이 작품은 JMBNRB에게 수여 자연 과학 및 캐나다 장비, 검색 및 디스커버리 액셀러레이터 보조금 공학 연구위원회에 의해 지원되었다 워싱턴 포스트 박사 교제 프로그램의 카네기 연구소의 지원을 인정합니다. 스티븐 Elardo 또한 지구 물리학 연구소에서 피스톤 실린더 프레스로 촬영하기 전에 자신의 도움에 감사합니다.

저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

여기에 설명 된 프로토콜을 사용하여 수행 포함없는 실험의 결과는 이전의 참조도 29의 (O를 · IR), 금 (Au), (30) (재), 금 (Au) 및 (31) (PT)의 문헌 데이터와 비교되었다. 백금은 포함이없는 실행 제품의 유용성을 입증에 가장 유익하다. 로우 F의 O 2 실행 실험을 위해, Ertel 외. (48)는 안정적으로 원점 개재물을 할당하므로 시분 LA-ICPMS 스펙트럼 최저 ?...

지상파 증가는 달의 형성 1, 2에 대한 책임을 생각 거대한 충격 단계에서 종료, chondritic 벌크 조성 행성 체 사이의 충돌의 시리즈로 발생한 것으로 생각된다. 충격에 의한 원시 지구와 수명이 짧은 동위 원소의 붕괴 난방 광범위한 용융 마그마 바다와 철 풍부한 금속의 용융이 내려 수 조밀 통해 연못의 형성을 야기하기에 충분했다. 마그마 바다의 바닥에 도달하면, 금속 용융은 유동 학적 경계, 실속 발생, 결국 성장 코어 2 고체 맨틀을 통해 내려 전에 최종 금속 규산염 평형을받을. 용융 금속과 같은 금속 실리케이트 상간 또한 화학 통신 맨틀의 중실 부 인해 대형 금속 다이아 퍼 (3)의 급속한 하강에 배제되는 것으로 생각된다 횡단. 금속 코어 및 규산염 녀 mant에 지구의이 차 분화6 - 제작은 모두 지구 물리학 및 지구 화학적 관찰 (4)에 의해 오늘 공개된다. 마그마 바다의 바닥에 금속 규산염 평형에 대한 설득력있는 조건을 산출하기 위해 이러한 관찰을 해석하지만, 실험 결과의 적절한 데이터베이스가 필요합니다. 프리미티브 상부 맨틀 (PUM)는 코어 형성 실리케이트 잔기를 갖는 가상의 저장이며 따라서 그 조성은 금속 규산염 평형 중에 미량 원소의 동작을 반영한다. 미량 원소는 그 화학적 친화도에 근거하여 코어 편 중에 용융 금속 규산염 사이에 분포된다. 금속 상에 대한 기본 요소의 크기는 금속 실리케이트 분배 계수에 의해 설명 될 수 있습니다 <img alt="식 (1)" src="/files/ftp_upload/52725/52725eq1.jpg" /><img alt="식 (2)" src="/files/ftp_upload/52725/52725eq2.jpg" /> (1) 어디에 <img alt="식 (3)" src="/files/ftp_upload/52725/52725eq3.jpg" /> 과 <img alt="식 (4)" src="/files/ftp_upload/52725/52725eq4.jpg" /> 나는 금속 규산염 각각 녹아 원소의 농도를 나타낸다. 의 값 <img alt="식 (5)" src="/files/ftp_upload/52725/52725eq5.jpg" /> &gt; 1 siderophile (철 사랑)의 행동과 그 &lt;1 lithophile (바위 사랑) 동작을 나타냅니다. 요소를 siderophile PUM 조성 쇼의 추정은 일반적으로 지구의 대량 구성 6,8의 대표로 간주 구립 운석 7에 상대적으로 고갈된다. 이 고갈 핵심으로 siderophile 요소의 격리로 인해, 내화물 요소의 크기는 직접 값을 반영해야 <img alt="식 (5)" src="/files/ftp_upload/52725/52725eq5.jpg" /> . 실험실 실험은 따라서의 값을 결정하고자 <img alt="식 (5)" src="/files/ftp_upload/52725/52725eq5.jpg" /> RA 이상압력 (P), 온도 (T)와 산소 분압 (f를 O 2) 마그마 바다의 기지에서 금속 분리와 관련된 조건의 NGE. T - -이 실험의 결과는 다음의 P 영역을 서술하기 위해 사용될 수있다 F의 O를 여러 siderophile 소자 PUM 풍부와 호환이 공간 (예를 들어, 9-11). 높은 압력과 마그마 바다 시나리오에 관련된 온도는 피스톤 실린더 또는 다중 모루 프레스를 사용하여 실험실에서 재현 할 수 있습니다. 피스톤 실린더 장치는 중간 압 (~ 2 GPA) 및 고온 (2573 ~ K)의 조건에 대한 액세스를 제공하지만, 대규모 샘플 볼륨과 용이하게 사용될 수있는 캡슐 재료의 다양성을 가능하게한다. 빠른 냉각 속도는 따라서 런 제품의 조직 해석을 단순화로 실리케이트 유리 조성물의 용융 범위의 소광을 허용한다.멀티 모루 장치는 일반적으로 작은 샘플 볼륨을 사용하지만 적절한 어셈블리 설계와 압력에 ~ 27 GPa의와 ~ 3,000 케이의 온도 이러한 방법의 사용은 적당히의 많은 파티션의 데이터를 허용하고 약간 요소가 될 siderophile있다을 달성 할 수있다 T 조건 - (P)의 넓은 범위에 걸쳐 모였다. 