Bu çalışma Sağırlık ve Diğer İletişim Bozuklukları Hibe R21DC013915 ve R01DC012502, Doğa Bilimleri ve Kanada&#39;nın Mühendislik Araştırma Konseyi ve Avrupa Topluluğu&#39;nun Yedinci Çerçeve Programı (FP7 / 2007-2013 Hibe Anlaşması hayır altında Avrupa Araştırma Konseyi Ulusal Enstitüsü tarafından desteklenmiştir. 339.152 ).

Geçerli deneysel protokol Yale Üniversitesi İnsan Soruşturma Komitesi&#39;ne göre etik davranış kuralları izler. 1. Electroenchephalopgaphy (EEG) Preparasyon <ol><li> Uygun EEG kapağı belirlemek için kafa boyutunu ölçün. </li><li> Bir ölçüm bandı ile nasion ve inion arasındaki orta noktayı bularak tepe konumunu tanımlayın. </li><li> Cz olarak önceden belirlenmiş tepe kullanarak kafasına EEG kapağını yerleştirin. 1.2 yapıldığı gibi bir ölçüm bandı kullanarak kapağı yerleştirdikten sonra tekrar Cz inceleyin. EEG kap elektrot tutucuları ile donatılmış olup 64 elektrotlar (veya sahipleri) yerleştirme Cz 11 dayalı önceden belirtilen koordinatlar sistemi ile modifiye 10-20 sistemine dayalı olduğunu unutmayın. Not: Bu temsili bir uygulama derisi dağıtım değişiklikleri değerlendirmek için 64 elektrot yapılandırma kullanır ve kaynak analizi için. Basit uygulamalar (genlik ve gecikme olay-ilişkili potansiyel değişiklikler) için USIng az elektrotlar mümkündür. Burada kullanılan EEG sisteminde şasi için iki ek elektrotlar bulunmaktadır. Bu elektrod sahipleri aynı zamanda kapağa dahildir. </li><li> Tek kullanımlık bir şırınga kullanılarak elektrot tutucular elektrot jeli uygulayın. </li><li> Elektrotlar ve elektrot kap üzerinde elektrot sahiplerine etiketleri eşleşen elektrotlar sahipleri içine (toprak elektrotları dahil) EEG elektrotları takın. </li><li> Alkol pedleri ile cilt yüzeyini temizleyin. Not: Her iki gözün dış canthus (yatay göz hareketi) göz hareketi (elektro-oculography), deri yerleri, yukarıda ve sağ gözü (dikey göz hareketi) altında ve yan saptamak için elektrotlar için; somatosensoriyel stimülasyon sözlü açıya cilt yanal temizlenir. </li><li> Elektrot jeli ile dört elektro-oculography elektrotlar doldurun ve 1.6 not sitelere çift taraflı bant ile elektrotlar sabitleyin. </li><li> Velcro kayışı kullanarak tüm elektrot kablolarını sabitleyin. R Eğerequired, katılımcının vücuda kablo veya herhangi bir ek elektriksel veya mekanik gürültü tanıtmak değil başka yerlerde bantlayın. </li><li> Monitörün önünde katılımcı ve somatosensori uyarılması için robot yerleştirin. 1.8 gibi yine tüm elektrot kablolarını sabitleyin. </li><li> EEG sisteminin amplifikatör kutusundaki EEG ve uygun konnektörleriyle içine (toprak elektrotları dahil) elektro-oculography elektrotlar (eşleştirme etiket ve connecter şekli) bağlayın. </li><li> EEG sinyalleri ücretsiz artifact ve ofset değeri kabul edilebilir bir aralıkta (&lt;50 mV veya daha küçük) olduğunu olduğunu kontrol edin. Genellikle yüksek empedans göstergesidir gürültülü sinyaller veya büyük uzaklıklar bulunursa, doğru ek EEG jel ekleme ve / veya elektrot altında doğrudan saç yeniden konumlandırarak bu elektrot sinyaller. </li><li> EEG-uyumlu kulaklık takın ve ses seviyesi konu rapora dayanarak rahat bir aralıkta olduğunu doğrulayın. </li></ol><pclass = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 2. Somatosensoriyel Uyarım Not: Geçerli protokol somatosensoriyel stimülasyon amacıyla yüz derisinin streç uygular. EEG sistemi ile deney düzeneği Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterilmiştir. Somatosensori uyanm cihazının ayrıntıları önceki çalışmalarda 1,7,12-14 tarif edilmiştir. Kısaca, iki küçük plastik tırnaklar (2 cm genişliğinde ve 3 cm yükseklik) cilde çift taraflı bant ile tutturulur. Sekmeler dize kullanarak robotik cihaza bağlanır. Robot deneysel tasarımlara göre sistematik cilt germe yükleri oluşturur. Aşağıdaki gibi ERP kayıt için kurulum protokolüdür: <ol><li> Stimülasyon sırasında baş hareketi en aza indirmek için kafalık katılımcının kafasını yerleştirin. Dikkatle katılımcının baş ve kafalık arasındaki elektrot kablolarını çıkarın. </li><li> Robot için emniyet anahtarı tutmak için katılımcı