açıklanan Proje Alerji ve Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları Ulusal Enstitüsü Ödülü Numarası 5R01AI116895 tarafından desteklenmektedir. Içeriği sadece yazarların sorumluluğundadır ve mutlaka Ulusal Alerji ve Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar Enstitüsü ve Ulusal Sağlık Enstitüleri resmi görüşlerini temsil etmemektedir.

1. Yaratma Örnekleri <ol><li> Isı C etkinleştirmek difficile buz üzerinde 30 dakika ve mağaza 65 ° C sıcaklıkta sporlar. Not: C Daha önce tarif edildiği gibi 7,9,10 difficile sporlarının üretilir ve saflaştırılabilir. </li><li> X, numune sayısı deneyi sırasında alınması gereken x + 1 ml çimlenme çözeltisi hazırlayın. Not: bakteri türlerinin çalışılan spor için çimlenme çözüm özgüdür. C içlin difficile spor çimlenmesi biz, 10 mM Tris (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCI, deiyonize su içinde 100 mM glisin, 10 mM taurokolik asidin bir çözeltisi kullanılır. </li><li> tahlili başlamadan önce, korteks fragmanı tespiti için bir boş olarak hizmet etmek için sporların filizlenmeyi çözeltisi bir 1.0 mi bir numune alın. </li><li> Bir OD hızla çimlenme çözüm ve vorteks ~ 3,0 600 sporlar ekleyin. Not: B bizim çimlenme araştırmalar için subtilis aynı OD kullanılan 6C gibi 00 sporlar difficile. Not: sporların Bu miktar C sırasında izleme korteks fragmanı serbest bırakılması için çalıştı difficile spor çimlenmesi. Bu tahlilde kullanılan sporların miktarı, her bir bakteri ya da bir suş için deneysel olarak tespit edilmelidir. </li><li> Hemen 14,000 x g&#39;de 1 dakika için oda sıcaklığında sporlar ve santrifüj ilave edildikten sonra 1.2 ml lik bir numuneyi çıkarın. Bu sıfır zaman noktasıdır. </li><li> daha sonra korteks fragmanı analizleri için yeni bir tüpe için santrifüj numuneden süpernatan 1.0 mL aktarın. Not:, terbium floresan 9,18,19 dayanan bir deney kullanılarak çözelti içinde DPA tespiti için ayrı bir 100 ul numuneyi çıkar DPA izlenecek gerekirse. </li><li> -80 ° C&#39;de toplanan örnek dondurun. </li><li> Tüm zaman noktalarında tamamlanana kadar tekrarlayın düzenli aralıklarla 1.4 ve 1.5 adımları tekrarlayın. Not: Zaman santrifüj ve örnekleme, zaman noktaları daha az inci için gerekli olduğundanBir 2 dk dışında bizim işlem sırasında mümkün değildi, bu yüzden bizim örnekleme aralıkları kez 14 dakika boyunca her 2 dk. </li><li> 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500 ve 5000: Şeker saptanması ve nicelenmesi azaltmak için pozitif bir kontrol olarak, N -acetylglucosamine (nmol) aşağıdaki miktarlarda bulunur. korteks örneklerinde olduğu gibi aynı zamanda bu örnekleri