The work was supported by the intramural research program of the NIH, National Institute on Aging, and by a Priority Research Centers Program grant from the National Research Foundation (NRF-2009-0093812) funded by the Ministry of Science, Information and Communication Technology, &amp; Future Planning, the Republic of Korea (H.T.). We thank Dr. Han-sol Park for putting "material" part together for the manuscript.

NOT: sıçan balon yaralanması modelinde ve rekombinant sRAGE ve ultrason ultrason çalışmaların enjeksiyonu da dahil olmak üzere ilgili prosedürlerin kullanılması Ulusal Yaşlanma Enstitüsü Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Komitesi (ACUC), NIH tarafından onaylanmıştır. 1. Ön cerrahi Hazırlıklar <ol><li> Enstrüman, Cerrahi Platformu ve Kişisel Koruma Ekipmanı. <ol><li> Bu prosedürde kullanılan tüm cerrahi aletler ve reaktifler için malzeme ve ekipman en Tabloya bakınız. cerrahi işlem öncesi tüm cerrahi aletler otoklav. NOT: Aynı gün yapılan birden fazla ameliyatlar için, ameliyatlar arasında aletleri sterilize etmek için önceden ısıtılmış cam boncuk sterilizatör kullanın. </li><li> % 70 alkol ile işletim platformu yüzeyini sterilize edin. cerrahi önlük, saç kapağı, cerrahi maske, koruyucu gözlük ve eldiven giyin. Ek bizim için cerrahi bir platform yakın sterilize eldiven bir kutu bırakıne. </li></ol></li><li> Balon Kateter hazırlanması. <ol><li> steril su ile 1 ml şırınga doldurun ve steril suyla doldurulmuş iki yollu şırınga ekleyin. Yavaşça balon kateterin Luer-lock kısmını doldurmak ve kateterin açılması hava kabarcıklarını çıkarmak için musluk suyu ile itin. </li><li> balon sağlamak için Test balon şişirme su 0,02 ml ile şişirilir edilebilir. kurutma ve kirlenmeyi önlemek için ameliyattan önce steril suda bir kap içinde bir balon ucu saklayın. </li></ol></li><li> Anestezi ve Hayvan hazırlanması. <ol><li> erkek Wistar sıçanlar tartılır (400-450 gr) ve kimliği teyit etmek için kulak küpesi kontrol edin. Böyle ayak veya kuyruk kıstırma olarak pedal çekme refleksi kontrol ederek sedasyon derinliğini kontrol edin, sonra indüksiyon odasında sıçan yerleştirin buharlaştırıcı açmak ve 3.5-4.0% izofluran düzeyini ve 1.5-2.0 L. oksijen seviyesini ayarlamak hayvan. </li><li> (Anestezi ulaştıktan sonra <em&gt; hayvan) Pedal çekilme refleksi yoksun, yani cerrahi platforma hayvan aktarmak ve bir anestezi buharlaştırıcı bağlanan bir burun konisi ile sıçan kanca. L. Periyodik sıçan tamamen rahat ve hareketsiz olduğundan emin olmak için, hayvanın ayak veya kuyruk kısma sedasyon derinliğini kontrol 0.6-1.0 kadar 1.5-2.0 ve oksijene izofluran konsantrasyonu ayarlayın. </li><li> anestezi cerrahi seviyeye ulaştıktan sonra, sadece hayvan saç kesme ile sternum üzerinde aşağı çeneden ventral boyun bölgesini tıraş ve povidon-iyot ve% 70 etanol 3 kez 1:10 seyreltme dönüşümlü traş cildi çubukla. </li><li> kurumasını önlemek için bir pamuklu çubuk ile hayvanın gözleri açık oftalmik çözüm yerleştirin. operasyon sırasında kurumasını önlemek için içme suyu ile hayvanın dilini ve ağzını ıslatın. </li><li> Steril cerrahi levha ile sıçan Kapak ve boyun bölgesini ortaya çıkarmak için sayfayı kesti. yatar pozisyonda o hayvan yerleştirinna cerrah doğru kafa ile cerrahi platformda pedi ısıtılır. bant kullanarak cerrahi platforma hayvanın uzuvlarını sabitleyin. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Cerrahi İşlemleri <ol><li> Diseksiyon ve sol karotis İzolasyonu <ol><li> tüm yol sadece göğüs kafesine üzerinde sternum üstüne kuyruk doğru bir yönde çene altına düz bir kesi yapmak için bir neşter kullanın. açık açık kas tabakası açığa çıkarmak için cilt altında tükürük salgı dokuları incelemek için bir 7S forseps kullanabilir. Ayrı kas dokuları karotis damar sistemi ve boyun bölgesinde vagus sinirine erişmek için. </li><li> Açık açık karotis arter çevre dokulara incelemek ve dikkatle vagus siniri ve vasküler fasya zarar görmemesi için ayırın. Sürekli sternum aşağı iç ve dış şube ve karotis arter ortaya çıkarmak için karotid arter bifurkasyonu kadar teşrih. </li></ol></li><li> Arteriot hazırlanmasıomy <ol><li> geri