değildir. </li><li> Için plastik parçayı takınsomatosensoriyel stimülasyon için çift taraflı bant kullanarak hedef cilt konumu. Temsilcisi, hedef ağız açısına cilt yanal olduğu 12,13, sonuçları için modiolus sekmelerin merkezini yerleştirmek, birkaç mm yaklaşık sekmelerin merkezi aynı yükseklikte oral açıya yanal Oral açısı. </li><li> EEG elektrotları ve kabloları önlemek için dize, dize destekleri ve robotun yapılandırmasını ayarlayın. </li><li> Nedeniyle (genellikle elektrofizyolojik tepki ile karşılaştırıldığında nispeten büyük genlikli ve daha düşük bir frekansa da görülmektedir) uyanya eserler kontrol etmek için (4 N, maksimum kuvvet ile 3 Hz, bir döngü sinüzoit) bir kaç yüz cilt uzanır uygulanır. Eserler EEG sinyalleri görülmektedir ise 2.4 geri dönün. </li></ol> 3. ERP Kayıt <ol><li> (Bir blok = 10 deneme veya daha az) onaylamak için konuya deneysel görev açıklayın ve uygulama denemeleri vermeniz halinde konu undeaçıkça görevi rstands. Not: ERP kayıt için deneysel bir görev ve uyaran sunum uyaran sunumu için yazılımda preprogramed bulunmaktadır. <ol><li> Kombine somatosensory ve işitsel uyaranların 12 ile temsili testte, ağız açısı cilt yanal cilt deformasyon ile ilişkili somatosensori stimülasyonu uygulamak. Streç desen 4 N. işitsel uyarılması için kullanılan &quot;ise&quot; &quot;kafa&quot; ile arasında 10 basamak ses sürekliliğinde yarıda ise tek bir sentezlenmiş konuşma söyleyiş maksimum kuvvet ile bir döngü sinusoid (3 Hz) &#39;dir. </li><li> Ayrı ayrı ya da kombinasyon halinde, her iki uyaranları sunulması. Kombine uyarılması, test üç başlangıçlı zamanlamaları (somatosensoriyel ve işitsel başlangıç ​​ve bitiş noktalarının 90 msn kurşun ve lag ve eşzamanlı: Şekil 3A bakınız). </li><li> . Kurşun, simult ve l: işitsel ve yalnız üç kombine yalnız beş uyarımlar sunumunu (somatosensoriyel Rastgeleag). Beklenti ve alışkanlık önlemek için 1000 ile 2000 milisaniye arasındaki karşılıklı deneme aralığı Vary. Deneysel görev klavyede bir tuşa basarak &quot;kafa&quot; ile akustik ara ve ses sunulan konuşma sesi, &quot;kafa&quot; &#39;vardı, oldu &quot;olmadığını tespit etmektir. Somatosensoriyel yalnız durumda, orada hangi Hiçbir işitsel uyarım katılımcılar &quot;kafa&quot; cevap talimatı vardır. </li><li> Tutanak katılımcı yargıları ve uyaran sunum yazılımı kullanarak anahtar basına uyaranın başlangıcından itibaren reaksiyon zamanı. Göz hareketi nedeniyle eserler azaltmak amacıyla ekranda bir tespit noktası bakışları katılımcıyı değildir. </li><li> Kısa bir mola için sabitleme noktası her 10 uyarılmalara çıkarın. (Görev ve uyaran sunum 12,13 da diğer örneğe bakın) </li></ol></li><li> 512 Hz ERP kayıt için yazılımını başlatınERP veri zaman çizelgesinde uyarılması başlangıcı saatini kaydeder örnekleme. Ayrıca stimülasyon türü hakkında bilgi içerir stimülasyon, zaman damgaları, uyaran sunum için yazılım her uyarıcı gönderildiğine dikkat edin. (ERP kayıt ve uyaran sunum için) iki program bir paralel port aracılığıyla bağlanan iki ayrı PC&#39;lerde çalışıyor. </li><li> Tetik bekleme moduna somatosensoriyel uyarılması için yazılım ayarlayın ve ardından uyaran sunum yazılımı aktive ederek uyaran sunum başlayın. Somatosensoriyel uyarılması için yazılım aynı zamanda diğer iki bilgisayar ayrı bir PC üzerinde çalışan olduğunu unutmayın. Durum başına Tutanak 100 ERP. Not: somatosensoriyel uyarılması için bir tetikleme sinyali duyusal uyarımı için PC dijital bir çıkış cihazına bağlı bir analog giriş cihazı ile alınır. Tek somatosensorial stimülasyon tek tetik başına üretilmektedir. &lt;/ li&gt; </ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Burada bildirilen çalışmalarda yüz cilt deformasyon tarafından üretilen hassas kontrollü somatosensori stimülasyon kortikal ERP indükler kanıtlar sunmaktadır. Deri afferentlerin insan bacak hareketi 5,6 ve konuşma hareketi 7,8,21 yılında kinestetik bilgilerin 3,4 zengin bir kaynağı olarak bilinir. Konuşma sırasında gerçek hareket yönünü yansıtan bir şekilde yüz cildi germe gelen hareketine benzer bir kinestetik duygusu neden olur. Hassas kontrollü deri streç v...

