Bu çalışma JMBNRB verilir Doğa Bilimleri ve Kanada Ekipmanları, Discovery ve Discovery Hızlandırıcı Hibe Mühendislik Araştırma Konseyi tarafından desteklenen, Washington post-doktora burs programı Carnegie Institution destek kabul eder. Stephen Elardo ayrıca Jeofizik Lab&#39;de piston-silindir pres ile filme önce yaptığı yardım için teşekkür edilir.

Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Burada özetlenen protokoller kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen içerme serbest deneylerin sonuçları, daha önce referans 29 (Os, Ir, Au), 30 (Re, Au) ve 31 (Pt) içinde literatür verileri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Pt eklenmesi ücretsiz çalışma ürünlerin yararlılığını gösteren en öğreticidir. Düşük f O 2 çalıştırmak deneyler için, Ertel ve ark. 48 stabil bir kökeni kapanımlar atanan ve bu nedenle zamana bağımlı Y...

Karasal toplanma ay oluşumu 1,2 sorumlu düşündüm dev darbe aşamasında sonlanan bir chondritic toplu bileşimi ile gezegenciklere arasındaki çarpışmaların bir dizi olarak meydana geldiği düşünülmektedir. Darbelere tarafından proto-toprak ve kısa ömürlü izotopların çürüme ısıtma geniş erimesini ve magma okyanus veya Fe zengin metalik erir alçalma olabilir yoğun geçtiği göletlerin oluşmasına neden yeterli oldu. Magma okyanus tabanına ulaşarak üzerine, metalik erir bir reolojik sınır, durak karşılaşırsanız, ve sonunda büyüyen çekirdek 2 katı manto ile azalan önce son metal silikat denge tabi. Metalik eriyik olarak metal ve silikat fazlar arasındaki başka kimyasal haberleşme mantonun katı kısmı, büyüklüğü ve metal diyapirlerin 3 hızlı iniş engellemediği düşünülmektedir erişir. Metalik çekirdek ve silikat mant içine Dünya&#39;nın bu birincil farklılaşması6 - le hem jeofizik ve jeokimyasal gözlemler 4 bugün ortaya çıkar. Bir magma okyanus dibinde metal silikat denge için makul şartlar elde etmek için bu gözlemleri yorumlama Ancak, deney sonuçlarının uygun bir veritabanı gerektirir. İlkel üst manto (PUM) çekirdek oluşumunun silikat kalıntısı içeren bir varsayımsal rezervuar ve onun kompozisyonu bu nedenle metal silikat denge sırasında eser elementlerin davranışı yansıtmaktadır. İz elementler kendi jeokimyasal yakınlık temelinde çekirdek ayrımı esnasında metal ve silikat erir arasında dağıtılır. Metal faz için bir elemanlar tercih büyüklüğü metal silikat bölünme katsayısı ile tanımlanabilir <img alt="Denklem 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52725/52725eq1.jpg" /><img alt="Denklem 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52725/52725eq2.jpg" /> (1) Nerede <img alt="Denklem 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52725/52725eq3.jpg" /> ve <img alt="Denklem 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/52725/52725eq4.jpg" /> Metal ve silikat, sırasıyla erime elemanının konsantrasyonunu ifade etmektedir. Değerleri <img alt="Denklem 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/52725/52725eq5.jpg" /> &gt; 1 siderophile (demir-seven) davranış ve bu &lt;1 litofil elementler (kaya seven) davranışı gösterir. Elemanları siderophile PUM kompozisyon gösterisi tahminleri genellikle Dünya&#39;nın toplu kompozisyon 6,8 temsilcisi olarak kabul Chondrites 7, göreli olarak tükenmiş. Bu tükenmesi çekirdek tarafından siderophile elemanlarının haciz nedeniyle ve refrakter elemanları kendi büyüklüğü doğrudan değerlerini yansıtmalıdır <img alt="Denklem 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/52725/52725eq5.jpg" /> . Laboratuvar deneyleri, bu nedenle değerlerini belirlemek için aramak <img alt="Denklem 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/52725/52725eq5.jpg" /> Bir ra üzerindebasınç (P), sıcaklık (T) ve oksijen fugasitesi (f O 2) magma okyanus tabanı metal ayrımı ile ilgili olan koşulların NGE. T - - Bu deneylerin sonuçları, o zaman P bölgelerini tanımlamak için kullanılabilir F O birden siderophile elemanlarının PUM bolluk ile uyumlu olan 2 alanı (örneğin, 9-11). yüksek basınç ve magma okyanus senaryoya uygun sıcaklıklar bir piston-silindir veya çok örs basın kullanılarak laboratuvarda yeniden olabilir. piston-silindir aparatı, orta basınç altında (~ 2 GPa) ve yüksek sıcaklık (~ 2573 K) koşulları erişim sağlar, ancak büyük örnek hacimleri ve kolay bir şekilde kullanılmak üzere, kapsül, çeşitli malzemeleri sağlar. hızlı bir soğutma hızı, aynı zamanda bu şekilde çalışma ürünlerin yapı yorumlanmasını kolaylaştırmak bir cam silikat eriyen bileşimlerin bir dizi su verme izin verir.