hazırlamak ve standart eğri sporlarını çimlenme tarafından oluşturulan verilere uygun olacak şekilde korteks örnekleri ile birlikte çalışacak. </li><li> her zaman nokta örnekleri toplandıktan sonra, numune liyofilize. Not: 2 ml vidalı kapaklı tüplerde bizim örnekleri dondurularak. </li></ol> 2. Cortex Fragments Ölçme <ol><li> % 1 fenol ve% 0.5 β-merkaptoetanol ile takviye edilmiş, 3 N HCI, 120 ul Liyofilize edilen numuneler, yeniden süspanse edin. </li><li> 2 ml&#39;lik vidalı kapaklı tüplere yeniden süspanse örnekleri aktarın. Not: tekrarlanabilirlik için, tüm liyofilize numune yeniden süspanse ve transfer edildiğinden emin olun. </li> &lt;li&gt; 4 saat 95 ° C de bir devri daim su banyosu içinde inkübe edin. </li><li> serin kadar inkübasyondan sonra, buz üzerinde örnekleri yerleştirin. </li><li> 3 M NaOH 120 ul örnekleri nötralize eder. </li><li> doymuş sodyum bikarbonat çözeltisi 80 ul her bir örnek ve vorteks bir% 5 asetik anhidrid çözeltisi 80 ul ekle. </li><li> 10 dakika oda sıcaklığında inkübe edin. </li><li> TAM 3 dakika boyunca geri 95 ° C su banyosunda örnekleri aktarın. Not: Bu adım hassas ve daha uzun süreler aşağı sinyal gelişimini etkileyebilir zamanıdır. </li><li> su banyosu örnekleri çıkarın ve buz üzerinde soğutun. </li><li> Her bir tüp ve vorteks 6.54% K 2 B 4 O 7 · 4H 2 O 400 ul ekleyin. </li><li> Tam olarak, 7 dakika boyunca 95 ° C de bir devri daim su banyosu içinde inkübe edin. Not: Bu adım hassas ve daha uzun süreler aşağı sinyal gelişimini etkileyebilir zamanıdır. </li><li> Kaldır5 dakika boyunca buz üzerinde örnekleri ve yer. </li></ol> 3. Renk reaktifi <ol><li> Numuneler buz (Adım 2.12) üzerinde iken, renk reaktifi hazırlamak. (; Ehrlich reaktifi DMAB) buzlu asetik asit, 1.9 ml p -dimethylaminobenzaldehyde 0.320 gr eritin. Not: reaktif zaman, sıcaklık ve ışığa karşı hassastır ve önceden yapılmamalıdır. </li><li> DMAB tamamen erir sonra, 10 N HCI ve vorteks 100 ul ekleyin. </li><li> buzlu asetik asit ve girdap 5 ml. </li></ol> 4. kolorimetrik reaksiyon <ol><li> Aktarım, her 100 ul yeni bir 1.5 ml mikrosantrifüj tüpüne korteks numunenin soğutuldu. </li><li> Her bir numune için taze hazırlanmış renk çözeltisi 700 ul ekleyin. </li><li> Derhal bir 37 ° C su banyosuna örnekleri transferi ve tam olarak 20 dakika süreyle inkübe edin. </li><li> berrak bir 96 oyuklu plakaya her bir numune 200 ul aktarın. </li><li> bir plaka üzerinde 585 nm&#39;de numune sayısal olarakokuyucu. Numuneler bir sarı renk başlamalıdır ve pozitif bir reaksiyon mor kayacak. Daha fazla korteks mevcut, derin mor renk. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

