Bu çalışma mali Bilim ve Teknoloji ve Çin Cumhuriyeti Ulusal Bilim Konseyi (sözleşme nos. NSC 101-2221-E-027-042 ve MGK 101-2622-E-027-003-CC2) Bakanlığı tarafından desteklenen edildi. DH Wei teşekkür Dr. Shechtman Ödülü Ulusal Teknoloji Taipei Üniversitesi (TAIPEI TECH) Ödül.

1. Yüzey Hazırlama ve Temizlik <ol><li> Si (100) gofret 10 mm x 10 mm, silikon alt tabakalar kesin. </li><li> 10 mm x 10 mm ebadındaki bir cam alt tabakaların kesin. </li><li> 15 dakika boyunca izopropanol daha sonra 10 dakika için 10 dakika, alkol aseton silikon ve cam yüzeylerin temizlenmesi için ultrasonik temizleyici kullanın ve. </li><li> Deiyonize (Di) su ile üç kez alt-tabakaların durulayın. </li><li> -Üfleyin kurutmak nitrojen tabanca ile yüzeyler. </li></ol> 2. DEZn Hazırlama ve Koruma Not: dietilçinko da DEZn adlandırılan (Cı 2H 5) 2, Zn, iki etil grubu ile bağlı olan bir çinko merkezi oluşan yüksek piroforik organo çinko bileşiğidir. DEZn kullanırken yalnız çalışmak asla. DEZn çok zehirli ve oksijen ve suya duyarlı, suya yakın DEZn yere değil emin olun. Daima koruyucu maske ve koruyucu gözlük takın; Tüm prosedürler kaputu gerçekleştirilmelidir. Daha da önemlisi, kullanılmayan DEZn gerekir be 5 o C ortamda saklanır. Not: DEZn ilk kullanım için, adım 2&#39;de değilse izleyin adım 3 denemeyi başlatın. <ol><li> Şişeden 30 ml DEZn çizmek ve daha sonra bir çelik silindir yerleştirilen bir beher içine enjekte şırınga kullanın. </li><li> Reaksiyon odası ile çelik silindir bağlamak için galvanizli demir boru kullanın. </li><li> (6 Torr) vakum ortamında çelik silindir aşağı pompalamak için mekanik pompası ve küresel vana kullanın. Not: DEZn ölçüde oksijen ile reaksiyona girer, bu vakum ortamında muhafaza edilmelidir. </li><li> 5 o C ortamında kullanılmayan DEZn saklayın. </li></ol> 3. PECVD Odası Hazırlama ve ZnO İnce Filmlerin Sentezi Not: plazma destekli kimyasal buhar biriktirme şematik diyagramıdır, Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterilmiştir. <ol><li> 30 mm duş elektrot ve numune aşamasında arasındaki çalışma uzaklığını ayarlayın. </li> &lt;DEZn girişten 3 cm&#39;lik bir mesafe olduğu yerde li&gt; uygun bir yere reaksiyon odasının örnek sahnede yüzeyler yerleştirin. </li><li> Döner pompayı açın ve yavaş yavaş sürgülü vanalar ve kelebek vana açın. </li><li> Reaktör odasının arka basıncı 30 mTor daha düşük olana kadar bekleyin. </li><li> Döner pompaya bağlanır sürgülü vana ve kelebek vana, kapatın. </li><li> Sonra 3 x 10 -6 Torr yüksek vakum ulaşmak için turbo pompa ve bağıl sürgülü vanalar açılır. </li><li> Gerekli vakum koşulları ulaştıktan sonra, ısı kontrolörü açmak ve sentez sıcaklığına örnek sahne ısı (200, 300, 400, 500, ve farklı deney parametreleri için 600 ° C). </li><li> Sıcaklık ve basınç gerekli koşul ulaştığınızda, turbo pompası kapatın ve sonra aynı anda döner pompa bağlanır sürgülü vana ve kelebek vana açın. </li><li> Sonra, gaz giriş vanalarını açıp argon g açınAynı anda akış kontrolörü olarak. </li><li> Odasına Argon gazı (0.167 ml / sn) akış. </li><li> 500 mTor için kamara basıncını ayarlayın. </li><li> RF (13.56 MHz) jeneratör ve eşleşen ağ üzerinde açın, daha sonra numuneler 15 dakika yüzey temizleme için 100 W RF gücü ayarlayın. </li><li> Numunelerin tasfiye bitirdikten sonra, 70 W aşağı RF gücü yeniden açın </li><li> Sonra, karbon dioksit gazı kontrolörü ve gaz giriş valfi açın. </li><li> Bölme içine karbon dioksitin (0,5 ml / sn) akış. </li><li> 6 Torr&#39;da çalışma basıncını ayarlar. </li><li> Odacık basıncı 6 Torr&#39;a ulaştıktan sonra, aynı anda DEZn bağlı bölme ve açık küresel vana içerisine (DEZn) dietilçinko gerçekleştirmek için taşıyıcı gaz olarak yüksek saf argon (0.167 ml / sn) akar. Aynı zamanda, ZnO filmler sentezi başlar. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca ZnO filmler plazma sentezi devam edin. </li><li> ZnO filmleri sentezlenmiş edildikten sonra, seriatim RF jeneratörü, küresel vana, ısı con kapatmaktroller ve gaz giriş vanaları ile birlikte gaz akış kontrolörleri tüm. </li><li> Numune sahne sıcaklığı oda sıcaklığına soğuduktan zaman numune dışarı atın. Not: soğutma hızı yaklaşık 1.8 ° C / dk. </li></ol> As-sentezlenmiş ZnO İnce Film üzerine interdijite benzeri Pattern 4. Hazırlık Not: litografi işleminin şeması, Şekil 3&#39;te gösterilmektedir. <ol><li> 10 dakika boyunca 150 o C&#39;de olduğu gibi sentezlenmiş ZnO örneği pişirmeye sıcak bir tabak kullanın. </li><li> Spin kaplayıcı üzerinde örnek yerleştirin ve sonra ZnO numune üzerine 100 ul Fotorezist sıvı solüsyonun (S1813) dağıtmak. </li><li> 10 saniye süre ile 800 rpm&#39;de santrifüj kaplama cihazı çalıştırmak ve daha sonra bir homojen ince bir tabaka oluşturmak için 30 saniye boyunca 3000 rpm hızlandırır. </li><li> Yumuşak fırında 90 saniye boyunca 105 o C&#39;de fotodirenç kaplı ZnO örneği. </li><li> Yumuşak Pişirme sonrasında photoresist kaplı numune pantolonunu duyurmak için UV ışığı kullanınMaske hizalama tarafından bir fotomaske gh. Pozlama süresi 2 sn ve güç 400 W. Not:. Photomask kalıptır, geniş 0,03 mm ve uzun 4 mm (14 çift) ve Şekil 2 &#39;de gösterildiği üzere 0.15 mm arası bir elektrot aralığı olan, birbirine kenetlenmiş benzeri olarak tasarlanmıştır Bu kayda değer olduğu toplam ışığa alan detektörü için 84,32 mm 2 &#39;dir. </li><li> Pozlama işleminden sonra, kullanım cımbız örneği klibi, ardından seyreltilmiş geliştirici içine batırmayın 35 s geliştirilen örnek almak için yanlara sallanan eylemleri yoluyla (geliştirici 50 ml deiyonize su 150 ml mix). </li><li> Azot gazı ile geliştirilen DI su ile örnek ve kuru durulayın. </li><li> Sağlam desen kontrol etmek için optik mikroskop kullanın. Değilse, ışığa çıkarmak için aseton kullanmak ve mükemmel desen elde edilene kadar tekrar 4.7 4.2 adımları tekrarlayın. </li><li> Sert 20 dakika süreyle 120 o C&#39;de örneği pişirin. </li></ol><ol><li> Kimyasal asansör-off prosedüre geçmeden önce geliştirilen numune üstünde ince bir iletken Pt tabaka (100 nm) yatırmak için RF magnetron püskürtme sistemini kullanın. </li><li> 13 mm hedef ve alt tabaka arasındaki mesafeyi ayarlayın. </li><li> 5 mTor kaba vakum ulaşmak için mekanik pompa kullanın. </li><li> Ardından, 7 x 10 -7 Torr bir yüksek vakum elde etmek için turbo pompası kullanın. </li><li> Kamara yüksek vakum ulaşana kadar bekleyin turbo pompası kapatın ve daha sonra mekanik pompayı açın. </li><li> 100 mTor çalışma basıncını ulaşmak odası basıncı kadar mas akış kontrolörü tarafından odasına 0.3 ml / sn argon gazı akış. </li><li> Doğru akım (DC) açın güç kaynağını deşarj ve 25 dakika boyunca numune üzerine Pt ince film elektrot püskürtülmesi için 15 W DC gücü ayarlayın. </li><li> Pt elektrot tabakası magnetron sputt tarafından yatırılan sonrayöntemi ering, odadan numune çıkar. </li><li> Fotodirencin kaldırmak için ultrasonik temizleyici kimyasal asansör-off süreci için aseton sıvının içine daldırın örneği. </li><li> İyice ZnO ince film üzerine birbirine kenetlenmiş gibi Pt elektrot ışığa kaldırın ve sonra elde 1 dakikada temizlik zamanını ayarlayın. </li></ol> 6. RTA süreci <ol><li> RTA sistemine kadar fabrikasyon Pt / ZnO örnek yerleştirin. </li><li> 20 mTor için RTA odası basıncını aşağı pompalamak için mekanik pompası ve vanayı kullanın. </li><li> Oda basıncı 20 mTorr ulaşıncaya kadar, odasına 0.3 ml / sn argon gazı akışı ve 5 Torr çalışma basıncını ayarlamak bekleyin. </li><li> Sonraki, 100 o C / dk olarak ısıtma hızını ayarlamak. </li><li> Daha sonra, 10 dakika boyunca 450 o C&#39;de örnek tavlanması. </li><li> Tavı sonra, numune oda sıcaklığına soğuyana kadar, daha sonra numune almak bekleyin. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Kritik adımlar ve değişiklikler 1. adımda, yüzeyler iyice temizlenmeli ve 1.3 yüzeylerde hiçbir yağ veya organik ve inorganik kirlilikler var olduğundan emin olmak için takip 1.5 için adım olmalıdır. Alt tabaka yüzeyi üzerinde herhangi bir yağ ya da organik ve inorganik kirlilikler anlamlı filmin yapışmasını azaltacaktır. Adım 2 ZnO film hazırlama işleminden önce en önemli işlemdir. DEZn çok zehirli ve şiddetli su ile reaksiyona gir...

