Bu çalışma Sağırlık ve Diğer İletişim Bozuklukları Hibe R21DC013915 ve R01DC012502, Doğa Bilimleri ve Kanada&#39;nın Mühendislik Araştırma Konseyi ve Avrupa Topluluğu&#39;nun Yedinci Çerçeve Programı (FP7 / 2007-2013 Hibe Anlaşması hayır altında Avrupa Araştırma Konseyi Ulusal Enstitüsü tarafından desteklenmiştir. 339.152 ).

Geçerli deneysel protokol Yale Üniversitesi İnsan Soruşturma Komitesi&#39;ne göre etik davranış kuralları izler. 1. Electroenchephalopgaphy (EEG) Preparasyon <ol><li> Uygun EEG kapağı belirlemek için kafa boyutunu ölçün. </li><li> Bir ölçüm bandı ile nasion ve inion arasındaki orta noktayı bularak tepe konumunu tanımlayın. </li><li> Cz olarak önceden belirlenmiş tepe kullanarak kafasına EEG kapağını yerleştirin. 1.2 yapıldığı gibi bir ölçüm bandı kullanarak kapağı yerleştirdikten sonra tekrar Cz inceleyin. EEG kap elektrot tutucuları ile donatılmış olup 64 elektrotlar (veya sahipleri) yerleştirme Cz 11 dayalı önceden belirtilen koordinatlar sistemi ile modifiye 10-20 sistemine dayalı olduğunu unutmayın. Not: Bu temsili bir uygulama derisi dağıtım değişiklikleri değerlendirmek için 64 elektrot yapılandırma kullanır ve kaynak analizi için. Basit uygulamalar (genlik ve gecikme olay-ilişkili potansiyel değişiklikler) için USIng az elektrotlar mümkündür. Burada kullanılan EEG sisteminde şasi için iki ek elektrotlar bulunmaktadır. Bu elektrod sahipleri aynı zamanda kapağa dahildir. </li><li> Tek kullanımlık bir şırınga kullanılarak elektrot tutucular elektrot jeli uygulayın. </li><li> Elektrotlar ve elektrot kap üzerinde elektrot sahiplerine etiketleri eşleşen elektrotlar sahipleri içine (toprak elektrotları dahil) EEG elektrotları takın. </li><li> Alkol pedleri ile cilt yüzeyini temizleyin. Not: Her iki gözün dış canthus (yatay göz hareketi) göz hareketi (elektro-oculography), deri yerleri, yukarıda ve sağ gözü (dikey göz hareketi) altında ve yan saptamak için elektrotlar için; somatosensoriyel stimülasyon sözlü açıya cilt yanal temizlenir. </li><li> Elektrot jeli ile dört elektro-oculography elektrotlar doldurun ve 1.6 not sitelere çift taraflı bant ile elektrotlar sabitleyin. </li><li> Velcro kayışı kullanarak tüm elektrot kablolarını sabitleyin. R Eğerequired, katılımcının vücuda kablo veya herhangi bir ek elektriksel veya mekanik gürültü tanıtmak değil başka yerlerde bantlayın. </li><li> Monitörün önünde katılımcı ve somatosensori uyarılması için robot yerleştirin. 1.8 gibi yine tüm elektrot kablolarını sabitleyin. </li><li> EEG sisteminin amplifikatör kutusundaki EEG ve uygun konnektörleriyle içine (toprak elektrotları dahil) elektro-oculography elektrotlar (eşleştirme etiket ve connecter şekli) bağlayın. </li><li> EEG sinyalleri ücretsiz artifact ve ofset değeri kabul edilebilir bir aralıkta (&lt;50 mV veya daha küçük) olduğunu olduğunu kontrol edin. Genellikle yüksek empedans göstergesidir gürültülü sinyaller veya büyük uzaklıklar bulunursa, doğru ek EEG jel ekleme ve / veya elektrot altında doğrudan saç yeniden konumlandırarak bu elektrot sinyaller. </li><li> EEG-uyumlu kulaklık takın ve ses seviyesi konu rapora dayanarak rahat bir aralıkta olduğunu doğrulayın. </li></ol><pclass = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 2. Somatosensoriyel Uyarım Not: Geçerli protokol somatosensoriyel stimülasyon amacıyla yüz derisinin streç uygular. EEG sistemi ile deney düzeneği Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterilmiştir. Somatosensori uyanm cihazının ayrıntıları önceki çalışmalarda 1,7,12-14 tarif edilmiştir. Kısaca, iki küçük plastik tırnaklar (2 cm genişliğinde ve 3 cm yükseklik) cilde çift taraflı bant ile tutturulur. Sekmeler dize kullanarak robotik cihaza bağlanır. Robot deneysel tasarımlara göre sistematik cilt germe yükleri oluşturur. Aşağıdaki gibi ERP kayıt için kurulum protokolüdür: <ol><li> Stimülasyon sırasında baş hareketi en aza indirmek için kafalık katılımcının kafasını yerleştirin. Dikkatle katılımcının baş ve kafalık arasındaki elektrot kablolarını çıkarın. </li><li> Robot için emniyet anahtarı tutmak için katılımcı