CJN laboratuarında Araştırma NSERC, Kanada Kanser Derneği Araştırma Enstitüsü (CCSRI) ve Kanada Meme Kanseri Vakfı (BC-Yukon Şubesi) faaliyet hibe tarafından desteklenmektedir.

NOT: Bu prosedür genel iş akışı, Şekil 2&#39;de belirtilmiştir. Büyüme inhibe edici Doz 1. belirlenmesi <ol><li> Maya, gece boyunca kültürün hazırlanması NOT: Bu protokolde kullanılan maya-özü-pepton-dekstroz büyüme ortamı (YEPD) standart tarifi 13 olduğunu. <ol><li> BY4741 (mata his3 Δ1 leu2Δ0 met15Δ0 ura3Δ0) bir YEPD agar plakası üzerine hücreler üzerinden çizik ve 30 ° C de ya da görünür koloniler oluşana kadar 48 saat boyunca inkübe edilir. </li><li> Tek bir koloni ile steril bir kültür kabı içinde YEPD sıvı ortam 5 ml aşılayarak bir gecelik kültürler olarak hazırlanır. Sürekli dönme veya çalkalama ile 30 ° C&#39;de gece boyunca inkübe edin. Kültür tipik sabah (~ 2 × 10 8 hücre / ml) doygunluk ulaşacak. </li></ol></li><li> Katı ağar ortamının hazırlanması çeşitli kimyasal maddeyi ihtiva eden <ol><li> Birkaç stokları hazırlayınkimyasal, uygun bir çözücü içinde, 100x arzu edilen nihai konsantrasyonda test edilecek. Not: etkili konsantrasyonları kimyasal bağlıdır ve tecrübi olarak tespit edilmelidir. Yüksek mM düşük mcM gelen, yani; Başlangıçta geniş bir nihai konsantrasyon aralığını test etmek bu nedenle tavsiye edilir. </li><li> Kimyasal her bir konsantrasyonu için, bir kaç steril kültür tüpüne kısım erimiş YEPD agar 3 ml test edilecek. 55 ° C su banyosunda Yeri katılaşan tutmak için. </li><li> Test edilecek olan kimyasal her bir konsantrasyonu için, bir 12-çukurlu plaka içindeki çift havuzdan her bir çifti içine erimiş ortam, girdap karıştırmak için 2-3 saniye ve pipet 1 mi 100x bileşik 30 ul ekle. Yalnızca kontrol bir araç dahil emin olun. Plakalar oda sıcaklığında bir gece boyunca bekleyin. Herhangi bir ekstra medya atın. </li></ol></li><li> Forma kaplama hücreler <ol><li> Aşama 1 &#39;de olduğu gibi, gece boyunca büyütüldü doymuş bir maya kültürünün 2 ul ile YEPD sıvı ortam 10 ml inoküle.1.2. </li><li> Yuva başına seyreltilmiş maya kültürü 25 ul steril cam boncuklar veya çubuk ile düzgün biçimde yayılmış ve plaka, bir alev altında kurumasına izin plaka. 48 saat süre ile 30 ° C &#39;de plaka inkübe edin. </li><li> Plakalar üzerinde maya büyüme (koloniler hem toplam sayısını ve boyutunu) değerlendirir. Ekran gerçekleştirmek için daha fazla% 10 -15% gelişimini çoğunlukla inhibe etmemektedir bileşiğin bir alt öldürücü konsantrasyonunu belirleyin. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Sistematik Kimyasal genetik Ekran <ol><li> Kaynak Plate silinmesi mutant-dizi Bakım (DMA) ve Hazırlık <ol><li> Gliserol stoklarından silme mutant diziler inşa ilgili ayrıntılı bilgi için Baryshnikova ark. 14 bakınız. Iptal mutantlarının plaka başına 384 koloni bir yoğunluğa dizilmiş edildikten sonra, DMA, 4 ° C&#39;de birkaç ay boyunca saklanabilir. Her birine büyüyen koloniler önlemek için G418 gerekli 200 ug / ml ihtiva eden YEPD agarı üzerinde çoğaltmaDiğer. NOT: Birden seri tekrarlamalı yavaş büyüyen suşlar kaybını önlemek ve baskılayıcı mutantlar görünümünü en aza indirmek için kaçınılmalıdır. Bu haploidlerin gibi koleksiyonları muhafaza eğer özellikle ilgilidir. </li><li> Robotik sistem arraying bir mikrobik kullanarak tüm çoğaltma kaplama adımları uygulayın. Alternatif olarak, manuel çivileme araçlarını kullanarak koloniler dizilmiş manipüle. NOT: maya silme toplama çeşitli ticari kaynaklardan haploidlerin ve diploid olarak kullanılabilir ve tipik olarak 96 oyuklu plakalar içinde gliserol stoklan halinde sevk edilir. </li></ol></li><li> Silme mutant dizi Yoğuşmalı <ol><li> G418, 200 ug / ml ihtiva eden YEPD agar ortamı 250 ml hazırlayın. G418 etkili konsantrasyon değişebilir ve her bir çok deneysel olarak test edilmelidir. </li><li> Plaka başına G418 200 ug / ml ihtiva eden YEPD agar 50 ml dökülerek beş YEPD agar hazırlayın. Dizi yoğuşmalı önce bu bir gün yapın ve plakalar oda sıcaklığında soğumaya bırakınerature gecede düz bir hatta yüzey üzerinde. NOT: Dört tabak 1.536-gerilme yoğunluğu toplanması için gerekli olacak, beşinci plaka ekstra olarak dökülür. </li><li> Plaka başına 384 koloni bir yoğunlukta mutant silme koleksiyonu içeren 16 Petri kapları çıkarın ve oda sıcaklığında (~ 1 saat) gelmek için izin verir. </li><li> Hassas bir görev silme kullanarak her plakanın kapak üzerinde oluşturulmuş olan herhangi bir yoğunlaşma silin. Su damlacıkları neden olabilir Aksi takdirde dizi ve dizilmiş mutantlar çapraz kontaminasyon biriken ediliyor. </li><li> Mikrobiyal dizi iğneleme robotu kullanarak, plaka başına 