Name: utilization of grafix for the detection of transient interactors of saccharomyces cerevisiae spliceosome subcomplexes
Uploaded: 2020-11-09T15:45:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 44 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilization of Grafix for the Detection of Transient Interactors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spliceosome Subcomplexes at JoVE.com

Bu çalışma bir FAPESP hibesi (15/06477-9) tarafından desteklendi.

1. Maya toplam özü hazırlığı
<ol><li>1 L YNB-glu ortam (%2 m/v glikoz ile desteklenmiş Maya Nitrojen Temeli)9'da TAP etiketine kaynaşmış birleştirme faktörlerinden birini uygun amino asitler veya çekirdek bazlarla ifade eden maya hücrelerini büyütün, Bu durumda, adenin (20 μg/mL), lösin (30 μg/mL), triptofan (30 μg/mL), OD600 = 1.0'a kadar.</li>
	<li>1 L kültüründen hücreleri 17.000 x g'da üç adet 500 mL santrifüj şişesinde 4 °C'de 10 dakika santrifüjle toplayın ve 10 mL soğuk steril su ile iki kez yıkayın.</li>
	<li>Toplanan maya hücrelerini soğuk tampon A hücre hacminin 1/10'unda yeniden depolar (10 mmol L-1 HEPES pH = 7.9, 1.5 mmol L-1 MgCl2,50 mmol L-1 KCl, %5 v/v gliserol, 0.5 mmol L-1 DTT, EDTA içermeyen Proteaz inhibitör Kokteyli).</li>
	<li>Sıvı nitrojende küçük hücre süspansiyon damlalarını dondurun. Küçük damlalar, yeniden sulandırılmış hücre çözeltisinin pipetleilmesi ve 50 μL'nin doğrudan sıvı nitrojene düşmesiyle elde edilebilir. DİkKAT: Sıvı nitrojen cilt veya gözlerle temas halinde yaralanmalara neden olabilir. Uygun güvenlik ekipmanlarını kullanarak sapla. NOT: Protokol burada duraklatılabilir. Donmuş hücre süspansiyon damlaları -80 °C'de saklanabilir.</li>
	<li>3 dakika boyunca 20 Hz/s'de altı döngü boyunca bir Ball Mill cihazında öğüterek maya hücreleri lysates hazırlayın. NOT: Her döngüden sonra, erimeyi önlemek için donmuş hücreleri barındıran kabı sıvı nitrojene batırın. Protokol burada duraklatılabilir. Dondurulmuş özler -80 °C'de saklanabilir. Maya birleştirme özleri, sferoplastları10'u yutacak homojenizatörler kullanılarak veya harç ve pestle11,12kullanılarak da hazırlanabilir.</li>
	<li>İçerdiği tüpleri oda sıcaklığında suya yerleştirerek, ara sıra sallayarak özü eritin.</li>
	<li>Santrifüj, 4 °C'de 1 saat boyunca 45.000 x g'da santrifüj çıkarır.</li>
	<li>Temizlenen süpernatantın protein içeriğini BCA yöntemi ile ölçün13.</li>
	<li>Özlerin aliquotlarını hazırlayın, sıvı nitrojende hızlı bir şekilde dondurun ve -80 ° C'de saklayın. NOT: Protokol burada duraklatılabilir.</li>
</ol>2. Gliserol gradyan hazırlığı
