AP is grateful to Imperial College London for a PhD studentship via the Frankland Chair endowment. Johnson Matthey plc are also thanked for the loan of the precious metal salts used in this work.

Not: Bir davlumbaz, tüm sentez yürütmek ve sadece uygun güvenlik sorunları tespit edilmiştir ve tedbirler onlara karşı korumak için alınan sonra. Kişisel koruyucu ekipman laboratuvar önlüğü, eldiven ve koruyucu gözlük dahil ve her zaman giyilmelidir. N, N, 1. sentezi, N-tris (diphenylphosphinomethylene) amin, N (CH2 PPh 2) 3 (N -triphos Ph) (1) <ol><li> 200 fırında kurutulmuş ml için Schlenk şişesine bir çift manifoldu Schlenk hat üzerinde, sıralı üç vakum azot döngüsü yoluyla nitrojen altında difenil (hidroksimetilen) fosfonyum klorür 11 (6.99 gr, 24.7 mmol) ve bir yer ilave edin. </li><li> Hydroxymethene fosfini fosfonyum klorür tuzu dönüşümünü sağlamak için 1 saat süre ile oda sıcaklığında gazı giderilmiş metanol (30 mi) ve trietilamin (9.5 mi, 68.1 mmol) ilave edin ve karıştırın. Daha sonra, metanol (2 M, 4.1 mi, 8.2 mmol), gazı alınmış amonyak çözeltisi ekleme. </li><li> Geri akış altında 2 saat boyunca reaksiyon karışımını ısıtınBu süre zarfında bağ beyaz bir katı olarak çökelecektir. </li><li> N -triphos Ph bağ uygun saflıkta için kısa bir süre üzerinde havada oksidasyon kararlı olsa da, nitrojen altında kanül süzme 26 aracılığıyla çözücüyü çıkarın ve analitik olarak saf ürün elde etmek üzere gazı alınmış metanol (3 x 10 mi) ile yıkayın ve bir nitrojen atmosferi altında muhafaza edin. </li></ol> 2. N- [Ru (CO) 2 {N- (CH2 PPh 2) 3} -κ 3P] (2) <ol><li> 200 fırında kurutulmuş ml bir Schlenk şişesine, üç ardışık vakum azot döngüsü ile nitrojen altında, N -Triphos Ph (1.0 g, 1.63 mmol) ve [Ru 3 (CO) 12] (347 mg, 0.54 mmol) ve yer eklemek Çift manifoldu savurma hattı. </li><li> Kuru, gazı alınmış tolüen, 30 ml ilave edilir ve 12 saat boyunca geri akışa kadar karışım getirir. </li><li> Bu, 12 saat geri kaynatıldıktan sonra, ikinci bir Schlenk şişesine kanül yoluyla bir çözüm için filtreReaksiyon sırasında meydana metalik rutenyum az miktardaki. </li><li> Kompleksin çökelmesine neden olmak için, tuzak soğutuldu, sıvı azot ile donatılmış bir çift manifoldu Schlenk hat kullanılarak vakum altında yaklaşık 10 ml çözücü hacmini azaltır. </li><li> Tam tekrar çözüldükten oluşana kadar bir yağ banyosu içinde yavaşça (80-90 ° C) ısıtılarak bir çökelti yeniden kristalleştirilmesi, ve bir Schlenk şişesine, yağ banyosundan ısı çıkarma, ancak izin vererek, oda sıcaklığına kadar daha sonra yavaş soğutma su altında kalması. Katı, turuncu bir kristal halinde O / N bırakın. </li><li> Başka bir fırına süpernatan, kanül filtrasyon yoluyla X-ışını kırınımı için müsait turuncu kristaller bir Schlenk şişesine kuru izole edin. Daha sonra, vakumda O / N, kuru ve gazı alınmış toluen (2 x 5 mi) ve kuru olan kristaller yıkayın. Ayrı bir Schlenk şişesi içinde bir araya süpernatan ve yıkama kaydedin. </li><li> Birleştirilen yüzer ve durulama çözeltisinden kristaller ikinci bir yığın elde ediliradım 2.5 ve 2.6 için de benzer bir tekrar kristalleştirme işlemi ile reaksiyonun bazı genel verimini iyileştirmek üzere. </li><li> Hava ile temas okside karbonat kompleksi yavaş dönüşüme yol azot altında kompleksi saklayın (aşağı bakınız). </li></ol> 3. N- [Ru (CO 3) (CO) {N- (CH2 PPh 2) 3} -κ 3 P] (3) <ol><li> 200 ml&#39;lik bir Schlenk şişesine, kısmen çözülmüş turuncu bir süspansiyon oluşturmak üzere 2 (280 mg, 0.364 mmol) ve toluen içindeki 5 ml ekleyin. </li><li> 10 dakika boyunca, reaksiyon karışımı içinden saniyede 2-3 kabarcığı süspansiyon ve kabarcık oksijen içine oksijen balonu bağlanmış bir iğne yerleştirin. </li><li> Portakal renkli bir çökelti meydana geldiğinde, havada süzme ile toplayın ve