This work was funded by the University of Michigan Department Of Psychiatry (U032826; JDM), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA; K08 DA037912-01; JDM) and the Department of Defense (DoD) National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship (CJF).

(; Michigan Üniversitesi, Ann Arbor, MI UCUCA) Tüm işlemler Üniversitesi Hayvan Kullanımı ve Bilgisayar Bakım Komitesi tarafından onaylanmıştır. 1. Ekipman ve Yazılım <ol><li> Ticari edimsel odaları ve cihazlarını alın. Malzeme Tablosu bakın. </li><li> havalandırma fanları ile ses azaltıcı dolapları bulunan sıçan edimsel koşullama odalarında Davranış eğitimi (20,5 cm derinlik x 29.2 cm yüksekliğinde × 24.1 cm genişliğinde), ortam gürültüsünü sağlamak. </li><li> 3 cm paslanmaz çelik ızgara yerden edimsel odasının 21,6 cm genişliğinde ön duvarında merkezi bir konumda bulunan bir topak dergisi (hazne) her odasını, donatmak. pelet dergisi cihazın içine baş girişlerini tespit edebilen bir kızılötesi sensör içerdiğinden emin olun. </li><li> muz aromalı gıda pelet (45 mg) sunan bir pelet dağıtıcı, pelet dergisi bağlayın. </li><li> Bir karşı dengeli bir şekilde, konum, geri çekilebilir LeVer (CS) pelet haznenin her iki tarafında yaklaşık 2.5 cm3 cm paslanmaz çelik ızgara zeminden yüksekliği (sol veya sağ). </li><li> kol uzun kol daha görsel dikkat çekici hale getirmek için kendi içinde bir LED işaret ışığı içerdiğinden emin olun. </li><li> Bir geri çekilebilir kolu kullanıyorsanız, tek başına kilo kadar bir altıgen somun anahtarı ile (cihazın üst kısmında bulunan) kalibrasyon vidasını kolunun üstüne bir 10 gr kalibrasyon ağırlığını koyarak, ve sonra ayarlayarak kolunu kalibre düşürmek mümkün kolu. </li><li> dergi haznenin karşısındaki duvarda odasının üst kısmında kırmızı bir ev ışık donatın. Not: Bir kırmızı evi ışığı yanar kolu barizlik artırmak için kullanılır. </li></ol> 2. PCA Eğitimi <ol><li> Çift içi yetişkin erkek Sprague Dawley sıçanları girişte (250-300 g), ve 12 saat ışık / karanlık döngüsünde tutulur konut grubu, en az iki gün boyunca rahatsız bırakın. </li><li> Yavaşça ea eleİnsan kişiye sıçan ACCLIMATE için iki gün boyunca günde en az 1 dakika boyunca ch sıçan. Konut kolonisinde yiyecek ve su sıçan ad libitum erişim sağlayın. </li><li> PCA eğitim üç gün önce başlayan, iki gün boyunca evlerinde kafeslerde (sıçan başına yaklaşık 15 pelet) gıda pelet koyarak muz aromalı gıda pelet ile sıçan alıştırın. Not: fareler çifti-yerleştirilmiştir iseniz, ev kafesinin iki tarafta eşit topakları bölmek için yararlıdır. </li><li> Antrenman öncesi Programı Not: Bizim programlama Hepsi (Med Associates, yazılım için) MEDState Notasyon kullanılarak yapılır ve manuel online (mednr.com/pdf/doc003_MedPCProgramr.pdf) &#39;dir. Programlar doğru uzantısı ile kaydedilir MedState Notasyon kullanarak biçimlendirilmemiş metin belgeleri (örneğin, ASCII veya DOS metin) olarak yazılır (yani, [dosyaadı] .mpc), sonra MED-PC programı, Trans IV kullanılarak çevrilmiştir. Tüm bu işlemlerin hepsi bahsedilen Pro daha ayrıntılı olarak verilmiştirkılavuzu programlama modülü. <ol><li> 5 dk programı (yani, bir gıda pelet ortalama her 30 saniye teslim başladıktan sonra değişken zaman elli gıda pelet (VT) 30 saniye programı sunan bir çalışma öncesi program oluşturun, ancak gerçek doğum 0- arasında rasgele değişir 60 sn). </li><li> kırmızı evi ışığı açık, ancak kol (yaklaşık 25 dakika) program süresince geri kalır şekilde Antrenman öncesi program yazın. </li><li> ışık