Konuşma üretimi hem işitsel ve somato bilgilere bağlıdır. Işitsel ve somato geribildirim bir bebek tarafından üretilen ilk seslenişlerden birlikte ortaya çıkar ve hem konuşma motor öğrenme katılmaktadırlar. Son sonuçlar somatosensori süreçler algı yanı sıra üretime katkıda bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Bir robot cihaz katılımcıların işitsel uyaranlara 1 dinlemek gibi yüz cildi uzanan Örneğin, konuşma tanıma değişir sesler. Işitsel uyaranlara konuşma denk yanak Hava ponponları katılımcıların algısal yargıları 2 değiştirebilir. Bu somatosensori etkiler cilt deformasyon yanıt deri mekanoreseptörlerin aktivasyonunu içerir. Cilt hareketi sırasında çeşitli şekillerde deforme olur, ve kutanöz mekanoreseptörler duyusal algılama 3,4 katkıda bilinmektedir. Deri mekanoreseptörleri kinestetik rolü iblishareketle ilgili cilt suşları uygun fleksiyon veya uzatma hareketi cilt streç 6 desen bağlı olarak algılanan son bulgular 5-7 strated. Eşlik eden yüz cilt germe konuşmasıyla belirli konuşma söyleyiş tekrarı olan konuşma, motor eğitimi, boyunca, artikülasyon desenleri adaptif bir şekilde 7 değişir. Bu çalışmalar, hareketi sırasında cilt gerilmesi modüle sensorimotor sisteminin duyusal fonksiyonuna kutanöz afferentlerin katkı değerlendirmek için bir yöntem temin göstermektedir. Orofasial deri mekanoreseptörleri kinestetik fonksiyonu duyu sinirlerinin 9,10 den recoding psikofizyolojik yöntemleri 7,8 ve mikroelektrot kullanarak çoğunlukla incelenmiştir. Burada mevcut protokol yüz cilt deformasyon ve olaya ilişkin potansiyel (ERP) kayıt ile ilişkili orofasial somatosensoriyel stimülasyon kombinasyonu üzerinde duruluyor. Tholan prosedür bilgisayar kontrollü robot cihaz kullanarak yüz cilt deformasyon yönü ve zamanlaması üzerinde hassas deneysel kontrolü vardır. Bu bize seçici ve hassas hem konuşma, motor öğrenme sırasında yönelimlerin geniş bir yelpazede yüz cildi deforme ederek konuşma üretimi ve algılanması için somatosensoriyel katkısı hakkında spesifik hipotezleri test ve doğrudan konuşma üretimi ve algı sağlar. ERP kayıt noninvaziv orofasyal davranışları üzerindeki somatosensoriyel stimülasyon etkisi zamansal desen ve zamanlamasını değerlendirmek için kullanılır. Geçerli protokol daha sonra kinestetik fonksiyonun sinirsel süreçlerin değerlendirilmesi ve her iki konuşma işleme, konuşma üretimi ve konuşma algısı somatosensör sisteminin katkısını değerlendirmek olabilir. ERP kayıt deri germe uyarım uygulama programı göstermek için, aşağıdaki protokol konuşma s somatosensory ve işitsel giriş etkileşime odaklananerception. Sonuçlar konuşmasında somatosensory-işitsel etkileşimi değerlendirmek için potansiyel bir yöntem vurgulayın.

