This work was funded by the University of Michigan Department Of Psychiatry (U032826; JDM), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA; K08 DA037912-01; JDM) and the Department of Defense (DoD) National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship (CJF).

Tutte le procedure sono state approvate dal Comitato Università sull&#39;uso e cura degli animali (UCUCA; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI). 1. attrezzature e software <ol><li> Ottenere camere operante commerciali e dispositivi. Vedere Materiali Tabella. </li><li> formazione condotta nel ratto camere di condizionamento operante (larghezza 24,1 centimetri × 20,5 centimetri di profondità x 29,2 cm di altezza), situata in armadi suono attenuando con ventilatori per fornire il rumore ambientale. </li><li> Dotare ciascuna camera con una rivista pellet (presa), in posizione centrale nella larghezza 21,6 cm parete frontale della camera operante 3 cm sopra il pavimento griglia in acciaio inox. Assicurarsi che il magazzino pellet contiene un sensore a infrarossi che è in grado di rilevare voci testa nel dispositivo. </li><li> Collegare la rivista pellet ad un distributore di pellet, che offre pellet cibo banane al gusto (45 mg). </li><li> In modo contro-bilanciato, posizione uno retrattile lever (CS) circa 2,5 cm su entrambi i lati del recipiente pellet (sinistra o destra) 3 cm dal pavimento griglia in acciaio inox. </li><li> Assicurarsi che la leva contiene una luce LED all&#39;interno spunto per fare leva estesa visivamente più cospicuo. </li><li> Se si utilizza una leva a scomparsa, calibrare la leva mettendo a 10 g peso di regolazione sulla parte superiore della leva, e quindi regolando la vite di calibrazione (si trova sulla parte superiore del dispositivo) con una chiave dado esagonale finché il peso da sola è in grado di deprimere la leva. </li><li> Dotare un rosso casa luce alla sommità della camera sulla parete opposta recipiente rivista. Nota: Una luce casa rossa viene utilizzato per aumentare la vistosità della leva illuminato. </li></ol> 2. Formazione PCA <ol><li> Pair-casa adulti maschi Sprague Dawley (ratti 250-300 g) al momento dell&#39;arrivo e lasciarli riposare per almeno due giorni nella colonia abitazioni, che si mantiene su un ciclo di 12 ore luce / buio. </li><li> maneggiato EAratto ch per almeno 1 minuto al giorno per due giorni al fine di acclimatare i ratti al contatto umano. Fornire ratti ad libitum accesso al cibo e all&#39;acqua nella colonia custodia. </li><li> Familiarizzare ratti con i pellet cibo banane al gusto mettendo pellet cibo nelle loro gabbie casa (circa 15 pellet per ratto) per due giorni, a partire da tre giorni prima della formazione PCA. Nota: Se ratti sono alloggiato in coppia, è utile dividere i pellets in modo uniforme su due lati della gabbia casa. </li><li> Programma pretraining Nota: Tutti i nostri programmazione viene effettuata utilizzando MEDState Notation (per Med Associates, software), e il manuale è disponibile on-line (mednr.com/pdf/doc003_MedPCProgramr.pdf). I programmi sono scritti come documenti di testo non formattati (ad esempio, ASCII o di testo DOS) utilizzando MedState Notation, salvati con la corretta estensione (ad esempio, [nome del file] .mpc), poi tradotto utilizzando il programma MED-PC, Trans IV. Tutti questi passaggi sono forniti in dettaglio nel suddetto proprogrammazione manuale. <ol><li> Creare un programma che fornisce preformazione cinquanta pellet cibo su un tempo variabile (VT) pianificazione 30 sec 5 min dopo l&#39;inizio del programma (cioè, un pellet cibo è consegnato in media ogni 30 secondi, ma la consegna effettiva varia casualmente tra 0- 60 sec). </li><li> Scrivere il programma