çekme ve hemostaz için, sol karotis arter en yakın yerinde bir bitişik harfleri ve çatallanma konumu hemen distalinde başka bitişik harfleri yerleştirin. </li><li> kafasına doğru arter geri çekmek için mümkün olduğunca bifurkasyonundan eksternal karotid arter bir 4,0 ipek sütür yerleştirin. Kalıcı artan farenks, oksipital ve arteriyel sızıntısı önlemek için üstün tiroid dahil olmak üzere dış karotid arter boyunca 4.0 ipek sütür ile küçük arterleri bağlayabilmesi. </li><li> önemli bir retrograd kan kaybını önlemek için internal karotid arter etrafında bir 4.0 ipek sütür yerleştirin. Genellikle, iç dalının mevcut uzunluğu az. internal karotid arter görselleştirmek için hafifçe sağa üstteki karotis arter geri çekilmeden tarafından mümkün olduğunca internal karotid arter maruz kalmaktadır. </li></ol></li><li> Balon Kateter giriş <ol><li> karotid a proksimal sütür geri çekinrtery ve geçici olarak kan akışını durdurmak için gemide bir arteriyel kelepçe yerleştirin. mümkün olduğunca sütür distal olarak bir yerde dış karotis arter üzerinde kesi küçük (arter çevresinin 1/4 1/3) yapın. </li><li> Yavaşça kesi içine un-şişirilmiş balon kateteri yerleştirin ve sonra karotis arter arteriyel kelepçe yakın lümen içinde kateteri ilerlemek. kelepçe çıkarın ve daha kesi yaklaşık 35-40 mm, aort kemer balon kateteri ilerlemek. </li></ol></li><li> balon Yaralanma <ol><li> Elle bağlı şırınga ile 0.02 ml bir hacme kadar kateter şişirmek ve şırınga ve kateter arasında musluğunu kilidi. Yavaş yavaş rotasyonlar ile kateteri. Kateter arteriotomic kesi yakın olduğunda, balon deflate. özgün konumuna geri kateteri ilerletin. </li><li> Toplam 3 kez 2.4.1 tekrarlayın. Dikkatle arter lümeni gelen kateteri çıkarın. </li></ol></li><li> Cerrahi Yara Close Up <ol><li> dikişlerle arteriyotomi kapatın. kan akışını geri internal karotid arter bırakın. arteriyel kanama veya sızıntı olup olmadığını kontrol edin. Kanama oluşursa, kanamayı durdurmak için biraz basıncı ile gazlı bez parçası uygulayın. </li><li> prosedür için kullanılan sütür ve kelepçeler geri kalanını çıkarın. 6.0 dikişlerle glandüler doku kapatın. cilt sütür veya yara klipleri ile cilt kapatın. izofluran kapatın ve birkaç dakika saf oksijen ile hayvan bırakın. </li></ol></li></ol> Therapeutics 3. İdare, Analjezikler, Post-cerrahi Bakımı ve Ötenazi <ol><li> Therapeutics ve Analjezikler İdaresi. <ol><li> Ameliyatı takiben, (0.03 mg / kg) kas içi buprenorfin enjekte. ameliyatı sırasında kan kaybım telafi etmek için 5 ml önceden ısıtılmış steril tuzlu su deri altına enjekte edilir. periton içine sRAGE (0.5 ng / g) (tedavi edici) enjekte edilir. </li><li> Oph ile tekrar gözler nemlendirinthalmic merhem. ısı yastığı sıçan yerleştirin ve sternum yatma korumak için tam bilinç kavuşur kadar hayvan izleyin. </li><li> temiz yatak ile bir kafesine sıçan dönün ve geri vivari için kafesi getirmek. katılan veteriner ve bakıcıları uyarmak için kafesin özel bir gözlem kartı yerleştirin. </li></ol></li><li> Ameliyat sonrası Temizleme <ol><li> çöp veya özel atık kabına ya iğneler ve ark yastıkları, bezlerden de dahil olmak üzere kullanılan cerrahi malzeme koyun. Ameliyat platformu dezenfekte edin ve cerrahi aletler temizleyin. </li></ol></li><li> Ameliyat sonrası bakım <ol><li> 48 saat ameliyat sonrası dönemde buprenorfin (0.03 mg / kg) günde iki kez (bid) uygulayınız. Böyle hareketsizlik, beslenme yetersizliği, hutched duruş, karıştırdı kürk ve face olarak sıkıntının ortak belirtileri 48 saat ameliyat sonrası dönemde yakından hayvan izleyin. yara kızarıklık koşullarını, şişme, yarılması ve enfeksiyonlar izleyin. NOT:Ek tedaviler veteriner tavsiye katılıyor göre reçete edilebilir. </li><li> veteriner tavsiye katılıyor göre dikiş veya yara klipleri çıkarın. </li></ol></li><li> Ötenazi <ol><li> İki hafta ameliyattan sonra, 22 analizleri otopsi histo-morfolojik için karotis arterler izole etmek sıçan euthanize. % 5-20 izofluran solunum tamamen durması kadar en az 2 dakika süreyle hava doymuş ihtiva eden bir bölme sıçan yerleştirin. Önceki organ ve dokuların diseksiyonu ölüm doğrulayın. </li></ol></li></ol>