<ol><li>Tampon A'da biri %10 v/v, diğeri %30 v/v gliserol içeren iki gliserol çözeltisi hazırlayın.</li>
	<li>Çapraz bağlama maddesi glutaraldehitini %30 v/v gliserol çözeltisine %0,1 v/v'ye ekleyin ve homojenize etmek için karıştırın. DİkKAT: Uygun güvenlik ekipmanlarını kullanarak duman kaputunun içindeki glutaraldehiti kullanın.</li>
	<li>12 mL santrifüj tüpünün (14 x 89 mm) altına 6 mL soğuk %10 v/v gliserol çözeltisi ekleyin.</li>
	<li>Tüpün altındaki Degrade Master cihazı ile sağlanan uzun bir iğneye bağlı bir şırınga ile glutaraldehit ile desteklenmiş soğuk 30% v / v gliserol çözeltisinin 6 mL'sini ekleyin, % 10 v / v gliserol çözeltisinin hemen altında. NOT: Alternatif olarak, %10 v/v gliserol çözeltisi% 30 v/v gliserol/glutaraldehit çözeltisinin üstüne dikkatlice pipetlenebilir.</li>
	<li>Sürekli yoğunluk degradesi oluşturmak için Degrade Ana aygıtını kullanın. NOT: Degrade Master cihazında, tüpler uygun bir rafa yerleştirilir ve parametrelerin belirlenmesi için üreticinin önerilerine (zaman/açı/hız) uyularak kısa bir süre döndürülür. Bu çalışmada kullandık: 2:25 dk/81.5°/11 rpm.</li>
	<li>Hücre özlerinin eklenmesinden hemen önce tepeye 200 μL% 7 v / v gliserol / tampon A yastığı ekleyin. NOT: Minderin gliserol konsantrasyonu, doğrusal gradyanı oluşturmak için kullanılan daha az konsantre gliserol çözeltisinden daha düşük olmalıdır.</li>
</ol>3. Santrifüjü çıkarır
<ol><li>Yastık ile her 12 mL lineer gliserol gradyanı 10% –30% glutaraldehitin üzerine yaklaşık 2 mg toplam protein yükleyin.</li>
	<li>Tüpleri önceden soğutulmuş bir salıncak kovası rotorasına yerleştirin. NOT: Ultrasantrifüjlemeden önce karıştırmayı önlemek için tüpleri hafifçe takın.</li>
	<li>4 °C'de 16 saat için 194.000 x g'da santrifüj.</li>
	<li>Aliquot her 12 mL tüp yirmi dört 500 μL fraksiyonlarda uyarlanmış bir EconoSystem kullanarak veya dikkatlice pipetleme ile. NOT: Uyarlanmış bir EconoSystem, peristaltik bir pompa, UV dedektörü ve tüp delinme cihazına bağlı fraksiyon toplayıcıdan oluşur. Çökeltme profili, emiciliğin 280 nm'de ölçülebilmesiyle izlenebilir.</li>
	<li>Glistaltik pompadan %40 v/v gliserol çözeltisi kullanarak gliserol%10-%30 gradyanı tüpten fraksiyon toplayıcıya itin. NOT: Protokol burada duraklatılabilir. Fraksiyonları kullanıma kadar -80 °C'de saklayın.</li>
	<li>Her kesirden 50 μL'yi doğrudan bir nokta lekesi veya yuva lekesi cihazına nitroselüloz zarlarına yükleyin. CBP'ye karşı antikor kullanarak immünoblot ile proteini tespit edin (TAP etiketinin CBP kısmını tespit etmek için 1:6.000) ve ikincil antikor olarak Horseradish Peroxidase (1:15.000) ile konjuge edilen tavşan karşıtı IgG.</li>
</ol>