döngüsü sırasında çalışma öncesi ve daha sonraki tüm deney gerçekleştirin. </li><li> Bir gün önce PCA eğitim, yakın bir edimsel odasına, her bir sıçan yerleştirin ve oda kapısını mandal ve ses azaltıcı dolap kapağını kapatın. </li><li> kendi odasında her sıçan yerleştirdikten sonra en kısa sürede Antrenman öncesi programını başlatın. </li><li> en kısa sürede program bittikten sonra onun odasından her sıçan çıkarın. </li><li> Tüketilen pelet sayısını kaydetmek ve tüm tüketmek olmadığını sıçan hariçdaha fazla test gelen pelet. </li></ol></li><li> Programın başlamasından sonra 1 dakika başlayan, yaklaşık 40 dakika içinde 25 denemeler sunan bir PCA eğitim programı oluşturun. <ol><li> Her duruşma sırasında kolu odasına uzatılır ve 8 sn ışıklı böylece program yazın. </li><li> Program kolu geri çekme pelet dergisi içine bir gıda pelet tepkisi bağımsız teslimat hemen izlenecek. </li><li> VT 90 saniye programa her deneme ayrı (yani, kol uzatma ve sonraki gıda pelet teslim ortalama her 90 saniyede oluşur, ancak gerçek doğum 30-150 saniye arasında rastgele değişir). </li><li> yakın bir klima odasına her sıçan yerleştirin ve oda kapısını mandal ve ses azaltıcı dolap kapağını kapatın. </li><li> kendi odasında her sıçan yerleştirdikten sonra en kısa sürede PCA eğitim programını başlatın. </li><li> en kısa sürede program bittikten sonra onun odasından her sıçan çıkarın. </li><li> Edaha fazla test pelet tüm tüketmeyin xclude fareler. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Veri İşleme <ol><li> Bir e-tabloya (örneğin, bir tablo belgesi) çıkış bilgileri aktarmak. </li><li> (Konu numarasını başlangıç ​​tarihi, başlangıç ​​zamanı, ve kutu numarası) bilgi tanımlayan ekstrelerinden bir profil oluşturmak yanı sıra çıkış bilgileri (sayı ve kol presler ve dergi girişlerinin gecikme). Not: deneylerde, sigara CS dergisi girişleri de profilden ayıklanır. 8 sn CS dönemi dışında ve kol uzatılmaması sırasında VT 90 sn (yani, 60-120 sn) dönemi sırasında meydana gelen dergisi içine girdiler olmayan CS dergisi girişlerini tanımlayın. </li><li> Dahası 8 sn kolu basın ve dergi giriş gecikmeleri kapatma verileri işlemek (yani, CS sunum süresi). Bu EĞER fonksiyonu sayesinde e-tabloda elde edilebilir: (X&gt; 8,8 &#39;, X) IF. </li><li> puanlarını hesaplamakYanıt önyargı (yani, bir oturum için kolu presler ve dergi girişlerin toplam sayısı [kolu presleri - dergi girişleri] / [kolu presleri + dergi girişleri]), gecikme puanı (yani, ortalama gecikme bir kaldıraç basın veya dergi girişini gerçekleştirmek için bir oturum sırasında; [dergi giriş gecikme - kolu basın gecikme] / 8) ve olasılık farkı (yani, kol presler veya dergi girdileri oranı; [kolu basın olasılık - dergi giriş olasılık]) 5. Not: Bu formüller, tüm puanları 1.0 ve -1.0 arasında olmalıdır. </li><li> her oturumda içindeki tepki önyargı, gecikme puanı ve olasılık farkı ortalamasını alarak her bir sıçan için PCA indeks puanı hesaplayın. Not: PCA indeks puanı 1.0 ve -1.0 arasında olmalıdır. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

PCA eğitim bağımlılığı açığı önemli bir bileşeni olduğu öne sürülmüştür klimalı ipuçları, Teşvik çıkıntı atfetmek eğiliminde bireysel değişimi belirlemek için kullanılabilir. Örneğin, daha önce STs hem gıda hem de ilaç ipuçları 6 teşvik çıkıntı özellik ortaya konmuştur ve gıda ve uyuşturucuya bağlı ipuçlarını hem STs 7&#39;de bir amigdalo-striatal-talamik devrenin içinde benzer beyin bölgeleri aktive eder. Ayrıca, STs ilaç arayışı davran?...