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Yazarlar hiçbir rakip mali çıkarları olduğunu beyan ederim.

karotid arter lümeninde duvar endoteli kaldırır yaralanma oluşturmak için balonu şişirmek için kullanılan iki yöntem olmuştur. Bir sıvı 20 ile bağlı şırıngayı doldurmak ve diğer hava basıncı 21 kullanmaktır. Biz tam sıvı hacmi (0.02 ml) her işlem için kullanılacak, çünkü sıvı dolu şırıngayı kullanmayı tercih eder. Bu prosedür uygulanan her bir hayvanın yaralanma benzer bir seviyeye neden balon bir hassas ve tekrarlanabilir enflasyonu oluşturur. şırınga s?...

Anjiyoplasti ateroskleroz gibi patolojik durumlar sonuçtaki daralmış veya tıkalı damarları genişletmek için kullanılan bir endovasküler işlemdir. anjiyoplasti yaygın bir komplikasyon cerrahi yaralanmalar ve sonraki inflamasyon kaynaklı vasküler yeniden nedeniyle oluşur ameliyat sonrası neointimal hiperplazi veya restenoz vardır. Bu koşullar damar düz hücreler ve çoklu patofizyolojik 1-3 çoğalmasına yol açar. Neointimal hiperplazi gemi yeniden kalınlaşır ve ilk yıl içinde% 60 anjiyoplasti sonrası hastalarda kadar oluşur. Bu nedenle, restenoz yaygın olarak kullanılan anjiyoplasti prosedür 4 büyük bir başarısızlık. Uyuşturucu elüsyon stent implantasyonu restenoz engellemeye yardımcı olsa da, yalnızca seçilen adaylar bu pahalı prosedürü 5 uğrayabilir. hayvan ve klinik çalışmalar hem kronik inflamasyon vascu tarafından oluşturulan kurduklar yaralanma ve / veya cerrahi yara anjiyoplasti sonrası neointimal büyüme 2,4 için ana uyarıcı olarak hizmet vermektedir. Bu nedenle sıçan karotis balon yaralanma modeli taklit klinik durum ve vasküler yeniden yapılanma ve vasküler hücre çoğalması 6-9 katıldıklarını hücresel faktörleri belirlemek için değerli bir model sistem olarak hizmet vermektedir. Bu model sistemi, ön-klinik çalışmalarda translasyonel 10-14 neointimal büyümede ilaçlarla tedavi ve tedavi reaktifler için son derece yararlıdır değerlendirmek için bir araç ve / veya ekran. Fare karotis tel yaralanması modelinde 15 ve fare femoral arter tel yaralanması modelinde 16, sıçan karotis balon yaralanma modeli verdirdiler yaralanma tekrarlanabilirlik kolaylaştırır cerrahi prosedür kolaylığı için boyutu yeterince büyük olma avantajları vardır karşılaştırıldığında. Bu addit edecek birincil hücreler daha çok sayıda (örneğin, vasküler düz kas hücreleri, endotelyal hücreler) sağlayabilirional in vitro çalışmalar vasküler remodeling düzenleyen moleküler mekanizmayı tanımlamak için. Önemli olarak, farelere kıyasla, sıçanlar fizyolojik ve toksikolojik çalışmalar 17 için daha iyi bir model olduğu bilinmektedir. Sıçan modeli bir dezavantaj ya da sınırlama genetik modifiye ve gen nakavt modellerinin olmaması olmasına rağmen, bu dezavantaj sıçan genomik dizisinin kullanılabilirliği ve bu tür işler CRISPR-CAS teknolojisi gibi güçlü genomik düzenleme araçları son gelişme ile aşılabilir farklı model sistemlerde 18,19 genomik dizilerin geniş aralıkları mümkün manipülasyon. Sıçan balon yaralanma modeli birden laboratuarları ve çeşitli kapsamlı protokoller tarafından kullanılmasına rağmen 20,21 yayınlanmış, bu protokol öncesi cerrahi hazırlıkları daha fazla ayrıntı vermeyi amaçlamaktadır ve bu cerrahi uygulama kurmak için bu prosedüre yeni araştırmacılara yol açabilir. Biz de t ameliyat sonrası bakım vurgulamakCanlı hayvanların 13,22 değil sadece arteriyel remodeling terapötik etki postmortem patolojik ve histomorfolojik analizler değil, aynı zamanda ultrason sonografik çalışmalar veriyor o hayvanlar.

