Name: pavlovian conditioned approach training in rats
Uploaded: 2016-02-04T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 57 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats at JoVE.com

This work was funded by the University of Michigan Department Of Psychiatry (U032826; JDM), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA; K08 DA037912-01; JDM) and the Department of Defense (DoD) National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship (CJF).

Tutte le procedure sono state approvate dal Comitato Università sull&#39;uso e cura degli animali (UCUCA; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI). 1. attrezzature e software <ol><li> Ottenere camere operante commerciali e dispositivi. Vedere Materiali Tabella. </li><li> formazione condotta nel ratto camere di condizionamento operante (larghezza 24,1 centimetri × 20,5 centimetri di profondità x 29,2 cm di altezza), situata in armadi suono attenuando con ventilatori per fornire il rumore ambientale. </li><li> Dotare ciascuna camera con una rivista pellet (presa), in posizione centrale nella larghezza 21,6 cm parete frontale della camera operante 3 cm sopra il pavimento griglia in acciaio inox. Assicurarsi che il magazzino pellet contiene un sensore a infrarossi che è in grado di rilevare voci testa nel dispositivo. </li><li> Collegare la rivista pellet ad un distributore di pellet, che offre pellet cibo banane al gusto (45 mg). </li><li> In modo contro-bilanciato, posizione uno retrattile lever (CS) circa 2,5 cm su entrambi i lati del recipiente pellet (sinistra o destra) 3 cm dal pavimento griglia in acciaio inox. </li><li> Assicurarsi che la leva contiene una luce LED all&#39;interno spunto per fare leva estesa visivamente più cospicuo. </li><li> Se si utilizza una leva a scomparsa, calibrare la leva mettendo a 10 g peso di regolazione sulla parte superiore della leva, e quindi regolando la vite di calibrazione (si trova sulla parte superiore del dispositivo) con una chiave dado esagonale finché il peso da sola è in grado di deprimere la leva. </li><li> Dotare un rosso casa luce alla sommità della camera sulla parete opposta recipiente rivista. Nota: Una luce casa rossa viene utilizzato per aumentare la vistosità della leva illuminato. </li></ol> 2. Formazione PCA <ol><li> Pair-casa adulti maschi Sprague Dawley (ratti 250-300 g) al momento dell&#39;arrivo e lasciarli riposare per almeno due giorni nella colonia abitazioni, che si mantiene su un ciclo di 12 ore luce / buio. </li><li> maneggiato EAratto ch per almeno 1 minuto al giorno per due giorni al fine di acclimatare i ratti al contatto umano. Fornire ratti ad libitum accesso al cibo e all&#39;acqua nella colonia custodia. </li><li> Familiarizzare ratti con i pellet cibo banane al gusto mettendo pellet cibo nelle loro gabbie casa (circa 15 pellet per ratto) per due giorni, a partire da tre giorni prima della formazione PCA. Nota: Se ratti sono alloggiato in coppia, è utile dividere i pellets in modo uniforme su due lati della gabbia casa. </li><li> Programma pretraining Nota: Tutti i nostri programmazione viene effettuata utilizzando MEDState Notation (per Med Associates, software), e il manuale è disponibile on-line (mednr.com/pdf/doc003_MedPCProgramr.pdf). I programmi sono scritti come documenti di testo non formattati (ad esempio, ASCII o di testo DOS) utilizzando MedState Notation, salvati con la corretta estensione (ad esempio, [nome del file] .mpc), poi tradotto utilizzando il programma MED-PC, Trans IV. Tutti questi passaggi sono forniti in dettaglio nel suddetto proprogrammazione manuale. <ol><li> Creare un programma che fornisce preformazione cinquanta pellet cibo su un tempo variabile (VT) pianificazione 30 sec 5 min dopo l&#39;inizio del programma (cioè, un pellet cibo è consegnato in media ogni 