değildir. </li><li> Için plastik parçayı takınsomatosensoriyel stimülasyon için çift taraflı bant kullanarak hedef cilt konumu. Temsilcisi, hedef ağız açısına cilt yanal olduğu 12,13, sonuçları için modiolus sekmelerin merkezini yerleştirmek, birkaç mm yaklaşık sekmelerin merkezi aynı yükseklikte oral açıya yanal Oral açısı. </li><li> EEG elektrotları ve kabloları önlemek için dize, dize destekleri ve robotun yapılandırmasını ayarlayın. </li><li> Nedeniyle (genellikle elektrofizyolojik tepki ile karşılaştırıldığında nispeten büyük genlikli ve daha düşük bir frekansa da görülmektedir) uyanya eserler kontrol etmek için (4 N, maksimum kuvvet ile 3 Hz, bir döngü sinüzoit) bir kaç yüz cilt uzanır uygulanır. Eserler EEG sinyalleri görülmektedir ise 2.4 geri dönün. </li></ol> 3. ERP Kayıt <ol><li> (Bir blok = 10 deneme veya daha az) onaylamak için konuya deneysel görev açıklayın ve uygulama denemeleri vermeniz halinde konu undeaçıkça görevi rstands. Not: ERP kayıt için deneysel bir görev ve uyaran sunum uyaran sunumu için yazılımda preprogramed bulunmaktadır. <ol><li> Kombine somatosensory ve işitsel uyaranların 12 ile temsili testte, ağız açısı cilt yanal cilt deformasyon ile ilişkili somatosensori stimülasyonu uygulamak. Streç desen 4 N. işitsel uyarılması için kullanılan &quot;ise&quot; &quot;kafa&quot; ile arasında 10 basamak ses sürekliliğinde yarıda ise tek bir sentezlenmiş konuşma söyleyiş maksimum kuvvet ile bir döngü sinusoid (3 Hz) &#39;dir. </li><li> Ayrı ayrı ya da kombinasyon halinde, her iki uyaranları sunulması. Kombine uyarılması, test üç başlangıçlı zamanlamaları (somatosensoriyel ve işitsel başlangıç ​​ve bitiş noktalarının 90 msn kurşun ve lag ve eşzamanlı: Şekil 3A bakınız). </li><li> . Kurşun, simult ve l: işitsel ve yalnız üç kombine yalnız beş uyarımlar sunumunu (somatosensoriyel Rastgeleag). Beklenti ve alışkanlık önlemek için 1000 ile 2000 milisaniye arasındaki karşılıklı deneme aralığı Vary. Deneysel görev klavyede bir tuşa basarak &quot;kafa&quot; ile akustik ara ve ses sunulan konuşma sesi, &quot;kafa&quot; &#39;vardı, oldu &quot;olmadığını tespit etmektir. Somatosensoriyel yalnız durumda, orada hangi Hiçbir işitsel uyarım katılımcılar &quot;kafa&quot; cevap talimatı vardır. </li><li> Tutanak katılımcı yargıları ve uyaran sunum yazılımı kullanarak anahtar basına uyaranın başlangıcından itibaren reaksiyon zamanı. Göz hareketi nedeniyle eserler azaltmak amacıyla ekranda bir tespit noktası bakışları katılımcıyı değildir. </li><li> Kısa bir mola için sabitleme noktası her 10 uyarılmalara çıkarın. (Görev ve uyaran sunum 12,13 da diğer örneğe bakın) </li></ol></li><li> 512 Hz ERP kayıt için yazılımını başlatınERP veri zaman çizelgesinde uyarılması başlangıcı saatini kaydeder örnekleme. Ayrıca stimülasyon türü hakkında bilgi içerir stimülasyon, zaman damgaları, uyaran sunum için yazılım her uyarıcı gönderildiğine dikkat edin. (ERP kayıt ve uyaran sunum için) iki program bir paralel port aracılığıyla bağlanan iki ayrı PC&#39;lerde çalışıyor. </li><li> Tetik bekleme moduna somatosensoriyel uyarılması için yazılım ayarlayın ve ardından uyaran sunum yazılımı aktive ederek uyaran sunum başlayın. Somatosensoriyel uyarılması için yazılım aynı zamanda diğer iki bilgisayar ayrı bir PC üzerinde çalışan olduğunu unutmayın. Durum başına Tutanak 100 ERP. Not: somatosensoriyel uyarılması için bir tetikleme sinyali duyusal uyarımı için PC dijital bir çıkış cihazına bağlı bir analog giriş cihazı ile alınır. Tek somatosensorial stimülasyon tek tetik başına üretilmektedir. &lt;/ li&gt; </ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Burada bildirilen çalışmalarda yüz cilt deformasyon tarafından üretilen hassas kontrollü somatosensori stimülasyon kortikal ERP indükler kanıtlar sunmaktadır. Deri afferentlerin insan bacak hareketi 5,6 ve konuşma hareketi 7,8,21 yılında kinestetik bilgilerin 3,4 zengin bir kaynağı olarak bilinir. Konuşma sırasında gerçek hareket yönünü yansıtan bir şekilde yüz cildi germe gelen hareketine benzer bir kinestetik duygusu neden olur. Hassas kontrollü deri streç v...