이들 데이터에 기초 PUM 조성물의 예측 모델이 정확한 값 의존하더라도 금속 규산염 평형 각각 ~ 초과 평균 압력 및 온도 조건에서 29 GPa 인 3000 K를 발생 시사한다. (예를 들면, V, CR) 2는 또한 공존 철, 위스 타이트에 의해 부과 된 그 아래 ~ 4-2 로그 단위에서 증가하는 동안 진화를 생각하는 f를 O (특정 산화 환원에 민감한 요소의 PUM의 풍요 로움에 대한 FeO의를 설명하기 위해 ) 상당 PT 조건 (철 위스 타이트 버퍼) 12. 비록 M의 PUM 풍부어떤 siderophile 요소가 깊은 마그마 바다의 바닥에 금속 규산염 평형에 의해 설명 될 수 있습니다, 그것은이 상황이 또한 가장 높은 siderophile 요소 (HSES)에 적용하는 경우 평가하기 어려운 입증했다. 낮은 압력 (P ~ 0.1 MPa의) 및 온도 (T &lt;1673 K) 실험에 의해 표시 철 금속 HSES의 극단적 인 친 화성 규산 지구가 강하게 이러한 요소 고갈해야합니다 제안합니다. PUM위한 HSE 콘텐츠의 추정은, 그러나, (도 1) 콘드 라이트 만 적당한 공핍 대하여 나타낸다. 명백한 HSE 초과에 일반적으로 상정 솔루션은 지구가 핵심 형성 (13) 이후 chondritic 재료의 늦은 증가를 경험한다는 것이다. 이 늦은 인한이자 재료는 PUM와 혼합 HSE 농도를 상승하지만, 더 풍부한 요소에 무시할 영향을했을 것이다. 또는, HSES의 매우 낮은 자연 siderophile P로 나타낸 것이 제안되었다 </em&gt; - T 실험 코어 형성 14, 15 중에 존재하는 높은 PT 상태로 유지되지 않습니다. 이러한 가설을 검증하기 위하여, 실험은 적절한 조건에서 HSES의 용해도 및 금속 실리케이트 분할을 결정하기 위해 수행되어야한다. 그러나 많은 선행 연구에서 담금질 실행 제품의 규산염 부분의 오염, 실행 제품 분석을 복잡하고 금속과 규산염 용융물 사이 HSES에 대한 진정한 분배 계수를 가려있다. HSES 자연에 적합한 농도 수준에 존재하는 파티션 실험에서, 철 금속에 대한 이러한 요소의 극단적 인 기본 설정은 규산염 용융 자신의 측정을 방지 할 수 있습니다. 이 문제를 회피하기 위해, 용해도 측정은 관심의 값 HSE에있는 규산염 용융물이 포화 만들어진다 <img alt="식 (5)" src="/files/ftp_upload/52725/52725eq5.jpg" /> 보리 소프의 등의 형식주의를 사용하여 계산등. (16). 환원 조건에서 수행 HSE 용해도 실험으로부터 담금질 실리케이트 런 제품, 그러나 종종 분산 HSE ± 철에 의한 오염에 대한 근거를 표시하는 17 개재물. 낮은 F 오에서 이러한 개재물의 가까운 편재에도 불구하고 태평양 표준시의 Ir, O를, 다시와의 Ru를 포함하는이 실험은, (예를 들어, 18-27), 자신의 조직 프레젠테이션의 연구 사이에 주목할만한 변화가있다; 예를 들어 22, 26 참조를 비교합니다. 이 개재물은 실험 28의 실행 조건에서 안정한 상을 형성 할 수있는 것으로 입증되었지만, 샘플 켄칭 될 때,이 개재물의 형성을 배제하는 것은 아니다. 개재물의 원점 주변 불확실성 분석 결과의 처리가 곤란하게하고, 감소 된 실리케이트 녹에 HSES의 진정한 용해도 이상 모호하게되었다. 포함이없는 실행 제품은 평가해야합니다어떤 연구는 정확한 용해 HSE 농도를 산출 분석 접근 방식을 채택하고있다. 31 - 환원 조건에서 금속 개재물의 형성을 억제하는데 상당한 진전 이제 샘플 디자인이 원료 (29)의 Au 또는 Si를 추가하여 기존의 연구에서 개정하는 피스톤 - 실린더 장치를 이용한 실험에서 입증되었다. 출발 물질에 금이나 원소의 Si 첨가는 각각의 실험 샘플 기하학 또는 F O 2 진화를 바꾼다. 이들 방법은 샘플에 확산 환원 대 HSE의 타이밍을 변경하여 금속 개재물 형성을 억제하도록 구성되며, 베넷 외. (31)에서 논의된다. 이러한 기계적으로 지원 평형 및 원심 분리 피스톤 실린더와 같은 내포물의 규산염 용융물을 정화하는 몇 가지 이전의 시도와는 달리, 본 프로토콜은 전문 appar없이 구현 될 수있다ATUS과 높은 PT 실험에 적합합니다. 여기에 상세히 기재된 고온 (&gt; 1873 K), 2 GPa의과 유사한 F의 O 2에서 규산염 용융물에 재현하여 OS,의 Ir, Ru로, Pt 및 Au로의 용해도를 결정하기 위해 피스톤 - 실린더 기반 접근법 철 위스 타이트 버퍼. 유사한 실험 설계의 응용 프로그램은 또한, 요구되는 위상 관계를 제공하는 특성을 습윤제, 다른 압력에서 HSE 실험에서 성공적인 증명할 수 있고 운동 관계는 선택 조건으로 유지. 그러나 기존 데이터는, 우리의 샘플 디자인은 깊은 마그마 바다에 해당하는 압력에서 성공 여부를 예측하기에 충분하다. 또한 윤곽 적당히 약간 siderophile 소자 (MSE와 각각 SSE) 멀티 앤빌 장치를 사용하여 분할을 결정하는 데 사용되는 일반적인 접근법이다. 높은 압력 HSES의 포함이없는 데이터 세트의 확장과 유사한 멀티 모루 방법을 채택 할 가능성이있다. 옷에테르, 이러한 절차는 코어 - 분리의 조건으로 지상파 증가의 단계 모두를 제한하는 수단을 제공한다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>G10 Epoxy/Fiberglass Sheet</td><td>Accurate plastics, Inc.