Bu çalışma İsviçre Ulusal Bilim Vakfı (Hibe 31003A-149315-1 MES ve AZ Grant IZK0Z3-150809 için), AZ Heidi Demetriades Vakfı, Avrupa Araştırma Konseyi (&#39;Nogorise&#39;), MES ve hibe tarafından finanse edildi Christopher ve Dana Reeve Vakfı (CDRF).

Tüm deneyler Kanton Zürih, İsviçre Veteriner Dairesi kurallarına uygun olarak yapıldı. 1. Hayvan Taşıma ve Alışma <ol><li> Hayvan Taşıma Not: 5 gün önce deney başlamadan, günlük adımı 1.1.1 gerçekleştirin. <ol><li> Davranışsal deneyler için, deneyci hayvanları alıştırmak. Günlük hayvan başına 10-15 dk süren oturumları ele var. Her hayvanın seansından sonra kutuyu temizleyin. <ol><li> Başlangıçta, keşfetmek için hayvan izin veren bir kafes içine deneycinin elini yerleştirmek ve deneyci tanımanız için koku. </li><li> Sonra, yavaşça ileri alıştırma sağlayan ön ve arka pençelerinin arasında sıçan vücudunu kavrayarak güvenli bir şekilde deneycinin eli ile hayvan kaldırın. </li></ol></li><li> Gıda yoksunluğu önce bazal vücut ağırlığı elde etmek için her gün, her hayvan tartılır. </li></ol&gt; </li><li> Aparat Alışma ve Gıda Alışma <ol><li> Gıda yoksunluğu önce bazal vücut ağırlığı elde etmek için her gün, her hayvan tartılır. </li><li> Standart bir laboratuvar diyet öncesi eğitime başlamadan 3 gün önce fareler mahrum gıda başlatın. (Örneğin, bir fare, 200 g, gıda 10 g başlangıç ​​ağırlığı) sıçanlar, günde 1 gr vücut ağırlığı başına gıda 0.05 g. Günlük vücut ağırlığı izleyerek günde en fazla% 10 azalma değil vücut ağırlığı emin olun. <ol><li> Birkaç hayvanlar tek kafes içinde tutuluyorsa, baskın sıçanlar az baskın olanlardan daha fazla yiyebilirler. Durumda bir hayvan azalır vücut ağırlığı olarak, yerine grup beslenme ayrı hayvan beslemek. Su ad libitum verin. </li></ol></li><li> Kavrama aparatı ile sıçan hakkında bilgi verir, (Şekil 1) Eğitim kutunun içine hayvan yerleştirin. Gıda pelet ile hayvan tanımak için yarık açılmasına yakın eğitim kutuya yerleştirilen şeker pelet var. Bu st gerçekleştirinep 3 gün boyunca günde 10-15 dk. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Ön eğitim ve Motor Beceri Öğrenme <ol><li> Ön eğitim <ol><li> Bir gün alışma sonra, eğitim kutunun içine hayvan koyun ve hayvanın dilinin ulaşılabilir böylece yarık açılması yakından pelet yerleştirin. Ön eğitim sırasında kendi ön ayakları ile pelet almak hayvanları hariç tut Not: Bu aşamada, dil ile pelet alma çok önemli ve seçim genellikle hayvanın yöntemdir. Motor beceri öğrenme ilk gün öğrendim ulaşan görevin yeterli izleme sağlamak için kadar Pelet ön ayakları ile kavradı hiçbir durumda olmalıdır. Ön eğitim sırasında ön ayakları ile pelet alma dışlanma ve görülmez çoğu durumda. </li><li> Kafesin arkasına çalıştırın ve yarık açılması dönmek ya da geri adım ve sonraki gıda pelet almak için kendi ekseni etrafında çevirmek ya sıçan öğretindil. , Kafes keşfetmek arka çalıştırın ve yarık açılması dönmek için hayvan için zaman tanıyın. Hayvan doğru görevi yerine etmezse, hafifçe kafesin uç arka dokunun ve hayvanın dikkatini yakalamak için bir forseps kullanabilir. Hayvan arka sonra, yavaşça yarık açılması hayvan rehberlik kafes önünde dokunun. Not: Hayvan tanımlanmış bir standart değere ulaştığında (örn az 15 dakika diliyle 50 başarılı pelet erişememiştir), hayvan motor beceri öğrenme aşaması için nitelendirir. 