BH3-only proteins, such as BAD (BCL-2 antagonist of cell death) or PUMA (p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis), which bind and inhibit anti-apoptotic members7,9. As most of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 repertoire is localized to the OMM, the cellular decision to maintain survival or induce MOMP is dictated by multiple BCL-2 family interactions at this membrane.
 Large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) are a biochemical model to explore relationships between BCL-2 family interactions and membrane permeabilization10. LUVs are comprised of defined lipids that are assembled in ratios identified in lipid composition studies from solvent extracted Xenopus mitochondria (46.5% phosphatidylcholine, 28.5% phosphatidylethanoloamine, 9% phosphatidylinositol, 9% phosphatidylserine, and 7% cardiolipin)10. This is a convenient model system to directly explore BCL-2 family function because the protein and lipid components are completely defined and tractable, which is not always the case with primary mitochondria. While cardiolipin is not usually this high throughout the OMM, this model does faithfully mimic the OMM to promote BCL-2 family function. Furthermore, a more recent modification of the above protocol allows for kinetic analyses of protein interactions and real-time measurements of membrane permeabilization, which is based on LUVs containing a polyanionic dye (ANTS: 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid) and cationic quencher (DPX: p-xylene-bis-pyridinium bromide)11. As the LUVs permeabilize, ANTS and DPX diffuse apart, and a gain in fluorescence is detected. Here, commonly used recombinant BCL-2 family protein combinations and controls using the LUVs containing ANTS/DPX are described.

Biochemically-defined large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) are a convenient model system to analyze BCL-2 family interactions with immediate implications in better understanding the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. A method to produce LUVs, along with standard BCL-2 family protein combinations and controls to examine LUV permeabilization, are presented.

Büyük ünilamellar Veziküller ile incelenmesi BCL-2 Aile Fonksiyonu

The BCL-2 (B cell CLL/Lymphoma) family is comprised of approximately twenty proteins that collaborate to either maintain cell survival or initiate ...

Culturing of Human Nasal Epithelial Cells at the Air Liquid Interface

In vitro models using human primary epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory epithelium in the context of microbial infections or inhaled agents. Direct comparisons of cells obtained from diseased populations allow us to characterize different phenotypes and dissect the underlying mechanisms mediating changes in epithelial cell function. Culturing epithelial cells from the human tracheobronchial region has been well documented, but is limited by the availability of human lung tissue or invasiveness associated with obtaining the bronchial brushes biopsies. Nasal epithelial cells are obtained through much less invasive superficial nasal scrape biopsies and subjects can be biopsied multiple times with no significant side effects. Additionally, the nose is the entry point to the respiratory system and therefore one of the first sites to be exposed to any kind of air-borne stressor, such as microbial agents, pollutants, or allergens. 
Briefly, nasal epithelial cells obtained from human volunteers are expanded on coated tissue culture plates, and then transferred onto cell culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells continue to be cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI), for several weeks, which creates more physiologically relevant conditions. The ALI culture condition uses defined media leading to a differentiated epithelium that exhibits morphological and functional characteristics similar to the human nasal epithelium, with both ciliated and mucus producing cells. Tissue culture inserts with differentiated nasal epithelial cells can be manipulated in a variety of ways depending on the research questions (treatment with pharmacological agents, transduction with lentiviral vectors, exposure to gases, or infection with microbial agents) and analyzed for numerous different endpoints ranging from cellular and molecular pathways, functional changes, morphology, etc. 
In vitro models of differentiated human nasal epithelial cells will enable investigators to address novel and important research questions by using organotypic experimental models that largely mimic the nasal epithelium in vivo.

Nasal epithelial cells, obtained through superficial scrape biopsy of human volunteers, are expanded and transferred onto tissue culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells are grown at air liquid interface, yielding cultures of ciliated and non-ciliated cells. Differentiated nasal epithelial cell cultures provide viable experimental models for studying the respiratory mucosa.

Hava Sıvı Arayüz İnsan Burun Epitel Hücrelerinin ekimi

In vitro models using human primary  epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory  epithelium in the context of ...