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a rat carotid balloon injury model to test anti-vascular remodeling therapeutics

The rat carotid balloon injury is a well-established surgical model that has been used to study arterial remodeling and vascular cell proliferation. It is also a valuable model system to test, and to evaluate therapeutics and drugs that negate maladaptive remodeling in the vessel. The injury, or barotrauma, in the vessel lumen caused by an inflated balloon via an inserted catheter induces subsequent neointimal growth, often leading to hyperplasia or thickening of the vessel wall that narrows, or obstructs the lumen. The method described here is sufficiently sensitive, and the results can be obtained in relatively short time (2 weeks after the surgery). The efficacy of the drug or therapeutic against the induced-remodeling can be evaluated either by the post-mortem pathological and histomorphological analysis, or by ultrasound sonography in live animals. In addition, this model system has also been used to determine the therapeutic window or the time course of the administered drug. These studies can leadto the development of a better administrative strategy and a better therapeutic outcome. The procedure described here provides a tool for translational studies that bring drug and therapeutic candidates from bench research to clinical applications.

İki hafta balon yaralanma sonrası, sıçan ötenazi ve karotis arterler histo-morfolojik analizler için izole edilmiştir. Hem sol karotis arter ve un sağ işletilen arter işlenmiş, kesit çapraz ve parafine gömülü olduğunu işletilmektedir. parafin numuneleri daha sonra ince kesitli ve hematoksilen-eozin (H &amp; E) ile boyandı vardır. Histo-Şekil incelemesi dijital görüntü analiz sistemi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilir. Arter hasat ve Histo-morfolojik analiz ayrıntıl...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Rat Carotid Balloon Injury Model to Test Anti-vascular Remodeling Therapeutics at JoVE.com

A Rat Carotid Balloon Injury Model to Test Anti-vascular Remodeling Therapeutics

The rat carotid balloon injury model described below allows researchers to evaluate drugs or therapeutics that negate injury-induced arterial hyperplasia. Detailed pre-surgical preparation, surgical procedure, and post-surgical cares of the animal are described.

Rat Karotis Balon Yaralanma Modeli Anti-vasküler Tadilat Therapeutics Test

The rat carotid balloon injury is a well-established surgical model that has been used to study arterial remodeling and vascular cell proliferation. It is ...

a-rat-carotid-balloon-injury-model-to-test-anti-vascular-remodeling

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

8.6K Görüntüleme.  National Institute on Aging. The rat carotid balloon injury model described below allows researchers to evaluate drugs or therapeutics that negate injury-induced arterial hyperplasia. Detailed pre-surgical preparation, surgical procedure, and post-surgical cares of the animal are described. 