Bağımlılığı uyuşturucu kullanımı geçiş Pavlovian ve enstrümantal öğrenme 1,2 arasındaki karmaşık etkileşimler içerir. İlaç alma ve uyuşturucu arayan davranışları sırasında, eylemler ve sonuçları enstrümantal süreçlerle öğrenilir; Ancak, uyaranlara (örneğin, uyuşturucuyla ilgili ipuçları) ve ödüller arasındaki ilişkiler de Pavlovyan süreçlerle öğrenilir. Pavlovyan ipuçları prediktif değeri elde, ama onlar, çekici arzu ve teşvik ve ödül arayan davranışlarını 4 muhafaza edebilen hale sayede onlar da teşvik motivasyon değeri 3 edinebilirler. Hayvanlarda öğrenme ödül araştıran birçok prosedürler, ancak, teşvik motivasyon öğrenme karşı öngörü ve çözünmeyi izin vermez. Ilaç öz-yönetim prosedürleri, örneğin, hem enstrümantal ve Pavlovyan şarta tipik sıçanlar bir eylemi gerçekleştirmek için öğrenmek, öyle ki istihdam edilmektedir (örneğin, burun-poking, kaldıraca basma bir sonucu (örneğin, damar içine ilaç verme) almak için, vs.). Ödüllendirici sonuç da Pavlovyan uyaranlara ile eşleştirilmiş (örneğin, bir burun-gedikler port, işaret lambası sunumu, infüzyon pompası sesi, kan dolaşımına sıvı teslimat interoseptif duygu, vb aydınlatma). ipuçları çünkü ödül ile kendi öngörü ilişki amaca yönelik faaliyetlerinin desteklenmesi olup olmadığını Bu prosedürler genellikle belirsizdir ya da ipuçları kendi teşvik motivasyonel özelliklerinin elde etmiş olsun. deneysel Pavlovyan uyaranların öngörü değeri teşvik motivasyon değeri izole etmek amacıyla, laboratuvar teşvik çıkıntı ödül-ilişkili ipuçları nitelik fareleri belirlemek amacıyla bir Pavlovyan koşullandırılmış bir yaklaşım (PCA) yordamı kullanır. Antrenman sırasında, bir koşullu uyarıcı (CS, örneğin, bir kolu) tepki bağımsız deliv tahmin(; örneğin, bir gıda pelet ABD) bir koşulsuz uyarıcının ery. birden fazla eğitim oturumları boyunca, üç fenotipleri geliştirmek: oturum izleme (CS-yönettiği klimalı tepki [CR]), hedef izleme (ABD-yönettiği CR) ve bir ara cevap (CR ikisi). amaç-izci (GTs) için, CS ödül teslim bir göstergesi olarak kullanılır; Ancak, kayıt izci (STS) için, CS çekici ve arzu edilen haline teşvik salience ile ilişkilendirilir. Bu derlemede, bir PCA yordamı gerçekleştirmek için gerekli ekipman, kurulum ve veri işleme özetlemektedir. Ayrıca, PCA eğitim temsilcisi sonuçları, önemli deneysel hususları ana hatlarıyla ve bağımlılığı ve diğer nöropsikiyatrik hastalıkların araştırılmasında PCA prosedürlerin varsayılan yarar tartışmak sağlar.