Çok örs cihaz genellikle küçük örnek hacimleri istihdam ancak uygun montaj tasarımları ile baskıları için ~ 27 GPa ve ~ 3.000 K. sıcaklıkları bu yöntemlerin kullanılması orta çoğu için bölümleme verilerini izin ve hafif elementler olmak siderophile vardır elde edebilirsiniz T koşulları - P geniş bir ürün yelpazesi üzerinde toplandı. Bu verilere dayanarak, PVM bileşimin tahminler kesin değerler modele bağlı olmasına rağmen metal silikat denge, sırasıyla, ~ fazla ortalama basınç ve sıcaklık koşulları altında 29 GPa ve 3000 K meydana göstermektedir. (Örneğin, V, Cr,) 2, birlikte mevcut olan demir ve wüstite dayattığı aşağıda ~ 4-2 log birimi toplanmanın boyunca gelişmeye düşünülmektedir fO (bazı redoks duyarlı elemanların PUM bolluk FeO ortaya koymak üzere ) eşdeğeri PT koşullarında (demir-wüstite tampon) 12. Her ne kadar m PUM bolluğuHerhangi siderophile elemanları derin magma okyanus dibinde metal silikat denge ile açıklanabilir, bu durumun aynı zamanda en çok siderophile elemanlar (HSEs) için geçerli olup olmadığını değerlendirmek zor olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Alçak basınç (P ~ 0.1 MPa) ve sıcaklık (T &lt;1,673 K) deneylerle gösterilen demir-metal için HSEs aşırı afinite silikat dünya kuvvetle bu unsurları tükenmiş olması gerektiğini göstermektedir. PUM HSE içeriğine tahminleri Bununla birlikte, (Şekil 1), kondrite yalnızca orta derecede bir tükenme göreli göstermektedir. Belirgin SEÇ aşırı Yaygın oturtulması çözüm Toprak çekirdek oluşumu 13 sonra chondritic malzemenin geç birikimini deneyimli olmasıdır. Bu geç • eklenir malzeme PUM ile karıştırılır ve SEÇ konsantrasyonları yükselmiş ancak daha bol unsurları üzerinde ihmal edilebilir bir etkiye sahip olurdu. Seçenek olarak ise, bu HSEs son derece siderophile doğası düşük basınç ile gösterilen ileri sürülmüştür </em&gt; - T deneyleri çekirdek oluşumu 14,15 sırasında mevcut yüksek YT şartlarına kalıcı değil. Bu hipotezi test etmek için, deneyler, uygun koşullarda HSEs çözünürlüğünün ve metal silikat ayırımını saptamak üzere gerçekleştirilmelidir. Ancak birçok önceki çalışmalarda söndürüldü çalışma ürünlerin silikat bölümünün kirlenmesi, çalışma ürün analizi komplike ve metal ve silikat ergiyiklerin arasındaki HSEs için de geçerlidir bölüm katsayıları gizlenmiş etti. HSEs doğasına uygun konsantrasyon düzeylerinde mevcut bölümleme deneylerde, Fe-metal, bu elemanların uç tercih silikat eriyik kendi ölçüm önler. Bu sorunu aşmak için, çözünürlük ölçümleri ilgi ve değerleri HSE hangi silikat eriyik doymuş çekilmiş <img alt="Denklem 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/52725/52725eq5.jpg" /> Borisov ve arkadaşları formalizmini kullanılarak hesaplanırark. 16. Indirgeyici koşullar gerçekleştirilmiştir SEÇ çözünürlük deneylerden Söndürülmüş silikat çalışma ürünleri, bununla birlikte, genellikle dağınık SEÇ ± Fe kirlenme kanıt görüntüler 17 inklüzyonlarını azaltır. Düşük f O bu kapanım yakın ubiquity rağmen Pt, Ir, Os, Re ve Ru içeren 2 deneyler (örneğin, 18-27), bunların dokusal sunum çalışmalar arasında önemli değişkenlik vardır; örnek 22 ve 26 başvuran için karşılaştırın. Bu inklüzyonlar bir deney 28 çalıştırma koşullarında stabil fazlı olan oluşturabilen olduğu gösterilmiş olmakla birlikte, Örnek söndürülür gibi bu inklüzyonların oluşumunu engellemez. Kapanım kökeni çevreleyen belirsizlik analitik sonuçların tedavisi zorlaştırır ve azaltılmış silikat erir içinde HSEs gerçek çözünürlüğü üzerinde belirsizliğe yol açtı. Kaynaştırma serbest çalışma ürünler değerlendirmek için gerekli olanhangi çalışmalar doğru çözünmüş HSE konsantrasyonlarını veren analitik bir yaklaşım benimsemiştir. 31 - indirgeyici koşullar metal-kapanım oluşumunu bastırmada kayda değer bir ilerleme şimdi örnek tasarım başlangıç ​​malzemeleri 29 Au veya Si ya da eklenmesi ile daha önceki çalışmalardan elde edilen tadil edilmiş olan bir piston-silindir düzeneği, kullanan deneylerde gösterilmiştir. Başlangıç ​​malzemelere Au veya element Si ilavesi sırasıyla deney numune geometrisi ya da f O 2 evrimi değiştirir. Bu yöntemler in difüzyon numune redüksiyon karşısında SEÇ zamanlamasının değiştirilmesiyle metal dahil oluşumunu bastırmak için tasarlanmıştır, ve Bennett ve ark., 31 tartışılmıştır. Böyle mekanik destekli dengeleme ve santrifüj piston-silindir olarak kapanım, silikat eriyiği temizlemek için önceki bazı girişimleri aksine, mevcut protokol uzman appar olmadan uygulanabilirATUS ve yüksek PT deneyler için de uygundur. Burada ayrıntılı olarak tarif edilen yüksek sıcaklıkta (&gt; 1873 K), 2 GPa ve benzer bir f, O 2 silikat eriyik Re, Os, ir, Ru, Pt ve Au çözünürlüğünü belirlemek için bir piston-silindir-tabanlı bir yaklaşımdır demir wüstite tamponu. Benzer bir deneysel tasarım uygulaması da, gerekli faz ilişkilerini sağlayan özelliklere ıslatma, diğer basınçta SEÇ deneylerinde başarılı ispat edebilir ve kinetik ilişkiler seçilen koşullara devam etmektedir. Ancak mevcut veriler, bizim örnek tasarımı derin magma okyanus gelen baskılara başarılı olup olmayacağını tahmin etmek yeterli değildir. Ayrıca özetlenen orta ve hafif siderophile elemanı (MSE ve SSE sırasıyla) çok örs cihaz kullanarak bölümleme belirlemek için kullanılan genel bir yaklaşımdır. Yüksek basınç HSEs için eklenmesi ücretsiz veri kümesi Uzatma benzer multi-örs yöntemleri kullanılması muhtemeldir. Giysieter, bu prosedürler çekirdek ayrışma koşulları ve karasal accretion aşamaları hem sınırlamak için bir araç sağlar.