havada stabil bir serbest akan bir turuncu tozu vermek üzere vakum altında toluen (2 x 5 mi) ve dietil eter (2 x 5 mi) ve kuru ile yıkanmıştır. </li><li> X-ışını diffr için müsait kristalleri büyütmek içinaksiyon, yavaş yavaş şişenin yan tükendiğinde, bu çözücü izin vererek üstünde bir şişe ve katman 3 ml tolüen içinde 3 ml diklorometan içinde 3, 100 mg çözülür. <ol><li> Kristallerinin elde edilmesi için, bu O / N bırakın. Süpernatan ayrıldı ve toluen (2 x 3 mi) ve dietil eter (2 x 3 mi) yıkanarak kristaller izole edin. Çift manifoldu Schlenk hat üzerinde vakum altında kurutulur. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. N- [Ru (H), 2 (CO) {N- (CH2 PPh 2) 3} -κ 3P] (4) <ol><li> Kuru, 20 ml 3 (763 mg, 0.953 mmol) içindeki bir çözeltisi hazırlandı, gazı alınmış THF ve pozitif bir azot basıncı (0,2 bar) altında, 100 ml otoklav Teknisyenin yüksek basınçlı reaktöre enjekte edilir. </li><li> % 100 hidrojen reaktör kafa alanı gaz değiştirme ve 2 saat boyunca karıştırılarak 100 ° C&#39;ye kadar, daha sonra oda sıcaklığında 15 bar basınç ısı. Dikkat! Tüm güvenlik prosedürleri emin olun yüksek kullanırken uyulması edilmiştirbasınç sistemleri! </li><li> Oda sıcaklığına soğutulduktan sonra, dikkatli bir şekilde, reaktör üst boşluğunda fazla hidrojen gazı boşaltma ve azot ile değiştirin. </li><li> Nitrojen altında, 100 ml&#39;lik bir Schlenk şişesine, reaksiyon çözeltisini ve kanül yoluyla bir çift manifoldu bir Schlenk hattına, filtre bağlanmasından sonra, kuru, 20 ml ile seyreltilir, metanol gazı alındı. </li><li> Sıvı nitrojen ile donatılmış bir çift manifoldu Schlenk hat kullanılarak çözücüyü vakum altında çıkarın portakal rengi bir toz vermek üzere tuzak soğutulmuştur. Kuru, gazı alınmış metanol (3 x 5 mi) ve kuru bu portakal tozu yıkayın, dietil eter (3 x 5 mi) ve vakum altında kuru gazı alındı. </li><li> X-ışını difraksiyon analizi O uygun kristaller Büyüme / N, kuru bir Eşdeğer hacimde miktarı ile kaplanmış bir 4 kuru doymuş ve gazı alınmış tolüen çözeltiden, metanol gazı alındı. </li><li> Azot altında karmaşık saklayın. </li></ol> RUH 2 (CO) {N (CH2 PPh 2) 3} -κ 3 P [5. Reaksiyonu] (4) NH 4 PF 6 ve Levulinik Asit ile <ol><li> Kuru 2 ml 4 ihtiva eden bir çözelti (48.4 mg, 65.2 umol) hazırlanması, bir fırın içinde, toluen bir Schlenk şişesine, kurutuldu ve (asetonitril (65.0 umol, 10.6 mg) NH4 PF6 karıştırılan bir çözeltisine, şırınga yoluyla 2 ekleyin gazı alınmış ml) ayrı bir fırında bir Schlenk şişesine kurutulmuştur. </li><li> 2 st için oda sıcaklığında reaksiyon karışımı karıştırılır. Sonra (ara kompleksi [RUH (CO) (MeCN) {N- (CH2 PPh 2) 3} -κ 3 P] elde tuzak, sıvı azot ile donatılmış bir çift manifoldu savurma hattı soğutulmuş kullanılarak vakum altında çözücüyü çıkarın 5). </li><li> Kuru ile yıkayın, kahverengi bir toz olarak karmaşık 5 izole edilmesi için, vakumla heksan (3 x 3 mi) ve kuru gazı alındı. </li><li> 5 0.5 ml &#39;lik bir solüsyonuna gazı alınmış, aseton-d6, 0.5 ml (93.0 mmol, 1.43 eşdeğer. 10.8 mg) levulinik asit ilave, aseton-d6 gazı alındı. Kullanarak 2 dakika boyunca reaksiyon karışımını karıştırdıktanbir girdap karıştırıcı. </li><li> Tutanak 1 H ve 30 P {1} H reaksiyonu 16 saat reaksiyonu gözlemlemek için her saat NMR spektrumları. 27 </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Burada bir üç dişli bir fosfin bağı sentezi ve rutenyum komplekslerinin bir dizi verimli sentetik prosedürü de tarif etmiştik. N -triphos Ph ligandı (1) kolay bir şekilde minimalistik çalışma prosedüreüne yüksek verimle elde edilebilir. Ligandlar, bu tür sentez için kullanılan bu fosfor esaslı Mannich reaksiyonu oldukça genel ve P-atomlu R-grupları farklı olan bir başka ligand türevleri için de kullanılabilir. 10-12,15-18 Ayrıca, bu sentez yönt...