Konuşma üretimi hem işitsel ve somato bilgilere bağlıdır. Işitsel ve somato geribildirim bir bebek tarafından üretilen ilk seslenişlerden birlikte ortaya çıkar ve hem konuşma motor öğrenme katılmaktadırlar. Son sonuçlar somatosensori süreçler algı yanı sıra üretime katkıda bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Bir robot cihaz katılımcıların işitsel uyaranlara 1 dinlemek gibi yüz cildi uzanan Örneğin, konuşma tanıma değişir sesler. Işitsel uyaranlara konuşma denk yanak Hava ponponları katılımcıların algısal yargıları 2 değiştirebilir. Bu somatosensori etkiler cilt deformasyon yanıt deri mekanoreseptörlerin aktivasyonunu içerir. Cilt hareketi sırasında çeşitli şekillerde deforme olur, ve kutanöz mekanoreseptörler duyusal algılama 3,4 katkıda bilinmektedir. Deri mekanoreseptörleri kinestetik rolü iblishareketle ilgili cilt suşları uygun fleksiyon veya uzatma hareketi cilt streç 6 desen bağlı olarak algılanan son bulgular 5-7 strated. Eşlik eden yüz cilt germe konuşmasıyla belirli konuşma söyleyiş tekrarı olan konuşma, motor eğitimi, boyunca, artikülasyon desenleri adaptif bir şekilde 7 değişir. Bu çalışmalar, hareketi sırasında cilt gerilmesi modüle sensorimotor sisteminin duyusal fonksiyonuna kutanöz afferentlerin katkı değerlendirmek için bir yöntem temin göstermektedir. Orofasial deri mekanoreseptörleri kinestetik fonksiyonu duyu sinirlerinin 9,10 den recoding psikofizyolojik yöntemleri 7,8 ve mikroelektrot kullanarak çoğunlukla incelenmiştir. Burada mevcut protokol yüz cilt deformasyon ve olaya ilişkin potansiyel (ERP) kayıt ile ilişkili orofasial somatosensoriyel stimülasyon kombinasyonu üzerinde duruluyor. Tholan prosedür bilgisayar kontrollü robot cihaz kullanarak yüz cilt deformasyon yönü ve zamanlaması üzerinde hassas deneysel kontrolü vardır. Bu bize seçici ve hassas hem konuşma, motor öğrenme sırasında yönelimlerin geniş bir yelpazede yüz cildi deforme ederek konuşma üretimi ve algılanması için somatosensoriyel katkısı hakkında spesifik hipotezleri test ve doğrudan konuşma üretimi ve algı sağlar. ERP kayıt noninvaziv orofasyal davranışları üzerindeki somatosensoriyel stimülasyon etkisi zamansal desen ve zamanlamasını değerlendirmek için kullanılır. Geçerli protokol daha sonra kinestetik fonksiyonun sinirsel süreçlerin değerlendirilmesi ve her iki konuşma işleme, konuşma üretimi ve konuşma algısı somatosensör sisteminin katkısını değerlendirmek olabilir. ERP kayıt deri germe uyarım uygulama programı göstermek için, aşağıdaki protokol konuşma s somatosensory ve işitsel giriş etkileşime odaklananerception. Sonuçlar konuşmasında somatosensory-işitsel etkileşimi değerlendirmek için potansiyel bir yöntem vurgulayın.