preformazione tale che la luce casa rossa è sopra, ma la leva rimane retratto per la durata del programma (circa 25 min). </li><li> Eseguire preformazione e tutte le successive sperimentazione durante il ciclo di luce. </li><li> Un giorno prima della formazione PCA, posizionare ogni ratto in una camera operante, chiudere e bloccare la porta della camera, e chiudere la porta dell&#39;armadio suono attenuazione. </li><li> Avviare il programma di preformazione il più presto possibile dopo aver fatto ogni ratto nella sua camera. </li><li> Rimuovere ogni ratto dalla sua camera appena possibile dopo che il programma termina. </li><li> Registrare il numero di pellet consumati ed escludere ratti che non consumano tutta lapellet da ulteriori test. </li></ol></li><li> Creare un programma di formazione PCA che offre 25 studi in circa 40 minuti, a partire 1 min dopo l&#39;inizio del programma. <ol><li> Scrivere il programma in modo che durante ciascuna prova la leva si estende nella camera e illuminato per 8 sec. </li><li> Programma leva retrazione da seguire immediatamente la consegna risposta indipendente di una pellet cibo nel magazzino pellet. </li><li> Separare ogni processo su un programma sec VT 90 (vale a dire, l&#39;estensione della leva e la successiva consegna degli alimenti a pellet si verifica in media ogni 90 secondi, ma la consegna effettiva varia in modo casuale tra 30-150 sec). </li><li> Mettere ogni ratto in una camera di condizionamento, chiudere e bloccare la porta della camera, e chiudere la porta dell&#39;armadio suono attenuazione. </li><li> Avviare il programma di formazione PCA appena possibile dopo la collocazione ogni ratto nella sua camera. </li><li> Rimuovere ogni ratto dalla sua camera appena possibile dopo che il programma termina. </li><li> Eratti xclude che non consumano tutti i pellet da ulteriori test. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Elaborazione dati <ol><li> Trasferire i dati in uscita ad un foglio di calcolo (ad esempio, un foglio elettronico). </li><li> Creare un profilo che estrae informazioni di identificazione (numero soggetto, data di inizio, ora di inizio e numero di casella), così come le informazioni in uscita (numero e la latenza di presse a leva e le voci di giornale). Nota: Negli esperimenti, voci rivista non-CS vengono estratti anche dal profilo. Definire le voci di riviste non-CS come voci nella rivista che si verificano al di fuori del periodo sec CS 8 e durante la VT 90 sec (cioè 60-120 sec) periodo durante il quale la leva non è estesa. </li><li> Ulteriori elaborare i dati tappatura latenze entrata leva stampa e riviste a 8 sec (cioè la durata della presentazione CS). Ciò può essere ottenuto in foglio attraverso la funzione IF: IF (X&gt; 8,8, X). </li><li> calcolare i punteggibias di risposta (ad esempio, il numero totale di presse a leva e le voci di riviste per una sessione; [presse a leva - voci rivista] / [presse a leva + voci Rivista]), il punteggio di latenza (cioè, latenza media per effettuare una pressa a leva o la messa rivista durante una sessione; [entry latenza rivista - premere la leva di latenza] / 8), e la differenza di probabilità (cioè, la proporzione di presse a leva o voci magazine; [premere la leva probabilità - rivista di entrata probabilità]) 5. Nota: Con queste formule, tutti gli spartiti dovrebbero variare tra 1.0 e -1.0. </li><li> Calcolare un punteggio indice di APC per ogni ratto facendo la media relativa polarizzazione di risposta, il punteggio di latenza, e la differenza di probabilità all&#39;interno di ogni singola sessione. Nota: Il punteggio indice di APC dovrebbe essere compresa tra 1.0 e -1.0. </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