Rutenyum fosfin göre kompleksleri en çok çalışılan ve kimyasal olarak çok yönlü moleküler katalizörler arasında. 1-9 Tipik olarak bu rutenyum katalizörleri kompleks elektronik, sterics, geometri ve erime dikte mono- veya bi-dentat ligandları ya da içerir ve bu derinden katalitik aktivitesi üzerine etkisi. Bunlar metal merkeze birden fazla fosfor donör daha çelat etkisi nedeniyle, metal merkezine daha fazla stabilite kazandırmak için bilindiği gibi multidentat fosfin sistemleri daha az yaygın olarak kataliz için incelenmiştir. Bu tür stabilizasyon katalizör bütünlüğünü sağlamak avantajlı olabilir sert reaksiyon koşulları (daha yüksek sıcaklık ve basınç) bu tür ligandlara kompleks stabilize edici özellikler altında, ancak, kataliz için arzu edilmeyebilir. 10-12 ve diğerleri, 13-18 karmaşık kararlılık ve yüz -COOR kazandırmak için araştırılmıştır Bu gibi bir multidentat fosfin ligand sistemidinasyon geometrileri üç fosfin kollar potansiyel üç dişli ligand oluşturan bir tepe köprü nitrojen atomuna bağlandıkları durumda, sözde N -triphos bağ dizisidir. Bu özel ligandlarına önemli özelliklerinden biri, dolayısıyla, bu alan bir fosfor hazır ikincil fosfinler gelen Mannich reaksiyonu (Şekil 1) ile sentezlenebilir kolay bir şekilde yüksek verimlerle genellikle hazırlanabilir, ve burada R gruplarının çeşitli fosfınler ve minimal çalışma-up ile. Bu metodoloji genel amacı daha sonraki katalitik uygulamalar için erişilebilir N -triphos ligandlar içeren dihidrid kompleksleri Ruthenium hangi bir uyduruk rota sunmaktır. Son zamanlarda, Ru-triphos bazlı kompleksler levulinik asit, 19,20 biyo-esterler 11,21 ve yüksek değere sahip kimyasal karbon dioksit 22 biyokütle elde edilen ürünlerin, hidrojenasyon reaksiyonları için katalizör olarak ilgi çekmektedirler. Bu avantajlı olacaktırgibi, ya da zaten bu tür N -triphos ligand olarak, erişim sentetik daha kolay olan, özellikle de rapor sistemlere göre daha aktif ya da burada Ru-triphos türevlerinin kapsamını genişletmek için. en çok çalışılan karbon merkezli analog genellikle düşük verimli sentezi muzdarip ve hazırlamak için daha uyumlu ve kolay N -triphos ligand, aksine, son derece hava duyarlı metal fosfit reaktifleri içerir. 10-18 N -triphos ligandlar sadece molibdenum, tungsten, rutenyum, rodyum, altın kompleksleri dokuz yayınlarda rapor edilmiş olan ile nispeten az araştırılmıştır kalır. Bu benzersiz bir bileşikler büyük bir sayı ile, sırasıyla, yaklaşık 50 ve 900 maddeler bulunmaktadır olan bor ve karbon-merkezli analogları, taban tabana zıttır. Biz gibi pro-kiral olefinlerin 23 asimetrik katalitik hidrojenasyonla Bununla birlikte, kompleksler N içeren -triphos bulduk uygulamaII N gibi asimetrik cyclohydroamination γ-alenil sülfonamidler -korumalı. 24 ek olarak, yarımları koordine phospholane sahip bir hacimli N -triphos ligand ile koordine edilen bir rutenyum kompleksi silan, organosilikon kimyası gelişiminde önemli bir adım olarak aktive ettiği bulunmuştur. 25 Kataliz devam eden araştırma programının bir parçası olarak, biz rutenyum N -triphos Ph ihtiva eden ön katalizörler bir dizi hazırlamak ve onların stokiyometrik tepkilerini ve katalitik potansiyelini araştırmak için çalıştı. N -triphos Ph ilk 25 yıl önce bildirilmiştir olan molibden kompleksleri, onların uygulama rağmen katalitik veya başka araştırılmamıştır. Bu çalışma, genellikle az gelişmiş olmasına rağmen, bu tür karmaşık istikrar gibi birçok arzu özelliklere sahip N -triphos iskele, uygulanabilirliğini göstermektedir. Bu yazıda sentetik rotayı ve karakterizasyonu ve raporkatalitik hidrojenleme reaksiyonlarında uygulama bulabilir rutenyum N -triphos Ph komplekslerinin bir dizi.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td rowspan="5">&#8211;</td>
			<td rowspan="5">&#8211;</td>
			<td rowspan="5">Obtained from in-house solvent purification system: Innovative Technology, inc &#34;pure solv&#34; drying tower. Stored in ampules over activated molecular sieves under nitrogen.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toluene</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diethyl Ether</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetrahydrofuran (THF)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>d6-Acetone</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>VWRC87152.0011</td>
			<td>Store in fridge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triethylamine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>TO886-1L</td>
			<td>Distilled and stored over activated molecular sieves under N2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2M Ammonia solution in methanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>341428-100ML</td>
			<td>Solution comes in a &#34;Sure-Seal&#34; bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NH4PF6</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>216593-5G</td>
			<td>Store in desiccator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Levulinic Acid</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>125142500</td>
			<td>Solid but melts close to room temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 &#197; Molecular sieves</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>LO5359</td>
			<td>Activate by heating over night under vacuum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Schlenk flasks</td>
			<td>GPE</td>
			<td>Custom design</td>
			<td>&#8211;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dual-manifold Schlenk line</td>
			<td>GPE</td>
			<td>Custom design</td>
			<td>Dual-manifold of i) N2 that has been passed through a silica drying column and ii) vacuum.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary vacuum pump</td>
			<td>Edwards</td>
			<td>RV3 A652-01-903</td>
			<td>&#8211;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 ml Autoclave Engineer&#39;s high pressure reactor</td>
			<td>Autoclave Engineer</td>
			<td>Custon design</td>
			<td>&#8211;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex Stirrer</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>444-1378</td>
			<td>&#8211;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the synthesis, characterization and reactivity of a series of ruthenium n-triphosph complexes