<table><tbody><tr><td>EEG recording system</td><td>Biosemi</td><td>ActiveTwo</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Robotic decice for skin stretch</td><td>Geomagic</td><td>Phantom Premium 1.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EEG-compatible earphones</td><td>Etymotic research</td><td>ER3A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Software for visual and auditory stimulation</td><td>Neurobehavioral Systems</td><td>Presentation</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electrode gel</td><td>Parker Laboratories, INC</td><td>Signa gel</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Double sided tape</td><td>3M</td><td>1522</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Disposable syringe</td><td>Monoject</td><td>412 Curved Tip</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Analog input device</td><td>National Instuments&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PCI-6036E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Degital output device</td><td>Measurement computing</td><td>USB-1208FS</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

somatosensory event-related potentials from orofacial skin stretch stimulation

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of providing precise and controlled stimulation. This article introduces a technique for recording somatosensory event-related potentials (ERP) that uses a novel mechanical stimulation method involving skin deformation using a robotic device. Controlled deformation of the facial skin is used to modulate kinesthetic inputs through excitation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors. By combining somatosensory stimulation with electroencephalographic recording, somatosensory evoked responses can be successfully measured at the level of the cortex. Somatosensory stimulation can be combined with the stimulation of other sensory modalities to assess multisensory interactions. For speech, orofacial stimulation is combined with speech sound stimulation to assess the contribution of multi-sensory processing including the effects of timing differences. The ability to precisely control orofacial somatosensory stimulation during speech perception and speech production with ERP recording is an important tool that provides new insight into the neural organization and neural representations for speech.

Bu bölümde yüz cilt deformasyon kaynaklanan somatosensoriyel uyarısına yanıt olarak temsil olaya ilişkin potansiyeller sunuyor. Deney düzeneği Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterilmiştir. Sinusoidal uyarılması, oral açısı (referans olarak bakınız Şekil 3A) için yüz derisinin yanal uygulanmıştır. Yüz germe denemeleri toplam test 12 katılımcı ile her katılımcı için kaydedildi. Çevrimdışı yatay ve dikey elektro-oculography sinyalleri...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation at JoVE.com

Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

Orofasial Cilt Streç Uyarım gelen somatosensorial Olay ile ilgili Potansiyeller

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of ...

somatosensory-event-related-potentials-from-orofacial-skin-stretch

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.1K Görüntüleme.  Haskins Laboratories. This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

Video: Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing children discomfort. To accomplish this we developed a dual channel, time and strength calibrated air puff stimulator that allows both tactile stimulation and sham control. We combined this with the use of event-related potential methodology to allow for high temporal resolution of signals from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as higher order processing. This methodology also allowed us to measure a multisensory response to auditory-tactile stimulation.