formazione PCA può essere utilizzato per determinare la variazione individuale nella tendenza ad attribuire incentivi rilevanza agli stimoli condizionati, che è stato sostenuto di essere una componente importante di vulnerabilità dipendenza. Ad esempio, è stato precedentemente dimostrato che STs attribuiscono incentivi salienza di cibo e di droga spunti 6, ed entrambi alimentare e spunti legati alla droga attivare regioni cerebrali simili all&#39;interno di un circuito amygdalo-striato-talamo in STS-...

Il passaggio del consumo di droga alla dipendenza comporta complesse interazioni tra pavloviano e strumentale 1,2 apprendimento. Durante farmaci di assunzione e di droga in cerca di comportamenti, azioni e risultati vengono apprese attraverso processi strumentali; tuttavia, i rapporti tra gli stimoli (ad esempio, stecche legati alla droga) ed i benefici sono apprese anche attraverso processi di Pavlov. Spunti Pavlovian acquistano valore predittivo, ma possono anche acquisire incentivo motivazionale valore 3, per cui diventano attraente, desiderabile, e in grado di promuovere e mantenere premiare il comportamento di ricerca 4. Molte procedure di indagine ricompensa di apprendimento negli animali, tuttavia, non consentono l&#39;disentanglement di predittivo rispetto incentivo apprendimento motivazionale. Nelle procedure di droga auto-amministrazione, ad esempio, entrambe le contingenze strumentali e di Pavlov sono tipicamente impiegati, in modo tale che i ratti imparare a compiere un&#39;azione (ad esempio, il naso-poking, leva pressatura, ecc), al fine di ricevere un risultato (cioè, l&#39;infusione di farmaci per via endovenosa). Il risultato gratificante è anche accoppiato con stimoli Pavlovian (ad esempio, l&#39;illuminazione di una porta naso-poke, presentazione spunto luce, il suono della pompa di infusione, sensazione interoceptive di consegna del liquido nel sangue, etc.). Spesso non è chiaro in queste procedure se segnali stanno sostenendo azioni goal-directed semplicemente a causa della loro relazione predittiva con la ricompensa, o se hanno acquisito spunti di incentivazione proprietà motivazionali dei loro propri. Per isolare sperimentalmente il valore motivazionale incentivo da il valore predittivo di stimoli pavloviani, il nostro laboratorio utilizza una procedura pavloviano approccio condizionato (APC) al fine di individuare i ratti che attribuiscono incentivi rilevanza per premiare legati spunti. Durante una sessione di allenamento, uno stimolo condizionato (CS, ad esempio, una leva) di risposta indipendentemente predice il Delivery di uno stimolo incondizionato (US, ad esempio, un pellet cibo). Nel corso di sessioni di formazione più, tre fenotipi sviluppano: segno-tracking (CS-diretto risposta condizionata [CR]), obiettivo-tracking (US-diretto CR), e una risposta intermedia (entrambi CRS). Per il gol-trackers (GTS), il CS viene utilizzato come un fattore predittivo di consegna ricompensa; tuttavia, per il segno-trackers (STS), il CS è attribuito con incentivo rilevanza, diventando attraente e desiderabile. In questa recensione, si delineano le attrezzature, l&#39;installazione e l&#39;elaborazione dei dati necessari per eseguire una procedura di PCA. Inoltre, forniamo risultati rappresentativi della formazione PCA, delineano importanti considerazioni sperimentali, e discutere l&#39;utilità putativo di procedure PCA nelle indagini dipendenza e di altri disturbi neuropsichiatrici.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard Modular Operant Test Chamber with Modified Top for Rat</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>ENV-008CT</td>
			<td>Top has access slot for drug delivery leashes or other harness systems; comes with ENV-008CTC (Cover Insert) for access slot</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Expanded PVC Sound Attenuating Cubicle</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>ENV-022V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCI Operating Package for up to Sixteen Chambers</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>MED-SYST-16</td>
			<td>Based on the number of operant chambers, MED-SYST-8 (PCI Operating Package for up to Eight Chambers) is also available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SmartCtrl</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>DIG-716P2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Universal Cable, 25&#8242; (7.6 m)</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>SG-210CB</td>
			<td>Based on individual needs, SG-210CB-50 (Universal Cable, 50&#8242; [15.2 m]) is also available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18&#8243; (45.7 cm) 3-Pin Mini-Molex</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>SG-216A</td>
			<td>Based on individual needs, SG-216A-2 (2&#8242; [61.0 cm] 3-Pin Mini-Molex) is also available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power Cable, 25&#8242; (7.6 m)&#160;</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>SG-210CP-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless Steel Grid Floor for Rat</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>ENV-005</td>
			<td>Based on preference, ENV-005A (Stainless Steel Grid Floor for Mouse) is also available&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reusable Waste Pan</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>ENV-007-P3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filler Panel Package for Standard Modular Test Chamber</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>ENV-008-FP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Modular Pellet Dispenser for Rat, 45mg</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>ENV-203M-45</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pellet Receptacle, Trough Type</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>ENV-200R2M</td>
			<td>Based on preference, ENV-200R1M (Pellet Receptable, Cup Type) is also available&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retractable Lever</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>ENV-112CM</td>
			<td>Calibrated to 25 g; needs to be adjusted to 10 g before Pavlovian conditioned approach training</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retractable Lever Cue Light</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>ENV-112CML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>House Light for Rat</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>ENV-215M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 mA Replacement Bulbs, Pack of 10</td>
			<td>Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td>SG-800R</td>
			<td>Red-colored; for use with ENV-215M (House Light for Rat)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pellets, 45 mg, Primate Purified Diet, Banana Flavor</td>
			<td>Bio-Serv</td>
			<td>F0059</td>
			<td>50,000/box&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