Bu yazıda, bir nitrojen atmosferi altında, metanol içinde amonyak ile hydroxylmethylene fosfin öncüsünün bir fosfor esaslı Mannich reaksiyonu yoluyla bir üç dişli fosfin ligandı, N (CH2 PPh 2) 3 (N -triphos Ph) (1) &#39;in sentezini rapor etmektedir. N -triphos pH bağ geri akış arasında, yaklaşık 1 saat sonra çözeltiden çökelir ve azot altında, basit bir kanül filtrasyon prosedürü yoluyla analitik olarak saf izole edilebilir. Geri akış altında, [Ru 3 (CO) 12] ile N -triphos Ph ligandın tepkime ligandı kompleks CO gazının yayılmasını gösteren koyu kırmızı bir çözelti elde edilir. Kompleks, [Ru (CO) 2 {N- (CH2 PPh 2) 3} -κ 3P] (2) oda sıcaklığına soğutulduktan üzerinde izole edildi ve turuncu kristaller. 31 P {1H} NMR spektrumu düşük frekansta bir karakteristik tek bir pik gösterdiserbest ligand ile karşılaştırıldığında. Oksijen ile kompleks bir 2 toluen çözeltisi reaksiyonu karbonat kompleksi [Ru (CO 3) (CO) {N- (CH2 PPh 2) 3} -κ 3P] anında çökeltilmesi ile sonuçlanmıştır (3) bir hava istikrarlı olarak Katı turuncu. Yüksek basınçlı bir reaktörde hidrojen 3 altında 15 bar Daha sonraki hidrojenleme, dihidrid kompleksi [RUH 2 (CO) {N- (CH2 PPh 2) 3} -κ 3P] (4) tam olarak X ile karakterize verdi -ray kristallografisi ve NMR spektroskopisi. Kompleksi 3 ve 4 gibi potansiyel levulinik asit (LA) ve biyo-kütleden türetilen ürünler dahil olmak üzere, hidrojenasyon reaksiyonların bir dizi için, yararlı bir katalizör ön-maddeleridir. Kompleks 4 temiz NH4 PF6 ({N- [elde Ru (CO) proton kaynağı, katkı maddesinin varlığında LA ile reaksiyona girdiği görülmüştürCH2 PPh 2) 3} -κ 3 P {CH3, CO (CH2) 2-CO 2H} -κ 2O] (PF6) (6).