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somatosensory event-related potentials from orofacial skin stretch stimulation

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of providing precise and controlled stimulation. This article introduces a technique for recording somatosensory event-related potentials (ERP) that uses a novel mechanical stimulation method involving skin deformation using a robotic device. Controlled deformation of the facial skin is used to modulate kinesthetic inputs through excitation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors. By combining somatosensory stimulation with electroencephalographic recording, somatosensory evoked responses can be successfully measured at the level of the cortex. Somatosensory stimulation can be combined with the stimulation of other sensory modalities to assess multisensory interactions. For speech, orofacial stimulation is combined with speech sound stimulation to assess the contribution of multi-sensory processing including the effects of timing differences. The ability to precisely control orofacial somatosensory stimulation during speech perception and speech production with ERP recording is an important tool that provides new insight into the neural organization and neural representations for speech.

Bu bölümde yüz cilt deformasyon kaynaklanan somatosensoriyel uyarısına yanıt olarak temsil olaya ilişkin potansiyeller sunuyor. Deney düzeneği Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterilmiştir. Sinusoidal uyarılması, oral açısı (referans olarak bakınız Şekil 3A) için yüz derisinin yanal uygulanmıştır. Yüz germe denemeleri toplam test 12 katılımcı ile her katılımcı için kaydedildi. Çevrimdışı yatay ve dikey elektro-oculography sinyalleri...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation at JoVE.com

Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

Orofasial Cilt Streç Uyarım gelen somatosensorial Olay ile ilgili Potansiyeller

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of ...

somatosensory-event-related-potentials-from-orofacial-skin-stretch

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.1K Görüntüleme.  Haskins Laboratories. This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

Video: Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

High Density Event-related Potential  Data Acquisition in Cognitive Neuroscience

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part because fMRI data acquisition and analysis techniques are readily available. Because fMRI has excellent spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution, this method can only be used to identify the spatial location of brain activity associated with a given cognitive process (and reveals virtually nothing about the time course of brain activity). By contrast, event-related potential (ERP) recording, a method that is used much less frequently than fMRI, has excellent temporal resolution and thus can track rapid temporal modulations in neural activity. Unfortunately, ERPs are under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and low density ERP recording has poor spatial resolution. In an effort to foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition. Critically, high density ERPs offer the promise of excellent temporal resolution and good spatial resolution (or excellent spatial resolution if coupled with fMRI), which is necessary to capture the spatial-temporal dynamics of human brain function.

Event-related potential (ERP) recording is under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and this method often has poor spatial resolution. To foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition.

Yüksek Yoğunluklu Olay ilgili Kognitif Nörobilim Potansiyel Veri Toplama

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part ...