pavlovian conditioned approach training in rats

Cues che sono contingentemente associati al incondizionato, stimoli gratificanti in grado di acquisire le proprietà gratificanti se stessi attraverso un processo noto come l&#39;attribuzione di incentivi rilevanza, o la trasformazione di stimoli neutri in attraente, &quot;volevano &#39;stimoli in grado di motivare il comportamento. Pavloviano approccio condizionato (PCA) sviluppa dopo la presentazione risposta indipendente di uno stimolo condizionato (CS, ad esempio, una leva) che prevede l&#39;erogazione di uno stimolo incondizionato (US, ad esempio, un pellet cibo) e può essere utilizzato per misurare incentivo salienza durante la formazione, tre modelli. le risposte del condizionate (CRS) in grado di sviluppare:. Il comportamento segno-tracking (CS-diretto CR), obiettivo-tracking comportamento (US-diretto CR), e una risposta intermedia (sia CRS) Sign-trackers attribuiscono incentivi rilevanza per premiare relative spunti e sono più vulnerabili a cue-indotta ripristino della droga in cerca così come altri comportamenti di dipendenza legati, facendo PCA una pentolaProcedura entially prezioso per lo studio della vulnerabilità dipendenza. Qui, descriviamo i materiali ei metodi utilizzati per suscitare comportamenti PCA da ratti, nonché analizzare e interpretare il comportamento PCA nei singoli esperimenti.

Abbiamo scoperto che 5-7 sessioni giornaliere di allenamento PCA è sufficiente per ratti fenotipo come STS, GT, e responder intermedi (IRS), anche se i ratti possono essere addestrati ulteriormente in base alle esigenze di un particolare laboratorio o esperimento. Fenotipizzazione si basa su punteggi PCA indice, che sono calcolati mediando il bias di risposta, il punteggio di latenza, e la differenza probabilità di sessioni individuali come precedentemente descritto nel protocollo. Fen...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats at JoVE.com

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

Here, we present a protocol to elicit Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in rats. This procedure can be used to measure individual differences in the tendency to approach and attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and investigate addiction vulnerability.

Pavloviano Training Approach condizionati in Rats

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the ...

pavlovian-conditioned-approach-training-in-rats

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.9K Views.  University of Michigan. Here, we present a protocol to elicit Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in rats. This procedure can be used to measure individual differences in the tendency to approach and attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and investigate addiction vulnerability. 