ZnO dolayı böyle RT ve büyük eksiton yüksek kimyasal kararlılık, düşük maliyet, sigara toksisite, optik pompalama için düşük güç eşiği, geniş direkt bant boşluğu (3.37 eV) olarak eşsiz özellikleri için umut verici bir geniş bant aralığı fonksiyonel yarı iletken malzeme olan ~ 60 meV 1-2 bağlanma enerjisi. Son zamanlarda, ZnO ince filmler saydam iletken oksit (TCO) filmler, mavi ışık yayan cihaz, alan etkili transistörler ve gaz sensörü 3-6 dahil olmak üzere birçok uygulama alanında istihdam edilmiştir. Öte yandan, ZnO indiyum ve kalay nadir ve pahalı olması nedeniyle indiyum kalay oksit (İTO) değiştirmek için, bir aday maddedir. Ayrıca, ZnO görünür dalga boyu bölgesi ve İTO filmleri 7-8 ile karşılaştırıldığında düşük öz direnç yüksek optik geçirgenliği sahiptir. Buna uygun olarak, ZnO imalatı, karakterizasyon ve uygulama olması kapsamlı olarak rapor edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, mevcut basit An yüksek c -Axis (0002) ZnO ince filmler sentezleyerek üzerinde duruluyoretkili bir yöntem ve UV fotodedektör yönelik pratik uygulama d. Son araştırmalar raporu bulguları, yüksek kaliteli ZnO ince film gibi sol-jel yöntemi, radyo frekans magnetron püskürtme, metal organik kimyasal buhar birikimi (MOCVD) ve bu nedenle 9-14 ile ilgili olarak, çeşitli teknikler ile sentezlenebilir göstermektedir. Her teknik avantajları ve dezavantajları vardır. Örneğin, püskürtme biriktirme bir temel avantajı, çok yüksek bir erime noktasına sahip olduğu, hedef malzemelerin kolayca substrat üzerine püskürtülür olmasıdır. Bunun aksine, püskürtme işlemi bir film yapılanması için, kaldıraçlı bir kapalı ile birleştirmek için zordur. Çalışmamızda, plazma gelişmiş kimyasal buhar biriktirme (PECVD) sistemi, yüksek kalite c sentezlemek için ZnO ince filmler -Axis kullanılmıştır. Plazma bombardımanı ince film yoğunluğunu artırmak ve iyon ayrışma reaksiyon oranını 15 artırabilirsiniz sentezleme sürecinde önemli bir faktördür. IçindeAyrıca, yüksek büyüme hızı ve geniş alan üniforma biriktirme PECVD tekniği için diğer ayırt edici avantajları vardır. Sentez tekniği dışında, madde üzerinde iyi yapışma başka düşünülmüş bir konudur. ZnO ve safir, aynı altıgen kafes yapısına sahip olduğundan pek çok çalışmada, c -plane safir yaygın ZnO ince filmler -Axis yüksek c sentezlemek için alt-tabaka olarak kullanılmıştır. Bununla birlikte, ZnO kaba yüzey morfolojisi ve düzlem yönünde 16 yönlendirilmiş ZnO c -plane safir (% 18) arasında büyük kafes Uyumsuzluklara nedeniyle yüksek bir kalıntı (defekt-ilgili olarak) bir taşıyıcı konsantrasyonlarını gösteren safir alt-tabaka üzerinde sentezlenmiştir. Safir alt tabaka ile karşılaştırıldığında, bir Si gofret ZnO sentezi için başka yaygın kullanılan substrat olduğunu. Si gofret yoğun yarı iletken endüstrisinde kullanılan edilmiştir; ve bu nedenle, Si yüzeylerde yüksek kaliteli ZnO ince filmlerin büyüme neces çok önemli verekli. Ne yazık ki, ZnO ve Si arasındaki kristal yapısı ve ısıl genleşme katsayısı kristal kalitesinde bozulmaya yol açan belli farklıdır. Geçtiğimiz on yıl içinde, büyük çabalar ZnO tampon katmanları 17, çeşitli gaz atmosferinde 18 tavlama ve Si substrat yüzeyinin 19 pasivasyon dahil olmak üzere çeşitli yöntemler kullanılarak Si yüzeylerde ZnO ince filmlerin kalitesini artırmak için yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada başarılı bir şekilde yüksek c herhangi bir tampon tabaka veya ön tedavi olmadan Si yüzeylerde ZnO ince film -Axis sentezlemek için etkin bir yöntem basit ve sundu. Deney sonuçları uygun büyüme sıcaklığı altında sentezlenen ZnO ince filmlerin iyi kristal ve optik nitelikleri gösterdi belirtti. Kristal yapı, RF plazma kompozisyonu, yüzey morfolojisi ve ZnO ince filmlerin optik özellikleri, X-ışını kırınımı (XRD), optik emisyon spektroskopisi (OES), alan emisyonlu sc ile incelendisırasıyla anning elektron mikroskobu (FE-SEM) ve RT fotolüminesans (PL) spektrumları. Ayrıca, ZnO ince filmlerin geçirgenliği de teyit ve rapor edilmiştir. Olarak sentezlenmiş ZnO ince film UV fotodedektör uygulaması için bir algılama tabakası da bu çalışmada araştırıldı olarak görev yaptı. UV fotodedektör UV izlenmesi büyük potansiyel uygulamalar, optik anahtarı, alev alarm ve füze ısınma sistemi 20-21 sahiptir. Böyle Ohmik temas ve Schottky temas da dahil olmak üzere pozitif içsel negatif (pin) modu ve metal-yarıiletken-metal (MSM) yapılar olarak yapılmıştır fotodedektör birçok türü vardır. Her tür kendi avantajları ve dezavantajları vardır. Şu anda, MSM fotodetektör yapıları nedeniyle duyarlılık, güvenilirlik ve tepki ve iyileşme süresi 22-24 onların üstün performans yoğun ilgi gördü. Burada sunulan sonuçlar MSM Ohmik kontak modu istihdam olduğunu göstermiştirZnO ince film bazlı UV fotodedektör imal etmek. Fotodedektör Böyle bir tür tipik olarak yüksek c ZnO ince filmin UV fotodedektör için uygun bir algılama katmanı -Axis belirten iyi cevap verebilen ve güvenilirlik ortaya koymaktadır.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>RF power supply</td>
			<td>ADVANCED ENERGY</td>
			<td>RFX-600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butterfly valve</td>
			<td>MKS</td>
			<td>253B-1-40-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mass flow conctroller</td>
			<td>PROTEC INSTRUMENTS</td>
			<td>PC-540</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure conctroller</td>
			<td>MKS</td>
			<td>600 series&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heater</td>
			<td>UPGRADE INSTRUMENT CO.</td>
			<td>UI-TC 3001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sputter gun</td>
			<td>AJA INTERNATIONAL</td>
			<td>A320-HA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DEZn 1.5M</td>
			<td>ACROS ORGANIC USA, New Jersey</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>also called Diethylzinc (C2H5)2Zn</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spin coater&#160;</td>
			<td>SWIENCO</td>
			<td>PW - 490</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>I-V measurement</td>
			<td>Keithley</td>
			<td>Model: 2400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photocondutive measurement&#160;</td>
			<td>Home-built</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV light sourse</td>
			<td>Panasonic</td>
			<td>ANUJ 6160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mask aligner</td>
			<td>Karl Suss</td>
			<td>MJB4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photoresist</td>
			<td>Shipley a Rohm &#38; Haas company</td>
			<td>S1813</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Developer</td>
			<td>Shipley a Rohm &#38; Haas company</td>
			<td>MF319</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicon wafer</td>
			<td>E-Light Technology Inc</td>
			<td>12/0801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass substrate</td>
			<td>CORNING</td>
			<td>1737</td>
			<td>P-type / Boron</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