stimülasyon üzerine çimlenme süreci geçiren sporları makromoleküler sentez için gerek kalmadan kendi direnç özelliklerini kaybederler. Spor çimlenmesi tetiklendiğinde, spor çekirdek su 2 karşılığında DPA serbest bırakır. Nedeniyle atıl sporun yüksek DPA içeriğine, spor çekirdek genişleme 2 önünde bir engel olarak, muhtemelen, hareket ederek şişme çekirdek engeller yoğun olarak ozmotik basınç ile özel bir peptidoglikan, korteks altındadır. <p class="jove_cont...

Endosporlar metabolik bakteriler olumsuz ortamlarda devam izin bakterilerin uyuyan biçimleridir. Birçok spor oluşturan Bakterilerde Spor Oluşumu besin maddesinde yoksun kalma ile indüklenen, ancak bu işlem, oksijen ve diğer streslere 1 pH, maruz değişiklikleri ile kontrol edilebilir. Onların metabolik dormant spor formunda iken, bakteri, UV radyasyonu, kuruma, yüksek sıcaklıklarda ve 2 dondurma karşı. Sporlanma sürecine bilginin çoğu model organizma çalışmalarda, Bacillus geliyor. Sporlanma süreci DNA replikasyonu ve eksenel flamanlı 3,4 oluşumu ile başlar. Asimetrik septum daha sonra iki eşitsiz boyutlu bölmeye hücreyi böler. Daha büyük bölme, ana hücresi, küçük bölmesini, forespore engulfs. anne hücresi ve Dorman bırakmadan, sporu ve sonunda lyses anne hücreyi olgun gen ifadesini koordine forespore Hemçevreye 1 içine t spor. spor yapısı ve bileşimi birçok bakteri türleri boyunca muhafaza edilir. Spor çekirdek vejetatif hücrenin daha düşük bir su içeriğine sahiptir ve dipikolinik asit (DPA) 1,2 ile zengindir. spor oluşumu sırasında, DPA su karşılığında spor iç kısım içine pompalanır. Çekirdeği çevreleyen en sporlu bakterilerin, çimlenme (germinants) uyaran küçük moleküller tanıyan reseptörleri 2 bulunduğu, bir iç spor bir zardır. Sadece spor iç zarının dışında bulunan hücre duvarı peptidoglikan bir tabakadır. Bir uzman peptidoglikan tabakanın (korteks) hücre duvarı peptidoglikan çevreleyen ve [N-asetilglukosamin (NAG) ve N-asetilmuramik asit (NAM) alternatif] hücre duvarı peptidoglikan aynı bileşenlerin çoğu oluşmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, korteks NAM tortularının yaklaşık olarak% 50 muramic-δ-laktam 5,6 dönüştürülmüş </s&gt; Yukarı. spor çimlenme sırasında bu muramic-δ-laktam artıkları böylece korteks değil hücre duvarı (çimlenme tamamlamak için gerekli bir süreç) bozulmuş sağlayan, spor korteks parçalayıcı enzimlerin (SCLEs) tarafından kabul edilmektedir. Korteksi çevreleyen bir dış zar ve kaplama proteinlerinin 2 birkaç kat olduğunu. çimlenme sürecini kontrol sporlu bakteriler için büyük önem taşımaktadır. Filizlenen reseptörler kendi germinants 2 etkileşimde bulunduğunuzda Çimlenme başlatılır. Birçok spor oluşturan bakteri, bu germinants 2 olan amino asitler, şekerler, nükleotid, iyon ya da bunların kombinasyonları bulunmaktadır. C difficile spor çimlenmesi bazı safra asitleri [örneğin, taurokolik asit (TA)] ve amino asitler (örneğin, glisin) 7-10 kombinasyonları ile başlatılır. C arasında farklılıklar olmasına rağmen difficile çimlenme yolu ve okudu yolların diğer sporluörneğin B. bakteriler, subtilis, tüm ortak bir vejetatif hücre çimlenmiş sporun 2,8 büyümeye izin spor korteksi düşmesine mutlak bir gerekliliktir. Ya SLEC (B. subtilis içinde bulunduğu gibi) (birçok Clostridia bulunduğu gibi) Korteks bozunma SCLEs CwlJ / SleB ile gerçekleştirilebilir. Korteks hidroliz hücre duvarı ve sporun üzerinde kısıtlama azaltır. Bu, tam çekirdek rehidrasyon, hücre metabolizması 2 için gerekli olan proteinlerin birçok yeniden aktive gerekli bir adım için izin verir. Sporların filiz olduğunda, bir faz-karanlık durumu ve bu işlem için bir faz parlak durumundan atıl spor değişiklikleri 600 optik yoğunluk (OD) bir değişiklik ile ölçülebilir nm 11. Bir önceki raporda OD bu değişimin çok sporla 12 DPA salınımına bağlı olduğunu göstermektedir. Bizim son çalışma sırasında, biz C. zamanlamasını karşılaştırmak için çalıştı difficile spor çimlenmesi ve izlenenDPA ve korteks parçalarının 9 sürümü. Onlar sporlar çimlenme tarafından piyasaya sürülecek başladı bu çalışma için korteks parçalarının serbest bırakılmasını izlemek için önemliydi. Burada kullanılan kolorimetrik deney indirgeyici uçları olan şekerleri tespit etmek için bir yöntem dayanmaktaydı Ghuysen ve ark., 13 geliştirilmiştir. Diğerleri indirgen şekerlerin 14 tespiti için protokoller tarif etmişlerdir ya da bu protokolleri 15 modifiye Çünkü, bu konuda literatür kafa karıştırıcı olabilir. Burada, C çimlenme kurtuldu indirgeyici şekerlerin kolorimetrik tespiti için detay bir adım-adım yöntemi biz difficile sporlarının. Bu çalışmada C kullanır rağmen difficile sporları, diğer sporlu bakterilerden sporların çimlenmesi sırasında salınan indirgeyici şekerler bu protokol 9,16,17 ile tespit edebiliyoruz.