<table>
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		<tr>
			<td>Standard Modular Operant Test Chamber with Modified Top for Rat</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>ENV-008CT</td>
			<td>Top has access slot for drug delivery leashes or other harness systems; comes with ENV-008CTC (Cover Insert) for access slot</td>
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			<td>Expanded PVC Sound Attenuating Cubicle</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>ENV-022V</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>PCI Operating Package for up to Sixteen Chambers</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>MED-SYST-16</td>
			<td>Based on the number of operant chambers, MED-SYST-8 (PCI Operating Package for up to Eight Chambers) is also available</td>
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			<td>SmartCtrl</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>DIG-716P2</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Universal Cable, 25&#8242; (7.6 m)</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>SG-210CB</td>
			<td>Based on individual needs, SG-210CB-50 (Universal Cable, 50&#8242; [15.2 m]) is also available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18&#8243; (45.7 cm) 3-Pin Mini-Molex</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>SG-216A</td>
			<td>Based on individual needs, SG-216A-2 (2&#8242; [61.0 cm] 3-Pin Mini-Molex) is also available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power Cable, 25&#8242; (7.6 m)&#160;</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>SG-210CP-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless Steel Grid Floor for Rat</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>ENV-005</td>
			<td>Based on preference, ENV-005A (Stainless Steel Grid Floor for Mouse) is also available&#160;</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Reusable Waste Pan</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>ENV-007-P3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filler Panel Package for Standard Modular Test Chamber</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>ENV-008-FP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Modular Pellet Dispenser for Rat, 45mg</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>ENV-203M-45</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pellet Receptacle, Trough Type</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>ENV-200R2M</td>
			<td>Based on preference, ENV-200R1M (Pellet Receptable, Cup Type) is also available&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retractable Lever</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>ENV-112CM</td>
			<td>Calibrated to 25 g; needs to be adjusted to 10 g before Pavlovian conditioned approach training</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retractable Lever Cue Light</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>ENV-112CML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>House Light for Rat</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>ENV-215M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 mA Replacement Bulbs, Pack of 10</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>SG-800R</td>
			<td>Red-colored; for use with ENV-215M (House Light for Rat)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pellets, 45 mg, Primate Purified Diet, Banana Flavor</td>
			<td>Bio-Serv</td>
			<td>F0059</td>
			<td>50,000/box&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

pavlovian conditioned approach training in rats

olumsal teşvik salience bir atıf, ya da çekici içine nötr uyaranlar dönüşümü olarak bilinen bir süreçte ödüllendirici özelliklerini kendilerini edinebilirler koşulsuz, ödüllendirici uyaranlara ile eşleştirilmiş ipuçları, &quot; &#39;davranışlarını motive edebilen uyaranlar istiyordu. Pavlovyan koşullandırılmış yaklaşım (PCA) (ABD, örneğin, bir gıda pelet) bir koşulsuz uyarıcı teslim tahmin (örneğin, bir kol CS) şartlı uyarana tepki bağımsız sunum sonrası gelişir ve teşvik çıkıntı eğitimi sırasında, üç desen ölçmek için kullanılabilir. klimalı tepkiler (CR) gelişebilir. oturum izleme davranışı (CR CS-yönettiği), hedef izleme davranışı (CR ABD yönettiği) ve bir ara cevap (CR ikisi) Sign-izci teşvik çıkıntı ödül-ilişkili atfettiğimiz ipuçları ve PCA bir pot yapma, uyuşturucu arayan işaret kaynaklı iadesi yanı sıra diğer bağımlılık ile ilgili davranışları daha savunmasızbağımlılığı açığı çalışmak için entially değerli prosedür. Burada, sıçanların PCA davranışı ortaya çıkarmak yanı sıra analiz ve bireysel deneylerde PCA davranışını yorumlamak için kullanılan malzeme ve yöntemleri tanımlar.

Biz fareler belirli bir laboratuar veya deney ihtiyaçlarına göre daha eğitimli olmasına rağmen PCA eğitim 5-7 günlük oturumlar, STS, GTs ve orta yanıt (IR) olarak fenotip sıçanlarda yeterli olduğunu bulduk. Fenotiplendirme önceden protokol açıklandığı gibi tepki önyargı, gecikme puanı ve bireysel seans olasılık farkını ortalaması alınarak hesaplanır PCA indeks puanları dayanmaktadır. Fenotipleri son iki PCA eğitim oturumları PCA indeks puanı ortalaması ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats at JoVE.com

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

Here, we present a protocol to elicit Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in rats. This procedure can be used to measure individual differences in the tendency to approach and attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and investigate addiction vulnerability.