1 gün öncesi eğitim 2 On öğrenciler zaten olmayan öğrenciler ayırt edilebilir. Sigara öğrenenler bu aşamada çalışma dışında olabilir. Bu motor öğrenme aşamasında (2.2) sırasında sigara öğrencilerin yüksek sayısına sahip olasılığını azaltır. </li><li> Ön eğitimi sırasında, gıda standart bir laboratuvar diyeti sıçan mahrum. Su ad libitum verin. Çalışma boyunca günlük vücut ağırlığı izleyin. Dodeğil erkek ve dişi fareleri eğitmek için aynı odada kullanın. Hayvan için sakin ve gürültüsüz bir ortam sağlayın. </li></ol></li><li> Pençe Tercihi ve Motor Beceri Öğrenimi Belirlenmesi <ol><li> Motor beceri öğrenme ilk oturumu sırasında, bir yazı ile pencere önünde slayt değiştirin. Hayvan kendi diliyle pelet ulaşmak ancak ulaşan ve hareket kavrama kesin bir ön ayakları bunu alamıyor ve böylece yaklaşık 1,5 cm uzakta yazı üzerine penceresinden şeker pelet yerleştirin. <ol><li> Hayvan diliyle tüketimini çalışır durumdayken hafifçe pelet hayvanın ağzına yakın pelet getirmek ve geri çekmek için bir forseps kullanabilir, ön ayakları ile pelet alma zorlamak için. Hayvan ön ayakları dışarı uzanır ve bir pelet kavrar kadar tekrar tekrar bu görevi yürütmek. </li></ol></li><li> Pencere açma merkezi yazı yerleştirin. Pençe tercihini belirlemek için, dikkatlice eğitim gününde mina ile reaksiyona 1. fazla% 70, ilk 10 denemeler gözlemlemekhing girişimleri (yani 10 üzerinden 7) aynı ön ayakları ile gerçekleştirilmek zorundadır. Bu elde değilse% 70 eşik ulaşılana kadar, 10 çalışmaların başka bir tur ile devam edin. </li><li> Pençe tercihi belirlenmesinden sonra, tercih edilen ön ayakları doğru yazı kayması ve pencere açma sınırına merkezi hizalayın. Tercih pençe hizalama sonrası (Şekil 1B, C) ​​ulaşmak için optimal açıyı sağlamak için ilgili pençe aykırı kaydırılır anlamına gelir. </li><li> Başarılı (yazı kapalı pelet öldürmek) (ulaşmak kavramak, almak ve pelet yemek), damla (ulaşabilir, kavramak ve alımı sırasında pelet kaybetmek) ya da başarısız olarak, hayvana sunulan yeni bir pelet olarak tanımlanan bir deneme, sınıflandırır. Sayfanızdaki her deneme aşağı not ve deneyden sonra verileri analiz. </li><li> Çalışmalarda tanımlanmış bir sayıda (örneğin, 150) ya da her bir hayvan için azami bir süre (örneğin, 1 saat) &#39;dan oluşan günde bir oturum gerçekleştirin. </li><li> Hassas ve ince ayar araştırmakHareketin ilk girişim analizi kullanılarak. Bir birinci girişimde bozulması, tereddüt ya da tek tek hareket bileşenleri tekrar olmadan tek bir monolitik hareket pellet kavrayarak tanımlanır. Dikkatle sıçan her kavramak gözlemleyin. <ol><li> Sıçan tereddüt ya da ulaşılabilecek sırasında çekilir veya doğru pelet kavramak için birkaç deneme çalışırsa, ilgili başarı olarak deneme değil ilk girişim not edin. Hayvan başarıyla tek bir monolitik ulaşmak pelet kavrar varsa, levha ayrı bir sütunda başarılı ilk girişim olarak ilgili deneme yere not edin. </li></ol></li><li> Motor beceri öğrenme sırasında, gıda standart bir laboratuvar diyeti sıçan mahrum. Su ad libitum verin. Çalışma boyunca günlük vücut ağırlığı izleyin. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose

. Bu çalışmada gösterilen paradigma Buitrago ark 18 uyarlanan ve başlıca iki açıdan paradigma 17 ulaşan klasik tek pelet farklıdır: Birincisi, içinde oturum gelişme okuyan bu tür günlük ortalama değerleri ile temsil yavaş öğrenme bileşeni ile karşılaştırıldığında hızlı öğrenme bileşeni soruşturma gibi bilgileri farklı bir seviyede sağlayabilir, tek bir gün içinde öğrenilen görev, analizi (Şekil 3&#39;e bakını...