</td><td>GEES.020N.3648</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Powdered starting materials- -Oxides, metals, carbonates</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>Specific to desired experiment</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Castable 2-part MgO ceramic</td><td>Aremco</td><td>Ceramcast - 584</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PTFE Dry Lubricant</td><td>Camie-Campbell</td><td>2000 TFE-Coat</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Graphite resistance heaters</td><td>Carbone of America (Now owned by Mersen USA)</td><td>Custom Order</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Barium Carbonate</td><td>Chemical Products Corporation</td><td>Custom Order</td><td>Calcined free-flowing (CFF) grade</td></tr><tr><td>C-Type Thermocouple Wire (W26%Re, W5%Re)</td><td>Concept Alloys</td><td></td><td>~0.25 mm diameter is suitable for most experiments</td></tr><tr><td>Zirconia Cement</td><td>Cotronics; Resbond 940 2-part cement</td><td></td><td>Use 100 parts powder for every 25 to 28 parts activator</td></tr><tr><td>Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA) Glue</td><td>e.g., Bostik</td><td></td><td>Often sold as &#039;white glue&#039;</td></tr><tr><td>Cyanoacrylate Glue</td><td>e.g., Krazy Glue/Loctite</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Piston cylinder pressure vessel and WC piston</td><td>Hi-Quality Carbide Tooling Inc.</td><td>Custom Order</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silica Glass Tubing</td><td>Quartz Plus</td><td>Custom Order</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Crushable ZrO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; tubes</td><td>Saint-Gobain</td><td>Custom Order</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Crushable MgO rods and tubes</td><td>Saint-Gobain</td><td>Custom Order</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>WC cubes for multi-anvil experiments</td><td>Tungaloy</td><td>Custom Order</td><td>Cubes are grade-F WC alloy</td></tr><tr><td>Single hole alumina tube for multi-anvil thermocouple</td><td>Vesuvius McDanel</td><td>AXS071730-04-06</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-hole alumina tube for piston cylinder thermocouple</td><td>Vesuvius McDanel</td><td>AXF1159--07-12&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-hole alumina tube for multi-anvil thermocouple</td><td>Vesuvius McDanel</td><td>AXF1159-04-06</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