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess infants and children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds, and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing discomfort in vulnerable patients.

Engelli Çocuklarda Kortikal İşitsel-dokunsal İşleme Kantitatif Değerlendirilmesi

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

Davranış

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

Transkranial Manyetik Stimülasyon ile Dudak Motor Cortex Uyarıcı

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral and temporal changes that are characteristic of human language. These abilities lay the foundation for effective language acquisition; allowing infants to hone in on the sounds of their native language. Invasive procedures in animals and scalp-recorded potentials from human adults suggest that simultaneous, rhythmic activity (oscillations) between and within brain regions are fundamental to sensory development; determining the resolution with which incoming stimuli are parsed. At this time, little is known about oscillatory dynamics in human infant development. However, animal neurophysiology and adult EEG data provide the basis for a strong hypothesis that rapid auditory processing in infants is mediated by oscillatory synchrony in discrete frequency bands. In order to investigate this, 128-channel, high-density EEG responses of 4-month old infants to frequency change in tone pairs, presented in two rate conditions (Rapid: 70 msec ISI and Control: 300 msec ISI) were examined. To determine the frequency band and magnitude of activity, auditory evoked response averages were first co-registered with age-appropriate brain templates. Next, the principal components of the response were identified and localized using a two-dipole model of brain activity. Single-trial analysis of oscillatory power showed a robust index of frequency change processing in bursts of Theta band (3 - 8 Hz) activity in both right and left auditory cortices, with left activation more prominent in the Rapid condition. These methods have produced data that are not only some of the first reported evoked oscillations analyses in infants, but are also, importantly, the product of a well-established method of recording and analyzing clean, meticulously collected, infant EEG and ERPs. In this article, we describe our method for infant EEG net application, recording, dynamic brain response analysis, and representative results.

High-density electroencephalography (dEEG) is being used increasingly to study brain development and plasticity in the early years of life. Here we present an application of sophisticated analysis techniques that builds on traditional EEG recording to understand the oscillatory dynamics of rapid auditory processing in the infant brain.

Bebek İşitsel İşleme ve Olaya ilişkin Beyin Salınımlılığı

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

Hedef-cevap Görevleri sırasında olaya ilişkin Potansiyeller Tek Taraflı Serebral Palsili Çocuklarda Üst Ekstremite Kullanım Bilişsel Süreçler Eğitim için

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, usually using stimuli that are close together to reveal local interactions. Masking effects have also been demonstrated in which a tactile stimulus alters the perception of a touch at a distant location. Such effects can provide insight into how components of the body's representations in the brain may be linked. Occasional reports have indicated that touches on one hand or forearm can affect tactile sensitivity at corresponding contralateral locations. To explore the matching of corresponding points across the body, we can measure the spatial tuning and effect of posture on contralateral masking. Careful controls are required to rule out direct effects of the remote stimulus, for example by mechanical transmission, and also attention effects in which thresholds may be altered by the participant's attention being drawn away from the stimulus of interest. The use of this technique is beneficial as a behavioural measure for exploring which parts of the body are functionally connected and whether the two sides of the body interact in a somatotopic representation. This manuscript describes a behavioural protocol that can be used for studying contralateral tactile masking.

Here we explore contralateral tactile masking between the forearms in which tactile detection thresholds are modulated by vibration applied to a remote site. The details of which remote sites have an effect can tell us about how the body is represented in the brain.

Önkol arasında Test Tactile Maskeleme

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, ...