1.536 koloniler (4 Petri kapları) plaka başına 384 koloniler (16 Petri kapları) bir yoğunluktan DMA yoğunlaşmak. Plaka 1 pimleri 1. koloni yoğunlaştırılmış dizinin 1 sütun 1 satır böylece bu gerçekleştirin, plakanın 2 1. koloni 1 sütun 2, 2 ve sütun 1 satır plakanın 3 1. kolonisi satır, ve plakanın 4 1. koloni 2 satır içinSütun 2. </li><li> Gecede 30 ° C&#39;de konsolide dizi inkübe. </li><li> Kaynak plakalardan kolonilerin üniforma aktarımını sağlamak için dizi inceleyin. DMA doğru (Şekil 4A) yoğunlaşmış olan sağlamak için bir rehber olarak hizmet bilerek diziye dahil birçok boş pozisyonları, olacak. Not: Bu test bileşiği ihtiva eden ortam üzerinde çoğaltma kaplama için kaynak plakaları olacaktır. Tek bir kaynak plakası birden pinnings için kullanılabilir. Ayrıca birçok robotlar her zaman transfer ediliyor maya benzer numaraları sağlayacak bir mahsup özelliği, sahip olacaktır. </li></ol></li><li> Kopya plaka silme mutant dizisi <ol><li> Kontrol, 700 ml (yalnızca araç) ve deney ortam (kimyasal ihtiva eden) 700 ml hazırlayın. Bu üç nüsha olarak tahlil (koşul başına 12 plakaları, artı iki ekstra) gerçekleştirmek için yeterli. </li><li> Test kimyasal veya plaka başına denetimi içeren YEPD agar 50 ml dökün. Plakalar t izin vero düz bile yüzeyde gece boyunca oda sıcaklığında soğutun. </li><li> Çoğaltma plakasına robot kullanarak, deneysel belirlenen konsantrasyonda kimyasal içeren plakalar üç set yanı sıra araç denetimi içeren plakalar üç set üzerine DMA aşılamak. 24-48 saat süre ile, oda sıcaklığında inkübe edin. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Görüntüleme Tabaklar ve Veri Analizi <ol><li> Inkübatör plakaları çıkarın ve oda sıcaklığında (~ 1 saat) önce görüntüleme gelmek için izin verir. Bu plakaları görüntüleme sırasında yoğunlaşmayı engeller. </li><li> Kapağı çıkarmadan ve bir düz yatak tarayıcı yüzü aşağı koyarak 24 ve 48 saat sonra görüntü plakaları. En az 300 dpi çözünürlükte görüntüler yakalayın. Alternatif olarak, görüntü yakalamak için bir dijital kamera kullanın. Bunu yaparken ise, yer plakaları karanlık bir arka plan üzerinde yukarı yüz ve görüntü kapakları kaldırın. NOT: Plakaların dosya formatı ve konumlandırma kullanılan miktar programına bağlıdır. </li&gt; <li> Ölçümlerini ve balony 15, SGAtools 16, ve ScreenMill 17 dahil olmak üzere birçok açık kaynak programları, birini kullanarak dizi koloni boyutları karşılaştırma yapın. </li></ol> Ekran 4. Doğrulama NOT: Bu aşamada çeşitli maya silmeleri mutantlar ilgi kimyasal olarak aşırı duyarlı atar. Bu kimyasal-genetik etkileşimler önümüzdeki iki şekilde valide edilmelidir. İlk duyarlı suşların kimliği PCR ile teyit edilmelidir. İkincisi, kimyasal duyarlılık bağımsız attı gerekir. Aşağıda belirtilen gerilme aşırı duyarlılık, maya biyoloji yaygın bir teknik doğrulamak için tespit tahliller yapmak için kısa bir protokoldür. <ol><li> Streak dışarı G418 200 ug / ml içeren YEPD agara maya silme koleksiyonundan (hipersensitif) mutantlar istenen. Koloniler oluşana kadar 30 ° C&#39;de inkübe edilir. Primerler göre diagnostik PCR ile soyun genotip doğrulamaÜreticinin protokolü. </li><li> Her bir suş için YEPD sıvının 5 ml inoküle ve dönme ya da çalkalama ile 30 ° C&#39;de gece boyunca inkübe edilir. </li><li> OD 600 ölçün ve steril dH 2 O. 600 = 1 OD her gerginlik sulandırmak Bunlar şimdi normalize maya kültürleri vardır. </li><li> 96 oyuklu bir plaka de A1 normalize yabani tip maya (BY4741), kültür, 100 ul koyun. Kuyular B1-H1 kadar yedi ek suşların 100 ul koyun. </li><li> A6-H6 ile kuyular A2-H2 steril dH 2 O 90 ul dağıtmak için bir çok kanallı pipet kullanın. Son olarak, normalleştirilmiş maya kültürlerinin 1:10 seyreltme serisi hazırlanır. Seri bir çok kanallı pipet ile sütun 2 sütun 1, 10 ul pipetleme başlayın ve altı seyreltme yapılana kadar 96 oyuklu plaka boyunca devam (yani, 10 0-10 -5). </li><li> Bir çok kanallı kullanarak bir tablo içinde seyreltilmiş maya kültürleri 2-5 ul aktarınKimyasal ve araç kontrolünü içeren YEPD katı ortama pipet. 24-48 saat için uygun sıcaklıkta inkübe edin. </li><li> Plakaları kontrol edin ve (BY4741 kontrole göre) kimyasal select mutantların duyarlılığını karşılaştırmak. Görüntü 24 de plakaları ve adım 3.2 olarak 48 saat. Not: ilgili gen ontolojilerinde veya fonksiyonlar ile bir kaç hiperduyarlı suşunun ekran geçerliliği güvenilir olmaktadır birlikte, genin vahşi tip bir kopyasını içeren bir plazmid ile aşırı duyarlı bir silme soyunun transformasyonu resmi bir gen kurmak için gerekli olan Çevrede silinmesi (ve gizli ikinci sitesi mutasyonlar) ilaç hassasiyeti neden olur. </li></ol>