N -triphos Ph ligandı (1) ve rutenyum kompleksi seriye ait: Ru (CO) 2 {N- (CH2 PPh 2) 3} -κ 3P] (2), [Ru (CO 3) (CO) N { (CH2 PPh 2) 3} -κ 3 P] (3) ve [Ru (H), 2 (CO) {N- (PPh 2 CH2) 3} -κ 3P] (4) 1 H ile karakterize edilmiştir, 13C {1H}, 30 P {1H} NM...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes at JoVE.com

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Rutenyum fosfin kompleksleri yaygın olarak sıvılaştırma homojen katalitik reaksiyonlar için kullanılmaktadır. N -triphos ligand N (CH2 PPh 2) 3 taşıyan yeni üç dişli rutenyum komplekslerinin bir dizi sentezi rapor edilmiştir. Buna ek olarak, levulinik asit ile dihidrid Ru- N -triphos kompleksinin stoikiometrik reaksiyon tarif edilmiştir.

Rutenyum bir Serisi Sentezi, Karakterizasyonu ve Tepkime<em&gt; K</em&gt; -triphos<sup&gt; Ph</sup&gt; Kompleksi

Herein we report the synthesis of a tridentate phosphine ligand N(CH2PPh2)3 (N-triphosPh) (1) via a phosphorus based Mannich reaction of the ...

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Chemistry

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

12.0K Görüntüleme.  Imperial College London.  Rutenyum fosfin kompleksleri yaygın olarak sıvılaştırma homojen katalitik reaksiyonlar için kullanılmaktadır. N -triphos ligand N (CH2 PPh 2) 3 taşıyan yeni üç dişli rutenyum komplekslerinin bir dizi sentezi rapor edilmiştir. Buna ek olarak, levulinik asit ile dihidrid Ru- N -triphos kompleksinin stoikiometrik reaksiyon tarif edilmiştir. 

Video: The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Production of Disulfide-stabilized Transmembrane Peptide Complexes for Structural Studies

Physical interactions among the lipid-embedded alpha-helical domains of membrane proteins play a crucial role in folding and assembly of membrane protein complexes and in dynamic processes such as transmembrane (TM) signaling and regulation of cell-surface protein levels. Understanding the structural features driving the association of particular sequences requires sophisticated biophysical and biochemical analyses of TM peptide complexes. However, the extreme hydrophobicity of TM domains makes them very difficult to manipulate using standard peptide chemistry techniques, and production of suitable study material often proves prohibitively challenging. Identifying conditions under which peptides can adopt stable helical conformations and form complexes spontaneously adds a further level of difficulty. Here we present a procedure for the production of homo- or hetero-dimeric TM peptide complexes from materials that are expressed in E. coli, thus allowing incorporation of stable isotope labels for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or non-natural amino acids for other applications relatively inexpensively. The key innovation in this method is that TM complexes are produced and purified as covalently associated (disulfide-crosslinked) assemblies that can form stable, stoichiometric and homogeneous structures when reconstituted into detergent, lipid or other membrane-mimetic materials. We also present carefully optimized procedures for expression and purification that are equally applicable whether producing single TM domains or crosslinked complexes and provide advice for adapting these methods to new TM sequences.

Biophysical and biochemical studies of interactions among membrane-embedded protein domains face many technical challenges, the first of which is obtaining appropriate study material. This article describes a protocol for producing and purifying disulfide-stabilized transmembrane peptide complexes that are suitable for structural analysis by solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and other analytical applications.

Yapısal Çalışmaları üretimi disülfid stabilize Transmembran Peptit Kompleksi

Physical  interactions among the lipid-embedded alpha-helical domains of membrane  proteins play a crucial role in folding and assembly of membrane ...