Hareket kontrolü merkezi sinir sistemi (MSS) bir çekirdek fonksiyonudur. Motricity CNS fonksiyonunun başlıca ölçülebilir çıkışı ve bireylerin dış dünya ile etkileşim için temel olasılık. Motor fonksiyon ilkelerini ve bir motor görevi öğrenme halen nörobilim büyük zorluklardan biridir altında yatan mekanizmaların anlaşılması. Morfolojik, fizyolojik ve moleküler değişiklikler, yeni bir motorun görev edinimi üzerine bulundu. Örneğin, şekil ve sinapsların sayısının vasıflı motorlu eğitim 1-5 cevaben değiştirmek ve sinaptik makine fonksiyonel değişiklikler motor öğrenme sonra gözlenmiştir. Sinaptik tepkiler, aynı hayvanın veya eğitimsiz hayvanlardan 6,7 den tepkiler eğitimsiz yarımkürede göre eğitilmiş motor korteksin ön ayakları-temsilen bölge bağlantılarında yüksek bulunmuştur. Elektrofizyolojik gözlemler de uzun vadeli potansiyasyonu (LTP) ve uzun önermekmekanizmalar gibi işlemleri Mehmet Akif Ersoy depresyon (LTD), yeni bir motor becerilerin öğrenme sırasında gerçekleşecek ve LTP ve LTD doygunluk sınırlayıcı sınırları arasında tanımlanan sinaptik operasyon aralığında olduğunu, 8 değiştirilir. Bundan başka, bu örneğin öğrenme ile ilgili nöronal plastisite 9-16 için Nogo-A görüntüleme düzenleyici rolleri olarak c-fos, GAP-43, veya BDNF değil, aynı zamanda plastisite inhibe moleküller olarak molekülleri teşvik bu aktivite belirteçleri ve plastisite gösterilmiştir. Motor öğrenme altında yatan mekanizmaların daha iyi anlaşılmasına yönelik bu gelişmeler sadece yeni bir motor becerilerin, örneğin, vasıflı ön ayakları kapsamlı edinimi hassas kontrolünü sağlayan davranışsal paradigmaların kullanımı ile elde edilebilir. Sadece iyi yapılandırılmış davranış görev izlemek ve öğrenme ve ilgili görevin yürütülmesi sırasında meydana gelen karşılıklı değişiklikleri yakalamak için izin verir. Burada görsel yetenekli ön ayakları değiştirilmiş bir versiyonunu göstermekBuitrago ve ark., 17 sunulan paradigma uyarlanan sıçanlarda tek pelet ulaşan görev birkaç seans üzerinden hızlı öğrenme bileşeni ve primer alımını temsil (içi oturumda) günlük bir eğitim oturumu içinde hareket edinimi analizini yanı sıra vasıflı motorlu öğrenmeyi veriyor (arası oturumda) öğrenilen görev 18 yavaş öğrenme bileşenini ve bakım temsil eder. İlk olarak, fareler, her kavramak sonra ekseni etrafında çevirmek ve böylece bir sonraki pelet ulaşabileceği önce kendi vücudunu yeniden düzenlemek ve yenilemek için eğitilmiştir: Daha da önemlisi, bu davranış paradigma nedeniyle iki özellik motor beceri görevin zorluk ve karmaşıklık derecesini artırır vücut yönelim, aynı açıdan sürekli hareket yürütme önlenmesi. İkinci olarak, peletler kafesin önüne yerleştirilen dikey bir mesaj alınır. Nedeniyle yazının küçük çapa, topaklar kolaylıkla başarılı alımı ve p için kesin bir kavrayışa gerektiren başladı edilebilirreventing basit hayvana karşı pellet çekerek. Böyle karmaşık davranışsal test motoru öğrenmeyi altında yatan mekanizmaların derinlerine anlayışlar verir. Bu çalışmada sunulan farelere kıyasla, sıçanlar karmaşık davranışsal görevleri kendi performans, üstün ve dolayısıyla daha uygun kompleks paradigmaları içindir. Sıçanlarda 19,20 artan genetik olasılık mevcut göz önüne alındığında, genetik manipülasyon, görüntüleme ve fizyolojik teknikleri ile hassas ve iyi kontrollü davranışsal test yöntemlerinin kombinasyonu daha iyi, motor öğrenme ve hafıza nörobiyolojik temelini anlamak için güçlü bir araç kutusu temsil eder.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>Training Box</td>
			<td>Self Made</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2</td>
			<td>Pedestal</td>
			<td>Self Made</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3</td>
			<td>Sugar Pellets</td>
			<td colspan="2">45-mg dustless precision pellets, TSE Systems Intl. Group</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4</td>
			<td>Animals</td>
			<td>5-6 week old Sprague Dawley Male Rats</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5</td>
			<td>Laptop</td>
			<td>Hewlett Packard</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6</td>
			<td>Stop Watch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7</td>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools (FST)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8</td>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td>Excel (Microsoft), GraphPad Prism (GraphPad)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9</td>
			<td>Weighing scale</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10</td>
			<td>Counter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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acquisition of a high-precision skilled forelimb reaching task in rats