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. Touch that optimally activates CT fibers is consistently rated as hedonically pleasant. Patient groups with impaired social-emotional functioning also show disordered affective touch ratings. However, relying on self-reported ratings of touch has many limitations, including recall bias and communication barriers. Here, we describe a methodological approach to study affective responses to touch via facial electromyography (EMG) that circumvents the reliance on self-report ratings. Facial EMG is an objective, quantitative, and non-invasive method to measure facial muscle activity indicative of affective responses. Responses can be assessed across healthy and patient populations without the need for verbal communication. Here, we provide two separate datasets demonstrating that CT-optimal and non-optimal touch elicit distinct facial muscle reactions. Moreover, facial EMG responses are consistent across stimulus modalities, e.g. tactile (experienced touch) and visual (observed touch). Finally, the temporal resolution of facial EMG can detect responses on timescales that supersede that of verbal reporting. Together, our data suggest that facial EMG is a suitable methodology for use in affective tactile research that can be used to supplement, or in some cases, supplant, existing measures.

We describe a protocol to assess facial muscle activity in response to experienced and observed tactile stimulation using facial electromyography.

Deneyimli ve gözlenen duygusal Touch insanlarda yüz kas tepkileri değerlendirmek için yüz Elektromiyografi kullanma

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. ...

Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological effects. Specifically, by creating a transient interference with the normal activity of a target region and measuring changes in an electrophysiological signal, we can establish a causal link between the stimulated brain area or network and the electrophysiological signal that we record. If target brain areas are functionally defined with prior fMRI scan, TMS could be used to link the fMRI activations with evoked potentials recorded. However, conducting such experiments presents significant technical challenges given the high amplitude artifacts introduced into the EEG signal by the magnetic pulse, and the difficulty to successfully target areas that were functionally defined by fMRI. Here we describe a methodology for combining these three common tools: TMS, EEG, and fMRI. We explain how to guide the stimulator&#39;s coil to the desired target area using anatomical or functional MRI data, how to record EEG during concurrent TMS, how to design an ERP study suitable for EEG-TMS combination and how to extract reliable ERP from the recorded data. We will provide representative results from a previously published study, in which fMRI-guided TMS was used concurrently with EEG to show that the face-selective N1 and the body-selective N1 component of the ERP are associated with distinct neural networks in extrastriate cortex. This method allows us to combine the high spatial resolution of fMRI with the high temporal resolution of TMS and EEG and therefore obtain a comprehensive understanding of the neural basis of various cognitive processes.

This paper describes a method for collecting and analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) data during concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) guided by activations revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A method for TMS artifact removal and extraction of event related potentials is described as well as considerations in paradigm design and experimental setup.

FMRI-güdümlü Transkranial Manyetik Stimülasyon sırasında kaydedilen EEG Veri Görsel Uyarılmış Potansiyelleri ayıklanıyor

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological ...

Nörobilim

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen in one of two adjacent rooms. These rooms are separated by a glass window through which participants communicate to maintain feelings of togetherness while being fitted with the EEG cap. After checking for adequate EEG signals, the glass is covered by a curtain to prevent visual communication. Then, partners must be silent but are instructed to try to feel in the presence of their partner during the entire experiment. Just before it starts, participants are told that each of them will be presented with one image at a time and that these images will occur at the same time for both of them on their own screen. They are also instructed that, for each trial, the simultaneous images will always be different. However, unbeknownst to them, trials are randomized: only half of them are consistent with this instruction and actually include two different images. These trials form the DSC, that is, the different-stimuli condition. The other half of the trials are inconsistent with the instruction. They include two identical images and form the ISC (identical-stimuli condition). After the experiment, participants are sorted into two groups: those who reported that they felt in the presence of their partner during the majority of the trials and those who reported they did not. The impact of the stimulus processing of the partner is found by subtracting the mean voltages of the ERPs of the ISC (inconsistent with the instructions) from the ERPs of the DSC (consistent with the instructions) in at least two time windows (TWs): firstly, in the 75 to 150 ms TW, where the absolute values of these subtractions are greater, especially at right frontal sites, in those who felt in the presence of their partner than in those who did not; secondly, in the LPP time window (i.e., from 650 to 950 ms post onset), where ERPs are significantly less positive in the DSC than in the ISC in those in whom the raw results of the early (75-150ms) subtractions are negative.

This protocol describes key steps involved in assessing the sensitivity of the brain of one person to the stimulus processing of a close other by selecting pairs of partners, recording their electroencephalogram (EEG) simultaneously and computing their event-related brain potentials (ERPs).