Kimya

Isolation and Chemical Characterization of Lipid A from Gram-negative Bacteria

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major cell surface molecule of gram-negative bacteria, deposited on the outer leaflet of the outer membrane bilayer. LPS can be subdivided into three domains: the distal O-polysaccharide, a core oligosaccharide, and the lipid A domain consisting of a lipid A molecular species and 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid residues (Kdo). The lipid A domain is the only component essential for bacterial cell survival. Following its synthesis, lipid A is chemically modified in response to environmental stresses such as pH or temperature, to promote resistance to antibiotic compounds, and to evade recognition by mediators of the host innate immune response. The following protocol details the small- and large-scale isolation of lipid A from gram-negative bacteria. Isolated material is then chemically characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC) or mass-spectrometry (MS). In addition to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) MS, we also describe tandem MS protocols for analyzing lipid A molecular species using electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled to collision induced dissociation (CID) and newly employed ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) methods. Our MS protocols allow for unequivocal determination of chemical structure, paramount to characterization of lipid A molecules that contain unique or novel chemical modifications. We also describe the radioisotopic labeling, and subsequent isolation, of lipid A from bacterial cells for analysis by TLC. Relative to MS-based protocols, TLC provides a more economical and rapid characterization method, but cannot be used to unambiguously assign lipid A chemical structures without the use of standards of known chemical structure. Over the last two decades isolation and characterization of lipid A has led to numerous exciting discoveries that have improved our understanding of the physiology of gram-negative bacteria, mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, the human innate immune response, and have provided many new targets in the development of antibacterial compounds.

Isolation and characterization of the lipid A domain of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria provides insight into cell surface based mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, bacterial survival and fitness, and how chemically diverse lipid A molecular species differentially modulate host innate immune responses.

Gram-negatif bakterilerin izolasyonu ve Lipid A kimyasal karakterizasyonu

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major cell surface molecule of gram-negative bacteria, deposited on the outer leaflet of the outer membrane bilayer. LPS ...

Anticancer Metal Complexes: Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation by the MTT Assay

Titanium (IV) and vanadium (V) complexes are highly potent anticancer agents. A challenge in their synthesis refers to their hydrolytic instability; therefore their preparation should be conducted under an inert atmosphere. Evaluation of the anticancer activity of these complexes can be achieved by the MTT assay.
The MTT assay is a colorimetric viability assay based on enzymatic reduction of the MTT molecule to formazan when it is exposed to viable cells. The outcome of the reduction is a color change of the MTT molecule. Absorbance measurements relative to a control determine the percentage of remaining viable cancer cells following their treatment with varying concentrations of a tested compound, which is translated to the compound anticancer activity and its IC50 values. The MTT assay is widely common in cytotoxicity studies due to its accuracy, rapidity, and relative simplicity.
Herein we present a detailed protocol for the synthesis of air sensitive metal based drugs and cell viability measurements, including preparation of the cell plates, incubation of the compounds with the cells, viability measurements using the MTT assay, and determination of IC50 values.

A method for synthesis of air-sensitive titanium and vanadium anticancer agents is described, along with the evaluation of their cytotoxic activity towards human cancer cell line by the MTT Assay.

MTT deneyi ile sentez ve Sitotoksisite Değerlendirilmesi: Anticancer Metal Kompleksleri

Titanium (IV) and vanadium (V) complexes are highly potent anticancer agents. A challenge in their synthesis refers to their hydrolytic instability; ...

Split-and-pool Synthesis and Characterization of Peptide Tertiary Amide Library

Peptidomimetics are great sources of protein ligands. The oligomeric nature of these compounds enables us to access large synthetic libraries on solid phase by using combinatorial chemistry. One of the most well studied classes of peptidomimetics is peptoids. Peptoids are easy to synthesize and have been shown to be proteolysis-resistant and cell-permeable. Over the past decade, many useful protein ligands have been identified through screening of peptoid libraries. However, most of the ligands identified from peptoid libraries do not display high affinity, with rare exceptions. This may be due, in part, to the lack of chiral centers and conformational constraints in peptoid molecules. Recently, we described a new synthetic route to access peptide tertiary amides (PTAs). PTAs are a superfamily of peptidomimetics that include but are not limited to peptides, peptoids and N-methylated peptides. With side chains on both &#945;-carbon and main chain nitrogen atoms, the conformation of these molecules are greatly constrained by sterical hindrance and allylic 1,3 strain. (Figure 1) Our study suggests that these PTA molecules are highly structured in solution and can be used to identify protein ligands. We believe that these molecules can be a future source of high-affinity protein ligands. Here we describe the synthetic method combining the power of both split-and-pool and sub-monomer strategies to synthesize a sample one-bead one-compound (OBOC) library of PTAs.

Peptide tertiary amides (PTAs) are a superfamily of peptidomimetics that include but are not limited to peptides, peptoids and N-methylated peptides. Here we describe a synthetic method which combines&#160;both split-and-pool and sub-monomer strategies to synthesize a one-bead one-compound library of PTAs.

Split-ve-havuz Sentezi ve Peptit Tersiyer Amid Kütüphanesi Karakterizasyonu

Peptidomimetics are great sources of protein ligands. The oligomeric nature of these compounds enables us to access large synthetic libraries on solid ...