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D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomics+analysis+revelas+stable+multiprotein+complexes+in+both+fission+and+budding+yeasts+containing+Myb-related+Cdc5p/Cef1p,+novel+pre-mRNA+splicing+factors,+and+snRNAs.">Proteomics analysis revelas stable multiprotein complexes in both fission and budding yeasts containing Myb-related Cdc5p/Cef1p, novel pre-mRNA splicing factors, and snRNAs.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 22 (7), 2011-2024 (2002).</li><li>Lourenco, R. F., Leme, A. F. P., Oliveira, C. 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Yazarların çıkar çatışmaları yok.

Protein-protein ve ribonik asitler-protein etkileşimleri çapraz bağlama ajanları kullanılarak stabilize edilebilir. Elde eden kompleksin gliserol gradyanı üzerinde ultrasantrifüjasyona dayanacak şekilde kararlı olması önemlidir. Ayrıca, arabellek koşulları etkileşime izin vermeli, ancak belirli olmayan bağlamayı önlemek için yeterince katı olmalıdır. Burada gösterilen deneylerde, in vitro birleştirme reaksiyonları için önceden kurulmuş bir tampon çözeltisi kullandık15</su...

Birleştirme, çok sayıda faktörün koordineli bir şekilde bağlanmasını ve serbest bırakılmasını gerektiren son derece dinamik bir işlemdir. Bu birleştirme faktörleri arasında RNA bağlayıcı proteinler, ATPases, helicases, protein kinazları ve fosfatazlar, ubiquitin ligases, diğerleri arasında1,2,3; ve moleküler yeniden düzenlemelerin gerçekleşmesine izin vermek için, bu faktörlerin bazıları çok geçici olarak spliceosome alt komitelerine bağlanır ve bu RNP ara komplekslerinin izolasyonu ve tanımlanmasını çok zorlaştırır.
İşte, Grafix yöntemi4,5'i, maya birleştirme faktörü Cwc24'ün Bact complex6 ile etkileşimini stabilize etmek için kullandık, bu alt sıkıştırıcıya birlikte bağlı diğer faktörlerin tanımlanmasına izin vermek ve ubiquitin ligase Prp19, Cwc24'ün on dokuz (NTC) kompleksine bağlanmasında veya serbest bırakılmasında ve aktivasyondan önce intronun 5' ucuna kadar herhangi bir rol oynar ve ilk transesterifikasyon reaksiyonu alır yer. Makromolekülleri gliserol gradyanı boyunca artan bir çapraz bağlantı konsantrasyonuna maruz kalmanın avantajı, kompleksler arası çaprazbağlantılardan 4,5ve dolayısıyla agregaların oluşumunu önlemesidir.
Bu yöntem, büyük komplekslerin izolasyonuna izin vermesine rağmen, büyük dinamik kompleksler içinde geçici etkileşimleri sürdürmek için güvenilir olmayabileceği protein koimmunoprecipitation ve çekme tahlillerinin tamamlayıcısı olarak kullanılmıştır7,8. Gliserol gradyanındaki fiksasyon reaktiflerinin kullanımı, bu faktörlerin bağlanmasını stabilize ederek, belirli proteinlerin birleştirme altcomplexes ile etkileşimlerinin onaylanmasını sağlar. Seçilen çapraz bağlantı kimyasal olarak geri döndürülemez olduğundan, geri kazanılan fraksiyonlarda bulunan proteinler gradyan santrifüjlemeden sonra nokta lekesi ile analiz edildi.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Anti-Calmodulin Binding Protein Epitope</td><td>Millipore</td><td>07-482</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ECL anti-Rabbit IgG</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>NA934</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EconoSystem</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>1-800-424-6723</td><td>Parts of the EconoSystem used: peristaltic pump, the UV detector and the fraction collector</td></tr><tr><td>EDTA-free Protease Inhibitor Cocktail</td><td>Roche</td><td>11873580001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fraction Recovery System</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>270-331580</td><td>Tube-perforating device that was connected to the parts of the EconoSystem</td></tr><tr><td>Gradient Master Model 107ip</td><td>Biocomp</td><td>107-201M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mixer Mill MM 200</td><td>Retsch</td><td>207460001</td><td>Ball Mill device</td></tr><tr><td>Rotor F12-6x500Lex</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>096-062375</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sorvall RC 6 Plus Centrifuge</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>36-101-0816</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Swinging Bucket Rotor P40ST</td><td>Hitachi</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultracentrifuge CP 80 NX</td><td>Hitachi</td><td>901069</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultra-Clear Centrifuge Tubes (14 x 89 mm)</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>344059</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

utilization of grafix for the detection of transient interactors of saccharomyces cerevisiae spliceosome subcomplexes