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The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.

Kimyasal genetik etkileşim profilleri oluşturmak için bir yaklaşım burada özetlenen. yöntem basittir: bir kimyasal maddenin varlığı ve yokluğunda geniş gen silinmesi koleksiyonlarında, her bir suş koloni boyutları karşılaştırarak, bir kimyasal hakaret tolere gerekli genler tespit edilir. Hassas soyların ortaya çıkan listesinin Açıklaması zenginleştirme analizi, daha sonra bir etki kimyasal moduna ilişkin bilgi temin etmek üzere kullanılabilir. Bu protokol, maya tomurcuklanma için optimize e...

genetik araçlar ve model organizma Saccharomyces cerevisiae mevcut kaynakların topluca genler ağları biyolojik sistemlerin gerekliliklerini yerine getirmek olarak işlev nasıl yeni anlayış sağlamak büyük ölçekli fonksiyonel genomik çalışmalar sağlamıştır. Bu araçların taşı maya 1,2 bütün açık okuma çerçeveleri zorunlu olmayan gen silme komple bir set işbirlikçi kurulmasıdır. Çarpıcı bir gözlem, standart laboratuvar koşulları altında haploidlerin olarak yetiştirilen maya genlerinin ~% 20 canlılığı için gerekli oldu. Bu alternatif, biyolojik yolların kullanılması ile genomik düzensizliklerin karşı tampon bir hücrenin yeteneğini ortaya koymaktadır. Genetik ayrı ayrı yaşayabilir mutantlar, ancak birlikte öldürücü, bağlı veya yakınsak paralel biyolojik yollar sinyal ve biyolojik işlevi açıklayan genetik etkileşim ağları oluştururlar. Koşullu te gelişmesiyle birlikteEsas teşkil eden genlerin mperature duyarlıdır ve hypomorphic allelleri teknolojisi esansiyel olmayan genlerin 3,4 çalışması ile sınırlı değildir. Bu kavram, benzer hücresel proseslerle genlerin 5 bir araya gelip nasıl çalıştığını gösteren bir tarafsız genetik etkileşimin ilk üreten bir genomik ölçekte uygulanmıştır. Genetik ağların Kimyasal tedirginlikler mimik gen delesyonlar (Şekil 1) 6. Aşırı duyarlılık için, silme soylarının yüksek yoğunluklu dizisine doğru büyüme önleyici bileşikler sorgulama kimyasal stresi tolere için gerekli olan genlerin bir listesini, yani, kimyasal bir genetik etkileşim profili tanımlar. Genetik etkileşimleri gibi kimyasal kütüphanelerin büyük ölçekli ekranlar aksiyon küme bir araya 7 benzer bir modu ile bileşiklerin göstermiştir. Bu nedenle, bir bileşiğin kimyasal genetik etkileşim profili oluşturarak, etki mekanizmaları lar ile karşılaştırarak tahmin edilebilirge-ölçekli sentetik genetik ve kimyasal genetik etkileşim 8,9 veri setlerini. Bileşiklerin puanları, sorguya büyük ölçekli kimyasal-genetik ekranlar, barkod rekabet analizleri ile yapılmıştır. Bu yaklaşımda, silme soylarının havuzlanmış toplama kimyasal içeren, küçük bir ortam hacmi içinde birkaç nesil için topluca yetiştirilir. Her bir kromozom anormalliği mutantı, tek bir genetik barkod barındırır için, silme soylarının havuz içinde tek tek mutantlann canlılığı / büyüme mikrodizi veya yüksek sekanslama 10 tarafından izlenir. Bir biyolojik olarak aktif bileşiği içeren bir katı agar üzerinde büyütülmüş, fiziksel olarak dizilmiş mutantların kolonilerini izleyerek uygunluk çıkarım da kimyasal bir genetik etkileşimleri 11,12 tanımlamasında çok etkili bir yöntemdir. Bu yaklaşım, rekabete dayalı tarama için maliyet-etkin bir alternatif sunuyor ve kimyasallar küçük kütüphaneler tahlil için uygundur.Burada özetlenen S. kimyasal genetik etkileşimin bir listesini üretmek için bir basit bir yöntemdir biyoloji manipülasyonlar veya altyapı moleküler dayanmaz cerevisiae. Bu sadece bir maya silme koleksiyonu, bir robot veya manuel çivileme aparatı ve serbestçe kullanılabilir görüntü analizi yazılımı gerektirir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="987">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Name of Material/ Equipment&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Company&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">Catalog Number&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:457px;">Comments/Description&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:213px;">Yeast Extract</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BioBasic</td>
			<td>G0961</td>