Sıçanlar Pavlovyan Koúullanmıú Yaklaşım Eğitimi

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the ...

pavlovian-conditioned-approach-training-in-rats

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.9K Görüntüleme.  University of Michigan. Here, we present a protocol to elicit Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in rats. This procedure can be used to measure individual differences in the tendency to approach and attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and investigate addiction vulnerability. 

Video: Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

Stereotaxic Microinjection of Viral Vectors Expressing Cre Recombinase to Study the Role of Target Genes in Cocaine Conditioned Place Preference

Microinjecting recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase into distinct mouse brain regions to selectively knockout genes of interest allows for enhanced temporally- and regionally-specific control of gene deletion, compared to existing methods. While conditional deletion can also be achieved by mating mice that express Cre recombinase under the control of specific gene promoters with mice carrying a floxed gene, stereotaxic microinjection allows for targeting of discrete brain areas at experimenter-determined time points of interest. In the context of cocaine conditioned place preference, and other cocaine behavioral paradigms such as self-administration or psychomotor sensitization that can involve withdrawal, extinction and/or reinstatement phases, this technique is particularly useful in exploring the unique contribution of target genes to these distinct phases of behavioral models of cocaine-induced plasticity. Specifically, this technique allows for selective ablation of target genes during discrete phases of a behavior to test their contribution to the behavior across time. Ultimately, this understanding allows for more targeted therapeutics that are best able to address the most potent risk factors that present themselves during each phase of addictive behavior.

This article describes how to microinject viral vectors into mouse brain and then test in a conditioned place preference paradigm that includes an acquisition, extinction and reinstatement phase.

Cre Recombinase Kokain Klima yeri tercihi Hedef Genlerin Rolü Eğitim için ifade Viral Vektörler stereotaksik Mikroenjeksiyon

Microinjecting recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase into distinct mouse brain regions to selectively knockout genes ...

Davranış

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during abstinence. Moreover, various environmental challenges can exacerbate this effect, as well as increase ongoing drug intake.
The procedure we describe here highlights the impact of a common environmental challenge, food restriction, on drug craving that is expressed as an augmentation of drug seeking in abstinent rats.
Rats are implanted with chronic intravenous i.v. catheters, and then trained to press a lever for i.v. heroin over a period of 10-12 days. Following the heroin self-administration phase the rats are removed from the operant conditioning chambers and housed in the animal care facility for a period of at least 14 days. While one group is maintained under unrestricted access to food (sated group), a second group (FDR group) is exposed to a mild food restriction regimen that results in their body weights maintained at 90% of their nonrestricted body weight. On day 14 of food restriction the rats are transferred back to the drug-training environment, and a drug-seeking test is run under extinction conditions (i.e.&#160;lever presses do not result in heroin delivery).
The procedure presented here results in a highly robust augmentation of heroin seeking on test day in the food restricted rats. In addition, compared to the acute food deprivation manipulations we have used before, the current procedure is a more clinically relevant model for the impact of caloric restriction on drug seeking. Moreover, it might be closer to the human condition as the rats are not required to go through an extinction-training phase before the drug-seeking test, which is an integral component of the popular reinstatement procedure.

A procedure that allows a demonstration of robust augmentation of drug seeking in food-restricted rats is described. Following heroin self-administration training, rats go through an abstinence period, in a drug-free environment, during which they are mildly food restricted. Drug seeking is then tested in the drug-associated environment.