Pre-mRNA birleştirme, karmaşık bileşenlerin montajı, RNA işlemesi ve serbest bırakılması sırasında spliceosome alt komkomplexlerinin birçok moleküler yeniden düzenlenmesini içeren çok dinamik bir süreçtir. Gliserol gradyan santrifüjleme fonksiyonel ve yapısal çalışmalar için protein veya RNP (RiboNucleoProtein) komplekslerinin ayrılması için kullanılmıştır. Burada, ilk olarak tek parçacıklı kriyo-elektron mikroskopisi için makromoleküler kompleksleri arındırmak ve stabilize etmek, spliceosome kompleksine geçici olarak bağlanan birleştirme faktörleri arasındaki etkileşimleri tanımlamak için geliştirilen Grafix'in (Gradyan Fiksasyonu) kullanımını açıklıyoruz. Bu yöntem, kompleksleri stabilize etmek için numunelerin artan bir sabitleme reaktif konsantrasyonuna santrifüjlenmesine dayanmaktadır. Gliserol gradyanlarına yüklenen maya toplam özlerinin santrifüjlenmesinden sonra, geri kazanılan fraksiyonlar spliceosome alt komplekslerinin tanımlanması ve bireysel birleştirme faktörlerinin varlığının belirlenmesi için nokta lekesi ile analiz edilir.

Cwc24-TAP'ın sedimantasyon profilini analiz etmek ve Grafix yönteminin birleştirme altkompanlarına bağlanmasını stabilize etmek için etkili olup olmadığını belirlemek için, Cwc24-TAP'ı ifade eden hücrelerin toplam maya özlerini gliserol gradyanları üzerinde santrifüjleme yoluyla, çapraz bağlama ajanı olarak glutaraldehitin varlığında veya yokluğunda ayırdık. Yirmi dört 500 μL fraksiyon örnekleri daha sonra TAP etiketinin CBP kısmına karşı antikor içeren yuva lekesi ile analiz edildi. S...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilization of Grafix for the Detection of Transient Interactors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spliceosome Subcomplexes at JoVE.com

Utilization of Grafix for the Detection of Transient Interactors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spliceosome Subcomplexes

Burada, bir çapraz bağlayıcı varlığında gliserol gradyan santrifüjleme olan Grafix'in (Gradyan Fiksasyonu), spliceosome kompleksine geçici olarak bağlanan birleştirme faktörleri arasındaki etkileşimleri tanımlamak için kullanımını açıklıyoruz.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spliceosome Subcomplexes Geçici Interactors Tespiti için Grafix kullanımı

Pre-mRNA splicing is a very dynamic process that involves many molecular rearrangements of the spliceosome subcomplexes during assembly, RNA processing, ...

utilization-grafix-for-detection-transient-interactors-saccharomyces

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Utilization of Grafix for the Detection of Transient Interactors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spliceosome Subcomplexes

3.5K Görüntüleme.  University of Sao Paulo. Burada, bir çapraz bağlayıcı varlığında gliserol gradyan santrifüjleme olan Grafix'in (Gradyan Fiksasyonu), spliceosome kompleksine geçici olarak bağlanan birleştirme faktörleri arasındaki etkileşimleri tanımlamak için kullanımını açıklıyoruz.

Video: Utilization of Grafix for the Detection of Transient Interactors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spliceosome Subcomplexes

Single Molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (smFISH) Analysis in Budding Yeast Vegetative Growth and Meiosis

Single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) is a powerful technique to study gene expression in single cells due to its ability to detect and count individual RNA molecules. Complementary to deep sequencing-based methods, smFISH provides information about the cell-to-cell variation in transcript abundance and the subcellular localization of a given RNA. Recently, we have used smFISH to study the expression of the gene&#160;NDC80&#160;during meiosis in budding yeast, in which two transcript isoforms exist and the short transcript isoform has its entire sequence shared with the long isoform. To confidently identify each transcript isoform, we optimized known smFISH protocols and obtained high consistency and quality of smFISH data for the samples acquired during budding yeast meiosis. Here, we describe this optimized protocol, the criteria that we use to determine whether high quality of smFISH data is obtained, and some tips for implementing this protocol in&#160;other yeast strains and growth conditions.

Single Molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization smFISH Analysis in Budding Yeast Vegetative Growth and Meiosis

This single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization protocol is optimized to quantify the number of RNA molecules in budding yeast during vegetative growth and meiosis.