<table><tbody><tr><td>2.0 ml screw cap tube</td><td>USA scientific</td><td>1420-3700</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>p1000 Eppendorf pipet</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>p200 Eppendorf pipet</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>p20 Eppendorf pipet</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 - 1,250 &amp;#956;l pipet tips</td><td>VWR</td><td>89079-486</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 - 200 &amp;#956;ll pipet tips</td><td>VWR</td><td>89079-458</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N-acetyl-D-glucosamine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A3286-25G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric Acid - 10 N</td><td>BDH-Aristar</td><td>BDH3032-3.8LP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetic Anhydride</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>L04295</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Bicarbonate</td><td>BDH</td><td>BDH0280-500G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium Tetraborate tetrahydrate</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>39435</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Hydroxide</td><td>BDH</td><td>BDH8019-500G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde</td><td>Sigma</td><td>156477-100G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Saturated Phenol</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP1750-400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>M6250-100ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SpectraMax M3</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetic Acid, Glacial</td><td>BDH</td><td>BDH3098-3.8LP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heated, Circulating Water Bath</td><td>VWR Scientific</td><td>Model 1136</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microtest 96</td><td>Falcon</td><td>353072</td><td>96 well clear tissue culture plates</td></tr><tr><td>Culture tubes</td><td>VWR</td><td>89000-506</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lyophilizer</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heat Blocks</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vortex Machine</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

detecting cortex fragments during bacterial spore germination

The process of endospore germination in Clostridium difficile, and other Clostridia, increasingly is being found to differ from the model spore-forming bacterium, Bacillus subtilis. Germination is triggered by small molecule germinants and occurs without the need for macromolecular synthesis. Though differences exist between the mechanisms of spore germination in species of Bacillus and Clostridium, a common requirement is the hydrolysis of the peptidoglycan-like cortex which allows the spore core to swell and rehydrate. After rehydration, metabolism can begin and this, eventually, leads to outgrowth of a vegetative cell. The detection of hydrolyzed cortex fragments during spore germination can be difficult and the modifications to the previously described assays can be confusing or difficult to reproduce. Thus, based on our recent report using this assay, we detail a step-by-step protocol for the colorimetric detection of cortex fragments during bacterial spore germination.

Tablo 1 NAG standartlarını kullanarak tipik sonuçları göstermektedir. Veriler, standart bir eğri oluşturmak için kullanılmaktadır. Tablo 2, 100 mM glisin, 10 mM TA (çimlenme arttıran koşullarda) ya da 100 mM glisin, sadece (non-çimlenen koşullar) ile takviye edilmiş tampon çimlenme bir çimlenme deneyinde tipik sonuçlan göstermektedir. Ta, C. yokluğunda difficile sporlar çimlenir yoktur ve çözeltide korteks parça...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detecting Cortex Fragments During Bacterial Spore Germination at JoVE.com

Detecting Cortex Fragments During Bacterial Spore Germination

Herein, we describe a colorimetric assay to detect the presence of reducing sugars during bacterial spore germination.

Bakteriyel Spor Filizlenmesinin sırasında Cortex Fragments algılama

The process of endospore germination in Clostridium difficile, and other Clostridia, increasingly is being found to differ from the model spore-forming ...

detecting-cortex-fragments-during-bacterial-spore-germination

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

9.3K Görüntüleme.  Texas A&M University. Herein, we describe a colorimetric assay to detect the presence of reducing sugars during bacterial spore germination.

Video: Detecting Cortex Fragments During Bacterial Spore Germination

Physical Isolation of Endospores from Environmental Samples by Targeted Lysis of Vegetative Cells

Endospore formation is a survival strategy found among some bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes. During endospore formation, these bacteria enter a morpho-physiological resting state that enhances survival under adverse environmental conditions. Even though endospore-forming Firmicutes are one of the most frequently enriched and isolated bacterial groups in culturing studies, they are often absent from diversity studies based on molecular methods. The resistance of the spore core is considered one of the factors limiting the recovery of DNA from endospores. We developed a method that takes advantage of the higher resistance of endospores to separate them from other cells in a complex microbial community using physical, enzymatic and chemical lysis methods. The endospore-only preparation thus obtained can be used for re-culturing or to perform downstream analysis such as tailored DNA extraction optimized for endospores and subsequent DNA sequencing. This method, applied to sediment samples, has allowed the enrichment of endospores and after sequencing, has revealed a large diversity of endospore-formers in freshwater lake sediments. We expect that the application of this method to other samples will yield a similar outcome.

A method to single out bacterial endospores from complex microbial communities was developed to perform tailored culture or molecular studies of this group of bacteria.

Bitkisel Hücreler Hedefli lizis ile Çevre Örneklerden endosporlar Fiziksel İzolasyonu

Endospore formation is a survival strategy found among some bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes. During endospore formation, these bacteria enter a ...