30 secondi, ma la consegna effettiva varia casualmente tra 0- 60 sec). </li><li> Scrivere il programma preformazione tale che la luce casa rossa è sopra, ma la leva rimane retratto per la durata del programma (circa 25 min). </li><li> Eseguire preformazione e tutte le successive sperimentazione durante il ciclo di luce. </li><li> Un giorno prima della formazione PCA, posizionare ogni ratto in una camera operante, chiudere e bloccare la porta della camera, e chiudere la porta dell&#39;armadio suono attenuazione. </li><li> Avviare il programma di preformazione il più presto possibile dopo aver fatto ogni ratto nella sua camera. </li><li> Rimuovere ogni ratto dalla sua camera appena possibile dopo che il programma termina. </li><li> Registrare il numero di pellet consumati ed escludere ratti che non consumano tutta lapellet da ulteriori test. </li></ol></li><li> Creare un programma di formazione PCA che offre 25 studi in circa 40 minuti, a partire 1 min dopo l&#39;inizio del programma. <ol><li> Scrivere il programma in modo che durante ciascuna prova la leva si estende nella camera e illuminato per 8 sec. </li><li> Programma leva retrazione da seguire immediatamente la consegna risposta indipendente di una pellet cibo nel magazzino pellet. </li><li> Separare ogni processo su un programma sec VT 90 (vale a dire, l&#39;estensione della leva e la successiva consegna degli alimenti a pellet si verifica in media ogni 90 secondi, ma la consegna effettiva varia in modo casuale tra 30-150 sec). </li><li> Mettere ogni ratto in una camera di condizionamento, chiudere e bloccare la porta della camera, e chiudere la porta dell&#39;armadio suono attenuazione. </li><li> Avviare il programma di formazione PCA appena possibile dopo la collocazione ogni ratto nella sua camera. </li><li> Rimuovere ogni ratto dalla sua camera appena possibile dopo che il programma termina. </li><li> Eratti xclude che non consumano tutti i pellet da ulteriori test. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Elaborazione dati <ol><li> Trasferire i dati in uscita ad un foglio di calcolo (ad esempio, un foglio elettronico). </li><li> Creare un profilo che estrae informazioni di identificazione (numero soggetto, data di inizio, ora di inizio e numero di casella), così come le informazioni in uscita (numero e la latenza di presse a leva e le voci di giornale). Nota: Negli esperimenti, voci rivista non-CS vengono estratti anche dal profilo. Definire le voci di riviste non-CS come voci nella rivista che si verificano al di fuori del periodo sec CS 8 e durante la VT 90 sec (cioè 60-120 sec) periodo durante il quale la leva non è estesa. </li><li> Ulteriori elaborare i dati tappatura latenze entrata leva stampa e riviste a 8 sec (cioè la durata della presentazione CS). Ciò può essere ottenuto in foglio attraverso la funzione IF: IF (X&gt; 8,8, X). </li><li> calcolare i punteggibias di risposta (ad esempio, il numero totale di presse a leva e le voci di riviste per una sessione; [presse a leva - voci rivista] / [presse a leva + voci Rivista]), il punteggio di latenza (cioè, latenza media per effettuare una pressa a leva o la messa rivista durante una sessione; [entry latenza rivista - premere la leva di latenza] / 8), e la differenza di probabilità (cioè, la proporzione di presse a leva o voci magazine; [premere la leva probabilità - rivista di entrata probabilità]) 5. Nota: Con queste formule, tutti gli spartiti dovrebbero variare tra 1.0 e -1.0. </li><li> Calcolare un punteggio indice di APC per ogni ratto facendo la media relativa polarizzazione di risposta, il punteggio di latenza, e la differenza di probabilità all&#39;interno di ogni singola sessione. Nota: Il punteggio indice di APC dovrebbe essere compresa tra 1.0 e -1.0. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