Movements are the main measurable output of central nervous system function. Developing behavioral paradigms that allow detailed analysis of motor learning and execution is of critical importance in order to understand the principles and processes that underlie motor function. Here we present a paradigm to study movement acquisition within a daily session of training (within-session) representing the fast learning component and primary acquisition as well as skilled motor learning over several training sessions (between-session) representing the slow learning component and consolidation of the learned task. This behavioral paradigm increases the degree of difficulty and complexity of the motor skill task due to two features: First, the animal realigns its body prior to each pellet retrieval forcing renewed orientation and preventing movement execution from the same angle. Second, pellets are grasped from a vertical post that matches the diameter of the pellet and is placed in front of the cage. This requires a precise grasp for successful pellet retrieval and thus prevents simple pulling of the pellet towards the animal. In combination with novel genetics, imaging and electrophysiological technologies, this behavioral method will aid to understand the morphological, anatomical and molecular underpinnings of motor learning and memory.

Başarılı motor beceri edinimi sadece tutarlı uygulama yoluyla elde edilir. Tüm yönleriyle dikkatli dikkate rağmen, bazı sıçan görevi (Şekil 2) öğrenmek için başarısız. Bunlar &#39;olmayan öğrenenler&#39; ya Deneyin başlamasından itibaren pelet alma birkaç ya da hiç girişimleri sonucu motivasyon eksikliği ya da genellikle sürekli girişimleri başarısız giden pelet ulaşan ilgi kaybetmek. Buna karşılık, bazı hayvanların aceleci sonuçlanan agresif ve aşırı motive davr...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats at JoVE.com

Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats

A paradigm is presented to analyze the acquisition of a high-precision skilled forelimb reaching task in rats.

Nitelikli ön ayakları Sıçanlarda Görev ulaşan bir Yüksek hassasiyet Edinme

Movements are the main measurable output of central nervous system function. Developing behavioral paradigms that allow detailed analysis of motor ...

acquisition-of-a-high-precision-skilled-forelimb-reaching-task-in-rats

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.2K Görüntüleme.  University of Zurich. A paradigm is presented to analyze the acquisition of a high-precision skilled forelimb reaching task in rats.

Video: Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

Kauçuk El Illusion Paradigma bir Amaç Davranış Tedbir Alınması Aracı Olarak Crossmodal Congruency Görev