Tek molekül floresans In Situ hibridizasyon (smFISH) analizi Budding Maya bitkisel büyüme ve mayoz

Single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) is a powerful technique to study gene expression in single cells due to its ability to detect ...

Genetik

A Deep-sequencing-assisted, Spontaneous Suppressor Screen in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

A genetic screen for mutant alleles that suppress phenotypic defects caused by a mutation is a powerful approach to identify genes that belong to closely related biochemical pathways. Previous methods such as the Synthetic Genetic Array (SGA) analysis, and random mutagenesis techniques using ultraviolet (UV) or chemicals like ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) or N-ethyl-N- nitrosourea (ENU), have been widely used but are often costly and laborious. Also, these mutagen-based screening methods are frequently associated with severe side effects on the organism, inducing multiple mutations that add to the complexity of isolating the suppressors. Here, we present a simple and effective protocol to identify suppressor mutations in mutants which confer a growth defect in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The fitness of cells with a growth deficiency in standard rich liquid media or synthetic liquid media can be monitored for recovery using an automated 96-well plate reader over an extended period. Once a cell acquires a suppressor mutation in the culture, its descendants outcompete those of the parental cells. The recovered cells that have a competitive growth advantage over the parental cells can then be isolated and backcrossed with the parental cells. The suppressor mutations are then identified using whole-genome sequencing. Using this approach, we have successfully isolated multiple suppressors that alleviate the severe growth defects caused by loss of Elf1, an AAA+ family ATPase that is important in nuclear mRNA transport and maintenance of genomic stability. There are currently over 400 genes in S. pombe with mutants conferring a growth defect. As many of these genes are uncharacterized, we propose that our method will hasten the identification of novel functional interactions with this user-friendly, high-throughput approach.

A Deep-sequencing-assisted, Spontaneous Suppressor Screen in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

We present a simple suppressor screen protocol in fission yeast. This method is efficient, mutagen-free, and&#160; selective&#160; for&#160; mutations that&#160; often&#160; occur at&#160; &#160;a&#160; single&#160; genomic&#160; locus.&#160; The protocol is suitable for isolating suppressors that alleviate growth defects in liquid culture that are caused by a mutation or a drug.

Fisyon mayası Schizosaccharomyces pombe derin sıralama yoluyla, kendiliğinden bastırıcı ekran

A genetic screen for mutant alleles that suppress phenotypic defects caused by a mutation is a powerful approach to identify genes that belong to closely ...

Identification of protein complexes with quantitative proteomics in S. cerevisiae

Lipids are the building blocks of cellular membranes that function as barriers and in compartmentalization of cellular processes, and recently, as important intracellular signalling molecules. However, unlike proteins, lipids are small hydrophobic molecules that traffic primarily by poorly described nonvesicular routes, which are hypothesized to occur at membrane contact sites (MCSs). MCSs are regions where the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) makes direct physical contact with a partnering organelle, e.g., plasma membrane (PM). The ER portion of ER-PM MCSs is enriched in lipid-synthesizing enzymes, suggesting that lipid synthesis is directed to these sites and implying that MCSs are important for lipid traffic. Yeast is an ideal model to study ER-PM MCSs because of their abundance, with over 1000 contacts per cell, and their conserved nature in all eukaryotes. Uncovering the proteins that constitute MCSs is critical to understanding how lipids traffic is accomplished in cells, and how they act as signaling molecules. We have found that an ER called Scs2p localize to ER-PM MCSs and is important for their formation. We are focused on uncovering the molecular partners of Scs2p. Identification of protein complexes traditionally relies on first resolving purified protein samples by gel electrophoresis, followed by in-gel digestion of protein bands and analysis of peptides by mass spectrometry. This often limits the study to a small subset of proteins. Also, protein complexes are exposed to denaturing or non-physiological conditions during the procedure. To circumvent these problems, we have implemented a large-scale quantitative proteomics technique to extract unbiased and quantified data. We use stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to incorporate staple isotope nuclei in proteins in an untagged control strain. Equal volumes of tagged culture and untagged, SILAC-labeled culture are mixed together and lysed by grinding in liquid nitrogen. We then carry out an affinity purification procedure to pull down protein complexes. Finally, we precipitate the protein sample, which is ready for analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry. Most importantly, proteins in the control strain are labeled by the heavy isotope and will produce a mass/ charge shift that can be quantified against the unlabeled proteins in the bait strain. Therefore, contaminants, or unspecific binding can be easily eliminated. By using this approach, we have identified several novel proteins that localize to ER-PM MCSs. Here we present a detailed description of our approach. 