			<td style="width:457px;">For YEPD liquid/solid media add to 1% final concentration (w/v)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:213px;">Tyrptone Powder</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>211820</td>
			<td style="width:457px;">For YEPD liquid/solid media add to 2% final concentration (w/v)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:213px;">Dextrose</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Anachemia</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">31096-380</td>
			<td style="width:457px;">For YEPD liquid/solid media add to 2% final concentration (w/v) - Do not autoclave. Prepare 20% stock solution, filter sterilize, and add to media after autoclaving.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Agar A</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td>FB0010</td>
			<td style="width:457px;">For YEPD solid media add to 2% final concentration (w/v)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:213px;">G418</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A.G. Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:156px;">G-1033</td>
			<td style="width:457px;">Prepare 1000x stock at 200mg/ml in dH2O and filter sterilize.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">12 well plate</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio One</td>
			<td>655180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">5ml culture tubes</td>
			<td>Evergreen Scientific</td>
			<td>222-2376-080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">10cm Petri Dish</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">VWR</td>
			<td>25384-302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ROTOR HDA</td>
			<td>Singer Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td>ROT-001</td>
			<td>high-throughput microbial array pinning robot</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PLUSPLATE&#169; Petri Dish</td>
			<td>Singer Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td>PLU-001</td>
			<td>Box of 200 dishes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">384 Short-Pin RePad</td>
			<td>Singer Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td>RP-MP-384</td>
			<td>Box of 1000 pads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1536 Short-Pin RePad</td>
			<td>Singer Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td>RP-MP-1536</td>
			<td>Box of 1000 pads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alternative Pinning Tools:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fully Automated Robtic Systems</td>
			<td>S&#38;P robotics</td>
			<td>http://www.sprobotics.com</td>
			<td>Several automated colony handling robitic and imagining systems available.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Manual Pinning Tools</td>
			<td>V&#38;P Scientific</td>
			<td>http://www.vp-scientific.com</td>
			<td>Handheld replication tools and accessories.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rapid identification of chemical genetic interactions in saccharomyces cerevisiae

Biyolojik olarak aktif kimyasal etki şeklinin belirlenmesi, akademik, ilaç geniş bir ilgi ve endüstriyel bilim göstermektedir. Saccharomyces cerevisiae ya da çiçek mayası bir model ökaryot olduğu ~ 6.000 gen silme mutantları ve hypomorphic elzem genin tam bir koleksiyon mutantlar ticari olarak temin edilebilir. Mutantlar bu koleksiyonları sistematik bir kimyasal tolere gerekli kimyasal gen etkileşimler, örneğin genleri tespit için de kullanılabilir. Bu bilgiler, sırayla, bileşiğin etkime olası moduna bildirir. Burada maya tomurcuklanma kimyasal genetik etkileşimin hızlı tespit edilmesi için bir protokol açıklar. Bu eylem, iyi tanımlanmış bir mekanizmaya sahiptir, kemoterapötik madde, 5-flüorourasil (5-FU), kullanılarak yöntemi göstermektedir. Sonuçlarımız, nükleer TRAMP eksozom ve DNA onarımı enzimler önceki m ile tutarlıdır 5-FU mevcudiyetinde çoğalma için gerekli olan RNA olduğunu göstermektedirtabanlı barkod kimyasal genetik yaklaşımlar ve 5-FU olumsuz hem RNA ve DNA metabolizmasını etkilediğini bilgiyi icroarray. Bu, yüksek verimli taramalara gerekli doğrulama protokolleri de tarif edilmektedir.