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

Davranış

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during abstinence. Moreover, various environmental challenges can exacerbate this effect, as well as increase ongoing drug intake.
The procedure we describe here highlights the impact of a common environmental challenge, food restriction, on drug craving that is expressed as an augmentation of drug seeking in abstinent rats.
Rats are implanted with chronic intravenous i.v. catheters, and then trained to press a lever for i.v. heroin over a period of 10-12 days. Following the heroin self-administration phase the rats are removed from the operant conditioning chambers and housed in the animal care facility for a period of at least 14 days. While one group is maintained under unrestricted access to food (sated group), a second group (FDR group) is exposed to a mild food restriction regimen that results in their body weights maintained at 90% of their nonrestricted body weight. On day 14 of food restriction the rats are transferred back to the drug-training environment, and a drug-seeking test is run under extinction conditions (i.e.&#160;lever presses do not result in heroin delivery).
The procedure presented here results in a highly robust augmentation of heroin seeking on test day in the food restricted rats. In addition, compared to the acute food deprivation manipulations we have used before, the current procedure is a more clinically relevant model for the impact of caloric restriction on drug seeking. Moreover, it might be closer to the human condition as the rats are not required to go through an extinction-training phase before the drug-seeking test, which is an integral component of the popular reinstatement procedure.

A procedure that allows a demonstration of robust augmentation of drug seeking in food-restricted rats is described. Following heroin self-administration training, rats go through an abstinence period, in a drug-free environment, during which they are mildly food restricted. Drug seeking is then tested in the drug-associated environment.

Eroin kanaatkâr Sıçanlarda Aradığınız üzerinde uzun süreli Gıda Kısıtlanması Etkisi Eğitim Bir Prosedürü

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

Şizofreni ailesel Riskli Çocuklarda Duygusal Oddball Görev Kullanımı Fronto-limbik Faaliyet Ölçümü

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, modifications to the standard task, can be used to systematically tax the neural systems controlling either attention or impulse control. Importantly, these challenges have consistent effects on behavior across laboratories in intact animals and can reveal either enhancements or deficits in cognitive function that are not apparent when rats are only tested on the standard task. The variety of behavioral measures that are collected can be used to determine if other factors (i.e., sedation, motivation deficits, locomotor impairments) are contributing to changes in performance. The versatility of the 5CSRTT is further enhanced because it is amenable to combination with pharmacological, molecular, and genetic techniques.

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, which are modifications of the standard task, increase flexibility of the task and can be combined with other manipulations to more fully characterize behavior.

5 seçmeli Seri Reaksiyon Süresi Görev: Kemirgenler için Dikkat Görev ve Dürtü Kontrol

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

Usulü Sıçanlar Pavlovyan klimalı Alkol arayan Davranış Bağlam kaynaklı Yenileme İnceleyecek

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced version of the task using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging). Recently, it has been shown that fNIRS can accurately record functional brain activities equivalent to those concurrently recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging for classic psychophysical tasks and simple finger tapping paradigms. However, an often quoted benefit of fNIRS is that the technique allows for studying neural mechanisms of complex, naturalistic behaviors that are not possible using the constrained environment of fMRI. Our goal was to extend the findings of previous studies that have shown high correlation between concurrently recorded fNIRS and fMRI signals to compare neural recordings obtained in fMRI procedures to those separately obtained in naturalistic fNIRS experiments. Specifically, we developed a modified version of the dance video game Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) to be compatible with both fMRI and fNIRS imaging procedures. In this methodology we explain the modifications to the software and hardware for compatibility with each technique as well as the scanning and calibration procedures used to obtain representative results. The results of the study show a task-related increase in oxyhemoglobin in both modalities and demonstrate that it is possible to replicate the findings of fMRI using fNIRS in a naturalistic task. This technique represents a methodology to compare fMRI imaging paradigms which utilize a reduced-world environment to fNIRS in closer approximation to naturalistic, full-body activities and behaviors. Further development of this technique may apply to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson&#8217;s disease, late states of dementia, or those with magnetic susceptibility which are contraindicated for fMRI scanning.

We present a method to compare functional brain activity recorded during a naturalistic task using fNIRS with activity recorded during fMRI.