Here we describe a new quantitative proteomics technique for identifying protein complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we have used the SILAC method together with affinity purification followed by tandem mass spectrometry to identify with high specificity the binding partners of an ER protein, Scs2p.

S. cerevisiae, kantitatif proteomik protein kompleksleri tanımlanması

Lipids are the building blocks of cellular membranes that function as barriers and in compartmentalization of cellular processes, and recently, as ...

Biyoloji

ACT1-CUP1 Assays Determine the Substrate-Specific Sensitivities of Spliceosomal Mutants in Budding Yeast

Mutations introduced in the spliceosome or its substrate have significantly contributed to our understanding of the intricacies of spliceosomal function. Whether disease-related or functionally selected, many of these mutations have been studied using growth assays in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). The splicing-specific copper growth assay, or ACT1-CUP1 assay, provides a comprehensive analysis of mutation at the phenotypic level. The ACT1-CUP1 assay utilizes reporters that confer copper tolerance when correctly spliced. Thus, in the presence of copper, changes in yeast viability correlate to changes in mRNA production through splicing. In a typical experiment, the yeast spliceosome is challenged with different non-consensus splicing reporters and the splicing factor mutation of interest to detect any synergetic or antithetical impact on splicing. Here a full description of copper plate preparation, plating of yeast cells, and data evaluation are given. A selection of complimentary experiments is described, highlighting the versatility of the ACT1-CUP1 reporters. The ACT1-CUP1 assay is a handy tool in the splicing toolbox thanks to the direct read-out of mutational effect(s) and the comparative possibilities from the continuing use in the field.

The ACT1-CUP1 assay, a copper growth assay, provides a quick readout of precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing and the impact mutant splicing factors have on spliceosomal function. This study provides a protocol and highlights the customization possible to address the splicing question of interest.

ACT1-CUP1 Testleri, Tomurcuklanan Mayadaki Splisozomal Mutantların Substrata Özgü Hassasiyetlerini Belirler

Mutations introduced in the spliceosome or its substrate have significantly contributed to our understanding of the intricacies of spliceosomal function. ...

Detection of Homologous Recombination Intermediates via Proximity Ligation and Quantitative PCR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

DNA damage, including DNA double-stranded breaks and inter-strand cross-links, incurred during the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle can be repaired by homologous recombination (HR). In addition, HR represents an important mechanism of replication fork rescue following stalling or collapse. The regulation of the many reversible and irreversible steps of this complex pathway promotes its fidelity. The physical analysis of the recombination intermediates formed during HR enables the characterization of these controls by various nucleoprotein factors and their interactors. Though there are well-established methods to assay specific events and intermediates in the recombination pathway, the detection of D-loop formation and extension, two critical steps in this pathway, has proved challenging until recently. Here, efficient methods for detecting key events in the HR pathway, namely DNA double-stranded break formation, D-loop formation, D-loop extension, and the formation of products via break-induced replication (BIR) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are described. These assays detect their relevant recombination intermediates and products with high sensitivity and are independent of cellular viability. The detection of D-loops, D-loop extension, and the BIR product is based on proximity ligation. Together, these assays allow for the study of the kinetics of HR at the population level to finely address the functions of HR proteins and regulators at significant steps in the pathway.