Eroin kanaatkâr Sıçanlarda Aradığınız üzerinde uzun süreli Gıda Kısıtlanması Etkisi Eğitim Bir Prosedürü

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Synesthesia is a rare condition in which a stimulus from one modality automatically and consistently triggers unusual sensations in the same and/or other modalities. A relatively common and well-studied type is grapheme-color synesthesia, defined as the consistent experience of color when viewing, hearing and thinking about letters, words and numbers. We describe our method for investigating to what extent synesthetic associations between letters and colors can be learned by reading in color in nonsynesthetes. Reading in color is a special method for training associations in the sense that the associations are learned implicitly while the reader reads text as he or she normally would and it does not require explicit computer-directed training methods. In this protocol, participants are given specially prepared books to read in which four high-frequency letters are paired with four high-frequency colors. Participants receive unique sets of letter-color pairs based on their pre-existing preferences for colored letters. A modified Stroop task is administered before and after reading in order to test for learned letter-color associations and changes in brain activation. In addition to objective testing, a reading experience questionnaire is administered that is designed to probe for differences in subjective experience. A subset of questions may predict how well an individual learned the associations from reading in color. Importantly, we are not claiming that this method will cause each individual to develop grapheme-color synesthesia, only that it is possible for certain individuals to form letter-color associations by reading in color and these associations are similar in some aspects to those seen in developmental grapheme-color synesthetes. The method is quite flexible and can be used to investigate different aspects and outcomes of training synesthetic associations, including learning-induced changes in brain function and structure.

Reading in color is a new method for training letter-color associations that are typically found only in grapheme-color synesthetes. It involves an implicit form of training that has potential for long-term associative training methods&#160;because the training is a byproduct of reading and any text can be colored.

Renkli okunması sinestetik Letter-renk Dernekler Eğitim

Synesthesia is a rare condition in which a stimulus from one modality automatically and consistently triggers unusual sensations in the same and/or other ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

Usulü Sıçanlar Pavlovyan klimalı Alkol arayan Davranış Bağlam kaynaklı Yenileme İnceleyecek

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response

Underwater submergence produces autonomic changes that are observed in virtually all diving animals. This reflexly-induced response consists of apnea, a parasympathetically-induced bradycardia and a sympathetically-induced alteration of vascular resistance that maintains blood flow to the heart, brain and exercising muscles. While many of the metabolic and cardiorespiratory aspects of the diving response have been studied in marine animals, investigations of the central integrative aspects of this brainstem reflex have been relatively lacking. Because the physiology and neuroanatomy of the rat are well characterized, the rat can be used to help ascertain the central pathways of the mammalian diving response. Detailed instructions are provided on how to train rats to swim and voluntarily dive underwater through a 5 m long Plexiglas maze. Considerations regarding tank design and procedure room requirements are also given. The behavioral training is conducted in such a way as to reduce the stressfulness that could otherwise be associated with forced underwater submergence, thus minimizing activation of central stress pathways. The training procedures are not technically difficult, but they can be time-consuming. Since behavioral training of animals can only provide a model to be used with other experimental techniques, examples of how voluntarily diving rats have been used in conjunction with other physiological and neuroanatomical research techniques, and how the basic training procedures may need to be modified to accommodate these techniques, are also provided. These experiments show that voluntarily diving rats exhibit the same cardiorespiratory changes typically seen in other diving animals. The ease with which rats can be trained to voluntarily dive underwater, and the already available data from rats collected in other neurophysiological studies, makes voluntarily diving rats a good behavioral model to be used in studies investigating the central aspects of the mammalian diving response.

Detailed instructions are provided on how to train rats to voluntarily dive underwater through a 5 m long Plexiglas maze. Because the brains of rats have been very well characterized, voluntarily diving rats may help elucidate the central pathways of the mammalian diving response.

Gönüllü Dalış Sualtı eğitim Rats: Memeli Dalış Tepki Araştırmalar

Underwater submergence produces autonomic changes that are observed in virtually all diving animals. This reflexly-induced response consists of apnea, a ...

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that neural mechanisms for certain behavioral tasks and response behaviors are different in females and males. Using females in research studies can represent a challenge because of the variation of gonadal hormones during their estrous cycle. This protocol describes well-established procedures that are useful in investigating the role of estrogen in fear extinction memory consolidation in female rats. Phase of the estrous cycle and exogenous estrogen administration prior to extinction training can influence extinction recall 24 hr later. The vaginal swabbing technique for estrous phase identification described here aids the examination and manipulation of naturally cycling gonadal hormones. The use of this basic rodent model may further delineate the mechanisms by which estrogen can modulate fear extinction memory in females.