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

The traditional strategy for the introduction of chemical functionalities is the use of solid-phase synthesis by appending suitably modified phosphoramidite precursors to the nascent chain. However, the conditions used during the synthesis and the restriction to rather short sequences hamper the applicability of this methodology. On the other hand, modified nucleoside triphosphates are activated building blocks that have been employed for the mild introduction of numerous functional groups into nucleic acids, a strategy that paves the way for the use of modified nucleic acids in a wide-ranging palette of practical applications such as functional tagging and generation of ribozymes and DNAzymes. One of the major challenges resides in the intricacy of the methodology leading to the isolation and characterization of these nucleoside analogues.
	
	In this video article, we present a detailed protocol for the synthesis of these modified analogues using phosphorous(III)-based reagents. In addition, the procedure for their biochemical characterization is divulged, with a special emphasis on primer extension reactions and TdT tailing polymerization. This detailed protocol will be of use for the crafting of modified dNTPs and their further use in chemical biology.

The protocol described herein aims to explain and abridge the numerous obstacles in the way of the intricate route leading to modified nucleoside triphosphates. Consequently, this protocol facilitates both the synthesis of these activated building-blocks and their availability for practical applications.

Nükleosid trifosfatlar - sentezinden Biyokimyasal Karakterizasyonu için

The  traditional strategy for the introduction of chemical functionalities is the  use of solid-phase synthesis by appending suitably modified ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and technological applications. Their signature property is their ultrahigh porosity, which however imparts a series of challenges when it comes to both constructing them and working with them. Securing desired MOF chemical and physical functionality by linker/node assembly into a highly porous framework of choice can pose difficulties, as less porous and more thermodynamically stable congeners (e.g., other crystalline polymorphs, catenated analogues) are often preferentially obtained by conventional synthesis methods. Once the desired product is obtained, its characterization often requires specialized techniques that address complications potentially arising from, for example, guest-molecule loss or preferential orientation of microcrystallites. Finally, accessing the large voids inside the MOFs for use in applications that involve gases can be problematic, as frameworks may be subject to collapse during removal of solvent molecules (remnants of solvothermal synthesis). In this paper, we describe synthesis and characterization methods routinely utilized in our lab either to solve or circumvent these issues. The methods include solvent-assisted linker exchange, powder X-ray diffraction in capillaries, and materials activation (cavity evacuation) by supercritical CO2 drying. Finally, we provide a protocol for determining a suitable pressure region for applying the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis to nitrogen isotherms, so as to estimate surface area of MOFs with good accuracy.

Synthesis, activation, and characterization of intentionally designed metal-organic framework materials is challenging, especially when building blocks are incompatible or unwanted polymorphs are thermodynamically favored over desired forms. We describe how applications of solvent-assisted linker exchange, powder X-ray diffraction in capillaries and activation via supercritical CO2 drying, can address some of these challenges.

Fonksiyonlu Sentezi ve Karakterizasyonu Metal-organik Altyapıları

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical properties for applications in photonics, drug delivery and coating technology. Here we present a new family of colloidal building blocks, coined supramolecular colloids, whose self-assembly is controlled through surface-functionalization with a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) derived supramolecular moiety. Such BTAs interact via directional, strong, yet reversible hydrogen-bonds with other identical BTAs. Herein, a protocol is presented that describes how to couple these BTAs to colloids and how to quantify the number of coupling sites, which determines the multivalency of the supramolecular colloids. Light scattering measurements show that the refractive index of the colloids is almost matched with that of the solvent, which strongly reduces the van der Waals forces between the colloids. Before photo-activation, the colloids remain well dispersed, as the BTAs are equipped with a photo-labile group that blocks the formation of hydrogen-bonds. Controlled deprotection with UV-light activates the short-range hydrogen-bonds between the BTAs, which triggers the colloidal self-assembly. The evolution from the dispersed state to the clustered state is monitored by confocal microscopy. These results are further quantified by image analysis with simple routines using ImageJ and Matlab. This merger of supramolecular chemistry and colloidal science offers a direct route towards light- and thermo-responsive colloidal assembly encoded in the surface-grafted monolayer.

A protocol for the synthesis and characterization of colloids coated with supramolecular moieties is described. These supramolecular colloids undergo self-assembly upon the activation of the hydrogen-bonds between the surface-anchored molecules by UV-light.

Supramoleküler Kolloidlerin Sentezi ve Karakterizasyonu

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical ...

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of cyclic polymers and a protocol for characterizing their diffusive motion in a melt state at the single molecule level. An electrostatic self-assembly and covalent fixation (ESA-CF) process is used for the synthesis of the cyclic poly(tetrahydrofuran) (poly(THF)). The diffusive motion of individual cyclic polymer chains in a melt state is visualized using single molecule fluorescence imaging by incorporating a fluorophore unit in the cyclic chains. The diffusive motion of the chains is quantitatively characterized by means of a combination of mean-squared displacement (MSD) analysis and a cumulative distribution function (CDF) analysis. The cyclic polymer exhibits multiple-mode diffusion which is distinct from its linear counterpart. The results demonstrate that the diffusional heterogeneity of polymers that is often hidden behind ensemble averaging can be revealed by the efficient synthesis of the cyclic polymers using the ESA-CF process and the quantitative analysis of the diffusive motion at the single molecule level using the MSD and CDF analyses.