Bu yaklaşımın bir doğrulama olarak, yukarıda tarif edilen protokol izlenerek, kemoterapötik madde, 5-florourasil (5-FU) temsil eden bir kimyasal genetik etkileşimin ekran gerçekleştirilir. 5-FU, timidilat sintaz gibi DNA ve RNA metabolizmasını 18 bozmak için bilinmektedir. 5-FU kimyasal genetik etkileşimler de çalışılmış ve heterozigot ve homozigot silme koleksiyonları 8,19 ikisini de kullanarak maya barkod mikroarray teknikleri ile incelenmiştir. Burada içindeki mutant koloni...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid Identification of Chemical Genetic Interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae at JoVE.com

Rapid Identification of Chemical Genetic Interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Here we present a cost-effective method for defining chemical-genetic interactions in budding yeast. The approach is built on fundamental techniques in yeast molecular biology and is well suited for the mechanistic interrogation of small to medium collections of chemicals and other media environments.

Kimyasal Genetik Etkileşimleri Hızlı Kimlik<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

Determining the mode of action of bioactive chemicals is of interest to a broad range of academic, pharmaceutical, and industrial scientists. ...

rapid-identification-chemical-genetic-interactions-saccharomyces

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Rapid Identification of Chemical Genetic Interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

10.3K Görüntüleme.  University of Victoria. Here we present a cost-effective method for defining chemical-genetic interactions in budding yeast. The approach is built on fundamental techniques in yeast molecular biology and is well suited for the mechanistic interrogation of small to medium collections of chemicals and other media environments.

Video: Rapid Identification of Chemical Genetic Interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Dissection of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Asci

Yeast is a highly tractable model system that is used to study many different cellular processes. The common laboratory strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae exists in either a haploid or diploid state. The ability to combine alleles from two haploids and the ability to introduce modifications to the genome requires the production and dissection of asci. Asci production from haploid cells begins with the mating of two yeast haploid strains with compatible mating types to produce a diploid strain. This can be accomplished in a number of ways either on solid medium or in liquid. It is advantageous to select for the diploids in medium that selectively promotes their growth compared to either of the haploid strains. The diploids are then allowed to sporulate on nutrient-poor medium to form asci, a bundle of four haploid daughter cells resulting from meiotic reproduction of the diploid. A mixture of vegetative cells and asci is then treated with the enzyme zymolyase to digest away the membrane sac surrounding the ascospores of the asci. Using micromanipulation with a microneedle under a dissection microscope one can pick up individual asci and separate and relocate the four ascopores. Dissected asci are grown for several days and tested for the markers or alleles of interest by replica plating onto appropriate selective media.

Dissection of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Asci

Micromanipulation of yeast cells is needed for meiotic genetic analysis or to select diploid zygotes. These micromanipulations are carried out using the microneedle of a dissection microscope. The microneedle is used to relocate cells and is controlled by a micromanipulator which are available with various degrees of automation.

Diseksiyonu Saccharomyces cerevisiae Asci

Yeast is a highly tractable model system that is used to study many different cellular processes. The common laboratory strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae ...

Biyoloji

Identification of protein complexes with quantitative proteomics in S. cerevisiae

Lipids are the building blocks of cellular membranes that function as barriers and in compartmentalization of cellular processes, and recently, as important intracellular signalling molecules. However, unlike proteins, lipids are small hydrophobic molecules that traffic primarily by poorly described nonvesicular routes, which are hypothesized to occur at membrane contact sites (MCSs). MCSs are regions where the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) makes direct physical contact with a partnering organelle, e.g., plasma membrane (PM). The ER portion of ER-PM MCSs is enriched in lipid-synthesizing enzymes, suggesting that lipid synthesis is directed to these sites and implying that MCSs are important for lipid traffic. Yeast is an ideal model to study ER-PM MCSs because of their abundance, with over 1000 contacts per cell, and their conserved nature in all eukaryotes. Uncovering the proteins that constitute MCSs is critical to understanding how lipids traffic is accomplished in cells, and how they act as signaling molecules. We have found that an ER called Scs2p localize to ER-PM MCSs and is important for their formation. We are focused on uncovering the molecular partners of Scs2p. Identification of protein complexes traditionally relies on first resolving purified protein samples by gel electrophoresis, followed by in-gel digestion of protein bands and analysis of peptides by mass spectrometry. This often limits the study to a small subset of proteins. Also, protein complexes are exposed to denaturing or non-physiological conditions during the procedure. To circumvent these problems, we have implemented a large-scale quantitative proteomics technique to extract unbiased and quantified data. We use stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to incorporate staple isotope nuclei in proteins in an untagged control strain. Equal volumes of tagged culture and untagged, SILAC-labeled culture are mixed together and lysed by grinding in liquid nitrogen. We then carry out an affinity purification procedure to pull down protein complexes. Finally, we precipitate the protein sample, which is ready for analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry. Most importantly, proteins in the control strain are labeled by the heavy isotope and will produce a mass/ charge shift that can be quantified against the unlabeled proteins in the bait strain. Therefore, contaminants, or unspecific binding can be easily eliminated. By using this approach, we have identified several novel proteins that localize to ER-PM MCSs. Here we present a detailed description of our approach. 