<table><tbody><tr><td>G10 Epoxy/Fiberglass Sheet</td><td>Accurate plastics, Inc.</td><td>GEES.020N.3648</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Powdered starting materials- -Oxides, metals, carbonates</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>Specific to desired experiment</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Castable 2-part MgO ceramic</td><td>Aremco</td><td>Ceramcast - 584</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PTFE Dry Lubricant</td><td>Camie-Campbell</td><td>2000 TFE-Coat</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Graphite resistance heaters</td><td>Carbone of America (Now owned by Mersen USA)</td><td>Custom Order</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Barium Carbonate</td><td>Chemical Products Corporation</td><td>Custom Order</td><td>Calcined free-flowing (CFF) grade</td></tr><tr><td>C-Type Thermocouple Wire (W26%Re, W5%Re)</td><td>Concept Alloys</td><td></td><td>~0.25 mm diameter is suitable for most experiments</td></tr><tr><td>Zirconia Cement</td><td>Cotronics; Resbond 940 2-part cement</td><td></td><td>Use 100 parts powder for every 25 to 28 parts activator</td></tr><tr><td>Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA) Glue</td><td>e.g., Bostik</td><td></td><td>Often sold as &#039;white glue&#039;</td></tr><tr><td>Cyanoacrylate Glue</td><td>e.g., Krazy Glue/Loctite</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Piston cylinder pressure vessel and WC piston</td><td>Hi-Quality Carbide Tooling Inc.</td><td>Custom Order</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silica Glass Tubing</td><td>Quartz Plus</td><td>Custom Order</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Crushable ZrO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; tubes</td><td>Saint-Gobain</td><td>Custom Order</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Crushable MgO rods and tubes</td><td>Saint-Gobain</td><td>Custom Order</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>WC cubes for multi-anvil experiments</td><td>Tungaloy</td><td>Custom Order</td><td>Cubes are grade-F WC alloy</td></tr><tr><td>Single hole alumina tube for multi-anvil thermocouple</td><td>Vesuvius McDanel</td><td>AXS071730-04-06</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-hole alumina tube for piston cylinder thermocouple</td><td>Vesuvius McDanel</td><td>AXF1159--07-12&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-hole alumina tube for multi-anvil thermocouple</td><td>Vesuvius McDanel</td><td>AXF1159-04-06</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

metal-silicate partitioning at high pressure and temperature: experimental methods and a protocol to suppress highly siderophile element inclusions

Estimates of the primitive upper mantle (PUM) composition reveal a depletion in many of the siderophile (iron-loving) elements, thought to result from their extraction to the core during terrestrial accretion. Experiments to investigate the partitioning of these elements between metal and silicate melts suggest that the PUM composition is best matched if metal-silicate equilibrium occurred at high pressures and temperatures, in a deep magma ocean environment. The behavior of the most highly siderophile elements (HSEs) during this process however, has remained enigmatic. Silicate run-products from HSE solubility experiments are commonly contaminated by dispersed metal inclusions that hinder the measurement of element concentrations in the melt. The resulting uncertainty over the true solubility and metal-silicate partitioning of these elements has made it difficult to predict their expected depletion in PUM. Recently, several studies have employed changes to the experimental design used for high pressure and temperature solubility experiments in order to suppress the formation of metal inclusions. The addition of Au (Re, Os, Ir, Ru experiments) or elemental Si (Pt experiments) to the sample acts to alter either the geometry or rate of sample reduction respectively, in order to avoid transient metal oversaturation of the silicate melt. This contribution outlines procedures for using the piston-cylinder and multi-anvil apparatus to conduct solubility and metal-silicate partitioning experiments respectively. A protocol is also described for the synthesis of uncontaminated run-products from HSE solubility experiments in which the oxygen fugacity is similar to that during terrestrial core-formation. Time-resolved LA-ICP-MS spectra are presented as evidence for the absence of metal-inclusions in run-products from earlier studies, and also confirm that the technique may be extended to investigate Ru. Examples are also given of how these data may be applied.

silikat düşük f O 2 erir deneyler aşağıdaki örnekler ve tartışma odağı SEÇ çözünürlüğünü belirlemek için. T - - Çok örs deneylerden elde MSE ve SSE bölümleme veri P sınırlamak için nasıl kullanılabileceğini kapsamlı örnekler için f O çekirdek metal ayrıştırma 2 koşulları, okuyucu başvuruları 9 anılır -. 11 Şekil 7B-D geri görüntüler Tipik deneysel çalışma ürünlerden dağı...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions at JoVE.co

Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions

We present a procedure to determine the metal-silicate partitioning of siderophile elements, emphasizing techniques that suppress the formation of metal inclusions in experiments for the noble metals. The results of these experiments are used to demonstrate the effect of core-formation on the highly siderophile element composition of the mantle.

Deneysel Yöntemlerle ve yüksek Siderophile Eleman kapsama alınan terimler bastır için Protokolün: Yüksek Basınç ve Sıcaklık metal-silikat bölümleme

Estimates of the primitive upper mantle (PUM) composition reveal a depletion in many of the siderophile (iron-loving) elements, thought to result from ...

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12.4K Görüntüleme.  University of Toronto. We present a procedure to determine the metal-silicate partitioning of siderophile elements, emphasizing techniques that suppress the formation of metal inclusions in experiments for the noble metals. The results of these experiments are used to demonstrate the effect of core-formation on the highly siderophile element composition of the mantle.

Video: Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary interiors, design materials with novel properties, understand the mechanical behavior of materials exposed to very high stresses as in explosions or impacts. Synthesis and structural analysis of materials at extreme conditions of pressure and temperature entails remarkable technical challenges. In the laser heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC), very high pressure is generated between the tips of two opposing diamond anvils forced against each other; focused infrared laser beams, shined through the diamonds, allow to reach very high temperatures on samples absorbing the laser radiation. When the LH-DAC is installed in a synchrotron beamline that provides extremely brilliant x-ray radiation, the structure of materials under extreme conditions can be probed in situ. LH-DAC samples, although very small, can show highly variable grain size, phase and chemical composition. In order to obtain the high resolution structural analysis and the most comprehensive characterization of a sample, we collect diffraction data in 2D grids and combine powder, single crystal and multigrain diffraction techniques. Representative results obtained in the synthesis of a new iron oxide, Fe4O5 1 will be shown.

The laser heated diamond anvil cell combined with synchrotron micro-diffraction techniques allows researchers to explore the nature and properties of new phases of matter at extreme pressure and temperature (PT) conditions. Heterogeneous samples can be characterized in situ under high pressure by 2D mapping and combined powder, single-crystal and multigrain diffraction approaches.

Aşırı basınç ve Sıcaklıklarda sentezi ve mikrodifraksiyon

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary ...

Mühendislik

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory

A planetary interior is under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions and it has a layered structure. There are two important processes that led to that layered structure, (1) percolation of liquid metal in a solid silicate matrix by planet differentiation, and (2) inner core crystallization by subsequent planet cooling. We conduct high-pressure and high-temperature experiments to simulate both processes in the laboratory. Formation of percolative planetary core depends on the efficiency of melt percolation, which is controlled by the dihedral (wetting) angle. The percolation simulation includes heating the sample at high pressure to a target temperature at which iron-sulfur alloy is molten while the silicate remains solid, and then determining the true dihedral angle to evaluate the style of liquid migration in a crystalline matrix by 3D visualization. The 3D volume rendering is achieved by slicing the recovered sample with a focused ion beam (FIB) and taking SEM image of each slice with a FIB/SEM crossbeam instrument. The second set of experiments is designed to understand the inner core crystallization and element distribution between the liquid outer core and solid inner core by determining the melting temperature and element partitioning at high pressure. The melting experiments are conducted in the multi-anvil apparatus up to 27 GPa and extended to higher pressure in the diamond-anvil cell with laser-heating. We have developed techniques to recover small heated samples by precision FIB milling and obtain high-resolution images of the laser-heated spot that show melting texture at high pressure. By analyzing the chemical compositions of the coexisting liquid and solid phases, we precisely determine the liquidus curve, providing necessary data to understand the inner core crystallization process.

The high-pressure and high-temperature experiments described here mimic planet interior differentiation processes. The processes are visualized and better understood by high-resolution 3D imaging and quantitative chemical analysis.

Planetary İçişleri Farklılaşma Simülasyon Laboratuvarı Süreçleri

A planetary interior is under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions and it has a layered structure. There are two important processes that led to ...

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron (Oxy)Hydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as redox potential (Eh) and pH, but also to microbial activities that can play a direct or indirect role on speciation and/or mobility. Indeed, some bacteria can directly oxidize As(III) to As(V) or reduce As(V) to As(III). Likewise, bacteria are strongly involved in Hg cycling, either through its methylation, forming the neurotoxin monomethyl mercury, or through its reduction to elemental Hg&#176;. The fates of both As and Hg are also strongly linked to soil or aquifer composition; indeed, As and Hg can bind to organic compounds or (oxy)hydroxides, which will influence their mobility. In turn, bacterial activities such as iron (oxy)hydroxide reduction or organic matter mineralization can indirectly influence As and Hg sequestration. The presence of sulfate/sulfide can also strongly impact these particular elements through the formation of complexes such as thio-arsenates with As or metacinnabar with Hg.
Consequently, many important questions have been raised on the fate and speciation of As and Hg in the environment and how to limit their toxicity. However, due to their reactivity towards aquifer components, it is difficult to clearly dissociate the biogeochemical processes that occur and their different impacts on the fate of these TE.
To do so, we developed an original, experimental, column setup that mimics an aquifer with As- or Hg-iron-oxide rich areas versus iron depleted areas, enabling a better understanding of TE biogeochemistry in anoxic conditions. The following protocol gives step by step instructions for the column set-up either for As or Hg, as well as an example with As under iron and sulfate reducing conditions.

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron OxyHydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Fate and speciation of arsenic and mercury in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions and microbial activity. Here, we present an original experimental column setup that mimics an aquifer and enables a better understanding of trace element biogeochemistry in anoxic conditions. Two examples are presented, combining geochemical and microbiological approaches.

Demir (oksi) hidroksit, eser elementler ve bakteri anaerobik biyojeokimyasal Hofstede çalışmak için deneysel sütun Kur

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as ...

Çevre

High-pressure, High-temperature Deformation Experiment Using the New Generation Griggs-type Apparatus

In order to address geological processes at great depths, rock deformation should ideally be tested at high pressure (&#62; 0.5 GPa) and high temperature (&#62; 300 &#176;C). However, because of the low stress resolution of current solid-pressure-medium apparatuses, high-resolution measurements are today restricted to low-pressure deformation experiments in the gas-pressure-medium apparatus. A new generation of solid-medium piston-cylinder (&#34;Griggs-type&#34;) apparatus is here described. Able to perform high-pressure deformation experiments up to 5 GPa and designed to adapt an internal load cell, such a new apparatus offers the potential to establish a technological basis for high-pressure rheology. This paper provides video-based detailed documentation of the procedure (using the &#34;conventional&#34; solid-salt assembly) to perform high-pressure, high-temperature experiments with the newly designed Griggs-type apparatus. A representative result of a Carrara marble sample deformed at 700 &#176;C, 1.5 GPa and 10-5 s-1 with the new press is also given. The related stress-time curve illustrates all steps of a Griggs-type experiment, from increasing pressure and temperature to sample quenching when deformation is stopped. Together with future developments, the critical steps and limitations of the Griggs apparatus are then discussed.

Rock deformation needs to be quantified at high pressure. A description of the procedure to perform deformation experiments in a newly designed solid-medium Griggs-type apparatus is here given. This provides technological basis for future rheological studies at pressures up to 5 GPa.

Yeni nesil Griggs tipi cihazlar kullanarak yüksek basınç, yüksek sıcaklık deformasyon deney

In order to address geological processes at great depths, rock deformation should ideally be tested at high pressure (&#62; 0.5 GPa) and high temperature ...

Determining the Chemical Composition of Corrosion Inhibitor/Metal Interfaces with XPS: Minimizing Post Immersion Oxidation

An approach for acquiring more reliable X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data from corrosion inhibitor/metal interfaces is described. More specifically, the focus is on metallic substrates immersed in acidic solutions containing organic corrosion inhibitors, as these systems can be particularly sensitive to oxidation following removal from solution. To minimize the likelihood of such degradation, samples are removed from solution within a glove box purged with inert gas, either N2 or Ar. The glove box is directly attached to the load-lock of the ultra-high vacuum X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy instrument, avoiding any exposure to the ambient laboratory atmosphere, and thus reducing the possibility of post immersion substrate oxidation. On this basis, one can be more certain that the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy features observed are likely to be representative of the in situ submerged scenario, e.g. the oxidation state of the metal is not modified.

A protocol to avoid the oxidation of metallic substrates during sample transfer from an inhibited acidic solution to an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer is presented.

XPS ile Korozyon Önleyici / Metal Arayüz Kimyasal Bileşimi Belirlenmesi: En Aza İndirme Mesaj Daldırma oksidasyonu

An approach for acquiring more reliable X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data from corrosion inhibitor/metal interfaces is described. More specifically, ...

Kimya

An Experimental Protocol for Studying Mineral Effects on Organic Hydrothermal Transformations

Organic-mineral interactions are widely occurring in hydrothermal environments, such as hot springs, geysers on land, and the hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean. Roles of minerals are critical in many hydrothermal organic geochemical processes. Traditional hydrothermal methodology, which includes using reactors made of gold, titanium, platinum, or stainless-steel, is usually associated with the high cost or undesired metal catalytic effects. Recently, there is a growing tendency for using the cost-effective and inert quartz or fused silica glass tubes in hydrothermal experiments. Here, we provide a protocol for carrying out organic-mineral hydrothermal experiments in silica tubes, and we describe the essential steps in the sample preparation, experimental setup, products separation, and quantitative analysis. We also demonstrate an experiment using a model organic compound, nitrobenzene, to show the effect of an iron-containing mineral, magnetite, on its degradation under a specific hydrothermal condition. This technique can be applied to study complex organic-mineral hydrothermal interactions in a relatively simple laboratory system.

Earth-abundant minerals play important roles in the natural hydrothermal systems. Here, we describe a reliable and cost-effective method for the experimental investigation of organic-mineral interactions under hydrothermal conditions.

Organik hidrotermal dönüşümler üzerinde Mineral etkileri eğitimi için deneysel bir protokol

Organic-mineral interactions are widely occurring in hydrothermal environments, such as hot springs, geysers on land, and the hydrothermal vents in the ...

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

The aim of this work is to present a zero-waste process for storing CO2 in a stable and benign mineral form while producing zeolitic minerals with sufficient heavy metal adsorption capacity. To this end, blast furnace slag, a residue from iron-making, is utilized as the starting material. Calcium is selectively extracted from the slag by leaching with acetic acid (2 M CH3COOH) as the extraction agent. The filtered leachate is subsequently physico-chemically purified and then carbonated to form precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) of high purity (&lt;2 wt% non-calcium impurities, according to ICP-MS analysis). Sodium hydroxide is added to neutralize the regenerated acetate. The morphological properties of the resulting calcitic PCC are tuned for its potential application as a filler in papermaking. In parallel, the residual solids from the extraction stage are subjected to hydrothermal conversion in a caustic solution (2 M NaOH) that leads to the predominant formation of a particular zeolitic mineral phase (detected by XRD), namely analcime (NaAlSi2O6&#8729;H2O). Based on its ability to adsorb Ni2+, as reported from batch adsorption experiments and ICP-OES analysis, this product can potentially be used in wastewater treatment or for environmental remediation applications.

A protocol for the parallel production of precipitated calcium carbonate and zeolitic material from blast furnace slag via mineral carbonation and alkaline hydrothermal conversion, respectively, is presented. The performance of the zeolitic material towards nickel adsorption is tested.

Yüksek Fırın Cüruf iki yönlü Valorizasyon: çöktürülmüş Kalsiyum Karbonat ve Zeolitik Ağır Metal Adsorban Sentezi

The aim of this work is to present a zero-waste process for storing CO2 in a stable and benign mineral form while producing zeolitic minerals with ...

Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Exsolved Mineral Phases

Element diffusion rates and temperature/pressure control a range of fundamental volcanic and metamorphic processes. Such processes are often recorded in lamellae exsolved from host mineral phases. Thus, the analysis of the orientation, size, morphology, composition and spacing of exsolution lamellae is an area of active research in the geosciences. The conventional study of these lamellae has been conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and more recently with focused ion beam (FIB)-based nanotomography, yet with limited chemical information. Here, we explore the use of atom probe tomography (APT) for the nanoscale analysis of ilmenite exsolution lamellae in igneous titanomagnetite from ash deposits erupted from the active Soufri&#232;re Hills Volcano (Montserrat, British West Indies). APT allows the precise calculation of interlamellar spacings (14&#8211;29 &#177; 2 nm) and reveals smooth diffusion profiles with no sharp phase boundaries during the exchange of Fe and Ti/O between the exsolved lamellae and the host crystal. Our results suggest that this novel approach permits nanoscale measurements of lamellae composition and interlamellar spacing that may provide a means to estimate the lava dome temperatures necessary to model extrusion rates and lava dome failure, both of which play a key role in volcanic hazard mitigation efforts.

Analysis of the morphology, composition, and spacing of exsolution lamellae can provide essential information to understand geological processes related to volcanism and metamorphism. We present a novel application of APT for the characterization of such lamellae and compare this approach to the conventional use of electron microscopy and FIB-based nanotomography.

Çözülmüş Mineral Evrelerinin Atom Prob Tomografisi Analizi

Element diffusion rates and temperature/pressure control a range of fundamental volcanic and metamorphic processes. Such processes are often recorded in ...

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

We demonstrate the use of two nuclear-based analytical methods that can follow the modifications of microstructural arrangement of iron-based metallic glasses (MGs). Despite their amorphous nature, the identification of hyperfine interactions unveils faint structural modifications. For this purpose, we have employed two techniques that utilize nuclear resonance among nuclear levels of a stable 57Fe isotope, namely M&#246;ssbauer spectrometry and nuclear forward scattering (NFS) of synchrotron radiation. The effects of heat treatment upon (Fe2.85Co1)77Mo8Cu1B14 MG are discussed using the results of ex situ and in situ experiments, respectively. As both methods are sensitive to hyperfine interactions, information on structural arrangement as well as on magnetic microstructure is readily available. M&#246;ssbauer spectrometry performed ex situ describes how the structural arrangement and magnetic microstructure appears at room temperature after the annealing under certain conditions (temperature, time), and thus this technique inspects steady states. On the other hand, NFS data are recorded in situ during dynamically changing temperature and NFS examines transient states. The use of both techniques provides complementary information. In general, they can be applied to any suitable system in which it is important to know its steady state but also transient states.

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Here, we present a protocol to describe ex situ and in situ investigations of structural transformations in metallic glasses. We employed nuclear-based analytical methods which inspect hyperfine interactions. We demonstrate the applicability of M&#246;ssbauer spectrometry and nuclear forward scattering of synchrotron radiation during temperature-driven experiments.

Ex Situ ve yapısal dönüşümleri in Situ soruşturma yöntemleri: Metalik gözlük kristalleşme olgusu

We demonstrate the use of two nuclear-based analytical methods that can follow the modifications of microstructural arrangement of iron-based metallic ...

Imine Metathesis by Silica-Supported Catalysts Using the Methodology of Surface Organometallic Chemistry

With this protocol, a well-defined singlesite silica-supported heterogeneous catalyst [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is designed and prepared according to the methodology developed by surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC). In this framework, catalytic cycles can be determined by isolating crucial intermediates. All air-sensitive materials are handled under inert atmosphere (using gloveboxes or a Schlenk line) or high vacuum lines (HVLs, &#60;10-5 mbar). The preparation of SiO2-700 (silica dehydroxylated at 700 &#176;C) and subsequent applications (the grafting of complexes and catalytic runs) requires the use of HVLs and double-Schlenk techniques. Several well-known characterization methods are used, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental microanalysis, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SSNMR), and state-of-the-art dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy (DNP-SENS). FTIR and elemental microanalysis permit scientists to establish the grafting and its stoichiometry. 1H and 13C SSNMR allows the structural determination of the hydrocarbon ligands coordination sphere. DNP SENS is an emerging powerful technique in solid characterization for the detection of poorly sensitive nuclei (15N, in our case). SiO2-700 is treated with about one equivalent of the metal precursor compared to the amount of surface silanol (0.30 mmol&#183;g-1) in pentane at room temperature. Then, volatiles are removed, and the powder samples are dried under dynamic high vacuum to afford the desired materials [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(&#951;2&#960;-MeNCH2)(&#951;1-NMe2)(&#951;1-HNMe2)]. After a thermal treatment under high vacuum, the grafted complex is converted into metal imido silica complex [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)]. [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] effectively promotes the metathesis of imines, using the combination of two imine substrates, N-(4-phenylbenzylidene)benzylamine, or N-(4-fluorobenzylidene)-4-fluoroaniline, with N-benzylidenetert-butylamine as substrates. A significantly lower conversion is observed with the blank runs; thus, the presence of the imido group in [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is correlated to the catalytic performance.

A new group IV metal catalyst for imine metathesis is prepared by grafting amine metal complex onto dehydroxylated silica. Surface metal fragments are characterized using FT-IR, elemental microanalysis, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Further dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy experiments complement the determination of the coordination sphere.

Yüzey Organometalik Kimya metodolojisini kullanan Silika Destekli Katalizörler tarafından Imine Metatez

With this protocol, a well-defined singlesite silica-supported heterogeneous catalyst [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is designed and prepared ...