formazione PCA può essere utilizzato per determinare la variazione individuale nella tendenza ad attribuire incentivi rilevanza agli stimoli condizionati, che è stato sostenuto di essere una componente importante di vulnerabilità dipendenza. Ad esempio, è stato precedentemente dimostrato che STs attribuiscono incentivi salienza di cibo e di droga spunti 6, ed entrambi alimentare e spunti legati alla droga attivare regioni cerebrali simili all&#39;interno di un circuito amygdalo-striato-talamo in STS-...

Il passaggio del consumo di droga alla dipendenza comporta complesse interazioni tra pavloviano e strumentale 1,2 apprendimento. Durante farmaci di assunzione e di droga in cerca di comportamenti, azioni e risultati vengono apprese attraverso processi strumentali; tuttavia, i rapporti tra gli stimoli (ad esempio, stecche legati alla droga) ed i benefici sono apprese anche attraverso processi di Pavlov. Spunti Pavlovian acquistano valore predittivo, ma possono anche acquisire incentivo motivazionale valore 3, per cui diventano attraente, desiderabile, e in grado di promuovere e mantenere premiare il comportamento di ricerca 4. Molte procedure di indagine ricompensa di apprendimento negli animali, tuttavia, non consentono l&#39;disentanglement di predittivo rispetto incentivo apprendimento motivazionale. Nelle procedure di droga auto-amministrazione, ad esempio, entrambe le contingenze strumentali e di Pavlov sono tipicamente impiegati, in modo tale che i ratti imparare a compiere un&#39;azione (ad esempio, il naso-poking, leva pressatura, ecc), al fine di ricevere un risultato (cioè, l&#39;infusione di farmaci per via endovenosa). Il risultato gratificante è anche accoppiato con stimoli Pavlovian (ad esempio, l&#39;illuminazione di una porta naso-poke, presentazione spunto luce, il suono della pompa di infusione, sensazione interoceptive di consegna del liquido nel sangue, etc.). Spesso non è chiaro in queste procedure se segnali stanno sostenendo azioni goal-directed semplicemente a causa della loro relazione predittiva con la ricompensa, o se hanno acquisito spunti di incentivazione proprietà motivazionali dei loro propri. Per isolare sperimentalmente il valore motivazionale incentivo da il valore predittivo di stimoli pavloviani, il nostro laboratorio utilizza una procedura pavloviano approccio condizionato (APC) al fine di individuare i ratti che attribuiscono incentivi rilevanza per premiare legati spunti. Durante una sessione di allenamento, uno stimolo condizionato (CS, ad esempio, una leva) di risposta indipendentemente predice il Delivery di uno stimolo incondizionato (US, ad esempio, un pellet cibo). Nel corso di sessioni di formazione più, tre fenotipi sviluppano: segno-tracking (CS-diretto risposta condizionata [CR]), obiettivo-tracking (US-diretto CR), e una risposta intermedia (entrambi CRS). Per il gol-trackers (GTS), il CS viene utilizzato come un fattore predittivo di consegna ricompensa; tuttavia, per il segno-trackers (STS), il CS è attribuito con incentivo rilevanza, diventando attraente e desiderabile. In questa recensione, si delineano le attrezzature, l&#39;installazione e l&#39;elaborazione dei dati necessari per eseguire una procedura di PCA. Inoltre, forniamo risultati rappresentativi della formazione PCA, delineano importanti considerazioni sperimentali, e discutere l&#39;utilità putativo di procedure PCA nelle indagini dipendenza e di altri disturbi neuropsichiatrici.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Standard Modular Operant Test Chamber with Modified Top for Rat</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-008CT</td><td>Top has access slot for drug delivery leashes or other harness systems; comes with ENV-008CTC (Cover Insert) for access slot</td></tr><tr><td>Expanded PVC Sound Attenuating Cubicle</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-022V</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PCI Operating Package for up to Sixteen Chambers</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>MED-SYST-16</td><td>Based on the number of operant chambers, MED-SYST-8 (PCI Operating Package for up to Eight Chambers) is also available</td></tr><tr><td>SmartCtrl</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>DIG-716P2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Universal Cable, 25&amp;prime; (7.6 m)</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-210CB</td><td>Based on individual needs, SG-210CB-50 (Universal Cable, 50&amp;prime; [15.2 m]) is also available</td></tr><tr><td>18&amp;Prime; (45.7 cm) 3-Pin Mini-Molex</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-216A</td><td>Based on individual needs, SG-216A-2 (2&amp;prime; [61.0 cm] 3-Pin Mini-Molex) is also available</td></tr><tr><td>Power Cable, 25&amp;prime; (7.6 m)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-210CP-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless Steel Grid Floor for Rat</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-005</td><td>Based on preference, ENV-005A (Stainless Steel Grid Floor for Mouse) is also available&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Reusable Waste Pan</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-007-P3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filler Panel Package for Standard Modular Test Chamber</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-008-FP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Modular Pellet Dispenser for Rat, 45 mg</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-203M-45</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pellet Receptacle, Trough Type</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-200R2M</td><td>Based on preference, ENV-200R1M (Pellet Receptable, Cup Type) is also available&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Retractable Lever</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-112CM</td><td>Calibrated to 25 g; needs to be adjusted to 10 g before Pavlovian conditioned approach training</td></tr><tr><td>Retractable Lever Cue Light</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-112CML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>House Light for Rat</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-215M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 mA Replacement Bulbs, Pack of 10</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-800R</td><td>Red-colored; for use with ENV-215M (House Light for Rat)</td></tr><tr><td>Pellets, 45 mg, Primate Purified Diet, Banana Flavor</td><td>Bio-Serv</td><td>F0059</td><td>50,000/box&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