Here we describe a new quantitative proteomics technique for identifying protein complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we have used the SILAC method together with affinity purification followed by tandem mass spectrometry to identify with high specificity the binding partners of an ER protein, Scs2p.

S. cerevisiae, kantitatif proteomik protein kompleksleri tanımlanması

Lipids are the building blocks of cellular membranes that function as barriers and in compartmentalization of cellular processes, and recently, as ...

Quantitative Phosphoproteomics in Fatty Acid Stimulated Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This protocol describes the growth and stimulation, with the fatty acid oleate, of isotopically heavy and light S. cerevisiae cells. Cells are ground using a cryolysis procedure in a ball mill grinder and the resulting grindate brought into solution by urea solubilization. This procedure allows for the lysis of the cells in a metabolically inactive state, preserving phosphorylation and preventing reorientation of the phosphoproteome during cell lysis.  Following reduction, alkylation, trypsin digestion of the proteins, the samples are desalted on C18 columns and the sample complexity reduced by fractionation using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). HILIC columns preferentially retain hydrophilic molecules which is well suited for phosphoproteomics.  Phosphorylated peptides tend to elute later in the chromatographic profile than the non phosphorylated counterparts. After fractionation, phosphopeptides are enriched using immobilized metal chromatography, which relies on charge-based affinities for phosphopeptide enrichment. At the end of this procedure the samples are ready to be quantitatively analyzed by mass spectrometry.

Quantitative Phosphoproteomics in Fatty Acid Stimulated Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Description of a quantitative phosphorylation procedure using cryolysis, urea solubilziation, HILIC fractionation and IMAC enrichment of phosphorylated peptides.

Yağ Asidi Kantitatif Phosphoproteomics Uyarılmış Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

This protocol describes the growth and stimulation, with the fatty acid oleate, of isotopically heavy and light S. cerevisiae cells. Cells are ground ...

Microarray Analysis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In this protocol, gene expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is changed after exposure to oxidative stress induced by the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an oxidizing agent. In the experiment, yeast is grown for 48 hours in 1/2X YPD broth containing 3X glucose. The culture is split into a control and treated group. The experiment culture is treated with 0.5 mM H2O2 in Hanks Buffered Saline (HBSS) for 1 hour. The control culture is treated with HBSS only. Total RNA is extracted from both cultures and is converted to a biotin-labeled cRNA product through a multistep process. The final synthesis product is taken back to the UVM Microarray Core Facility and hybridized to the Affymetrix yeast GeneChips. The resulting gene expression data are uploaded into bioinformatics data analysis software.

Microarray Analysis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In this protocol, gene expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is changed after exposure to oxidative stress induced by the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an oxidizing agent.

Mikroarray Analizi için Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

In this protocol, gene expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is changed after exposure to oxidative stress induced by the addition of hydrogen ...

A Fluorescence Microscopy Assay for Monitoring Mitophagy in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Autophagy is important for turnover of cellular components under a range of different conditions. It serves an essential homeostatic function as well as a quality control mechanism that can target and selectively degrade cellular material including organelles1-4. For example, damaged or redundant mitochondria (Fig. 1), not disposed of by autophagy, can represent a threat to cellular homeostasis and cell survival. In the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, nutrient deprivation (e.g., nitrogen starvation) or damage can promote selective turnover of mitochondria by autophagy in a process termed mitophagy 5-9.
We describe a simple fluorescence microscopy approach to assess autophagy. For clarity we restrict our description here to show how the approach can be used to monitor mitophagy in yeast cells. The assay makes use of a fluorescent reporter, Rosella, which is a dual-emission biosensor comprising a relatively pH-stable red fluorescent protein linked to a pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein. The operation of this reporter relies on differences in pH between the vacuole (pH ~ 5.0-5.5) and mitochondria (pH ~ 8.2) in living cells. Under growing conditions, wild type cells exhibit both red and green fluorescence distributed in a manner characteristic of the mitochondria. Fluorescence emission is not associated with the vacuole. When subjected to nitrogen starvation, a condition which induces mitophagy, in addition to red and green fluorescence labeling the mitochondria, cells exhibit the accumulation of red, but not green fluorescence, in the acidic vacuolar lumen representing the delivery of mitochondria to the vacuole. Scoring cells with red, but not green fluorescent vacuoles can be used as a measure of mitophagic activity in cells5,10-12.