metal-silicate partitioning at high pressure and temperature: experimental methods and a protocol to suppress highly siderophile element inclusions

Estimates of the primitive upper mantle (PUM) composition reveal a depletion in many of the siderophile (iron-loving) elements, thought to result from their extraction to the core during terrestrial accretion. Experiments to investigate the partitioning of these elements between metal and silicate melts suggest that the PUM composition is best matched if metal-silicate equilibrium occurred at high pressures and temperatures, in a deep magma ocean environment. The behavior of the most highly siderophile elements (HSEs) during this process however, has remained enigmatic. Silicate run-products from HSE solubility experiments are commonly contaminated by dispersed metal inclusions that hinder the measurement of element concentrations in the melt. The resulting uncertainty over the true solubility and metal-silicate partitioning of these elements has made it difficult to predict their expected depletion in PUM. Recently, several studies have employed changes to the experimental design used for high pressure and temperature solubility experiments in order to suppress the formation of metal inclusions. The addition of Au (Re, Os, Ir, Ru experiments) or elemental Si (Pt experiments) to the sample acts to alter either the geometry or rate of sample reduction respectively, in order to avoid transient metal oversaturation of the silicate melt. This contribution outlines procedures for using the piston-cylinder and multi-anvil apparatus to conduct solubility and metal-silicate partitioning experiments respectively. A protocol is also described for the synthesis of uncontaminated run-products from HSE solubility experiments in which the oxygen fugacity is similar to that during terrestrial core-formation. Time-resolved LA-ICP-MS spectra are presented as evidence for the absence of metal-inclusions in run-products from earlier studies, and also confirm that the technique may be extended to investigate Ru. Examples are also given of how these data may be applied.

규산이 낮은 F의 O 2에서 용융에서 실험에 다음 예제와 토론의 초점은 HSE의 용해도를 결정합니다. T - - 멀티 앤빌 실험 MSE 및 SSE 분할 데이터 P 제한하기 위하여 사용될 수있는 방법의 포괄적 인 예를 들어 F를 O 코어 금속 분리 2 조건을, 독자는 참조 9 칭한다 -. 11도 7B-D는 다시 표시 전형적인 실험 실행 제품에서 흩어?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions at JoVE.co

Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions

We present a procedure to determine the metal-silicate partitioning of siderophile elements, emphasizing techniques that suppress the formation of metal inclusions in experiments for the noble metals. The results of these experiments are used to demonstrate the effect of core-formation on the highly siderophile element composition of the mantle.

실험 방법 및 높은 Siderophile 요소 흠을 억제하는 프로토콜 : 높은 압력과 온도에서 금속 규산염 분할

Estimates of the primitive upper mantle (PUM) composition reveal a depletion in many of the siderophile (iron-loving) elements, thought to result from ...