Video: A Rat Carotid Balloon Injury Model to Test Anti-vascular Remodeling Therapeutics

Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice

Intranasal administration is a method of delivering therapeutic agents to the central nervous system (CNS). It is non-invasive and allows large molecules that do not cross the blood-brain barrier access to the CNS. Drugs are directly targeted to the CNS with intranasal delivery, reducing systemic exposure and thus unwanted systemic side effects1. Delivery from the nose to the CNS occurs within minutes along both the olfactory and trigeminal neural pathways via an extracellular route and does not require drug to bind to any receptor or axonal transport2. Intranasal delivery is a widely publicized method and is currently being used in human clinical trials3.
Intranasal delivery of drugs in animal models allows for initial evaluation of pharmacokinetic distribution and efficacy. With mice, it is possible to administer drugs to awake (non-anesthetized) animals on a regular basis using a specialized intranasal grip. Awake delivery is beneficial because it allows for long-term chronic dosing without anesthesia, it takes less time than with anesthesia, and can be learned and done by many people so that teams of technicians can dose large numbers of mice in short periods. Efficacy of therapeutics administered intranasally in this way to mice has been demonstrated in a number of studies including insulin in diabetic mouse models 4-6 and deferoxamine in Alzheimer's mouse models. 7,8
The intranasal grip for mice can be learned, but is not easy and requires practice, skill, and a precise grip to effectively deliver drug to the brain and avoid drainage to the lung and stomach. Mice are restrained by hand using a modified scruff in the non-dominant hand with the neck held parallel to the floor, while drug is delivered with a pipettor using the dominant hand. It usually takes 3-4 weeks of acclimating to handling before mice can be held with this grip without a stress response. We have prepared this JoVE video to make this intranasal delivery technique more accessible.

A method to intranasally administer drugs to awake mice for the purpose of targeting the brain is described. This method allows for repeat dosing over long periods using intranasal administration of drug without anesthesia, and nose-to-brain delivery with minimal systemic exposure.

Uyanık Fare CNS Therapeutics İntranazal İdaresi

Intranasal administration is a method of delivering  therapeutic agents to the central nervous system (CNS). It is  non-invasive and allows large ...

Tıp

Rat Model of Blood-brain Barrier Disruption to Allow Targeted Neurovascular Therapeutics

Endothelial cells with tight junctions along with the basement membrane and astrocyte end feet surround cerebral blood vessels to form the blood-brain barrier1. The barrier selectively excludes molecules from crossing between the blood and the brain based upon their size and charge. This function can impede the delivery of therapeutics for neurological disorders. A number of chemotherapeutic drugs, for example, will not effectively cross the blood-brain barrier to reach tumor cells2. Thus, improving the delivery of drugs across the blood-brain barrier is an area of interest.
The most prevalent methods for enhancing the delivery of drugs to the brain are direct cerebral infusion and blood-brain barrier disruption3. Direct intracerebral infusion guarantees that therapies reach the brain; however, this method has a limited ability to disperse the drug4. Blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) allows drugs to flow directly from the circulatory system into the brain and thus more effectively reach dispersed tumor cells. Three methods of barrier disruption include osmotic barrier disruption, pharmacological barrier disruption, and focused ultrasound with microbubbles. Osmotic disruption, pioneered by Neuwelt, uses a hypertonic solution of 25% mannitol that dehydrates the cells of the blood-brain barrier causing them to shrink and disrupt their tight junctions. Barrier disruption can also be accomplished pharmacologically with vasoactive compounds such as histamine5 and bradykinin6. This method, however, is selective primarily for the brain-tumor barrier7. Additionally, RMP-7, an analog of the peptide bradykinin, was found to be inferior when compared head-to-head with osmotic BBBD with 25% mannitol8. Another method, focused ultrasound (FUS) in conjunction with microbubble ultrasound contrast agents, has also been shown to reversibly open the blood-brain barrier9. In comparison to FUS, though, 25% mannitol has a longer history of safety in human patients that makes it a proven tool for translational research10-12.
In order to accomplish BBBD, mannitol must be delivered at a high rate directly into the brain's arterial circulation. In humans, an endovascular catheter is guided to the brain where rapid, direct flow can be accomplished. This protocol models human BBBD as closely as possible. Following a cut-down to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, a catheter is inserted retrograde into the ECA and used to deliver mannitol directly into the internal carotid artery (ICA) circulation. Propofol and N2O anesthesia are used for their ability to maximize the effectiveness of barrier disruption13. If executed properly, this procedure has the ability to safely, effectively, and reversibly open the blood-brain barrier and improve the delivery of drugs that do not ordinarily reach the brain 8,13,14.