Detection of Homologous Recombination Intermediates via Proximity Ligation and Quantitative PCR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The D-loop capture (DLC) and D-loop extension (DLE) assays utilize the principle of proximity ligation together with quantitative PCR to quantify D-loop formation, D-loop extension, and product formation at the site of an inducible double-stranded break in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae'de Proximity Ligation ve Kantitatif PCR ile Homolog Rekombinasyon Ara Ürünlerinin Saptanması

DNA damage, including DNA double-stranded breaks and inter-strand cross-links, incurred during the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle can be repaired by ...

Complementation of Splicing Activity by a Galectin-3 - U1 snRNP Complex on Beads

Classic depletion-reconstitution experiments indicate that galectin-3 is a required splicing factor in nuclear extracts. The mechanism of incorporation of galectin-3 into the splicing pathway is addressed in this paper. Sedimentation of HeLa cell nuclear extracts on 12%-32% glycerol gradients yields fractions enriched in an endogenous ~10S particle that contains galectin-3 and U1 snRNP. We now describe a protocol to deplete nuclear extracts of U1 snRNP with concomitant loss of splicing activity. Splicing activity in the U1-depleted extract can be reconstituted by the galectin-3 - U1 snRNP particle trapped on agarose beads covalently coupled with anti-galectin-3 antibodies. The results indicate that the galectin-3 - U1 snRNP - pre-mRNA ternary complex is a functional E complex leading to intermediates and products of the splicing reaction and that galectin-3 enters the splicing pathway through its association with U1 snRNP. The scheme of using complexes affinity- or immuno-selected on beads to reconstitute splicing activity in extracts depleted of a specific splicing factor may be generally applicable to other systems.

This article describes the experimental procedures for (a) depletion of U1 snRNP from nuclear extracts, with concomitant loss of splicing activity; and (b) reconstitution of splicing activity in the U1-depleted extract by galectin-3 - U1 snRNP particles bound to beads covalently coupled with anti-galectin-3 antibodies.

Boncuklar Üzerinde Galectin-3 - U1 snRNP Kompleksi ile Birleştirme Etkinliğinin Tamamlayıcısı

Classic depletion-reconstitution experiments indicate that galectin-3 is a required splicing factor in nuclear extracts. The mechanism of incorporation of ...

Biyokimya

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for using FISH to quantify the number of mRNAs in single yeast cells. Cells can be grown in any condition of interest and then fixed and made permeable. Subsequently, multiple single-stranded deoxyoligonucleotides conjugated to fluorescent dyes are used to label and visualize mRNAs. Diffraction-limited fluorescence from single mRNA molecules is quantified using a spot-detection algorithm to identify and count the number of mRNAs per cell. While the more standard quantification methods of northern blots, RT-PCR and gene expression microarrays provide information on average mRNAs in the bulk population, FISH facilitates both the counting and localization of these mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This protocol describes an experimental procedure for performing Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) for counting mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Floresan kullanarak mRNA Moleküllerin Görselleştirme ve Analiz<em&gt; Yerinde</emIn&gt; Hibridizasyon<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for ...

Rapid Identification of Chemical Genetic Interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Determining the mode of action of bioactive chemicals is of interest to a broad range of academic, pharmaceutical, and industrial scientists. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or budding yeast, is a model eukaryote for which a complete collection of ~6,000 gene deletion mutants and hypomorphic essential gene mutants are commercially available. These collections of mutants can be used to systematically detect chemical-gene interactions, i.e. genes necessary to tolerate a chemical. This information, in turn, reports on the likely mode of action of the compound. Here we describe a protocol for the rapid identification of chemical-genetic interactions in budding yeast. We demonstrate the method using the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), which has a well-defined mechanism of action. Our results show that the nuclear TRAMP RNA exosome and DNA repair enzymes are needed for proliferation in the presence of 5-FU, which is consistent with previous microarray based bar-coding chemical genetic approaches and the knowledge that 5-FU adversely affects both RNA and DNA metabolism. The required validation protocols of these high-throughput screens are also described.

Rapid Identification of Chemical Genetic Interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Here we present a cost-effective method for defining chemical-genetic interactions in budding yeast. The approach is built on fundamental techniques in yeast molecular biology and is well suited for the mechanistic interrogation of small to medium collections of chemicals and other media environments.