Bir Doğal Görev sırasında fNIRS Ölçümlerin fMRI Doğrulama

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

Modifiye Delik Kurulu - Fareler ve Sıçanlarda Davranışı, Biliş ve Sosyal Etkileşim Ölçme

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

Bouncing Ball with a Uniformly Varying Velocity in a Metronome Synchronization Task

Sensorimotor synchronization (SMS), a fundamental human ability to coordinate movements with external rhythms, has long been thought to be modality specific. In the canonical metronome synchronization task that requires tapping a finger along with an isochronous sequence, a well-established finding is that synchronization is much more stable to an auditory sequence consisting of auditory tones than to a visual sequence consisting of visual flashes. However, recent studies have shown that periodically moving visual stimuli can substantially improve synchronization compared with visual flashes. In particular, synchronization of a visual bouncing ball that has a uniformly varying velocity was found to be not less stable than synchronization of auditory tones. Here, the current protocol describes the application of the bouncing ball with a uniformly varying velocity in a metronome synchronization task. The usage of the bouncing ball in sequences with different inter-onset intervals (IOI) is included. The representative results illustrate synchronization performance of the bouncing ball, as compared with the performances of auditory tones and visual flashes. Given its comparable synchronization performance to that of auditory tones, the bouncing ball is of particular importance for addressing the current research topic of whether modality-specific mechanisms underlay SMS.

The purpose of this protocol is to introduce the application of a bouncing ball with a uniformly varying velocity in a metronome synchronization task.

Bir metronom senkronizasyon görevini düzgün değişen bir hız ile zıplayan topu

Sensorimotor synchronization (SMS), a fundamental human ability to coordinate movements with external rhythms, has long been thought to be modality ...

The Knob Supination Task: A Semi-automated Method for Assessing Forelimb Function in Rats

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity largely use video analysis of reaching or food manipulation. While these tasks are easy to implement and are robust across disease models, they are subjective and laborious for the experimenter. Automating traditional tasks or creating new automated tasks can make the tasks more efficient, objective, and quantitative. Since rats are less dexterous than primates, central nervous system (CNS) injury produces more subtle deficits in dexterity, however, supination is highly affected in rodents and crucial to hand function in primates. Therefore, we designed a semi-automated task that measures forelimb supination in rats. Rats are trained to reach and grasp a knob-shaped manipulandum and turn the manipulandum in supination to receive a reward. Rats can acquire the skill within 20 &plusmn; 5 days. While the early part of training is highly supervised, much of the training is done without direct supervision. The task reliably and reproducibly captures subtle deficits after injury and shows functional recovery that accurately reflects clinical recovery curves. Analysis of data is performed by specialized software through a graphical user interface that is designed to be intuitive. We also give solutions to common problems encountered during training, and show that minor corrections to behavior early in training produce reliable acquisition of supination. Thus, the knob supination task provides efficient and quantitative evaluation of a critical movement for dexterity in rats.

This manuscript describes a semi-automated task that quantifies supination in rats. Rats reach, grasp, and supinate a spherical manipulandum. The rat is rewarded with a pellet if the turn angle exceeds a criterion set by the user. This task increases throughput, sensitivity to injury, and objectivity compared to traditional tasks.

Topuzu supinasyon görev: Forelimb işlevi Sıçanlarda değerlendirmek için yarı otomatik bir yöntem

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity ...

Evaluating Skilled Prehension in Mice Using an Auto-Trainer

We describe a method to introduce na&#239;ve mice to a novel prehension (reach-to-grasp) task. Mice are housed singly in cages with a frontal slot that permits the mouse to reach out of its cage and retrieve food pellets. Minimal food restriction is employed to encourage the mice to perform the food retrieval from the slot. As the mice begin to associate coming to the slot for food, the pellets are manually pulled away to stimulate extension and pronation of their paw to grasp and retrieve the pellet through the frontal slot. When the mice begin to reach for the pellets as they arrive at the slot, the behavioral assay can be performed by measuring the rate at which they successfully grasp and retrieve the desired pellet. They are then introduced to an auto-trainer that automates both the process of providing food pellets for the mouse to grasp, and the recording of successful and failed reaching and grasping attempts. This allows for the collection of reaching data for multiple mice with minimal effort, to be used in experimental analysis as appropriate.

Method to assess the impact of training on motor skills is a useful tool. Unfortunately, most behavioral assessments can be labor intensive and/or expensive.We describe here a robotic method of assessing prehension (reach-to-grasp) skill in mice.

Otomatik Eğitmen Kullanarak Farelerde Vasıflı Prehension'un Değerlendirilmesi

We describe a method to introduce na&#239;ve mice to a novel prehension (reach-to-grasp) task. Mice are housed singly in cages with a frontal slot that ...