A protocol for the synthesis and characterization of diffusive motion of cyclic polymers at the single molecule level is presented.

Tek Molekül Düzeyde Halkalı Polimerlerin Sentezi ve eritin Devlet Onların Pasif Hareket Karakterizasyonu

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of cyclic polymers and a protocol for characterizing their diffusive motion in a melt state at the single ...

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

The phases of &#34;PbCh2&#34; (Ch = Se, Te) are obtained from solid-state syntheses (i.e., by the fusion of the elements under inert conditions in silica glass ampules). Reduction of such phases by elemental alkaline metals in amines affords crystalline chalcogenidoplumbate(II) salts comprised of [PbTe3]2- or [Pb2Ch3]2- anions, depending upon which sequestering agent for the cations is present: crown ethers, like 18-crown-6, or cryptands, like [2.2.2]crypt. Reactions of solutions of such anions with transition-metal compounds yield (poly-)chalcogenide anions or transition-metal chalcogenide clusters, including one with a &#181;-PbSe ligand (i.e., the heaviest-known CO homolog).
In contrast, the solid-state synthesis of a phase of the nominal composition &#34;K2PbSe2&#34; by successive reactions of the elements and by the subsequent solvothermal treatment in amines yields the first non-oxide/halide inorganic lead(IV) compound: a salt of the ortho-selenidoplumbate(IV) anion [PbSe4]4-. This was unexpected due to the redox potentials of Pb(IV) and Se(-II). Such methods can further be applied to other elemental combinations, leading to the formation of solutions with binary [HgTe2]2- or [BiSe3]3- anions, or to large-scale syntheses of K2Hg2Se3 or K3BiSe3 via the solid-state route.
All compounds are characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis; solutions of plumbate salts can be investigated by 205Pb and 77Se or 127Te NMR techniques. Quantum chemical calculations using density functional theory methods enable energy comparisons. They further allow for insights into the electronic configuration and thus, the bonding situation. Molecular Rh-containing Chevrel-type compounds were found to exhibit delocalized mixed valence, whereas similar telluridopalladate anions are electron-precise; the cluster with the &#181;-PbSe ligand is energetically favored over a hypothetical CO analog, in line with the unsuccessful attempt at its synthesis. The stability of formal Pb(IV) within the [PbSe4]4- anion is mainly due to a suitable stabilization within the crystal lattice.

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of ChalcogenidoplumbatesII or IV

The synthesis of chalcogenidoplumbates(II,IV) via the in situ reduction of nominal "PbCh2" (Ch = Chalcogen) and via a solid-state reaction and subsequent solvothermal reactions is presented. Additionally, reactivities of plumbate(II) solutions are portrayed, which yield the heaviest-known CO homolog known to date: the &#181;-PbSe ligand.

Katı-devlet ve Çözüm tabanlı Teknikleri birleştiren: Sentez ve Chalcogenidoplumbates ve Reaktifite (II veya IV)

The phases of &#34;PbCh2&#34; (Ch = Se, Te) are obtained from solid-state syntheses (i.e., by the fusion of the elements under inert conditions in silica ...

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Detailed and generalized protocols are presented for the synthesis and subsequent purification of four palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes from benzimidazolium salts. Detailed and generalized protocols are also presented for testing the catalytic activity of such complexes in arylation and Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. Representative results are shown for the catalytic activity of the four complexes in arylation and Suzuki-Miyaura type reactions. For each of the reactions investigated, at least one of the four complexes successfully catalyzed the reaction, qualifying them as promising candidates for catalysis of many carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions. The protocols presented are general enough to be adapted for the synthesis, purification and catalytic activity testing of new palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes.

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Detailed and generalized protocols are presented for the synthesis and subsequent purification of four palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes from benzimidazolium salts. The complexes were tested for catalytic activity in arylation and Suzuki-Miyaura reactions. For each reaction investigated, at least one of the four complexes successfully catalyzed the reaction.

palladyum<em&gt; K</em&gt; -Heterosiklik Karben Kompleksleri: Benzimidazolyum Tuzlarından Sentez ve Karbon-karbon Bağ Oluşturma Reaksiyonlarında Katalitik Aktivite

Detailed and generalized protocols are presented for the synthesis and subsequent purification of four palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes from ...