Gonadal hormones such as estrogen modulate memory formation in a number of experimental paradigms including fear extinction memory. This protocol describes a set of methods for investigating the influence of gonadal hormones specifically during extinction in naturally cycling females, including estrous cycle monitoring and exogenous estrogen administration.

Doğal Kadın Rats Bisiklet içinde Koşullandırılmışlıktan Korku Extinction incelenmesi için Protokol

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

Modifiye Delik Kurulu - Fareler ve Sıçanlarda Davranışı, Biliş ve Sosyal Etkileşim Ölçme

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

Assessment of Cocaine-induced Behavioral Sensitization and Conditioned Place Preference in Mice

It is thought that rewarding experiences with drugs create strong contextual associations and encourage repeated intake. In turn, repeated exposures to drugs of abuse make lasting alterations in the brain function of vulnerable individuals, and these persistent alterations likely serve to maintain the maladaptive drug seeking and taking behaviors characteristic of addiction/dependence2. In rodents, reward experience and contextual associations are frequently measured using the conditioned place preference assay, or CPP, wherein preference for a previously drug-paired context is measured. Behavioral sensitization, on the other hand, is an increase in a drug-induced behavior that develops progressively over repeated exposures. Since sensitized behaviors can often be measured after several months of drug abstinence, depending on the dose and length of initial exposure, they are considered observable correlates of lasting drug-induced plasticity. Researchers have found these assays useful in determining the neurobiological substrates mediating aspects of addiction as well as assessing the potential of different interventions in disrupting these behaviors. This manuscript describes basic, effective protocols for mouse CPP and locomotor behavioral sensitization to cocaine.

This protocol is intended to enable researchers to conduct experiments designed to test these aspects of addiction using the conditioned place preference and locomotor behavioral sensitization assays.

Kokain kaynaklı Davranış HASSASİYET ve Fare koşullu yer tercihi Değerlendirilmesi

It is thought that rewarding experiences with drugs create strong contextual associations and encourage repeated intake. In turn, repeated exposures to ...

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods require saccharin/sucrose fading, water deprivation and/or extended training to initiate operant responding in rats. This paper describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol that is convenient for experimenters and does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading, thus eliminating the potential confound of using sweeteners in ethanol operant self-administration studies. With this method, Wistar rats typically acquire and maintain self-administration of a 20% ethanol solution in less than two weeks of training. Furthermore, blood ethanol concentrations and rewards are positively correlated for a 30 min self-administration session. Moreover, naltrexone, an FDA-approved medication for alcohol dependence that has been shown to suppress ethanol self-administration in rodents, dose-dependently decreases alcohol intake and motivation to consume alcohol for rats self-administering 20% ethanol, thus validating the use of this new method to study the reinforcing properties of alcohol in rats.

This protocol describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol in rats that, contrary to standard methods, does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading to initiate responding.

Su Yoksunluk, Sakarin Fading veya Genişletilmiş Erişim Eğitim olmadan Sıçanlarda Etanol Güçlendirme Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi Bir Yöntem

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to acquire a conditioned place preference in a drug-paired compartment, and after the post-conditioning test, they perform several sessions to extinguish the established preference. The CPP permits the evaluation of the conditioned rewarding effects of drugs related to environmental cues. Then, the extinguished CPP can be robustly reinstated by the non-contingent administration of a priming dose of the drug, and by exposure to stressful stimuli. Both methods will be explained here. When the animal reinitiates the behavioral response, a reinstatement of the conditioned reward is considered to have taken place.
The main advantages of this protocol are that it is non-invasive, inexpensive, and simple with good validity criteria. In addition, it allows the study of different environmental manipulations, such as stress or diet, which can modulate relapse into drug seeking behaviors. However, one limitation is that if the researcher aims to explore the motivation and primary reinforcing effects of the drug, it should be complemented with self-administration procedures, as they involve operant responses of animals.

This protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse. This procedure permits the measurement of relapse in laboratory animals, considering the impact of drug-associated environmental cues as craving and relapse in abstaining addicts is currently the focus of drug-abuse treatment programs.

Uyuşturucu arayan farelerde şartına yer tercih paradigması kullanarak iade

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to ...