Çevre

Single Cell Measurements of Vacuolar Rupture Caused by Intracellular Pathogens

Shigella flexneri are pathogenic bacteria that invade host cells entering into an endocytic vacuole. Subsequently, the rupture of this membrane-enclosed compartment allows bacteria to move within the cytosol, proliferate and further invade neighboring cells. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is phagocytosed by immune cells, and has recently been shown to rupture phagosomal membrane in macrophages. We developed a robust assay for tracking phagosomal membrane disruption after host cell entry of Shigella flexneri or Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The approach makes use of CCF4, a FRET reporter sensitive to &beta;-lactamase that equilibrates in the cytosol of host cells. Upon invasion of host cells by bacterial pathogens, the probe remains intact as long as the bacteria reside in membrane-enclosed compartments. After disruption of the vacuole, &beta;-lactamase activity on the surface of the intracellular pathogen cleaves CCF4 instantly leading to a loss of FRET signal and switching its emission spectrum. This robust ratiometric assay yields accurate information about the timing of vacuolar rupture induced by the invading bacteria, and it can be coupled to automated microscopy and image processing by specialized algorithms for the detection of the emission signals of the FRET donor and acceptor. Further, it allows investigating the dynamics of vacuolar disruption elicited by intracellular bacteria in real time in single cells. Finally, it is perfectly suited for high-throughput analysis with a spatio-temporal resolution exceeding previous methods. Here, we provide the experimental details of exemplary protocols for the CCF4 vacuolar rupture assay on HeLa cells and THP-1 macrophages for time-lapse experiments or end points experiments using Shigella flexneri as well as multiple mycobacterial strains such as Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium bovis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

We describe a method for tracking the endomembrane rupture elicited by the intracellular bacteria Shigella flexneri and Mycobacterium tuberculosis upon host cell invasion. Our assay makes use of CCF4, a host cytoplasmic FRET probe in live or fixed cells. This reporter is degraded by an enzyme activity present on the bacterial surface.

Vakuolar Kopma Tek Hücre ölçümleri Hücre içi patojenlerin neden

Shigella flexneri are pathogenic bacteria that invade host cells entering into an endocytic vacuole. Subsequently, the rupture of this membrane-enclosed ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Improvement of Bacillus subtilis Spore Enumeration and Label Analysis in Flow Cytometry

The spores of Bacillus subtilis have already been proposed for different biotechnological and immunological applications; however, there is an increasing need for the development of methodologies that improve the detection of antigens immobilized on the surface of spores together with their quantification. Flow cytometry-based analyses have been previously proposed as fast, reliable, and specific approaches for detecting labeled cells of B. subtilis. Herein, we propose the use of flow cytometry to evaluate the display efficiency of a fluorescent antibody (FA) on the surface of the spore and quantify the number of spores using counting beads. 
For this, we used ethidium bromide as a DNA marker and an allophycocyanin (APC)-labeled antibody, which was coupled to the spores, as a surface marker. The quantification of spores was performed using counting beads since this technique demonstrates high accuracy in the detection of cells. The labeled spores were analyzed using a flow cytometer, which confirmed the coupling. As a result, it was demonstrated that DNA labeling improved the accuracy of quantification by flow cytometry, for the detection of germinated spores. It was observed that ethidium bromide was not able to label dormant spores; however, this technique provides a more precise determination of the number of spores with fluorescent protein coupled to their surface, thus helping in the development of studies that focus on the use of spores as a biotechnological platform in different applications.

Improvement of Bacillus subtilis Spore Enumeration and Label Analysis in Flow Cytometry

This protocol focuses on the use of flow cytometry and counting beads to quantify bacterial spores labeled with ethidium bromide. The method is also efficient for analyzing the covalent coupling of proteins on the surface of intact spores.

Flow Sitometride Bacillus subtilis Spor Sayımı ve Etiket Analizinin İyileştirilmesi

The spores of Bacillus subtilis have already been proposed for different biotechnological and immunological applications; however, there is an increasing ...