Video: Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

Stereotaxic Microinjection of Viral Vectors Expressing Cre Recombinase to Study the Role of Target Genes in Cocaine Conditioned Place Preference

Microinjecting recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase into distinct mouse brain regions to selectively knockout genes of interest allows for enhanced temporally- and regionally-specific control of gene deletion, compared to existing methods. While conditional deletion can also be achieved by mating mice that express Cre recombinase under the control of specific gene promoters with mice carrying a floxed gene, stereotaxic microinjection allows for targeting of discrete brain areas at experimenter-determined time points of interest. In the context of cocaine conditioned place preference, and other cocaine behavioral paradigms such as self-administration or psychomotor sensitization that can involve withdrawal, extinction and/or reinstatement phases, this technique is particularly useful in exploring the unique contribution of target genes to these distinct phases of behavioral models of cocaine-induced plasticity. Specifically, this technique allows for selective ablation of target genes during discrete phases of a behavior to test their contribution to the behavior across time. Ultimately, this understanding allows for more targeted therapeutics that are best able to address the most potent risk factors that present themselves during each phase of addictive behavior.

This article describes how to microinject viral vectors into mouse brain and then test in a conditioned place preference paradigm that includes an acquisition, extinction and reinstatement phase.

Microiniezione stereotassica di vettori virali che esprimono Cre ricombinasi per studiare il ruolo di geni bersaglio in cocaina condizionata place preference

Microinjecting recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase into distinct mouse brain regions to selectively knockout genes ...

Ricerca

Comportamento

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during abstinence. Moreover, various environmental challenges can exacerbate this effect, as well as increase ongoing drug intake.
The procedure we describe here highlights the impact of a common environmental challenge, food restriction, on drug craving that is expressed as an augmentation of drug seeking in abstinent rats.
Rats are implanted with chronic intravenous i.v. catheters, and then trained to press a lever for i.v. heroin over a period of 10-12 days. Following the heroin self-administration phase the rats are removed from the operant conditioning chambers and housed in the animal care facility for a period of at least 14 days. While one group is maintained under unrestricted access to food (sated group), a second group (FDR group) is exposed to a mild food restriction regimen that results in their body weights maintained at 90% of their nonrestricted body weight. On day 14 of food restriction the rats are transferred back to the drug-training environment, and a drug-seeking test is run under extinction conditions (i.e.&#160;lever presses do not result in heroin delivery).
The procedure presented here results in a highly robust augmentation of heroin seeking on test day in the food restricted rats. In addition, compared to the acute food deprivation manipulations we have used before, the current procedure is a more clinically relevant model for the impact of caloric restriction on drug seeking. Moreover, it might be closer to the human condition as the rats are not required to go through an extinction-training phase before the drug-seeking test, which is an integral component of the popular reinstatement procedure.

A procedure that allows a demonstration of robust augmentation of drug seeking in food-restricted rats is described. Following heroin self-administration training, rats go through an abstinence period, in a drug-free environment, during which they are mildly food restricted. Drug seeking is then tested in the drug-associated environment.

Una procedura per studiare l&#39;effetto della prolungata restrizione alimentare sulla Cerco eroina nei ratti in astinenza

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Synesthesia is a rare condition in which a stimulus from one modality automatically and consistently triggers unusual sensations in the same and/or other modalities. A relatively common and well-studied type is grapheme-color synesthesia, defined as the consistent experience of color when viewing, hearing and thinking about letters, words and numbers. We describe our method for investigating to what extent synesthetic associations between letters and colors can be learned by reading in color in nonsynesthetes. Reading in color is a special method for training associations in the sense that the associations are learned implicitly while the reader reads text as he or she normally would and it does not require explicit computer-directed training methods. In this protocol, participants are given specially prepared books to read in which four high-frequency letters are paired with four high-frequency colors. Participants receive unique sets of letter-color pairs based on their pre-existing preferences for colored letters. A modified Stroop task is administered before and after reading in order to test for learned letter-color associations and changes in brain activation. In addition to objective testing, a reading experience questionnaire is administered that is designed to probe for differences in subjective experience. A subset of questions may predict how well an individual learned the associations from reading in color. Importantly, we are not claiming that this method will cause each individual to develop grapheme-color synesthesia, only that it is possible for certain individuals to form letter-color associations by reading in color and these associations are similar in some aspects to those seen in developmental grapheme-color synesthetes. The method is quite flexible and can be used to investigate different aspects and outcomes of training synesthetic associations, including learning-induced changes in brain function and structure.