synthesis and characterization of high c-axis zno thin film by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition system and its uv photodetector application

Bu çalışmada, yüksek c -Axis (0002) tercih edilen oryantasyonunun Çinko oksit (ZnO), ince filmler başarılı ve etkili bir plazma destekli kimyasal buhar biriktirme (PECVD) sistemi kullanılarak farklı sentez sıcaklıklarda ile, silikon (Si) alt-tabakalar üzerine sentezlenmiştir. Farklı sentezlenmiş kristal yapısına sıcaklıklar, yüzey morfolojileri ve optik özelliklerinin etkileri incelenmiştir. X-ışını difraksiyonu (XRD) paterni (0002) difraksiyon doruk şiddeti 400 o C&#39;de kadar artan sıcaklık ile sentezlenen güçlü hale geldiği belirtilmiştir (0002) zirvesinin dağılma yoğunluğu giderek zayıf 400 o C aşan kadar sentezlenen sıcaklık (10-10) kırılma tepe görünümü ile eşlik oldu RT fotolüminesans (PL) spektrumları emisyonu etrafında 375 nm ve yaklaşık 575 nm und bulunan bir ihmal derin seviyesi (DL) emisyon gözlenen güçlü bir yakın-band kenar (NBE) sergiledier yüksek c ZnO ince filmler -Axis. Saha emisyon taramalı elektron mikroskobu (FE-SEM) görüntüleri homojen bir yüzey ve küçük tanecik boyut dağılımı ile ortaya koymuştur. ZnO ince filmler de geçirgenliği ölçmek için aynı parametreler altında cam alt tabakalar üzerine sentezlenmiştir. Ultraviyole (UV) fotodedektör uygulamanın amacına uygun olarak, birbirine kenetlenmiş platin (Pt) ince film (kalınlık ~ 100 nm) geleneksel optik litografi süreci ve radyo frekansı (RF) manyetik alanda sıçratma yoluyla imal. Omik temas ulaşmak için, cihaz 10 dakika boyunca hızlı bir şekilde termal tavlama (RTA) sistem tarafından 450 oC argon koşullarda tavlanmıştır. Sistematik ölçümleri alındıktan sonra, akım-gerilim (I - V) fotoğrafı ve karanlık akım ve zamana bağlı fotoakım yanıtı meydana eğrisi, yüksek c ZnO ince film, uygun bir algılama katmanı -Axis belirten iyi cevap verebilen ve güvenilirlik sergilediUV fotodetektör uygulama için.