Nörobilim

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

Varsayılan Modu Ağ inceleyin Transkraniyal Manyetik Uyarım ve fMRI birleştiren

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS display abnormalities in the expression of FMR1 - a protein required for typical, healthy neural development.3 Recent data has suggested that the loss of this protein can cause the cortex to be hyperexcitable thereby affecting overall patterns of neural plasticity.4,5
In addition, Fragile X shows a strong comorbidity with autism: in fact, 30% of children with FXS are diagnosed with autism, and 2 - 5% of autistic children suffer from FXS.6
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses 7,8) represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and the manifestations of FXS within affected individuals. More specifically, Theta-Burst Stimulation (TBS), a specific stimulatory protocol shown to modulate cortical plasticity for a duration up to 30 minutes after stimulation cessation in healthy populations, has already proven an efficacious tool in the exploration of abnormal plasticity.9,10 
Recent studies have shown the effects of TBS last considerably longer in individuals on the autistic spectrum - up to 90 minutes.11 This extended effect-duration suggests an underlying abnormality in the brain's natural plasticity state in autistic individuals - similar to the hyperexcitability induced by Fragile X Syndrome.
In this experiment, utilizing single-pulse motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) as our benchmark, we will explore the effects of both intermittent and continuous TBS on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from FXS and individuals on the Autistic Spectrum.

In this article, we examine the effects of Theta-Burst TMS stimulation on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from Fragile X syndrome and individuals on the autistic spectrum.

TMS: Fragile X Sendromu ve Otizm Bireylerde Plastisite, Mechasnism keşfedin Theta-Burst Protokolü kullanma

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS ...

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a non-invasive and safe alternative to change cortical excitability2. The effects of one session of tDCS can last for several minutes, and its effects depend on polarity of stimulation, such as that cathodal stimulation induces a decrease in cortical excitability, and anodal stimulation induces an increase in cortical excitability that may last beyond the duration of stimulation6. These effects have been explored in cognitive neuroscience and also clinically in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders &#x2013; especially when applied over several consecutive sessions4. One area that has been attracting attention of neuroscientists and clinicians is the use of tDCS for modulation of pain-related neural networks3,5. Modulation of two main cortical areas in pain research has been explored: primary motor cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex7. Due to the critical role of electrode montage, in this article, we show different alternatives for electrode placement for tDCS clinical trials on pain; discussing advantages and disadvantages of each method of stimulation.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an established technique to modulate cortical excitability1,2. It has been used as an investigative tool in neuroscience due to its effects on cortical plasticity, easy operation, and safe profile. One area that tDCS has been showing encouraging results is pain alleviation 3-5.

Transkraniyal Doğru Akım Uyarım Elektrot Konumlandırma ve Montaj

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a ...

Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain signal. Typically, researchers represent the brain's response as the mean across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal fluctuations over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that brain signal variability conveys meaningful functional information about neural network dynamics. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy (MSE) for quantifying brain signal variability. MSE may be particularly informative of neural network dynamics because it shows timescale dependence and sensitivity to linear and nonlinear dynamics in the data.

Neuroimaging researchers typically consider the brain's response as the mean activity across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal variability over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that there is signal in that noise. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy for quantifying brain signal variability in the time domain.

Olay İlişkili Potansiyeller, Spektral Güç ve Çok Ölçekli Entropi: EEG beyin görüntüleme Veri Uygulamaları

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain ...

Optogenetic Activation of Zebrafish Somatosensory Neurons using ChEF-tdTomato

Larval zebrafish are emerging as a model for describing the development and function of simple neural circuits. Due to their external fertilization, rapid development, and translucency, zebrafish are particularly well suited for optogenetic approaches to investigate neural circuit function. In this approach, light-sensitive ion channels are expressed in specific neurons, enabling the experimenter to activate or inhibit them at will and thus assess their contribution to specific behaviors. Applying these methods in larval zebrafish is conceptually simple but requires the optimization of technical details. Here we demonstrate a procedure for expressing a channelrhodopsin variant in larval zebrafish somatosensory neurons, photo-activating single cells, and recording the resulting behaviors. By introducing a few modifications to previously established methods, this approach could be used to elicit behavioral responses from single neurons activated up to at least 4 days post-fertilization (dpf). Specifically, we created a transgene using a somatosensory neuron enhancer, CREST3, to drive the expression of the tagged channelrhodopsin variant, ChEF-tdTomato. Injecting this transgene into 1-cell stage embryos results in mosaic expression in somatosensory neurons, which can be imaged with confocal microscopy. Illuminating identified cells in these animals with light from a 473 nm DPSS laser, guided through a fiber optic cable, elicits behaviors that can be recorded with a high-speed video camera and analyzed quantitatively. This technique could be adapted to study behaviors elicited by activating any zebrafish neuron. Combining this approach with genetic or pharmacological perturbations will be a powerful way to investigate circuit formation and function.