Reading in color is a new method for training letter-color associations that are typically found only in grapheme-color synesthetes. It involves an implicit form of training that has potential for long-term associative training methods&#160;because the training is a byproduct of reading and any text can be colored.

Formazione Associazioni Lettera colori sinestetica leggendo in Color

Synesthesia is a rare condition in which a stimulus from one modality automatically and consistently triggers unusual sensations in the same and/or other ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

Una Procedura di osservare Context-indotta Rinnovo pavloviano condizionata alcol-seeking comportamento in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response

Underwater submergence produces autonomic changes that are observed in virtually all diving animals. This reflexly-induced response consists of apnea, a parasympathetically-induced bradycardia and a sympathetically-induced alteration of vascular resistance that maintains blood flow to the heart, brain and exercising muscles. While many of the metabolic and cardiorespiratory aspects of the diving response have been studied in marine animals, investigations of the central integrative aspects of this brainstem reflex have been relatively lacking. Because the physiology and neuroanatomy of the rat are well characterized, the rat can be used to help ascertain the central pathways of the mammalian diving response. Detailed instructions are provided on how to train rats to swim and voluntarily dive underwater through a 5 m long Plexiglas maze. Considerations regarding tank design and procedure room requirements are also given. The behavioral training is conducted in such a way as to reduce the stressfulness that could otherwise be associated with forced underwater submergence, thus minimizing activation of central stress pathways. The training procedures are not technically difficult, but they can be time-consuming. Since behavioral training of animals can only provide a model to be used with other experimental techniques, examples of how voluntarily diving rats have been used in conjunction with other physiological and neuroanatomical research techniques, and how the basic training procedures may need to be modified to accommodate these techniques, are also provided. These experiments show that voluntarily diving rats exhibit the same cardiorespiratory changes typically seen in other diving animals. The ease with which rats can be trained to voluntarily dive underwater, and the already available data from rats collected in other neurophysiological studies, makes voluntarily diving rats a good behavioral model to be used in studies investigating the central aspects of the mammalian diving response.

Detailed instructions are provided on how to train rats to voluntarily dive underwater through a 5 m long Plexiglas maze. Because the brains of rats have been very well characterized, voluntarily diving rats may help elucidate the central pathways of the mammalian diving response.

I ratti di formazione per immersione subacquea volontariamente: Indagini della risposta Diving mammiferi

Underwater submergence produces autonomic changes that are observed in virtually all diving animals. This reflexly-induced response consists of apnea, a ...

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that neural mechanisms for certain behavioral tasks and response behaviors are different in females and males. Using females in research studies can represent a challenge because of the variation of gonadal hormones during their estrous cycle. This protocol describes well-established procedures that are useful in investigating the role of estrogen in fear extinction memory consolidation in female rats. Phase of the estrous cycle and exogenous estrogen administration prior to extinction training can influence extinction recall 24 hr later. The vaginal swabbing technique for estrous phase identification described here aids the examination and manipulation of naturally cycling gonadal hormones. The use of this basic rodent model may further delineate the mechanisms by which estrogen can modulate fear extinction memory in females.

Gonadal hormones such as estrogen modulate memory formation in a number of experimental paradigms including fear extinction memory. This protocol describes a set of methods for investigating the influence of gonadal hormones specifically during extinction in naturally cycling females, including estrous cycle monitoring and exogenous estrogen administration.