ZnO (0002), yüksek c ince filmler başarıyla PECVD sistemi ile Si yüzeyler üzerine tercih oryantasyon sentezlenmiş edilmiştir -Axis. Karbon dioksit (CO2) ve dietilçinko (DEZn), sırasıyla, oksijen ve çinko öncüleri olarak kullanılmıştır. ZnO ince filmlerin kristal yapısı, ZnO ince film güçlü (0002) kırılma tepe noktasıyla 400 o C&#39;de sentezlenmiş gösteren X-ışını difraksiyonu (Şekil 4) ile karakterize edildi. Sentezlenen sıcaklık 500 <sup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis and Characterization of High c-axis ZnO Thin Film by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition System and its UV Photodetector Application at JoVE.c

Synthesis and Characterization of High c-axis ZnO Thin Film by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition System and its UV Photodetector Application

We offered a method to directly synthesize high c-axis (0002) ZnO thin film by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The as-synthesized ZnO thin film combined with Pt interdigitated electrode was used as sensing layer for ultraviolet photodetector, showing a high performance through a combination of its good responsivity and reliability.

Sentezi ve Plazma ile yüksek c-ekseni ZnO İnce Film Karakterizasyonu CVD Sistemi ve UV Fotodetektör Uygulaması Enhanced

In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films with high c-axis (0002) preferential orientation have been successfully and effectively synthesized onto ...

synthesis-characterization-high-c-axis-zno-thin-film-plasma-enhanced

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

15.1K Görüntüleme.  National Taipei University of Technology (TAIPEI TECH). We offered a method to directly synthesize high c-axis (0002) ZnO thin film by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The as-synthesized ZnO thin film combined with Pt interdigitated electrode was used as sensing layer for ultraviolet photodetector, showing a high performance through a combination of its good responsivity and reliability.

Video: Synthesis and Characterization of High c-axis ZnO Thin Film by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition System and its UV Photodetector Application

Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-film Solar cells with Plasmonic-enhanced Light-trapping

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To compensate for lower light absorption such physically thin devices have to incorporate light-trapping which increases their optical thickness. Light scattering by textured surfaces is a common technique but it cannot be universally applied to all solar cell technologies. Some cells, for example those made of evaporated silicon, are planar as produced and they require an alternative light-trapping means suitable for planar devices. Metal nanoparticles formed on planar silicon cell surface and capable of light scattering due to surface plasmon resonance is an effective approach.
The paper presents a fabrication procedure of evaporated polycrystalline silicon solar cells with plasmonic light-trapping and demonstrates how the cell quantum efficiency improves due to presence of metal nanoparticles.
To fabricate the cells a film consisting of alternative boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers is deposited on glass substrate by electron beam evaporation. An Initially amorphous film is crystallised and electronic defects are mitigated by annealing and hydrogen passivation. Metal grid contacts are applied to the layers of opposite polarity to extract electricity generated by the cell. Typically, such a ~2 &mu;m thick cell has a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 14-16 mA/cm2, which can be increased up to 17-18 mA/cm2 (~25% higher) after application of a simple diffuse back reflector made of a white paint.
To implement plasmonic light-trapping a silver nanoparticle array is formed on the metallised cell silicon surface. A precursor silver film is deposited on the cell by thermal evaporation and annealed at 23&deg;C to form silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticle size and coverage, which affect plasmonic light-scattering, can be tuned for enhanced cell performance by varying the precursor film thickness and its annealing conditions. An optimised nanoparticle array alone results in cell Jsc enhancement of about 28%, similar to the effect of the diffuse reflector. The photocurrent can be further increased by coating the nanoparticles by a low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2, and applying the diffused reflector. The complete plasmonic cell structure comprises the polycrystalline silicon film, a silver nanoparticle array, a layer of MgF2, and a diffuse reflector. The Jsc for such cell is 21-23 mA/cm2, up to 45% higher than Jsc of the original cell without light-trapping or ~25% higher than Jsc for the cell with the diffuse reflector only.
Introduction
Light-trapping in silicon solar cells is commonly achieved via light scattering at textured interfaces. Scattered light travels through a cell at oblique angles for a longer distance and when such angles exceed the critical angle at the cell interfaces the light is permanently trapped in the cell by total internal reflection (Animation 1: Light-trapping). Although this scheme works well for most solar cells, there are developing technologies where ultra-thin Si layers are produced planar (e.g. layer-transfer technologies and epitaxial c-Si layers) 1 and or when such layers are not compatible with textures substrates (e.g. evaporated silicon) 2. For such originally planar Si layer alternative light trapping approaches, such as diffuse white paint reflector 3, silicon plasma texturing 4 or high refractive index nanoparticle reflector 5 have been suggested.
Metal nanoparticles can effectively scatter incident light into a higher refractive index material, like silicon, due to the surface plasmon resonance effect 6. They also can be easily formed on the planar silicon cell surface thus offering a light-trapping approach alternative to texturing. For a nanoparticle located at the air-silicon interface the scattered light fraction coupled into silicon exceeds 95% and a large faction of that light is scattered at angles above critical providing nearly ideal light-trapping condition (Animation 2: Plasmons on NP). The resonance can be tuned to the wavelength region, which is most important for a particular cell material and design, by varying the nanoparticle average size, surface coverage and local dielectric environment 6,7. Theoretical design principles of plasmonic nanoparticle solar cells have been suggested 8. In practice, Ag nanoparticle array is an ideal light-trapping partner for poly-Si thin-film solar cells because most of these design principle are naturally met. The simplest way of forming nanoparticles by thermal annealing of a thin precursor Ag film results in a random array with a relatively wide size and shape distribution, which is particularly suitable for light-trapping because such an array has a wide resonance peak, covering the wavelength range of 700-900 nm, important for poly-Si solar cell performance. The nanoparticle array can only be located on the rear poly-Si cell surface thus avoiding destructive interference between incident and scattered light which occurs for front-located nanoparticles 9. Moreover, poly-Si thin-film cells do not requires a passivating layer and the flat base-shaped nanoparticles (that naturally result from thermal annealing of a metal film) can be directly placed on silicon further increases plasmonic scattering efficiency due to surface plasmon-polariton resonance 10.
The cell with the plasmonic nanoparticle array as described above can have a photocurrent about 28% higher than the original cell. However, the array still transmits a significant amount of light which escapes through the rear of the cell and does not contribute into the current. This loss can be mitigated by adding a rear reflector to allow catching transmitted light and re-directing it back to the cell. Providing sufficient distance between the reflector and the nanoparticles (a few hundred nanometers) the reflected light will then experience one more plasmonic scattering event while passing through the nanoparticle array on re-entering the cell and the reflector itself can be made diffuse - both effects further facilitating light scattering and hence light-trapping. Importantly, the Ag nanoparticles have to be encapsulated with an inert and low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2 or SiO2, from the rear reflector to avoid mechanical and chemical damage 7. Low refractive index for this cladding layer is required to maintain a high coupling fraction into silicon and larger scattering angles, which are ensured by the high optical contrast between the media on both sides of the nanoparticle, silicon and dielectric 6. The photocurrent of the plasmonic cell with the diffuse rear reflector can be up to 45% higher than the current of the original cell or up to 25% higher than the current of an equivalent cell with the diffuse reflector only.

Polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells on glass are fabricated by deposition of boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers followed by crystallisation, defect passivation and metallisation. Plasmonic light-trapping is introduced by forming Ag nanoparticles on the silicon cell surface capped with a diffused reflector resulting in ~45% photocurrent enhancement.

Plasmonic geliştirilmiş Işık-tutucu ile Polycrystalline Silikon İnce-film Solar hücreler

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To ...

Mühendislik

Encapsulation and Permeability Characteristics of Plasma Polymerized Hollow Particles

In this protocol, core-shell nanostructures are synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We produce an amorphous barrier by plasma polymerization of isopropanol on various solid substrates, including silica and potassium chloride. This versatile technique is used to treat nanoparticles and nanopowders with sizes ranging from 37 nm to 1 micron, by depositing films whose thickness can be anywhere from 1 nm to upwards of 100 nm. Dissolution of the core allows us to study the rate of permeation through the film. In these experiments, we determine the diffusion coefficient of KCl through the barrier film by coating KCL nanocrystals and subsequently monitoring the ionic conductivity of the coated particles suspended in water. The primary interest in this process is the encapsulation and delayed release of solutes. The thickness of the shell is one of the independent variables by which we control the rate of release. It has a strong effect on the rate of release, which increases from a six-hour release (shell thickness is 20 nm) to a long-term release over 30 days (shell thickness is 95 nm). The release profile shows a characteristic behavior: a fast release (35% of the final materials) during the first five minutes after the beginning of the dissolution, and a slower release till all of the core materials come out.

We have used plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition to deposit thin films ranging from a few nm to several 100 nm on nano-sized particles of various materials. We subsequently etch the core material to produce hollow nanoshells whose permeability is controlled by the thickness of the shell. We characterize the permeability of these coatings to small solutes and demonstrate that these barriers can provide sustained release of the core material over several days.

Plazma Polimerize Hollow Parçacıkların Encapsulation ve Geçirgenlik Özellikleri

In this protocol, core-shell nanostructures are synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We produce an amorphous barrier by plasma ...

Nanomoulding of Functional Materials, a Versatile Complementary Pattern Replication Method to Nanoimprinting

We describe a nanomoulding technique which allows low-cost nanoscale patterning of functional materials, materials stacks and full devices. Nanomoulding combined with layer transfer enables the replication of arbitrary surface patterns from a master structure onto the functional material. Nanomoulding can be performed on any nanoimprinting setup and can be applied to a wide range of materials and deposition processes. In particular we demonstrate the fabrication of patterned transparent zinc oxide electrodes for light trapping applications in solar cells.

We describe a nanomoulding technique which allows low-cost nanoscale patterning of functional materials, materials stacks and full devices. Nanomoulding can be performed on any nanoimprinting setup and can be applied to a wide range of materials and deposition processes.

Fonksiyonel Malzemelerin Nanomoulding, Nanoimprinting bir yönlü Tamamlayıcı Desen Çoğaltma Yöntemi

We describe a nanomoulding technique which  allows low-cost nanoscale patterning of functional materials, materials stacks  and full devices. Nanomoulding ...

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary interiors, design materials with novel properties, understand the mechanical behavior of materials exposed to very high stresses as in explosions or impacts. Synthesis and structural analysis of materials at extreme conditions of pressure and temperature entails remarkable technical challenges. In the laser heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC), very high pressure is generated between the tips of two opposing diamond anvils forced against each other; focused infrared laser beams, shined through the diamonds, allow to reach very high temperatures on samples absorbing the laser radiation. When the LH-DAC is installed in a synchrotron beamline that provides extremely brilliant x-ray radiation, the structure of materials under extreme conditions can be probed in situ. LH-DAC samples, although very small, can show highly variable grain size, phase and chemical composition. In order to obtain the high resolution structural analysis and the most comprehensive characterization of a sample, we collect diffraction data in 2D grids and combine powder, single crystal and multigrain diffraction techniques. Representative results obtained in the synthesis of a new iron oxide, Fe4O5 1 will be shown.

The laser heated diamond anvil cell combined with synchrotron micro-diffraction techniques allows researchers to explore the nature and properties of new phases of matter at extreme pressure and temperature (PT) conditions. Heterogeneous samples can be characterized in situ under high pressure by 2D mapping and combined powder, single-crystal and multigrain diffraction approaches.

Aşırı basınç ve Sıcaklıklarda sentezi ve mikrodifraksiyon

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary ...

Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate absorber material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. SnS offers easy phase control and rapid growth by congruent thermal evaporation, and it absorbs visible light strongly. However, for a long time the record power conversion efficiency of SnS solar cells remained below 2%. Recently we demonstrated new certified record efficiencies of 4.36% using SnS deposited by atomic layer deposition, and 3.88% using thermal evaporation. Here the fabrication procedure for these record solar cells is described, and the statistical distribution of the fabrication process is reported. The standard deviation of efficiency measured on a single substrate is typically over 0.5%. All steps including substrate selection and cleaning, Mo sputtering for the rear contact (cathode), SnS deposition, annealing, surface passivation, Zn(O,S) buffer layer selection and deposition, transparent conductor (anode) deposition, and metallization are described. On each substrate we fabricate 11 individual devices, each with active area 0.25 cm2. Further, a system for high throughput measurements of current-voltage curves under simulated solar light, and external quantum efficiency measurement with variable light bias is described. With this system we are able to measure full data sets on all 11 devices in an automated manner and in minimal time. These results illustrate the value of studying large sample sets, rather than focusing narrowly on the highest performing devices. Large data sets help us to distinguish and remedy individual loss mechanisms affecting our devices.

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication procedure of the SnS solar cells employing atomic layer deposition, which yields 4.36% certified power conversion efficiency, and thermal evaporation which yields 3.88%.

Termal Buharlaşma ve Atomik katman Biriktirme tarafından Record-verimlilik SNS Güneş Pilleri yapma

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate absorber material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. SnS offers easy phase control and rapid growth by congruent ...

Preparation of ZnO Nanorod/Graphene/ZnO Nanorod Epitaxial Double Heterostructure for Piezoelectrical Nanogenerator by Using Preheating Hydrothermal

Well-aligned ZnO nanostructures have been intensively studied over the last decade for remarkable physical properties and enormous applications. Here, we describe a one-step fabrication technique to synthesis freestanding ZnO nanorod/graphene/ZnO nanorod double heterostructure. The preparation of the double heterostructure is performed by using thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and preheating hydrothermal technique. In addition, the morphological properties were characterized by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The utility of freestanding double heterostructure is demonstrated by fabricating the piezoelectric nanogenerator. The electrical output is improved up to 200% compared to that of a single heterostructure owing to the coupling effect of the piezoelectricity between the arrays of ZnO nanorods on the top and bottom of graphene. This unique double heterostructure have a tremendous potential for applications of electrical and optoelectrical devices where the high number density and specific surface area of nanorod are needed, such as pressure sensor, immuno-biosensor and dye-sensitized solar cells.

One-step fabrication method for obtaining freestanding epitaxial double heterostructure is presented. This approach could achieve ZnO coverage with a higher number density than that of the epitaxial single heterostructure, leading to a piezoelectric nanogenerator with an increased output electrical performance.

Ön ısıtma Hidrotermal kullanarak Piezoelektrik Nanogenerator için ZnO Nanorod / Grafen / ZnO Nanorod Epitaksiyel çift heteroyapı hazırlanması

Well-aligned ZnO nanostructures have been intensively studied over the last decade for remarkable physical properties and enormous applications. Here, we ...

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction of degradation mechanisms and prevention of module field failure can consequently decrease investment risks as well as increase the electricity yield. An improved knowledge level can for these reasons significantly decrease the total costs of PV electricity. 
In order to better understand and minimize the degradation of PV modules, the occurring degradation mechanisms and conditions should be identified. This should preferably happen under combined stresses, since modules in the field are also simultaneously exposed to multiple stress factors. Therefore, two 'Combined Stress test with in situ measurement' setups have been designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, illumination, and electrical biases as independently controlled stress factors on solar cells and minimodules. The setups also allow real-time monitoring of the electrical properties of these samples. This protocol presents these setups and describes the experimental possibilities. Moreover, results obtained with these setups are also presented: various examples about the influence of both deposition and degradation conditions on the stability of thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) as well as Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTS) solar cells are described. Results on the temperature dependency of CIGS solar cells are also presented.

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for CuIn,GaSe2 Solar Cells

Two &#39;Combined Stress test with in situ measurement&#39; setups, which allow real-time monitoring of accelerated degradation of solar cells and modules, were designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, electrical biases, and illumination as independently controlled stress factors. The setups and various experiments executed are presented.

Situ Güneş hücreleri ve modüllerin hızlandırılmış performans düşüşü izleme: Cu (In, Ga) Se2 güneş hücreleri için bir örnek çalışma

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction ...

Well-aligned Vertically Oriented ZnO Nanorod Arrays and their Application in Inverted Small Molecule Solar Cells

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule (SMPV1) and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), by utilizing ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on a high quality Al-doped ZnO (AZO) seed layer. The inverted SMPV1:PC71BM solar cells with ZnO NRs that grew on both a sputtered and sol-gel processed AZO seed layer are fabricated. Compared with the AZO thin film prepared by the sol-gel method, the sputtered AZO thin film exhibits better crystallization and lower surface roughness, according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements. The orientation of the ZnO NRs grown on a sputtered AZO seed layer shows better vertical alignment, which is beneficial for the deposition of the subsequent active layer, forming better surface morphologies. Generally, the surface morphology of the active layer mainly dominates the fill factor (FF) of the devices. Consequently, the well-aligned ZnO NRs can be used to improve the carrier collection of the active layer and to increase the FF of the solar cells. Moreover, as an anti-reflection structure, it can also be utilized to enhance the light harvesting of the absorption layer, with the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells reaching 6.01%, higher than the sol-gel based solar cells with an efficiency of 4.74%.

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted SMPV1:PC71BM solar cells with ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on a high quality Al-doped ZnO (AZO) seed layer. The well-aligned vertically oriented ZnO NRs exhibit high crystalline properties. The power conversion efficiency of solar cells can reach 6.01%.

İyi hizalanmış dikey odaklı ZnO Nanorod diziler ve kendi uygulama içinde ters küçük molekül güneş hücreleri

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule ...

Fabrication of Ultra-thin Color Films with Highly Absorbing Media Using Oblique Angle Deposition

Ultra-thin film structures have been studied extensively for use as optical coatings, but performance and fabrication challenges remain.&#160; We present an advanced method for fabricating ultra-thin color films with improved characteristics. The proposed process addresses several fabrication issues, including large area processing. Specifically, the protocol describes a process for fabricating ultra-thin color films using an electron beam evaporator for oblique angle deposition of germanium (Ge) and gold (Au) on silicon (Si) substrates.&#160; Film porosity produced by the oblique angle deposition induces color changes in the ultra-thin film. The degree of color change depends on factors such as deposition angle and film thickness. Fabricated samples of the ultra-thin color films showed improved color tunability and color purity. In addition, the measured reflectance of the fabricated samples was converted into chromatic values and analyzed in terms of color. Our ultra-thin film fabricating method is expected to be used for various ultra-thin film applications such as flexible color electrodes, thin film solar cells, and optical filters. Also, the process developed here for analyzing the color of the fabricated samples is broadly useful for studying various color structures.

We present a detailed method for fabricating ultra-thin color films with improved characteristics for optical coatings. The oblique angle deposition technique using an electron beam evaporator allows improved color tunability and purity. Fabricated films of Ge and Au on Si substrates were analyzed by reflectance measurements and color information conversion.

Eğik açısı ifade kullanarak medya yüksek emici ile Ultra ince renk filmleri imalatı

Ultra-thin film structures have been studied extensively for use as optical coatings, but performance and fabrication challenges remain.&#160; We present ...

Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides

Here, we present a procedure for the synthesis of bulk and thin film multicomponent (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O (Co variant) and (Mg0.25(1-x)Co0.25(1-x)Ni0.25(1-x)CuxZn0.25(1-x))O (Cu variant) entropy-stabilized oxides. Phase pure and chemically homogeneous (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O (x = 0.20, 0.27, 0.33) and (Mg0.25(1-x)Co0.25(1-x)Ni0.25(1-x)CuxZn0.25(1-x))O (x = 0.11, 0.27) ceramic pellets are synthesized and used in the deposition of ultra-high quality, phase pure, single crystalline thin films of the target stoichiometry. A detailed methodology for the deposition of smooth, chemically homogeneous, entropy-stabilized oxide thin films by pulsed laser deposition on (001)-oriented MgO substrates is described. The phase and crystallinity of bulk and thin film materials are confirmed using X-ray diffraction. Composition and chemical homogeneity are confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The surface topography of thin films is measured with scanning probe microscopy. The synthesis of high quality, single crystalline, entropy-stabilized oxide thin films enables the study of interface, size, strain, and disorder effects on the properties in this new class of highly disordered oxide materials.

The synthesis of high quality bulk and thin film (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O and (Mg0.25(1-x)Co0.25(1-x)Ni0.25(1-x)CuxZn0.25(1-x))O entropy-stabilized oxides is presented.

Toplu ve bileşimsel varyant entropi stabilize oksit ince Film sentezi

Here, we present a procedure for the synthesis of bulk and thin film multicomponent (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O (Co variant) and ...