A Fluorescence Microscopy Assay for Monitoring Mitophagy in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A robust approach to monitor the delivery of organelles to the acidic lumen of the yeast vacuole for degradation and recycling is described. The method relies on the specific labeling of target organelles with a genetically encoded dual-emission fluorescence pH-biosensor, and visualization of individual cells using fluorescence microscopy.

Maya İzleme Mitophagy Floresan Mikroskopi Testi Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Autophagy is important for turnover of cellular components under a range of different conditions. It serves an essential homeostatic function as well as a ...

Expression and Purification of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride channel, that when mutated, can give rise to cystic fibrosis in humans.There is therefore considerable interest in this protein, but efforts to study its structure and activity have been hampered by the difficulty of expressing and purifying sufficient amounts of the protein1-3. Like many 'difficult' eukaryotic membrane proteins, expression in a fast-growing organism is desirable, but challenging, and in the yeast S. cerevisiae, so far low amounts were obtained and rapid degradation of the recombinant protein was observed 4-9. Proteins involved in the processing of recombinant CFTR in yeast have been described6-9 .In this report we describe a methodology for expression of CFTR in yeast and its purification in significant amounts. The protocol describes how the earlier proteolysis problems can be overcome and how expression levels of CFTR can be greatly improved by modifying the cell growth conditions and by controlling the induction conditions, in particular the time period prior to cell harvesting. The reagants associated with this protocol (murine CFTR-expressing yeast cells or yeast plasmids) will be distributed via the US Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, which has sponsored the research. An article describing the design and synthesis of the CFTR construct employed in this report will be published separately (Urbatsch, I.; Thibodeau, P. et al., unpublished). In this article we will explain our method beginning with the transformation of the yeast cells with the CFTR construct - containing yeast plasmid (Fig. 1). The construct has a green fluorescent protein (GFP) sequence fused to CFTR at its C-terminus and follows the system developed by Drew et al. (2008)10. The GFP allows the expression and purification of CFTR to be followed relatively easily. The JoVE visualized protocol finishes after the preparation of microsomes from the yeast cells, although we include some suggestions for purification of the protein from the microsomes. Readers may wish to add their own modifications to the microsome purification procedure, dependent on the final experiments to be carried out with the protein and the local equipment available to them. The yeast-expressed CFTR protein can be partially purified using metal ion affinity chromatography, using an intrinsic polyhistidine purification tag. Subsequent size-exclusion chromatography yields a protein that appears to be &gt;90% pure, as judged by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie-staining of the gel.

Expression and Purification of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Attempts to express the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have, until now, yielded relatively low amounts of protein. This protocol and the associated reagents distributed via the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation should allow the preparation of milligram amounts of this 'difficult' eukaryotic membrane protein.

Yılında Kistik Fibrozis Transmembran İletkenlik Regülatörü Protein İfadesi ve Arıtma Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The  cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride  channel, that when mutated, can give rise to cystic fibrosis in  ...

Rapid Genetic Analysis of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Signaling During Hair Regeneration

Hair follicle morphogenesis, a complex process requiring interaction between epithelia-derived keratinocytes and the underlying mesenchyme, is an attractive model system to study organ development and tissue-specific signaling. Although hair follicle development is genetically tractable, fast and reproducible analysis of factors essential for this process remains a challenge. Here we describe a procedure to generate targeted overexpression or shRNA-mediated knockdown of factors using lentivirus in a tissue-specific manner. Using a modified version of a hair regeneration model 5, 6, 11, we can achieve robust gain- or loss-of-function analysis in primary mouse keratinocytes or dermal cells to facilitate study of epithelial-mesenchymal signaling pathways that lead to hair follicle morphogenesis. We describe how to isolate fresh primary mouse keratinocytes and dermal cells, which contain dermal papilla cells and their precursors, deliver lentivirus containing either shRNA or cDNA to one of the cell populations, and combine the cells to generate fully formed hair follicles on the backs of nude mice. This approach allows analysis of tissue-specific factors required to generate hair follicles within three weeks and provides a fast and convenient companion to existing genetic models.

Tissue-specific analysis of a hair follicle regeneration model using lentivirus to mediate gain- or loss-of-function.

Saç Rejenerasyon sırasında epitelyal-mezenkimal Sinyal Rapid Genetik Analizi

Hair follicle morphogenesis, a complex process requiring interaction between epithelia-derived keratinocytes and the underlying mesenchyme, is an ...

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for using FISH to quantify the number of mRNAs in single yeast cells. Cells can be grown in any condition of interest and then fixed and made permeable. Subsequently, multiple single-stranded deoxyoligonucleotides conjugated to fluorescent dyes are used to label and visualize mRNAs. Diffraction-limited fluorescence from single mRNA molecules is quantified using a spot-detection algorithm to identify and count the number of mRNAs per cell. While the more standard quantification methods of northern blots, RT-PCR and gene expression microarrays provide information on average mRNAs in the bulk population, FISH facilitates both the counting and localization of these mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This protocol describes an experimental procedure for performing Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) for counting mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Floresan kullanarak mRNA Moleküllerin Görselleştirme ve Analiz<em&gt; Yerinde</emIn&gt; Hibridizasyon<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for ...

Coupled Assays for Monitoring Protein Refolding in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Proteostasis, defined as the combined processes of protein folding/biogenesis, refolding/repair, and degradation, is a delicate cellular balance that must be maintained to avoid deleterious consequences 1. External or internal factors that disrupt this balance can lead to protein aggregation, toxicity and cell death. In humans this is a major contributing factor to the symptoms associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's diseases 10. It is therefore essential that the proteins involved in maintenance of proteostasis be identified in order to develop treatments for these debilitating diseases. This article describes techniques for monitoring in vivo protein folding at near-real time resolution using the model protein firefly luciferase fused to green fluorescent protein (FFL-GFP). FFL-GFP is a unique model chimeric protein as the FFL moiety is extremely sensitive to stress-induced misfolding and aggregation, which inactivates the enzyme 12. Luciferase activity is monitored using an enzymatic assay, and the GFP moiety provides a method of visualizing soluble or aggregated FFL using automated microscopy. These coupled methods incorporate two parallel and technically independent approaches to analyze both refolding and functional reactivation of an enzyme after stress. Activity recovery can be directly correlated with kinetics of disaggregation and re-solubilization to better understand how protein quality control factors such as protein chaperones collaborate to perform these functions. In addition, gene deletions or mutations can be used to test contributions of specific proteins or protein subunits to this process. In this article we examine the contributions of the protein disaggregase Hsp104 13, known to partner with the Hsp40/70/nucleotide exchange factor (NEF) refolding system 5, to protein refolding to validate this approach.

Coupled Assays for Monitoring Protein Refolding in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This article describes the use of a firefly luciferase-GFP fusion protein to investigate in vivo protein folding in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using this reagent, refolding of a model heat-denatured protein can be monitored simultaneously by fluorescence microscopy and an enzymatic assay to probe the roles of proteostasis network components in protein quality control.

İzlenmesi protein refolding için birleştiğinde Tahliller<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

Proteostasis, defined as the combined processes of protein folding/biogenesis, refolding/repair, and degradation, is a delicate cellular balance that must ...

Growth-based Determination and Biochemical Confirmation of Genetic Requirements for Protein Degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Regulated protein degradation is crucial for virtually every cellular function. Much of what is known about the molecular mechanisms and genetic requirements for eukaryotic protein degradation was initially established in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Classical analyses of protein degradation have relied on biochemical pulse-chase and cycloheximide-chase methodologies. While these techniques provide sensitive means for observing protein degradation, they are laborious, time-consuming, and low-throughput. These approaches are not amenable to rapid or large-scale screening for mutations that prevent protein degradation. Here, a yeast growth-based assay for the facile identification of genetic requirements for protein degradation is described. In this assay, a reporter enzyme required for growth under specific selective conditions is fused to an unstable protein. Cells lacking the endogenous reporter enzyme but expressing the fusion protein can grow under selective conditions only when the fusion protein is stabilized (i.e. when protein degradation is compromised). In the growth assay described here, serial dilutions of wild-type and mutant yeast cells harboring a plasmid encoding a fusion protein are spotted onto selective and non-selective medium. Growth under selective conditions is consistent with degradation impairment by a given mutation. Increased protein abundance should be biochemically confirmed. A method for the rapid extraction of yeast proteins in a form suitable for electrophoresis and western blotting is also demonstrated. A growth-based readout for protein stability, combined with a simple protocol for protein extraction for biochemical analysis, facilitates rapid identification of genetic requirements for protein degradation. These techniques can be adapted to monitor degradation of a variety of short-lived proteins. In the example presented, the His3 enzyme, which is required for histidine biosynthesis, was fused to Deg1-Sec62. Deg1-Sec62 is targeted for degradation after it aberrantly engages the endoplasmic reticulum translocon. Cells harboring Deg1-Sec62-His3 were able to grow under selective conditions when the protein was stabilized.

Growth-based Determination and Biochemical Confirmation of Genetic Requirements for Protein Degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This article describes a yeast growth-based assay for the determination of genetic requirements for protein degradation. It also demonstrates a method for rapid extraction of yeast proteins, suitable for western blotting to biochemically confirm degradation requirements. These techniques can be adapted to monitor degradation of a variety of proteins.