Protocollo per lo studio Extinction of Fear Condizionata in Naturalmente bicicletta ratti di sesso femminile

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

The Hole Consiglio Modified - Behavior, Cognition e l&#39;interazione sociale in topi e ratti di misura

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

Assessment of Cocaine-induced Behavioral Sensitization and Conditioned Place Preference in Mice

It is thought that rewarding experiences with drugs create strong contextual associations and encourage repeated intake. In turn, repeated exposures to drugs of abuse make lasting alterations in the brain function of vulnerable individuals, and these persistent alterations likely serve to maintain the maladaptive drug seeking and taking behaviors characteristic of addiction/dependence2. In rodents, reward experience and contextual associations are frequently measured using the conditioned place preference assay, or CPP, wherein preference for a previously drug-paired context is measured. Behavioral sensitization, on the other hand, is an increase in a drug-induced behavior that develops progressively over repeated exposures. Since sensitized behaviors can often be measured after several months of drug abstinence, depending on the dose and length of initial exposure, they are considered observable correlates of lasting drug-induced plasticity. Researchers have found these assays useful in determining the neurobiological substrates mediating aspects of addiction as well as assessing the potential of different interventions in disrupting these behaviors. This manuscript describes basic, effective protocols for mouse CPP and locomotor behavioral sensitization to cocaine.

This protocol is intended to enable researchers to conduct experiments designed to test these aspects of addiction using the conditioned place preference and locomotor behavioral sensitization assays.

Valutazione della cocaina indotta sensibilizzazione comportamentale e conditioned place preference nei topi

It is thought that rewarding experiences with drugs create strong contextual associations and encourage repeated intake. In turn, repeated exposures to ...

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods require saccharin/sucrose fading, water deprivation and/or extended training to initiate operant responding in rats. This paper describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol that is convenient for experimenters and does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading, thus eliminating the potential confound of using sweeteners in ethanol operant self-administration studies. With this method, Wistar rats typically acquire and maintain self-administration of a 20% ethanol solution in less than two weeks of training. Furthermore, blood ethanol concentrations and rewards are positively correlated for a 30 min self-administration session. Moreover, naltrexone, an FDA-approved medication for alcohol dependence that has been shown to suppress ethanol self-administration in rodents, dose-dependently decreases alcohol intake and motivation to consume alcohol for rats self-administering 20% ethanol, thus validating the use of this new method to study the reinforcing properties of alcohol in rats.

This protocol describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol in rats that, contrary to standard methods, does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading to initiate responding.

Un metodo per valutare le proprietà di rinforzo di etanolo in ratti senza acqua privazione, Saccarina dissolvenza o di formazione accesso esteso

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to acquire a conditioned place preference in a drug-paired compartment, and after the post-conditioning test, they perform several sessions to extinguish the established preference. The CPP permits the evaluation of the conditioned rewarding effects of drugs related to environmental cues. Then, the extinguished CPP can be robustly reinstated by the non-contingent administration of a priming dose of the drug, and by exposure to stressful stimuli. Both methods will be explained here. When the animal reinitiates the behavioral response, a reinstatement of the conditioned reward is considered to have taken place.
The main advantages of this protocol are that it is non-invasive, inexpensive, and simple with good validity criteria. In addition, it allows the study of different environmental manipulations, such as stress or diet, which can modulate relapse into drug seeking behaviors. However, one limitation is that if the researcher aims to explore the motivation and primary reinforcing effects of the drug, it should be complemented with self-administration procedures, as they involve operant responses of animals.

This protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse. This procedure permits the measurement of relapse in laboratory animals, considering the impact of drug-associated environmental cues as craving and relapse in abstaining addicts is currently the focus of drug-abuse treatment programs.

Reintegrazione di droga in Cerca nei topi utilizzando il paradigma di Conditioned Place Preference

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to ...