Isolation of Mitochondria from Minimal Quantities of Mouse Skeletal Muscle for High Throughput Microplate Respiratory Measurements

Dysfunctional skeletal muscle mitochondria play a role in altered metabolism observed with aging, obesity and Type II diabetes. Mitochondrial respirometric assays from isolated mitochondrial preparations allow for the assessment of mitochondrial function, as well as determination of the mechanism(s) of action of drugs and proteins that modulate metabolism. Current isolation procedures often require large quantities of tissue to yield high quality mitochondria necessary for respirometric assays. The methods presented herein describe how high quality purified mitochondria (~ 450 &#181;g) can be isolated from minimal quantities (~75-100 mg) of mouse skeletal muscle for use in high throughput respiratory measurements. We determined that our isolation method yields 92.5&#177; 2.0% intact mitochondria by measuring citrate synthase activity spectrophotometrically. In addition, Western blot analysis in isolated mitochondria resulted in the faint expression of the cytosolic protein, GAPDH, and the robust expression of the mitochondrial protein, COXIV. The absence of a prominent GAPDH band in the isolated mitochondria is indicative of little contamination from non-mitochondrial sources during the isolation procedure. Most importantly, the measurement of O2 consumption rate with micro-plate based technology and determining the respiratory control ratio (RCR) for coupled respirometric assays shows highly coupled (RCR; &#62;6 for all assays) and functional mitochondria. In conclusion, the addition of a separate mincing step and significantly reducing motor driven homogenization speed of a previously reported method has allowed the isolation of high quality and purified mitochondria from smaller quantities of mouse skeletal muscle that results in highly coupled mitochondria that respire with high function during microplate based respirometirc assays.

Here, we present a modification of a previously reported method that allows for the isolation of high quality and purified mitochondria from smaller quantities of mouse skeletal muscle. This procedure results in highly coupled mitochondria that respire with high function during microplate based respirometirc assays.

Yüksek Verimli Mikroplate Solunum Ölçümler için Fare İskelet Kası Minimal Miktarları gelen Mitokondri İzolasyonu

Dysfunctional skeletal muscle mitochondria play a role in altered metabolism observed with aging, obesity and Type II diabetes. Mitochondrial ...

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, is expressed in neurons in response to various stimuli. The protein product can be readily detected with immunohistochemical techniques leading to the use of c-FOS detection to map groups of neurons that display changes in their activity. In this article, we focused on the identification of brainstem neuronal populations involved in the ventilatory adaptation to hypoxia or hypercapnia. Two approaches were described to identify involved neuronal populations in vivo in animals and ex vivo in deafferented brainstem preparations. In vivo, animals were exposed to hypercapnic or hypoxic gas mixtures. Ex vivo, deafferented preparations were superfused with hypoxic or hypercapnic artificial cerebrospinal fluid. In both cases, either control in vivo animals or ex vivo preparations were maintained under normoxic and normocapnic conditions. The comparison of these two approaches allows the determination of the origin of the neuronal activation i.e., peripheral and/or central. In vivo and ex vivo, brainstems were collected, fixed, and sliced into sections. Once sections were prepared, immunohistochemical detection of the c-FOS protein was made in order to identify the brainstem groups of cells activated by hypoxic or hypercapnic stimulations. Labeled cells were counted in brainstem respiratory structures. In comparison to the control condition, hypoxia or hypercapnia increased the number of c-FOS labeled cells in several specific brainstem sites that are thus constitutive of the neuronal pathways involved in the adaptation of the central respiratory drive.

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Here, we present a protocol based on c-FOS protein immunohistological detection, a classical technique used for the identification of neuronal populations involved in specific physiological responses in vivo and ex vivo.

c-FOS Protein Immünohistolojik Algılama: Belirli Fizyolojik Yanıtları ilgilendim Merkez Pathways bir Marker Olarak Faydalı Aracı<em&gt; İn Vivo</em&gt; ve<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em

Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, ...

In Vivo Study of Human Endothelial-Pericyte Interaction Using the Matrix Gel Plug Assay in Mouse

Angiogenesis is the process by which new blood vessels are formed from existing vessels. New vessel growth requires coordinated endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and alignment to form tubular structures followed by recruitment of pericytes to provide mural support and facilitate vessel maturation. Current in vitro cell culture approaches cannot fully reproduce the complex biological environment where endothelial cells and pericytes interact to produce functional vessels. We present a novel application of the in vivo matrix gel plug assay to study endothelial-pericyte interactions and formation of functional blood vessels using severe combined immune deficiency mutation (SCID) mice. Briefly, matrix gel is mixed with a solution containing endothelial cells with or without pericytes followed by injection into the back of anesthetized SCID mice. After 14 days, the matrix gel plugs are removed, fixed and sectioned for histological analysis. The length, number, size and extent of pericyte coverage of mature vessels (defined by the presence of red blood cells in the lumen) can be quantified and compared between experimental groups using commercial statistical platforms. Beyond its use as an angiogenesis assay, this matrix gel plug assay can be used to conduct genetic studies and as a platform for drug discovery. In conclusion, this protocol will allow researchers to complement available in vitro assays for the study of endothelial-pericyte interactions and their relevance to either systemic or pulmonary angiogenesis.