Blood-brain barrier disruption aids the delivery of certain drugs to the brain. Mannitol delivered intra-arterially shrinks cells surrounding blood vessels in order to physically disrupt the barrier.

Kan-beyin bariyer bozulması arasında Rat Modeli Nörovasküler Therapeutics Hedefli izin ver için

Endothelial cells with tight junctions along with the basement membrane and astrocyte end feet surround cerebral blood vessels to form the blood-brain ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study model. As the use of mouse models are often a vital step in preclinical drug discovery and drug development1-8, it is necessary to design a system to introduce drugs into mice in a uniform, reproducible manner. Ideally, the system should permit the collection of blood samples at regular intervals over a set time course. The ability to measure drug concentrations by mass-spectrometry, has allowed investigators to follow the changes in plasma drug levels over time in individual mice1, 9, 10. In this study, paclitaxel was introduced into transgenic mice as a continuous arterial infusion over three hours, while blood samples were simultaneously taken by retro-orbital bleeds at set time points. Carotid artery infusions are a potential alternative to jugular vein infusions, when factors such as mammary tumors or other obstructions make jugular infusions impractical. Using this technique, paclitaxel concentrations in plasma and tissue achieved similar levels as compared to jugular infusion. In this tutorial, we will demonstrate how to successfully catheterize the carotid artery by preparing an optimized catheter for the individual mouse model, then show how to insert and secure the catheter into the mouse carotid artery, thread the end of the catheter out through the back of the mouse&#8217;s neck, and hook the mouse to a pump to deliver a controlled rate of drug influx. Multiple low volume retro-orbital bleeds allow for analysis of plasma drug concentrations over time.

This method was developed with the goal of delivering a steady drug solution via the carotid artery, to assess the pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in mouse models.

Farelerde Taksanlar Farmakokinetik ve Farmakodinamik Analiz Karotis Arter İnfüzyonlar

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

Vascular Balloon Injury and Intraluminal Administration in Rat Carotid Artery

The carotid artery balloon injury model in rats has been well established for over two decades. It remains an important method to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in vascular smooth muscle dedifferentiation, neointima formation and vascular remodeling. Male Sprague-Dawley rats are the most frequently employed animals for this model. Female rats are not preferred as female hormones are protective against vascular diseases and thus introduce a variation into this procedure. The left carotid is typically injured with the right carotid serving as a negative control. Left carotid injury is caused by the inflated balloon that denudes the endothelium and distends the vessel wall. Following injury, potential therapeutic strategies such as the use of pharmacological compounds and either gene or shRNA transfer can be evaluated. Typically for gene or shRNA transfer, the injured section of the vessel lumen is locally transduced for 30 min with viral particles encoding either a protein or shRNA for delivery and expression in the injured vessel wall. Neointimal thickening representing proliferative vascular smooth muscle cells usually peaks at 2 weeks after injury. Vessels are mostly harvested at this time point for cellular and molecular analysis of cell signaling pathways as well as gene and protein expression. Vessels can also be harvested at earlier time points to determine the onset of expression and/or activation of a specific protein or pathway, depending on the experimental aims intended. Vessels can be characterized and evaluated using histological staining, immunohistochemistry, protein/mRNA assays, and activity assays. The intact right carotid artery from the same animal is an ideal internal control. Injury-induced changes in molecular and cellular parameters can be evaluated by comparing the injured artery to the internal right control artery. Likewise, therapeutic modalities can be evaluated by comparing the injured and treated artery to the control injured only artery.

This protocol uses a balloon catheter to cause an intraluminal injury on the rat carotid artery and henceforth elicit neointimal hyperplasia. This is a well-established model for studying the mechanisms of vascular remodeling in response to injury. It is also widely used to determine the validity of potential therapeutic approaches.

Sıçan Karotis Arter Vasküler Balon Yaralanma ve intraluminal İdaresi

The carotid artery balloon injury model in rats has been well established for over two decades. It remains an important method to study the molecular and ...