Biyokimya

Visualization of Germinosomes and the Inner Membrane in Bacillus subtilis Spores

The small size of spores and the relatively low abundance of germination proteins, cause difficulties in their microscopic analyses using epifluorescence microscopy. Super-resolution three-dimensional Structured Illumination Microscopy (3D-SIM) is a promising tool to overcome this hurdle and reveal the molecular details of the process of germination of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) spores. Here, we describe the use of a modified SIMcheck (ImageJ)-assistant 3D imaging process and fluorescent reporter proteins for SIM microscopy of B. subtilis spores&#8217; germinosomes, cluster(s) of germination proteins. We also present a (standard)3D-SIM imaging procedure for FM4-64 staining of B. subtilis spore membranes. By using these procedures, we obtained unsurpassed resolution for germinosome localization and show that &#62;80% of B. subtilis KGB80 dormant spores obtained after sporulation on defined minimal MOPS medium have one or two GerD-GFP and GerKB-mCherry foci. Bright foci were also observed in FM4-64 stained spores&#8217; 3D-SIM images suggesting that inner membrane lipid domains of different fluidity likely exist. Further studies that use double labeling procedures with membrane dyes and germinosome reporter proteins to assess co-localization and thus get an optimal overview of the organization of Bacillus germination proteins in the inner spore membrane are possible.

Visualization of Germinosomes and the Inner Membrane in Bacillus subtilis Spores

Germinant receptor proteins cluster in &#8216;germinosomes&#8217; in the inner membrane of Bacillus subtilis spores. We describe a protocol using super resolution microscopy and fluorescent reporter proteins to visualize germinosomes. The protocol also identifies spore inner membrane domains that are preferentially stained with the membrane dye FM4-64.

Görselleştirme Germinosomes ve Bacillus subtilis sporlar iç zar

The small size of spores and the relatively low abundance of germination proteins, cause difficulties in their microscopic analyses using epifluorescence ...

Biyomühendislik

Visual and Microscopic Evaluation of Streptomyces Developmental Mutants

Streptomycetes are filamentous soil bacteria belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria that are found throughout the world and produce a wide array of antibiotics and other secondary metabolites. Streptomyces coelicolor is a well-characterized, non-pathogenic species that is amenable to a variety of analyses in the lab. The phenotyping methods described here use S. coelicolor as a model streptomycete; however, the methods are applicable to all members of this large genus as well as some closely related actinomycetes. Phenotyping is necessary to characterize new species of Streptomyces identified in the environment, and it is also a vital first step in characterizing newly isolated mutant strains of Streptomyces. Proficiency in phenotyping is important for the many new researchers who are entering the field of Streptomyces research, which includes the study of bacterial development, cell division, chromosome segregation, and second messenger signaling. The recent crowdsourcing of antibiotic discovery through the isolation of new soil microbes has resulted in an increased need for training in phenotyping for instructors new to the field of Streptomyces research and their college or high school students. This manuscript describes methods for bacterial strain propagation, storage, and characterization through visual and microscopic examination. After reading this article, new researchers (microbiology education laboratories and citizen scientists) should be able to manipulate Streptomyces strains and begin visual characterization experiments.

Visual and Microscopic Evaluation of Streptomyces Developmental Mutants

Here we present protocols for novice researchers to initiate phenotyping for the pharmacologically important bacterial genus Streptomyces.

Streptomyces gelişimsel mutantlar görsel ve mikroskobik değerlendirilmesi

Streptomycetes are filamentous soil bacteria belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria that are found throughout the world and produce a wide array of ...

Sexual Development and Ascospore Discharge in Fusarium graminearum

Fusarium graminearum has become a model system for studies in development and pathogenicity of filamentous fungi. F. graminearum most easily produces fruiting bodies, called perithecia, on carrot agar. Perithecia contain numerous tissue types, produced at specific stages of perithecium development. These include (in order of appearance) formation of the perithecium initials (which give rise to the ascogenous hyphae), the outer wall, paraphyses (sterile mycelia which occupy the center of the perithecium until the asci develop), the asci, and the ascospores within the asci14. The development of each of these tissues is separated by approximately 24 hours and has been the basis of transcriptomic studies during sexual development12,8. Refer to Hallen et al. (2007) for a more thorough description of development, including photographs of each stage. Here, we present the methods for generating and harvesting synchronously developing lawns of perithecia for temporal studies of gene regulation, development, and physiological processes. Although these methods are written specifically to be used with F. graminearum, the techniques can be used for a variety of other fungi, provided that fruiting can be induced in culture and there is some synchrony to development. We have recently adapted this protocol to study the sexual development of F. verticillioides. Although individual perithecia must be hand picked in this species, because a lawn of developing perithecia could not be induced, the process worked well for studying development (Sikhakolli and Trail, unpublished).
The most important function of fungal fruiting bodies is the dispersal of spores. In many of the species of Ascomycota (ascus producing fungi), spores are shot from the ascus, due to the generation of turgor pressure within the ascus, driving ejection of spores (and epiplasmic fluid) through the pore in the ascus tip2,7. Our studies of forcible ascospore discharge have resulted in development of a "spore discharge assay", which we use to screen for mutations in the process. Here we present the details of this assay.
F. graminearum is homothallic, and thus can form fruiting bodies in the absence of a compatible partner. The advantage of homothallism is that crossing is not necessary to generate offspring homozygous for a particular trait, a facet that has facilitated the study of sexual development in this species14,7. However, heterothallic strains have been generated that can be used for crossing5,9. It is also possible to cross homothallic strains to obtain mutants for several genes in one strain1. This is done by coinoculating one Petri dish with 2 strains. Along the meeting point, the majority of perithecia will be recombinant (provided a mutation in one of the parent strains does not inhibit outcrossing). As perithecia age, they exude ascospores en masse instead of forcibly discharging them. The resulting spore exudate (called a cirrhus) sits at the tip of the perithecium and can easily be removed for recovery of individual spores. Here we present a protocol to facilitate the identification of recombinant perithecia and the recovery of recombinant progeny.

Sexual Development and Ascospore Discharge in Fusarium graminearum

Sexual crosses and isolation of recombinant progeny are important research tools for the filamentous fungus, Fusarium graminearum, The techniques necessary successfully carry out these processes are presented.

Cinsel Gelişim ve askopor Deşarj Fusarium graminearum</em

Fusarium graminearum has become a model system for studies in development and pathogenicity of filamentous fungi. F. graminearum most easily produces ...

Biyoloji

Spore Adsorption as a Nonrecombinant Display System for Enzymes and Antigens

The bacterial spore is a metabolically quiescent cell, formed by a series of protective layers surrounding a dehydrated cytoplasm. This peculiar structure makes the spore extremely stable and resistant and has suggested the use of the spore as a platform to display heterologous molecules. So far, a variety of antigens and enzymes have been displayed on spores of Bacillus subtilis and of a few other species, initially by a recombinant approach and, then, by a simple and efficient nonrecombinant method. The nonrecombinant display system is based on the direct adsorption of heterologous molecules on the spore surface, avoiding the construction of recombinant strains and the release of genetically modified bacteria in the environment. Adsorbed molecules are stabilized and protected by the interaction with spores, which limits the rapid degradation of antigens and the loss of enzyme activity at unfavorable conditions. Once utilized, spore-adsorbed enzymes can be collected easily with a minimal reduction of activity and reused for additional reaction rounds. In this paper is shown how to adsorb model molecules to purified spores of B. subtilis, how to evaluate the efficiency of adsorption, and how to collect used spores to recycle them for new reactions.

This protocol focuses on the use of bacterial spores as a &#34;live&#34; nanobiotechnological tool to adsorb heterologous molecules with various biological activities. The methods to measure the efficiency of adsorption are also shown.

Spore adsorpsiyon enzimler ve antijenleri için Nonrecombinant görüntü sistemi olarak

The bacterial spore is a metabolically quiescent cell, formed by a series of protective layers surrounding a dehydrated cytoplasm. This peculiar structure ...

Using Coculture to Detect Chemically Mediated Interspecies Interactions

In nature, bacteria rarely exist in isolation; they are instead surrounded by a diverse array of other microorganisms that alter the local environment by secreting metabolites. These metabolites have the potential to modulate the physiology and differentiation of their microbial neighbors and are likely important factors in the establishment and maintenance of complex microbial communities. We have developed a fluorescence-based coculture screen to identify such chemically mediated microbial interactions. The screen involves combining a fluorescent transcriptional reporter strain with environmental microbes on solid media and allowing the colonies to grow in coculture. The fluorescent transcriptional reporter is designed so that the chosen bacterial strain fluoresces when it is expressing a particular phenotype of interest (i.e. biofilm formation, sporulation, virulence factor production, etc.) Screening is performed under growth conditions where this phenotype is not expressed (and therefore the reporter strain is typically nonfluorescent). When an environmental microbe secretes a metabolite that activates this phenotype, it diffuses through the agar and activates the fluorescent reporter construct. This allows the inducing-metabolite-producing microbe to be detected: they are the nonfluorescent colonies most proximal to the fluorescent colonies. Thus, this screen allows the identification of environmental microbes that produce diffusible metabolites that activate a particular physiological response in a reporter strain. This publication discusses how to: a) select appropriate coculture screening conditions, b) prepare the reporter and environmental microbes for screening, c) perform the coculture screen, d) isolate putative inducing organisms, and e) confirm their activity in a secondary screen. We developed this method to screen for soil organisms that activate biofilm matrix-production in Bacillus subtilis; however, we also discuss considerations for applying this approach to other genetically tractable bacteria.