Optogenetic techniques have made it possible to study the contribution of specific neurons to behavior. We describe a method in larval zebrafish for activating single somatosensory neurons expressing a channelrhodopsin variant (ChEF) with a diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) laser and recording the elicited behaviors with a high-speed video camera.

Chef-tdTomato kullanarak Zebrafish Somatosensoriyel Nöron Optogenetic Etkinleştirme

Larval  zebrafish are emerging as a model for describing the development and function  of simple neural circuits. Due to their  external fertilization, ...

Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological effects. Specifically, by creating a transient interference with the normal activity of a target region and measuring changes in an electrophysiological signal, we can establish a causal link between the stimulated brain area or network and the electrophysiological signal that we record. If target brain areas are functionally defined with prior fMRI scan, TMS could be used to link the fMRI activations with evoked potentials recorded. However, conducting such experiments presents significant technical challenges given the high amplitude artifacts introduced into the EEG signal by the magnetic pulse, and the difficulty to successfully target areas that were functionally defined by fMRI. Here we describe a methodology for combining these three common tools: TMS, EEG, and fMRI. We explain how to guide the stimulator&#39;s coil to the desired target area using anatomical or functional MRI data, how to record EEG during concurrent TMS, how to design an ERP study suitable for EEG-TMS combination and how to extract reliable ERP from the recorded data. We will provide representative results from a previously published study, in which fMRI-guided TMS was used concurrently with EEG to show that the face-selective N1 and the body-selective N1 component of the ERP are associated with distinct neural networks in extrastriate cortex. This method allows us to combine the high spatial resolution of fMRI with the high temporal resolution of TMS and EEG and therefore obtain a comprehensive understanding of the neural basis of various cognitive processes.

This paper describes a method for collecting and analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) data during concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) guided by activations revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A method for TMS artifact removal and extraction of event related potentials is described as well as considerations in paradigm design and experimental setup.

FMRI-güdümlü Transkranial Manyetik Stimülasyon sırasında kaydedilen EEG Veri Görsel Uyarılmış Potansiyelleri ayıklanıyor

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological ...

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed single-neuron activity while animals are acquiring an operantly conditioned response, or when that response is extinguished. But even in these cases, observation periods usually encompass only a single stage of learning, i.e. acquisition or extinction, but not both (exceptions include protocols employing reversal learning; see Bingman&#160;et al.1 for an example). However, acquisition and extinction entail different learning mechanisms and are therefore expected to be accompanied by different types and/or loci of neural plasticity.
Accordingly, we developed a behavioral paradigm which institutes three stages of learning in a single behavioral session and which is well suited for the simultaneous recording of single neurons&#39; action potentials. Animals are trained on a single-interval forced choice task which requires mapping each of two possible choice responses to the presentation of different novel visual stimuli (acquisition). After having reached a predefined performance criterion, one of the two choice responses is no longer reinforced (extinction). Following a certain decrement in performance level, correct responses are reinforced again (reacquisition). By using a new set of stimuli in every session, animals can undergo the acquisition-extinction-reacquisition process repeatedly. Because all three stages of learning occur in a single behavioral session, the paradigm is ideal for the simultaneous observation of the spiking output of multiple single neurons. We use pigeons as model systems, but the task can easily be adapted to any other species capable of conditioned discrimination learning.