Retroductal Submandibular Gland Instillation and Localized Fractionated Irradiation in a Rat Model of Salivary Hypofunction

Normal tissues that lie within the portals of radiation are inadvertently damaged. Salivary glands are often injured during head and neck radiotherapy. Irreparable cell damage results in a chronic loss of salivary function that impairs basic oral activities, and increases the risk of oral infections and dental caries. Salivary hypofunction and its complications gravely impact a patient's comfort. Current symptomatic management of the condition is ineffective, and newer therapies to assuage the condition are needed. 
Salivary glands are exocrine glands, which expel their secretions into the mouth via excretory ducts. Cannulation of these ducts provides direct access to the glands. Retroductal delivery of a contrast agent to major salivary glands is a routine out-patient procedure for diagnostic imaging. Using a similar procedure, localized treatment of the glands is feasible. However, performing this technique in preclinical studies with small animals poses unique challenges. In this study we describe the technique of retroductal administration in rat submandibular glands, a procedure that was refined in Dr. Bruce Baum's laboratory (NIH)1, and lay out a procedure for local gland irradiation.

Salivary gland hypofunction, a major adverse effect of head and neck radiotherapy diminishes a patient's quality of life. The demonstration of efficacy of new therapies in animal models is a prerequisite before clinical transition. This protocol describes retroductal administration and local irradiation of rat submandibular glands.

Tükürük hipofonksiyonunun bir Sıçan Modelinde Retroductal Submandibuler Bezi damlatma ve yerelleştirilmiş fraksiyonlara Işınlama

Normal tissues that lie within the portals of radiation are inadvertently damaged. Salivary glands are often injured during head and neck radiotherapy. ...

The Rabbit Model of Accelerated Atherosclerosis: A Methodological Perspective of the Iliac Artery Balloon Injury

Acute coronary syndrome resulting from coronary occlusion following atherosclerotic plaque development and rupture is the leading cause of death in the industrialized world. New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits are widely used as an animal model for the study of atherosclerosis. They develop spontaneous lesions when fed with atherogenic diet; however, this requires long time of 4 - 8 months. To further enhance and accelerate atherogenesis, a combination of atherogenic diet and mechanical endothelial injury is often employed. The presented procedure for inducing atherosclerotic plaques in rabbits uses a balloon catheter to disrupt the endothelium in the left iliac artery of NZW rabbits fed with atherogenic diet. Such mechanical damage caused by the balloon catheter induces a chain of inflammatory reactions initiating neointimal lipid accumulation in a time dependent fashion. Atherosclerotic plaque following balloon injury show neointimal thickening with extensive lipid infiltration, high smooth muscle cell content and presence of macrophage derived foam cells. This technique is simple, reproducible and produces plaque of controlled length within the iliac artery. The whole procedure is completed within 20 - 30 min. The procedure is safe with low mortality and also offers high success in obtaining substantial intimal lesions. The procedure of balloon catheter induced arterial injury results in atherosclerosis within two weeks. This model can be used for investigating the disease pathology, diagnostic imaging and to evaluate new therapeutic strategies.

Animal models of atherosclerosis are essential to understand the mechanism and to investigate newer approaches to prevent plaque development or rupture, a leading cause of death in the industrialized world. This protocol uses a combination of balloon injury and cholesterol rich diet to induce atherosclerotic plaques in rabbit iliac artery.

Tavşan modeli hızlandırılmış ateroskleroz: iliyak arter balon yaralanma bir metodolojik açıdan

Acute coronary syndrome resulting from coronary occlusion following atherosclerotic plaque development and rupture is the leading cause of death in the ...

Balloon-based Injury to Induce Myointimal Hyperplasia in the Mouse Abdominal Aorta

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine balloon denudation model, which is comparable with established vessel injury models in large animals. The aorta denudation model with balloon catheters mimics the clinical setting and leads to comparable pathobiological and physiological changes. Briefly, after performing a horizontal incision in the aorta abdominalis, a balloon catheter will be inserted into the vessel, inflated, and introduced retrogradely. Inflation of the balloon will lead to intima injury and overdistension of the vessel. After removing the catheter, the aortic incision will be closed with single stiches. The model shown in this article is reproducible, easy to perform, and can be established quickly and reliably. It is especially suitable for evaluating expensive experimental therapeutic agents, which can be applied in an economical fashion. By using different knockout-mouse strains, the impact of different genes on MH development can be assessed.

This article demonstrates a murine model to study the development of myointimal hyperplasia (MH) after aortic balloon injury.

Fare Abdominal aort Myointimal Hiperplazi ikna etmek için balon tabanlı yaralanma

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine ...

A Drosophila In Vivo Injury Model for Studying Neuroregeneration in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System

The regrowth capacity of damaged neurons governs neuroregeneration and functional recovery after nervous system trauma. Over the past few decades, various intrinsic and extrinsic inhibitory factors involved in the restriction of axon regeneration have been identified. However, simply removing these inhibitory cues is insufficient for successful regeneration, indicating the existence of additional regulatory machinery. Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, shares evolutionarily conserved genes and signaling pathways with vertebrates, including humans. Combining the powerful genetic toolbox of flies with two-photon laser axotomy/dendriotomy, we describe here the Drosophila sensory neuron &#8211; dendritic arborization (da) neuron injury model as a platform for systematically screening for novel regeneration regulators. Briefly, this paradigm includes a) the preparation of larvae, b) lesion induction to dendrite(s) or axon(s) using a two-photon laser, c) live confocal imaging post-injury and d) data analysis. Our model enables highly reproducible injury of single labeled neurons, axons, and dendrites of well-defined neuronal subtypes, in both the peripheral and central nervous system.

A Drosophila In Vivo Injury Model for Studying Neuroregeneration in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System

Here, we present a protocol using the Drosophila sensory neuron - dendritic arborization (da) neuron injury model, which combines in vivo live imaging, two-photon laser axotomy/dendriotomy, and the powerful fly genetic toolbox, as a platform for screening potential promoters and inhibitors of neuroregeneration.

Neuroregeneration periferik ve santral sinir sistemi çalışmak için bir Vivo Drosophila yaralanma modeli

The regrowth capacity of damaged neurons governs neuroregeneration and functional recovery after nervous system trauma. Over the past few decades, various ...

Ferric Chloride-induced Canine Carotid Artery Thrombosis: A Large Animal Model of Vascular Injury

Occlusive arterial thrombosis leading to cerebral ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction contributes to ~13 million deaths every year globally. Here, we have translated a vascular injury model from a small animal into a large animal (canine), with slight modifications that can be used for pre-clinical screening of prophylactic and thrombolytic agents. In addition to the surgical methods, the modified protocol describes the step-by-step methods to assess carotid artery canalization by angiography, detailed instructions to process both the brain and carotid artery for histological analysis to verify carotid canalization and cerebral hemorrhage, and specific parameters to complete an assessment of downstream thromboembolic events by utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition, specific procedural changes from the previously well-established small animal model necessary to translate into a large animal (canine) vascular injury are discussed.

Here, we present the modifications necessary to a well characterized and commonly used small animal ferric chloride-induced (FeCl3) carotid artery injury model for use in a large animal vascular injury model. The resulting model can be utilized for pre-clinical trial assessment of both prophylactic and thrombolytic pharmacological and mechanical interventions.

Ferrik klorid kaynaklı köpek karotid arter trombozu: Bir büyük hayvan modeli vasküler yaralanma

Occlusive arterial thrombosis leading to cerebral ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction contributes to ~13 million deaths every year globally. Here, ...

A Rat Carotid Artery Pressure-Controlled Segmental Balloon Injury with Periadventitial Therapeutic Application

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, in part due to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaque narrows the luminal surface area in arteries thereby reducing adequate blood flow to organs and distal tissues. Clinically, revascularization procedures such as balloon angioplasty with or without stent placement aim to restore blood flow. Although these procedures reestablish blood flow by reducing plaque burden, they damage the vessel wall, which initiates the arterial healing response. The prolonged healing response causes arterial restenosis, or re-narrowing, ultimately limiting the long-term success of these revascularization procedures. Therefore, preclinical animal models are integral for analyzing the pathophysiological mechanisms driving restenosis, and provide the opportunity to test novel therapeutic strategies. Murine models are cheaper and easier to operate on than large animal models. Balloon or wire injury are the two commonly accepted injury modalities used in murine models. Balloon injury models in particular mimic the clinical angioplasty procedure and cause adequate damage to the artery for the development of restenosis. Herein we describe the surgical details for performing and histologically analyzing the modified, pressure-controlled rat carotid artery balloon injury model. Additionally, this protocol highlights how local periadventitial application of therapeutics can be used to inhibit neointimal hyperplasia. Lastly, we present light sheet fluorescence microscopy as a novel approach for imaging and visualizing the arterial injury in three-dimensions.

The rat carotid artery balloon injury mimics the clinical angioplasty procedure performed to restore blood flow in atherosclerotic vessels. This model induces the arterial injury response by distending the arterial wall, and denuding the intimal layer of endothelial cells, ultimately causing remodeling and an intimal hyperplastic response.

Periadventitial Terapötik Uygulama ile Sıçan Karotis Arter Basınç Kontrollü Segmental Balon Yaralanması

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, in part due to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaque narrows the ...