pavlovian conditioned approach training in rats

Cues che sono contingentemente associati al incondizionato, stimoli gratificanti in grado di acquisire le proprietà gratificanti se stessi attraverso un processo noto come l&#39;attribuzione di incentivi rilevanza, o la trasformazione di stimoli neutri in attraente, &quot;volevano &#39;stimoli in grado di motivare il comportamento. Pavloviano approccio condizionato (PCA) sviluppa dopo la presentazione risposta indipendente di uno stimolo condizionato (CS, ad esempio, una leva) che prevede l&#39;erogazione di uno stimolo incondizionato (US, ad esempio, un pellet cibo) e può essere utilizzato per misurare incentivo salienza durante la formazione, tre modelli. le risposte del condizionate (CRS) in grado di sviluppare:. Il comportamento segno-tracking (CS-diretto CR), obiettivo-tracking comportamento (US-diretto CR), e una risposta intermedia (sia CRS) Sign-trackers attribuiscono incentivi rilevanza per premiare relative spunti e sono più vulnerabili a cue-indotta ripristino della droga in cerca così come altri comportamenti di dipendenza legati, facendo PCA una pentolaProcedura entially prezioso per lo studio della vulnerabilità dipendenza. Qui, descriviamo i materiali ei metodi utilizzati per suscitare comportamenti PCA da ratti, nonché analizzare e interpretare il comportamento PCA nei singoli esperimenti.

Abbiamo scoperto che 5-7 sessioni giornaliere di allenamento PCA è sufficiente per ratti fenotipo come STS, GT, e responder intermedi (IRS), anche se i ratti possono essere addestrati ulteriormente in base alle esigenze di un particolare laboratorio o esperimento. Fenotipizzazione si basa su punteggi PCA indice, che sono calcolati mediando il bias di risposta, il punteggio di latenza, e la differenza probabilità di sessioni individuali come precedentemente descritto nel protocollo. Fen...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats at JoVE.com

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

Here, we present a protocol to elicit Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in rats. This procedure can be used to measure individual differences in the tendency to approach and attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and investigate addiction vulnerability.

Pavloviano Training Approach condizionati in Rats

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the ...

pavlovian-conditioned-approach-training-in-rats

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.9K Views.  University of Michigan. Here, we present a protocol to elicit Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in rats. This procedure can be used to measure individual differences in the tendency to approach and attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and investigate addiction vulnerability. 

Video: Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. Higher cognitive functions that require precise control over sensorimotor responses such as decision-making and attentional modulation, however, are typically assessed in nonhuman primates. Despite the richness of primate behavior that allows multiple variants of these functions to be studied, the rodent model remains an attractive, cost-effective alternative to primate models. Furthermore, the ability to fully automate operant conditioning in rodents adds unique advantages over the labor intensive training of nonhuman primates while studying a broad range of these complex functions.
Here, we introduce a protocol for operantly conditioning rats on performing working memory tasks. During critical epochs of the task, the protocol ensures that the animal's overt movement is minimized by requiring the animal to 'fixate' until a Go cue is delivered, akin to nonhuman primate experimental design. A simple two alternative forced choice task is implemented to demonstrate the performance. We discuss the application of this paradigm to other tasks.

A fully automated protocol for rodent operant conditioning is proposed. The protocol relies on precise temporal control of behavioral events to investigate the extent to which this control influences neural activity underlying sensorimotor integration and cognitive control experiments.

Un completamente automatizzata Roditore condizionata Protocollo per Sensomotoria Integrazione e esperimenti di controllo cognitive

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. ...

Ricerca

Comportamento

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

Una Procedura di osservare Context-indotta Rinnovo pavloviano condizionata alcol-seeking comportamento in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that neural mechanisms for certain behavioral tasks and response behaviors are different in females and males. Using females in research studies can represent a challenge because of the variation of gonadal hormones during their estrous cycle. This protocol describes well-established procedures that are useful in investigating the role of estrogen in fear extinction memory consolidation in female rats. Phase of the estrous cycle and exogenous estrogen administration prior to extinction training can influence extinction recall 24 hr later. The vaginal swabbing technique for estrous phase identification described here aids the examination and manipulation of naturally cycling gonadal hormones. The use of this basic rodent model may further delineate the mechanisms by which estrogen can modulate fear extinction memory in females.

Gonadal hormones such as estrogen modulate memory formation in a number of experimental paradigms including fear extinction memory. This protocol describes a set of methods for investigating the influence of gonadal hormones specifically during extinction in naturally cycling females, including estrous cycle monitoring and exogenous estrogen administration.

Protocollo per lo studio Extinction of Fear Condizionata in Naturalmente bicicletta ratti di sesso femminile

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that ...

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus which serves as a feedback cue. This feedback is later attenuated by repeated presentations of the stimulus without food (without the rat emitting the lever-press response). In the next stage, lever-pressing is assessed under extinction conditions (i.e., no food is delivered). At this stage rats display two types of lever-presses, those that are followed by an attempt to collect a reward, and those that are not. The latter are the measure of compulsive-like behavior in the model. A control procedure in which rats do not experience the attenuation of the feedback cue serves to distinguish between the effects of signal attenuation and of extinction. The signal attenuation model is a highly validated model of OCD and differentiates between compulsive-like behaviors and behaviors that are repetitive but not compulsive. In addition the measures collected during the procedure eliminate alternative explanations for differences between the groups being tested, and are quantitative, unbiased and unaffected by inter-experimenter variability. The major disadvantages of this model are the costly equipment, the fact that it requires some technical know-how and the fact that it is time-consuming compared to other models of OCD (11 days). The model may be used for detecting the anti- or pro-compulsive effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological manipulations and for studying the neural substrate of compulsive behavior.

The goal of the protocol described in this paper is to induce compulsive-like behavior in rats for the study of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This behavior is precipitated by attenuating a signal indicating that a lever-press response was effective in producing food.

Signal attenuazione come un modello murino di disturbo ossessivo-compulsivo

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus ...

A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be investigated in a single task sequence. The unique feature of this system is a custom-made, acoustically transparent chamber that eliminates many of the issues associated with auditory cue control in most commercially available chambers. The ease with which operant devices can be added or replaced makes this system quite versatile, allowing for the implementation of a variety of auditory, visual, and olfactory behavioral tasks. Automation of the system allows fine temporal (10 ms) control and precise time-stamping of each event in a predesigned behavioral sequence. When combined with a multi-channel electrophysiology recording system, multiple cognitive brain functions, such as motivation, attention, decision-making, patience, and rewards, can be examined sequentially or independently.

In this report, we present a fully automated and highly versatile system capable of simultaneously testing multi-cognitive behaviors and recording neuronal activities for rodents.

Un sistema completamente automatizzato ed altamente versatile per test multi-funzioni cognitive e di registrare le attività neuronali in roditori

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be ...

Neuroscienze

Using Clicker Training and Social Observation to Teach Rats to Voluntarily Change Cages

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on well-being and can affect the comparability and reproducibility of research results, the amount of stress experienced by laboratory animals should be minimized and avoided when possible. Further, the direct contact between the rat and animal caretaker during the cage change bears hygiene risks and therefore possibly negatively impacts the well-being of the rats and the quality of the research. 
Our protocol aims to improve the routinely performed cage changing procedure. For this reason, we present a feasible protocol that enables rats to learn via clicker training and observation to voluntarily change to a clean cage. This training helps to reduce stress caused by the physical disturbance and handling associated with the cage changes and concurrently enables a reduction in direct contact between animal and animal caretaker after the training phase is completed.
The implementation of clicker training to rats is fast and easy. Rats are generally interested in the training and efficiently learn the desired behavior, which entails changing cages through a pipe. Even without training, the rats learn to perform the desired behavior by observation, as 80% of the observational learning group successfully changed cages when tested. The training further helps to establish a relationship of trust between trainer and animal. As hygiene and well-being are both very important in animal experiments, this protocol might also help to improve high-quality research.

This protocol introduces a method of cage change for rats via clicker training. Rats learn the desired behavior not only by direct training but also by observational learning. The implementation of this fast and easy protocol might help to improve well-being and hygiene in rodent facilities.

Utilizzando Clicker Training e osservazione sociale per insegnare ratti volontariamente cambiare gabbie

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on ...

Fear Incubation Using an Extended Fear-Conditioning Protocol for Rats

Emotional memory has been primarily studied with fear-conditioning paradigms. Fear conditioning is a form of learning through which individuals learn the relationships between aversive events and otherwise neutral stimuli. The most-widely utilized procedures for studying emotional memories entail fear conditioning in rats. In these tasks, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is a footshock presented once or several times across single or several sessions, and the conditioned response (CR) is freezing. In a version of these procedures, called cued fear conditioning, a tone (conditioned stimulus, CS) is paired with footshocks (US) during the training phase. During the first test, animals are exposed to the same context in which training took place, and freezing responses are tested in the absence of footshocks and tones (i.e., a context test). During the second test, freezing is measured when the context is changed (e.g., by manipulating the smell and walls of the experimental chamber) and the tone is presented in the absence of footshocks (i.e., a cue test). Most cued fear conditioning procedures entail few tone-shock pairings (e.g., 1-3 trials in a single session). There is a growing interest in less common versions involving an extensive number of pairings (i.e., overtraining) related to the long-lasting effect called fear incubation (i.e., fear responses increase over time without further exposure to aversive events or conditioned stimuli). Extended fear-conditioning tasks have been key to the understanding of fear incubation&#8217;s behavioral and neurobiological aspects, including its relationship with other psychological phenomena (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder). Here, we describe an extended fear-conditioning protocol that produces overtraining and fear incubation in rats. This protocol entails a single training session with 25 tone-shock pairings (i.e., overtraining) and a comparison of conditioned freezing responses during context and cue tests 48 h (short-term) and 6 weeks (long-term) after training.

We describe an extended fear-conditioning protocol that produces overtraining and fear incubation in rats. This protocol entails a single training session with 25 tone-shock pairings (i.e., overtraining) and a comparison of conditioned freezing responses during context and cue tests 48 h (short-term) and 6 weeks (long-term) after training.

L'incubazione della paura utilizzando un protocollo esteso di condizionamento della paura per i ratti

Emotional memory has been primarily studied with fear-conditioning paradigms. Fear conditioning is a form of learning through which individuals learn the ...

A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior

Fear- and anxiety-related behaviors significantly contribute to an organism&#8217;s survival. However, exaggerated defensive responses to perceived threat are characteristic of various anxiety disorders, which are the most prevalent form of mental illness in the United States. Discovering the neurobiological mechanisms responsible for defensive behaviors will aid in the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Pavlovian fear conditioning is a widely used laboratory paradigm to study fear-related learning and memory. A major limitation of traditional Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigms is that freezing is the only defensive behavior monitored. We recently developed a modified Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm that allows us to study both conditioned freezing and flight (also known as escape) behavior within individual subjects. This model employs higher intensity footshocks and a greater number of pairings between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus. Additionally, this conditioned flight paradigm utilizes serial presentation of pure tone and white noise auditory stimuli as the conditioned stimulus. Following conditioning in this paradigm, mice exhibit freezing behavior in response to the tone stimulus, and flight responses during the white noise. This conditioning model can be applied to the study of rapid and flexible transitions between behavioral responses necessary for survival.

Defensive behavioral responses are contingent upon threat intensity, proximity, and context of exposure. Based on these factors, we developed a classical conditioning paradigm that elicits clear transitions between conditioned freezing and flight behavior within individual subjects. This model is crucial for the understanding the pathologies involved in anxiety, panic, and post-traumatic stress disorders.

Un nuovo paradigma pavloviano di condizionamento della paura per studiare il congelamento e il comportamento di volo

Fear- and anxiety-related behaviors significantly contribute to an organism&#8217;s survival. However, exaggerated defensive responses to perceived threat ...

An Inescapable Cat Odor Exposure Protocol for Studying Innate and Contextual Threat Conditioning in Rats

Animals respond to threatening situations by exhibiting a number of defensive behaviors, including avoidance, freezing, and risk assessment. An animal model with an ethological approach offers a deeper insight into the biological mechanisms underlying threat responses. This paper describes a methodology to measure defensive behaviors toward both innate and learned aversive stimuli in rats. Animals were individually exposed to predator odor in an inescapable chamber to elicit a measurable, sustained, defensive state. The experimental design involved placing a rat in a familiar chamber for 10 min followed by exposure to cat odor for another 10 min in the same context. The next day, the rats were re-exposed for 10 min to the same context chamber where cat odor exposure occurred. Sessions were video-recorded and defensive behaviors were assessed on both days. 
The behavioral test was coupled with reversible functional inactivation and c-Fos immunohistochemistry techniques to determine the role of the interoceptive cortex in threat responses. Rats exposed to cat odor on the first day and re-exposed to the context chamber on the second day displayed higher levels of defensive behaviors, and that cat odor elicited a robust increase in the neural activity of the interoceptive cortex. Moreover, muscimol inactivation of the interoceptive cortex reduced the expression of defensive behaviors in response to cat odor and impaired contextual threat memory. These results show that this behavioral assay is a useful tool for studying neural mechanisms of defensive behaviors and may offer insight into mechanisms that mediate fear in humans and its related disorders.

Cat skin/fur odor exposure provides a reliable method to investigate neural circuits and mechanisms of defensive responses in rodents and may offer insight into mechanisms that mediate fear in humans. Here, we describe a protocol for investigating the role of the interoceptive cortex in threat responses in rats.

Animals respond to threatening situations by exhibiting a number of defensive behaviors, including avoidance, freezing, and risk assessment. An animal ...

Classical Conditioning

Associative learning, a core principle in behavioral psychology, involves forming connections between events and facilitating learned responses. This concept is vividly illustrated by classical conditioning, a process extensively studied by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov&#39;s pioneering research on dogs&#39; digestive systems led to the discovery that behaviors can be learned through association, laying the groundwork for classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov observed that dogs salivated not only when presented with food but also in response to stimuli associated with feeding, such as the sight of empty food bowls or the sound of laboratory assistant&#39;s footsteps. He systematically explored this phenomenon by pairing a neutral stimulus (a bell) with an unconditioned stimulus (meat powder) that naturally elicited salivation. Initially, the bell, as a neutral stimulus, did not provoke any salivation. However, after repeated pairings with the meat powder, the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone. This experiment demonstrated that the previously neutral stimulus had become a conditioned stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response of salivation.
Classical conditioning involves the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a newly learned response. The process unfolds in several stages:
<ul>
	<li>&#8226; Before Conditioning: The unconditioned stimulus (meat powder) naturally triggers an unconditioned response (salivation). The neutral stimulus (bell) does not elicit salivation.</li>
	<li>&#8226; During Conditioning: The neutral stimulus (bell) is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus (meat powder), which continues to evoke the unconditioned response (salivation).</li>
	<li>&#8226; After Conditioning: The neutral stimulus (bell) transforms into a conditioned stimulus, which alone elicits a conditioned response (salivation).</li>
</ul>
This paradigm shift from a neutral to a conditioned stimulus and from an unconditioned to a conditioned response emphasizes the associative learning process fundamental to classical conditioning.
Pavlov&#39;s work on classical conditioning has far-reaching implications beyond the laboratory. It provides a framework for understanding how associative learning shapes behavior in various contexts. For example, in educational settings, teachers can use classical conditioning principles to create positive learning environments by associating learning activities with pleasant experiences. In therapeutic contexts, techniques such as systematic desensitization leverage classical conditioning to treat phobias by gradually associating the feared object with a sense of calm.
Overall, classical conditioning exemplifies the intricate process by which associations between stimuli lead to learned responses, contributing significantly to our understanding of behavior and learning mechanisms.

Condizionamento classico

While studying dogs&#39; digestive systems, Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, discovered that behaviors can be learned through association.
He noticed ...