In Vivo Study of Human Endothelial-Pericyte Interaction Using the Matrix Gel Plug Assay in Mouse

We present a protocol to study human endothelial-pericyte interactions in mouse using a variation of the matrix gel plug angiogenesis assay.

Fare Matrix Jel Plug Test kullanma İnsan endotel-pericyte Etkileşim Vivo Çalışmasında

Angiogenesis is the process by which new blood vessels are formed from existing vessels. New vessel growth requires coordinated endothelial cell ...

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile analytical tool for characterizing viscoelastic mechanical properties for a variety of materials ranging from hard (plastic, glass, metal, etc.) surfaces to cells on any substrate. It has been widely used to measure the stiffness of cells, but less frequently used to measure the stiffness of aortas. In this paper, we will describe the procedures for using AFM in contact mode to measure the ex vivo elastic modulus of unloaded mouse arteries. We describe our procedure for isolation of mouse aortas, and then provide detailed information for the AFM analysis. This includes step-by-step instructions for alignment of the laser beam, calibration of the spring constant and deflection sensitivity of the AFM probe, and acquisition of force curves. We also provide a detailed protocol for data analysis of the force curves.

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

We present detailed protocols for isolation of aortas from mouse and measurement of their elastic modulus using atomic force microscopy.

sertliği ölçme<em&gt; Ex Vivo</emAtomik Kuvvet Mikroskobu Kullanma&gt; Fare aorta

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a ...

Induction of Right Ventricular Failure by Pulmonary Artery Constriction and Evaluation of Right Ventricular Function in Mice

The mechanism of right ventricular failure (RVF) requires clarification due to the uniqueness, high morbidity, high mortality, and refractory nature of RVF. Previous rat models imitating RVF progression have been described. Compared with rats, mice are more accessible, economical, and widely used in animal experiments. We developed a pulmonary artery constriction (PAC) approach which is comprised of banding the pulmonary trunk in mice to induce right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy. A special surgical latch needle was designed that allows for easier separation of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk. In our experiments, the use of this fabricated latch needle reduced the risk of arteriorrhexis and improved the surgical success rate to 90%. We used different padding needle diameters to precisely create quantitative constriction, which can induce different degrees of RV hypertrophy. We quantified the degree of constriction by evaluating the blood flow velocity of the PA, which was measured by noninvasive transthoracic echocardiography. RV function was precisely evaluated by right heart catheterization at 8 weeks after surgery. The surgical instruments made inhouse were composed of common materials using a simple process that is easy to master. Therefore, the PAC approach described here is easy to imitate using instruments made in the lab and can be widely used in other labs. This study presents a modified PAC approach that has a higher success rate than other models and an 8-week postsurgery survival rate of 97.8%. This PAC approach provides a useful technique for studying the mechanism of RVF and will enable an increased understanding of RVF.

Here, we provide a useful approach for studying the mechanism of right ventricular failure. A more convenient and efficient approach to pulmonary artery constriction is established using surgical instruments made inhouse. In addition, methods to evaluate the quality of this approach by echocardiography and catheterization are provided.

Pulmoner arter daralması ve farelerde sağ ventrikül fonksiyonunun değerlendirilmesi ile sağ ventrikül yetmezliği indüksiyonu

The mechanism of right ventricular failure (RVF) requires clarification due to the uniqueness, high morbidity, high mortality, and refractory nature of ...

In vivo Measurement of Knee Extensor Muscle Function in Mice

Skeletal muscle plasticity in response to countless conditions and stimuli mediates concurrent functional adaptation, both negative and positive. In the clinic and the research laboratory, maximal muscular strength is widely measured longitudinally in humans, with knee extensor musculature the most reported functional outcome. Pathology of the knee extensor muscle complex is well documented in aging, orthopedic injury, disease, and disuse; knee extensor strength is closely related to functional capacity and injury risk, underscoring the importance of reliable measurement of knee extensor strength. Repeatable, in vivo assessment of knee extensor strength in pre-clinical rodent studies offers valuable functional endpoints for studies exploring osteoarthritis or knee injury. We report an in vivo and non-invasive protocol to repeatedly measure isometric peak tetanic torque of the knee extensors in mice across time. We demonstrate consistency using this novel method to measure knee extensor strength with repeated assessment in multiple mice producing similar results.

Quantification of knee extensor maximal strength is imperative to understand functional adaptations to aging, disease, injury, and rehabilitation. We present a novel method to repeatedly measure in vivo knee extension isometric peak tetanic torque.

Farelerde Diz Ekstensör Kas fonksiyonunun in vivo ölçümü

Skeletal muscle plasticity in response to countless conditions and stimuli mediates concurrent functional adaptation, both negative and positive. In the ...