Nasıl bul etkileri uyarıcı işleme olay ilgili beyin potansiyelleri, yakın diğerleri üzerinde yapılır ne zaman Hyperscanning ortaklar

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen ...

Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique

This paper examines the application of electroencephalogram-based methods to assess the effects of audio-tactile substitution training in young, profoundly deaf (PD) participants, with the aim of analyzing the neural mechanisms associated with vibrotactile complex sound discrimination. Electrical brain activity reflects dynamic neural changes, and the temporal precision of event-related potentials (ERPs) has proven to be key in studying time-locked processes while performing behavioral tasks that involve attention and working memory. 
The current protocol was designed to study electrophysiological activity in PD subjects while they performed a continuous performance task (CPT) using complex-sound stimuli, consisting of five different animal sounds delivered through a portable stimulator system worn on the right index finger. As a repeated-measures design, electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings in standard conditions were performed before and after a brief training program (five 1 h sessions over 15 days), followed by offline artifact correction and epoch averaging, to obtain individual and grand-mean waveforms. Behavioral results show a significant improvement in discrimination and a more robust P3-like centroparietal positive waveform for the target stimuli after training. In this protocol, ERPs contribute to the further understanding of learning-related neural changes in PD subjects associated with audio-tactile discrimination of complex sounds.

This protocol is designed to explore underlying learning-related electrophysiological changes in subjects with profound deafness after a short training period in audio-tactile sensory substitution by applying the event-related potential technique.

Derin Sağırlığı Olan Katılımcılarda Sesli Dokunsal Duyusal İkame Eğitiminin Olayla İlgili Potansiyel Tekniği Kullanılarak Değerlendirilmesi

This paper examines the application of electroencephalogram-based methods to assess the effects of audio-tactile substitution training in young, ...

Kokunun Beyin Uyarılabilirliği Üzerindeki Etkisi Nefesle Senkronize Olfaktometre ile Değerlendirildi

Combining a Breath-Synchronized Olfactometer with Brain Simulation to Study the Impact of Odors on Corticospinal Excitability and Effective Connectivity

It is widely accepted that olfactory stimulation elicits motor behaviors, such as approaching pleasant odorants and avoiding unpleasant ones, in animals and humans. Recently, studies using electroencephalography and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have demonstrated a strong link between processing in the olfactory system and activity in the motor cortex in humans. To better understand the interactions between the olfactory and the motor systems and to overcome some of the previous methodological limitations, we developed a new method combining an olfactometer that synchronizes the random order presentation of odorants with different hedonic values and the TMS (single- and dual-coil) triggering with nasal breathing phases. This method allows probing the modulations of corticospinal excitability and effective ipsilateral connectivity between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the primary motor cortex that could occur during pleasant and unpleasant odor perception. The application of this method will allow for objectively discriminating the pleasantness value of an odorant in a given participant, indicating the biological impact of the odorant on brain effective connectivity and excitability. In addition, this could pave the way for clinical investigations in patients with neurological or neuropsychiatric disorders who may exhibit&#160;odor hedonic alterations and maladaptive approach-avoidance behaviors.

Yazar Spotlight: Kortikospinal Uyarılabilirlik Üzerindeki Koku Alma Etkilerini Keşfetmek - Nörolojik Araştırmalarda İçgörüler ve Yenilikler 

This paper describes using a breath-synchronized olfactometer to trigger single- and dual-coil transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) during odorant presentation synchronized to human nasal breathing. This combination allows us to objectively investigate how pleasant and unpleasant odors impact corticospinal excitability and brain-effective connectivity in a given individual.

Kokuların Kortikospinal Uyarılabilirlik ve Etkili Bağlantı Üzerindeki Etkisini İncelemek için Nefesle Senkronize Olfaktometreyi Beyin Simülasyonu ile Birleştirmek

It is widely accepted that olfactory stimulation elicits motor behaviors, such as approaching pleasant odorants and avoiding unpleasant ones, in animals ...