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Chemical Equilibrium

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12.4K 조회수.  University of Toronto. We present a procedure to determine the metal-silicate partitioning of siderophile elements, emphasizing techniques that suppress the formation of metal inclusions in experiments for the noble metals. The results of these experiments are used to demonstrate the effect of core-formation on the highly siderophile element composition of the mantle.

비디오: Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary interiors, design materials with novel properties, understand the mechanical behavior of materials exposed to very high stresses as in explosions or impacts. Synthesis and structural analysis of materials at extreme conditions of pressure and temperature entails remarkable technical challenges. In the laser heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC), very high pressure is generated between the tips of two opposing diamond anvils forced against each other; focused infrared laser beams, shined through the diamonds, allow to reach very high temperatures on samples absorbing the laser radiation. When the LH-DAC is installed in a synchrotron beamline that provides extremely brilliant x-ray radiation, the structure of materials under extreme conditions can be probed in situ. LH-DAC samples, although very small, can show highly variable grain size, phase and chemical composition. In order to obtain the high resolution structural analysis and the most comprehensive characterization of a sample, we collect diffraction data in 2D grids and combine powder, single crystal and multigrain diffraction techniques. Representative results obtained in the synthesis of a new iron oxide, Fe4O5 1 will be shown.

The laser heated diamond anvil cell combined with synchrotron micro-diffraction techniques allows researchers to explore the nature and properties of new phases of matter at extreme pressure and temperature (PT) conditions. Heterogeneous samples can be characterized in situ under high pressure by 2D mapping and combined powder, single-crystal and multigrain diffraction approaches.

극단적 인 압력과 온도에서 합성 부위 회절

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary ...

연구

공학

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory

A planetary interior is under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions and it has a layered structure. There are two important processes that led to that layered structure, (1) percolation of liquid metal in a solid silicate matrix by planet differentiation, and (2) inner core crystallization by subsequent planet cooling. We conduct high-pressure and high-temperature experiments to simulate both processes in the laboratory. Formation of percolative planetary core depends on the efficiency of melt percolation, which is controlled by the dihedral (wetting) angle. The percolation simulation includes heating the sample at high pressure to a target temperature at which iron-sulfur alloy is molten while the silicate remains solid, and then determining the true dihedral angle to evaluate the style of liquid migration in a crystalline matrix by 3D visualization. The 3D volume rendering is achieved by slicing the recovered sample with a focused ion beam (FIB) and taking SEM image of each slice with a FIB/SEM crossbeam instrument. The second set of experiments is designed to understand the inner core crystallization and element distribution between the liquid outer core and solid inner core by determining the melting temperature and element partitioning at high pressure. The melting experiments are conducted in the multi-anvil apparatus up to 27 GPa and extended to higher pressure in the diamond-anvil cell with laser-heating. We have developed techniques to recover small heated samples by precision FIB milling and obtain high-resolution images of the laser-heated spot that show melting texture at high pressure. By analyzing the chemical compositions of the coexisting liquid and solid phases, we precisely determine the liquidus curve, providing necessary data to understand the inner core crystallization process.

The high-pressure and high-temperature experiments described here mimic planet interior differentiation processes. The processes are visualized and better understood by high-resolution 3D imaging and quantitative chemical analysis.

행성 내부의 분화의 시뮬레이션 실험실에서 처리

A planetary interior is under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions and it has a layered structure. There are two important processes that led to ...

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron (Oxy)Hydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as redox potential (Eh) and pH, but also to microbial activities that can play a direct or indirect role on speciation and/or mobility. Indeed, some bacteria can directly oxidize As(III) to As(V) or reduce As(V) to As(III). Likewise, bacteria are strongly involved in Hg cycling, either through its methylation, forming the neurotoxin monomethyl mercury, or through its reduction to elemental Hg&#176;. The fates of both As and Hg are also strongly linked to soil or aquifer composition; indeed, As and Hg can bind to organic compounds or (oxy)hydroxides, which will influence their mobility. In turn, bacterial activities such as iron (oxy)hydroxide reduction or organic matter mineralization can indirectly influence As and Hg sequestration. The presence of sulfate/sulfide can also strongly impact these particular elements through the formation of complexes such as thio-arsenates with As or metacinnabar with Hg.
Consequently, many important questions have been raised on the fate and speciation of As and Hg in the environment and how to limit their toxicity. However, due to their reactivity towards aquifer components, it is difficult to clearly dissociate the biogeochemical processes that occur and their different impacts on the fate of these TE.
To do so, we developed an original, experimental, column setup that mimics an aquifer with As- or Hg-iron-oxide rich areas versus iron depleted areas, enabling a better understanding of TE biogeochemistry in anoxic conditions. The following protocol gives step by step instructions for the column set-up either for As or Hg, as well as an example with As under iron and sulfate reducing conditions.

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron OxyHydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Fate and speciation of arsenic and mercury in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions and microbial activity. Here, we present an original experimental column setup that mimics an aquifer and enables a better understanding of trace element biogeochemistry in anoxic conditions. Two examples are presented, combining geochemical and microbiological approaches.

(옥 시) 철 수 산화물, 성분, 및 박테리아 혐 기성 생물 지구 화학적 상호 작용을 공부에 대 한 실험 열 설정

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as ...

환경과학

High-pressure, High-temperature Deformation Experiment Using the New Generation Griggs-type Apparatus

In order to address geological processes at great depths, rock deformation should ideally be tested at high pressure (&#62; 0.5 GPa) and high temperature (&#62; 300 &#176;C). However, because of the low stress resolution of current solid-pressure-medium apparatuses, high-resolution measurements are today restricted to low-pressure deformation experiments in the gas-pressure-medium apparatus. A new generation of solid-medium piston-cylinder (&#34;Griggs-type&#34;) apparatus is here described. Able to perform high-pressure deformation experiments up to 5 GPa and designed to adapt an internal load cell, such a new apparatus offers the potential to establish a technological basis for high-pressure rheology. This paper provides video-based detailed documentation of the procedure (using the &#34;conventional&#34; solid-salt assembly) to perform high-pressure, high-temperature experiments with the newly designed Griggs-type apparatus. A representative result of a Carrara marble sample deformed at 700 &#176;C, 1.5 GPa and 10-5 s-1 with the new press is also given. The related stress-time curve illustrates all steps of a Griggs-type experiment, from increasing pressure and temperature to sample quenching when deformation is stopped. Together with future developments, the critical steps and limitations of the Griggs apparatus are then discussed.

Rock deformation needs to be quantified at high pressure. A description of the procedure to perform deformation experiments in a newly designed solid-medium Griggs-type apparatus is here given. This provides technological basis for future rheological studies at pressures up to 5 GPa.

In order to address geological processes at great depths, rock deformation should ideally be tested at high pressure (&#62; 0.5 GPa) and high temperature ...

Determining the Chemical Composition of Corrosion Inhibitor/Metal Interfaces with XPS: Minimizing Post Immersion Oxidation

An approach for acquiring more reliable X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data from corrosion inhibitor/metal interfaces is described. More specifically, the focus is on metallic substrates immersed in acidic solutions containing organic corrosion inhibitors, as these systems can be particularly sensitive to oxidation following removal from solution. To minimize the likelihood of such degradation, samples are removed from solution within a glove box purged with inert gas, either N2 or Ar. The glove box is directly attached to the load-lock of the ultra-high vacuum X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy instrument, avoiding any exposure to the ambient laboratory atmosphere, and thus reducing the possibility of post immersion substrate oxidation. On this basis, one can be more certain that the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy features observed are likely to be representative of the in situ submerged scenario, e.g. the oxidation state of the metal is not modified.

A protocol to avoid the oxidation of metallic substrates during sample transfer from an inhibited acidic solution to an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer is presented.

XPS와 부식 억제제 / 금속 인터페이스의 화학 성분을 결정 : 최소화 포스트 집중 산화

An approach for acquiring more reliable X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data from corrosion inhibitor/metal interfaces is described. More specifically, ...

화학

An Experimental Protocol for Studying Mineral Effects on Organic Hydrothermal Transformations

Organic-mineral interactions are widely occurring in hydrothermal environments, such as hot springs, geysers on land, and the hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean. Roles of minerals are critical in many hydrothermal organic geochemical processes. Traditional hydrothermal methodology, which includes using reactors made of gold, titanium, platinum, or stainless-steel, is usually associated with the high cost or undesired metal catalytic effects. Recently, there is a growing tendency for using the cost-effective and inert quartz or fused silica glass tubes in hydrothermal experiments. Here, we provide a protocol for carrying out organic-mineral hydrothermal experiments in silica tubes, and we describe the essential steps in the sample preparation, experimental setup, products separation, and quantitative analysis. We also demonstrate an experiment using a model organic compound, nitrobenzene, to show the effect of an iron-containing mineral, magnetite, on its degradation under a specific hydrothermal condition. This technique can be applied to study complex organic-mineral hydrothermal interactions in a relatively simple laboratory system.

Earth-abundant minerals play important roles in the natural hydrothermal systems. Here, we describe a reliable and cost-effective method for the experimental investigation of organic-mineral interactions under hydrothermal conditions.

유기 열 수 변환에 미네랄 효과 공부 하는 실험 프로토콜

Organic-mineral interactions are widely occurring in hydrothermal environments, such as hot springs, geysers on land, and the hydrothermal vents in the ...

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

The aim of this work is to present a zero-waste process for storing CO2 in a stable and benign mineral form while producing zeolitic minerals with sufficient heavy metal adsorption capacity. To this end, blast furnace slag, a residue from iron-making, is utilized as the starting material. Calcium is selectively extracted from the slag by leaching with acetic acid (2 M CH3COOH) as the extraction agent. The filtered leachate is subsequently physico-chemically purified and then carbonated to form precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) of high purity (&lt;2 wt% non-calcium impurities, according to ICP-MS analysis). Sodium hydroxide is added to neutralize the regenerated acetate. The morphological properties of the resulting calcitic PCC are tuned for its potential application as a filler in papermaking. In parallel, the residual solids from the extraction stage are subjected to hydrothermal conversion in a caustic solution (2 M NaOH) that leads to the predominant formation of a particular zeolitic mineral phase (detected by XRD), namely analcime (NaAlSi2O6&#8729;H2O). Based on its ability to adsorb Ni2+, as reported from batch adsorption experiments and ICP-OES analysis, this product can potentially be used in wastewater treatment or for environmental remediation applications.

A protocol for the parallel production of precipitated calcium carbonate and zeolitic material from blast furnace slag via mineral carbonation and alkaline hydrothermal conversion, respectively, is presented. The performance of the zeolitic material towards nickel adsorption is tested.

고로 슬래그의 양방향 가치 증식 : 침전 된 탄산 칼슘과 제올라이트 중금속 흡착제의 합성

The aim of this work is to present a zero-waste process for storing CO2 in a stable and benign mineral form while producing zeolitic minerals with ...

Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Exsolved Mineral Phases

Element diffusion rates and temperature/pressure control a range of fundamental volcanic and metamorphic processes. Such processes are often recorded in lamellae exsolved from host mineral phases. Thus, the analysis of the orientation, size, morphology, composition and spacing of exsolution lamellae is an area of active research in the geosciences. The conventional study of these lamellae has been conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and more recently with focused ion beam (FIB)-based nanotomography, yet with limited chemical information. Here, we explore the use of atom probe tomography (APT) for the nanoscale analysis of ilmenite exsolution lamellae in igneous titanomagnetite from ash deposits erupted from the active Soufri&#232;re Hills Volcano (Montserrat, British West Indies). APT allows the precise calculation of interlamellar spacings (14&#8211;29 &#177; 2 nm) and reveals smooth diffusion profiles with no sharp phase boundaries during the exchange of Fe and Ti/O between the exsolved lamellae and the host crystal. Our results suggest that this novel approach permits nanoscale measurements of lamellae composition and interlamellar spacing that may provide a means to estimate the lava dome temperatures necessary to model extrusion rates and lava dome failure, both of which play a key role in volcanic hazard mitigation efforts.

Analysis of the morphology, composition, and spacing of exsolution lamellae can provide essential information to understand geological processes related to volcanism and metamorphism. We present a novel application of APT for the characterization of such lamellae and compare this approach to the conventional use of electron microscopy and FIB-based nanotomography.