Kimyasal Genetik Etkileşimleri Hızlı Kimlik<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

Determining the mode of action of bioactive chemicals is of interest to a broad range of academic, pharmaceutical, and industrial scientists. ...

Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells

Rapid responses involving fast redistribution of messenger(m)RNA and alterations of mRNA translation are pertinent to ongoing homeostatic adjustments of the cells. These adjustments are critical to eukaryotic cell survivability and &#39;damage control&#39; during fluctuating nutrient and salinity levels, temperature, and various chemical and radiation stresses. Due to the highly dynamic nature of the RNA-level responses, and the instability of many of the RNA:RNA and RNA:protein intermediates, obtaining a meaningful snapshot of the cytoplasmic RNA state is only possible with a limited number of methods. Transcriptome-wide, RNA-seq-based ribosome profiling-type experiments are among the most informative sources of data for the control of translation. However, absence of a uniform RNA and RNA:protein intermediate stabilization can lead to different biases, particularly in the fast-paced cellular response pathways. In this article, we provide a detailed protocol of rapid fixation applicable to eukaryotic cells of different permeability, to aid in RNA and RNA:protein intermediate stabilization. We further provide examples of isolation of the stabilized RNA:protein complexes based on their co-sedimentation with ribosomal and poly(ribo)somal fractions. The separated stabilized material can be subsequently used as part of ribosome profiling-type experiments, such as in Translation Complex Profile sequencing (TCP-seq) approach and its derivatives. Versatility of the TCP-seq-style methods has now been demonstrated by the applications in a variety of organisms and cell types. The stabilized complexes can also be additionally affinity-purified and imaged using electron microscopy, separated into different poly(ribo)somal fractions and subjected to RNA sequencing, owing to the ease of the crosslink reversal. Therefore, methods based on snap-chilling and formaldehyde fixation, followed by the sedimentation-based or other type of RNA:protein complex enrichment, can be of particular interest in investigating finer details of rapid RNA:protein complex dynamics in live cells.

Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells

We present a technique to rapidly stabilize translational (protein biosynthesis) complexes with formaldehyde crosslinking in live yeast and mammalian cells. The approach enables dissecting transient intermediates and dynamic RNA:protein interactions. The crosslinked complexes can be used in multiple downstream applications such as in deep sequencing-based profiling methods, microscopy, and mass-spectrometry.

Ökaryotik Hücrelerden Çeviri Komplekslerinin Hızlı In Vivo Fiksasyonu ve İzolasyonu

Rapid responses involving fast redistribution of messenger(m)RNA and alterations of mRNA translation are pertinent to ongoing homeostatic adjustments of ...

Global Identification of Co-Translational Interaction Networks by Selective Ribosome Profiling

In recent years, it has become evident that ribosomes not only decode our mRNA but also guide the emergence of the polypeptide chain into the crowded cellular environment. Ribosomes provide the platform for spatially and kinetically controlled binding of membrane-targeting factors, modifying enzymes, and folding chaperones. Even the assembly into high-order oligomeric complexes, as well as protein-protein network formation steps, were recently discovered to be coordinated with synthesis.
Here, we describe Selective Ribosome Profiling, a method developed to capture co-translational interactions in vivo. We will detail the various affinity purification steps required for capturing ribosome-nascent-chain complexes together with co-translational interactors, as well as the mRNA extraction, size exclusion, reverse transcription, deep-sequencing, and big-data analysis steps, required to decipher co-translational interactions in near-codon resolution.

Co-translational interactions play a crucial role in nascent-chain modifications, targeting, folding, and assembly pathways. Here, we describe Selective Ribosome Profiling, a method for in vivo, direct analysis of these interactions in the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Ko-Translasyonel Etkileşim Ağlarının Seçici Ribozom Profilleme ile Küresel Tanımlanması

In recent years, it has become evident that ribosomes not only decode our mRNA but also guide the emergence of the polypeptide chain into the crowded ...

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spliceosome Subcomplexes Geçici Interactors Tespiti için Grafix kullanımı

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