Bacteria produce secreted compounds that have the potential to affect the physiology of their microbial neighbors. Here we describe a coculture screen that allows detection of such chemically mediated interspecies interactions by mixing soil microbes with fluorescent transcriptional reporter strains of Bacillus subtilis on solid media.

Kimyasal Dolayımlı Türler arası etkileşimleri tespit etmek Coculture kullanma

In nature, bacteria rarely exist in isolation; they are instead surrounded by a diverse array of other microorganisms that alter the local environment by ...

Investigating the Detrimental Effects of Low Pressure Plasma Sterilization on the Survival of Bacillus subtilis Spores Using Live Cell Microscopy

Plasma sterilization is a promising alternative to conventional sterilization methods for industrial, clinical, and spaceflight purposes. Low pressure plasma (LPP) discharges contain a broad spectrum of active species, which lead to rapid microbial inactivation. To study the efficiency and mechanisms of sterilization by LPP, we use spores of the test organism Bacillus subtilis because of their extraordinary resistance against conventional sterilization procedures. We describe the production of B. subtilis spore monolayers, the sterilization process by low pressure plasma in a double inductively coupled plasma reactor, the characterization of spore morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the analysis of germination and outgrowth of spores by live cell microscopy. A major target of plasma species is genomic material (DNA) and repair of plasma-induced DNA lesions upon spore revival is crucial for survival of the organism. Here, we study the germination capacity of spores and the role of DNA repair during spore germination and outgrowth after treatment with LPP by tracking fluorescently-labelled DNA repair proteins (RecA) with time-resolved confocal fluorescence microscopy. Treated and untreated spore monolayers are activated for germination and visualized with an inverted confocal live cell microscope over time to follow the reaction of individual spores. Our observations reveal that the fraction of germinating and outgrowing spores is dependent on the duration of LPP-treatment reaching a minimum after 120 s. RecA-YFP (yellow fluorescence protein) fluorescence was detected only in few spores and developed in all outgrowing cells with a slight elevation in LPP-treated spores. Moreover, some of the vegetative bacteria derived from LPP-treated spores showed an increase in cytoplasm and tended to lyse. The described methods for analysis of individual spores could be exemplary for the study of other aspects of spore germination and outgrowth.

Investigating the Detrimental Effects of Low Pressure Plasma Sterilization on the Survival of Bacillus subtilis Spores Using Live Cell Microscopy

This protocol illustrates the important consecutive steps required to assess the relevance of monitoring vitality parameter and DNA repair processes in reviving Bacillus subtilis spores after treatment with low pressure plasma by tracking fluorescence-labelled DNA repair proteins via time-resolved confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

Zararlı etkileri, düşük basınç plazma sterilizasyon Bacillus subtilis sporlar kullanarak canlı cep mikroskobu sağkalıma soruşturma

Plasma sterilization is a promising alternative to conventional sterilization methods for industrial, clinical, and spaceflight purposes. Low pressure ...

Investigating Teliospore Germination Using Microrespiration Analysis and Microdissection

Smut fungi are the etiological agents of several devastating agricultural diseases. They are characterized by the production of teliospores, which are thick-walled dispersal agents. Teliospores can remain dormant for decades. The dormancy is characterized by low metabolic rates, paused macromolecular biosynthesis and greatly reduced levels of respiration. Upon receiving required environmental signals, teliospores germinate to produce haploid cells, which can initiate new rounds of infection. Teliospore germination is characterized by the resumption of macromolecular biosynthesis, increased respiration and dramatic morphological changes. In order to precisely measure changes in cellular respiration during the early stages of germination, we have developed a simple protocol employing a Clark-type respirometer. The later stages of germination are distinguished by specific morphological changes, but germination is asynchronous. We developed a microdissection technique that enables us to collect teliospores at distinct germination stages.

Smut fungi cause many devastating agricultural diseases. They are dispersed as dormant teliospores that germinate in response to environmental cues. We outline two methods to investigate molecular changes during germination: measuring respiration increase to detect metabolic activation and assessing changing molecular events by isolating teliospores at distinct morphological stages.

Microrespiration analizi ve mikrodiseksiyon kullanarak soruşturma Teliospore çimlenme

Smut fungi are the etiological agents of several devastating agricultural diseases. They are characterized by the production of teliospores, which are ...