원자 프로브 단층 촬영 분석 의 Exsolved 광물 상

Element diffusion rates and temperature/pressure control a range of fundamental volcanic and metamorphic processes. Such processes are often recorded in ...

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

We demonstrate the use of two nuclear-based analytical methods that can follow the modifications of microstructural arrangement of iron-based metallic glasses (MGs). Despite their amorphous nature, the identification of hyperfine interactions unveils faint structural modifications. For this purpose, we have employed two techniques that utilize nuclear resonance among nuclear levels of a stable 57Fe isotope, namely M&#246;ssbauer spectrometry and nuclear forward scattering (NFS) of synchrotron radiation. The effects of heat treatment upon (Fe2.85Co1)77Mo8Cu1B14 MG are discussed using the results of ex situ and in situ experiments, respectively. As both methods are sensitive to hyperfine interactions, information on structural arrangement as well as on magnetic microstructure is readily available. M&#246;ssbauer spectrometry performed ex situ describes how the structural arrangement and magnetic microstructure appears at room temperature after the annealing under certain conditions (temperature, time), and thus this technique inspects steady states. On the other hand, NFS data are recorded in situ during dynamically changing temperature and NFS examines transient states. The use of both techniques provides complementary information. In general, they can be applied to any suitable system in which it is important to know its steady state but also transient states.

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Here, we present a protocol to describe ex situ and in situ investigations of structural transformations in metallic glasses. We employed nuclear-based analytical methods which inspect hyperfine interactions. We demonstrate the applicability of M&#246;ssbauer spectrometry and nuclear forward scattering of synchrotron radiation during temperature-driven experiments.

전 Situ 수사 현장에서 구조 변환 방법: 금속 유리의 결정 화의 경우

We demonstrate the use of two nuclear-based analytical methods that can follow the modifications of microstructural arrangement of iron-based metallic ...

Imine Metathesis by Silica-Supported Catalysts Using the Methodology of Surface Organometallic Chemistry

With this protocol, a well-defined singlesite silica-supported heterogeneous catalyst [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is designed and prepared according to the methodology developed by surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC). In this framework, catalytic cycles can be determined by isolating crucial intermediates. All air-sensitive materials are handled under inert atmosphere (using gloveboxes or a Schlenk line) or high vacuum lines (HVLs, &#60;10-5 mbar). The preparation of SiO2-700 (silica dehydroxylated at 700 &#176;C) and subsequent applications (the grafting of complexes and catalytic runs) requires the use of HVLs and double-Schlenk techniques. Several well-known characterization methods are used, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental microanalysis, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SSNMR), and state-of-the-art dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy (DNP-SENS). FTIR and elemental microanalysis permit scientists to establish the grafting and its stoichiometry. 1H and 13C SSNMR allows the structural determination of the hydrocarbon ligands coordination sphere. DNP SENS is an emerging powerful technique in solid characterization for the detection of poorly sensitive nuclei (15N, in our case). SiO2-700 is treated with about one equivalent of the metal precursor compared to the amount of surface silanol (0.30 mmol&#183;g-1) in pentane at room temperature. Then, volatiles are removed, and the powder samples are dried under dynamic high vacuum to afford the desired materials [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(&#951;2&#960;-MeNCH2)(&#951;1-NMe2)(&#951;1-HNMe2)]. After a thermal treatment under high vacuum, the grafted complex is converted into metal imido silica complex [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)]. [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] effectively promotes the metathesis of imines, using the combination of two imine substrates, N-(4-phenylbenzylidene)benzylamine, or N-(4-fluorobenzylidene)-4-fluoroaniline, with N-benzylidenetert-butylamine as substrates. A significantly lower conversion is observed with the blank runs; thus, the presence of the imido group in [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is correlated to the catalytic performance.

A new group IV metal catalyst for imine metathesis is prepared by grafting amine metal complex onto dehydroxylated silica. Surface metal fragments are characterized using FT-IR, elemental microanalysis, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Further dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy experiments complement the determination of the coordination sphere.

표면 유기 금속 화학의 방법론을 사용하여 실리카 지원 촉매에 의해 이민 대사

With this protocol, a well-defined singlesite silica-supported heterogeneous catalyst [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is designed and prepared ...