Recording Single Neurons&#039; Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

Learning new stimulus-response associations engages a wide range of neural processes which are ultimately reflected in changing spike output of individual neurons. Here we describe a behavioral protocol allowing for the continuous registration of single-neuron activity while animals acquire, extinguish, and reacquire a conditioned response within a single experimental session.

Serbestçe Öğrenmenin üç aşamalı karşısında Güvercinler Hareketli gelen tek nöronların &#39;Aksiyon Potansiyelleri kayıt

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed ...

Analysis of Developing Tooth Germ Innervation Using Microfluidic Co-culture Devices

Innervation plays a key role in the development, homeostasis and regeneration of organs and tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena are not well understood yet. In particular, the role of innervation in tooth development and regeneration is neglected.
Several in vivo studies have provided important information about the patterns of innervation of dental tissues during development and repair processes of various animal models. However, most of these approaches are not optimal to highlight the molecular basis of the interactions between nerve fibres and target organs and tissues.
Co-cultures constitute a valuable method to investigate and manipulate the interactions between nerve fibres and teeth in a controlled and isolated environment. In the last decades, conventional co-cultures using the same culture medium have been performed for very short periods (e.g., two days) to investigate the attractive or repulsive effects of developing oral and dental tissues on sensory nerve fibres. However, extension of the culture period is required to investigate the effects of innervation on tooth morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation.
Microfluidics systems allow co-cultures of neurons and different cell types in their appropriate culture media. We have recently demonstrated that trigeminal ganglia (TG) and teeth are able to survive for a long period of time when co-cultured in microfluidic devices, and that they maintain in these conditions the same innervation pattern that they show in vivo.
On this basis, we describe how to isolate and co-culture developing trigeminal ganglia and tooth germs in a microfluidic co-culture system.This protocol describes a simple and flexible way to co-culture ganglia/nerves and target tissues and to study the roles of specific molecules on such interactions in a controlled and isolated environment.

Co-cultures represent a valuable method to study the interactions between nerves and target tissues and organs. Microfluidic systems allow co-culturing ganglia and whole developing organs or tissues in different culture media, thus representing a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the crosstalk between neurons and their targets.

Mikroakışkan Co-kültür Aygıtları Kullanma Diş Germ innervasyon Geliştirme Analizi

Innervation plays a key role in the development, homeostasis and regeneration of organs and tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena ...

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen in one of two adjacent rooms. These rooms are separated by a glass window through which participants communicate to maintain feelings of togetherness while being fitted with the EEG cap. After checking for adequate EEG signals, the glass is covered by a curtain to prevent visual communication. Then, partners must be silent but are instructed to try to feel in the presence of their partner during the entire experiment. Just before it starts, participants are told that each of them will be presented with one image at a time and that these images will occur at the same time for both of them on their own screen. They are also instructed that, for each trial, the simultaneous images will always be different. However, unbeknownst to them, trials are randomized: only half of them are consistent with this instruction and actually include two different images. These trials form the DSC, that is, the different-stimuli condition. The other half of the trials are inconsistent with the instruction. They include two identical images and form the ISC (identical-stimuli condition). After the experiment, participants are sorted into two groups: those who reported that they felt in the presence of their partner during the majority of the trials and those who reported they did not. The impact of the stimulus processing of the partner is found by subtracting the mean voltages of the ERPs of the ISC (inconsistent with the instructions) from the ERPs of the DSC (consistent with the instructions) in at least two time windows (TWs): firstly, in the 75 to 150 ms TW, where the absolute values of these subtractions are greater, especially at right frontal sites, in those who felt in the presence of their partner than in those who did not; secondly, in the LPP time window (i.e., from 650 to 950 ms post onset), where ERPs are significantly less positive in the DSC than in the ISC in those in whom the raw results of the early (75-150ms) subtractions are negative.

This protocol describes key steps involved in assessing the sensitivity of the brain of one person to the stimulus processing of a close other by selecting pairs of partners, recording their electroencephalogram (EEG) simultaneously and computing their event-related brain potentials (ERPs).

Nasıl bul etkileri uyarıcı işleme olay ilgili beyin potansiyelleri, yakın diğerleri üzerinde yapılır ne zaman Hyperscanning ortaklar

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen ...