Name: detecting cortex fragments during bacterial spore germination
Uploaded: 2016-06-25T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 35 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detecting Cortex Fragments During Bacterial Spore Germination at JoVE.com

설명이 프로젝트는 알레르기 및 전염병 국립 연구소에서 보너스 번호 5R01AI116895에 의해 지원됩니다. 내용은 전적으로 저자의 책임이며 반드시 알레르기 및 전염병 국립 연구소 또는 국립 보건원의 공식 견해를 대변하지 않습니다.

1. 생성 샘플 <ol><li> 열 C를 활성화 디피는 얼음에 30 분 및 저장을 위해 65 ° C에서 포자. 참고 : C를 앞서 설명한 바와 같이 7,9,10 디피 포자를 제조 및 정제 할 수있다. </li><li> X는 샘플의 수는 분석 중에 촬영하는 X + 1 용액에서 발아 용액을 제조 하였다. 참고 : 박테리아의 종류가 연구되고 포자에 발아 솔루션은 고유의 것입니다. C.을 분석하십시오 디피 포자 발아, 우리는 10 mM 트리스 (PH 7.5), 150 mM의 NaCl을 탈 이온수 100 mM의 글리신 및 10 mM의 타우로 콜린 산의 용액을 사용 하였다. </li><li> 분석을 시작하기 전에, 피질 조각 검출을위한 빈 역할을하는 포자없이 발아 솔루션의 1.0 ml의 샘플을 그립니다. </li><li> OD 빨리 발아 솔루션 및 소용돌이에 ~ 3.0 (600)에 포자를 추가합니다. 참고 : B. 우리의 발아 연구 내용 서브 틸리 스, 우리는 같은 OD를 사용 (6)C. 용으로 00 포자 디피. 참고 : 포자의이 금액은 C. 동안 모니터링 피질 조각 방출을 위해 잘 작동 남과 어울리지 않는 포자 발아. 이 분석에 사용 된 포자의 크기는 각각의 박테리아 균주 또는 실험적으로 결정되어야한다. </li><li> 즉시 14,000 × g에서 1 분 동안 실온에서 원심 분리 포자를 첨가 한 후 1.2 ml의 샘플을 제거한다. 이것은 제로 시점이다. </li><li> 후속 피질 단편 분석을위한 신선한 튜브 원심 분리 된 샘플로부터 상등액 1.0 ㎖에 옮긴다. 주 : 테르븀 형광 9,18,19에 기초한 분석을 이용하여 상기 용액에서 DPA의 검출을위한 별도의 100 μL 샘플을 제거 DPA가 모니터링해야해야한다. </li><li> -80 ° C에서 수집 된 샘플을 고정. </li><li> 모든 시점이 완료 될 때까지 반복하여 일정한 간격으로 1.4 및 1.5 단계를 반복합니다. 참고 : 시간의 원심 분리 및 샘플링 시점 적은 일에 필요하기 때문에2 분 떨어져 우리의 절차를 수행하는 동안 불가능했던, 그래서 우리의 샘플링 간격은 한 번에 14 분 동안 매 2 분이었다. </li><li> 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 5000 : 설탕 검출 및 정량화를 감소시키기위한 포지티브 대조군으로서, N의 -acetylglucosamine (nmol의) 다음의 양을 포함한다. 껍질 샘플과 동시에 이들 샘플을 준비하고, 표준 곡선이 포자를 발아에 의해 생성 된 데이터와 관련되도록 껍질 샘플과 함께 실행. </li><li> 모든 시점의 샘플을 수집 한 후, 샘플을 동결 건조. 참고 : 우리는 2 ml의 스크류 캡 튜브에 우리의 샘플을 동결 건조. </li></ol> 2. 코어 텍스 조각을 측정 <ol><li> 1 %의 페놀 및 0.5 % β 메르 캅토 에탄올이 보충 된 3 N HCl을 120 μL에 재현 탁하여 동결 건조 샘플. </li><li> 2 ml의 스크류 캡 튜브에 재현 탁 샘플을 전송합니다. 참고 : 재현성를 들어, 모든 동결 건조 된 시료를 재현 탁하고 전송되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li> &lt;리&gt; 4 시간 동안 95 ° C에서 재순환 수조에서 샘플을 품어. </li><li> 그들은 멋진 때까지 배양 한 후, 얼음에 샘플을 배치합니다. </li><li> 3 M NaOH를 120 μL로 샘플을 중화. </li><li> 포화 중탄산 나트륨 용액 80 ㎕를 각 샘플 및 와류에 5 % 아세트산 무수물 용액 80 μL를 추가한다. </li><li> 실온에서 10 분 동안 샘플을 인큐베이션. </li><li> 정확히 3 분 동안 다시 95 ° C의 물을 욕조에 샘플을 전송합니다. 참고 :이 단계는 민감하고 긴 시간이 하향 신호의 개발에 영향을 미칠 수있는 시간입니다. </li><li> 수조에서 샘플을 제거하고 얼음에 냉각. </li><li> 각 튜브와 소용돌이에 6.54 % K 2 B 4 O 7 · 4H 2 O의 400 μl를 추가합니다. </li><li> 정확히 7 분 동안 95 ℃에서 재순환 수욕 샘플을 인큐베이션. 참고 :이 단계는 민감하고 긴 시간이 하향 신호의 개발에 영향을 미칠 수있는 시간입니다. </li><li> 없애다5 분 동안 얼음에 샘플 및 장소. </li></ol> 3. 색상 시약 <ol><li> 샘플을 얼음 (단계 2.12)에 있지만, 컬러 시약을 준비한다. (; 에를리히 시약 DMAB) 빙초산의 1.9 ml의에서 P는 -dimethylaminobenzaldehyde의 0.320 g을 녹여. 참고 : 시약 시간, 온도, 빛에 민감하고 사전에 할 수 없습니다. </li><li> DMAB가 완전히 용해 후 10 N 염산과 소용돌이의 100 μl를 추가합니다. </li><li> 빙초산과 소용돌이의 5 ML을 추가합니다. </li></ol> 4. 비색 반응 <ol><li> 전송 각 100 ㎕ 새로운 1.5 ml의 microcentrifuge 관에 피질 샘플을 냉각시켰다. </li><li> 각 샘플에 갓 준비 색 용액 700 μl를 추가합니다. </li><li> 즉시 37 ° C의 물을 욕조에 샘플을 전송하고 정확히 20 분 동안 품어. </li><li> 무려 96 웰 플레이트에 각 시료 200 μl를 전송합니다. </li><li> 접시에 585 nm에서 샘플을 정량화리더. 샘플은 노란색에서 시작해야하며, 긍정적 인 반응이 보라색으로 이동합니다. 더 피질에 존재하는, 깊은 보라색 색상입니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Al-Hinai, M. A., Jones, S. W., Papoutsakis, E. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Clostridium+sporulation+programs:+diversity+and+preservation+of+endospore+differentiation.">The Clostridium sporulation programs: diversity and preservation of endospore differentiation.</a> Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 79, 19-37 (2015).</li><li>Setlow, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Germination+of+spores+of+Bacillus+species:+what+we+know+and+do+not+know.">Germination of spores of Bacillus species: what we know and do not know.</a> J Bacteriol. 196, 1297-1305 (2014).</li><li>Tan, I. S., Ramamurthi, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spore+formation+in+Bacillus+subtilis.">Spore formation in Bacillus subtilis.</a> Environ Microbiol Rep. 6, 212-225 (2014).</li><li>Fimlaid, K. A., Shen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diverse+mechanisms+regulate+sporulation+sigma+factor+activity+in+the+Firmicutes.">Diverse mechanisms regulate sporulation sigma factor activity in the Firmicutes.</a> Curr Opin Microbiol. 24, 88-95 (2015).</li><li>Popham, D. L., Helin, J., Costello, C. E., Setlow, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+peptidoglycan+structure+of+Bacillus+subtilis+endospores.">Analysis of the peptidoglycan structure of Bacillus subtilis endospores.</a> J Bacteriol. 178, 6451-6458 (1996).</li><li>Atrih, A., Zollner, P., Allmaier, G., Foster, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+analysis+of+Bacillus+subtilis+168+endospore+peptidoglycan+and+its+role+during+differentiation.">Structural analysis of Bacillus subtilis 168 endospore peptidoglycan and its role during differentiation.</a> J Bacteriol. 178, 6173-6183 (1996).</li><li>Sorg, J. A., Sonenshein, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bile+salts+and+glycine+as+cogerminants+for+Clostridium+difficile+spores.">Bile salts and glycine as cogerminants for Clostridium difficile spores.</a> J. Bacteriol. 190, 2505-2512 (2008).</li><li>Paredes-Sabja, D., Shen, A., Sorg, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clostridium+difficile+spore+biology:+sporulation,+germination,+and+spore+structural+proteins.">Clostridium difficile spore biology: sporulation, germination, and spore structural proteins.</a> Trends Microbiol. 22 (7), (2014).</li><li>Francis, M. B., Allen, C. A., Sorg, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spore+cortex+hydrolysis+precedes+DPA+release+during+Clostridium+difficile+spore+germination.">Spore cortex hydrolysis precedes DPA release during Clostridium difficile spore germination.</a> J Bacteriol. 197 (14), (2015).</li><li>Francis, M. B., Allen, C. A., Shrestha, R., Sorg, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bile+acid+recognition+by+the+Clostridium+difficile+Germinant+Receptor,+CspC,+is+important+for+establishing+infection.">Bile acid recognition by the Clostridium difficile Germinant Receptor, CspC, is important for establishing infection.</a> PLoS Pathog. 9, e1003356 (2013).</li><li>Moir, A., Smith, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Genetics+of+bacterial+spore+germination.">The Genetics of bacterial spore germination.</a> Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 44, 531-553 (1990).</li><li>Zhang, P., Kong, L., Wang, G., Setlow, P., Li, Y. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combination+of+Raman+tweezers+and+quantitative+differential+interference+contrast+microscopy+for+measurement+of+dynamics+and+heterogeneity+during+the+germination+of+individual+bacterial+spores.">Combination of Raman tweezers and quantitative differential interference contrast microscopy for measurement of dynamics and heterogeneity during the germination of individual bacterial spores.</a> Journal of biomedical optics. 15, 056010 (2010).</li><li>Ghuysen, J. -. M., Tipper, D. J., Strominger, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzymes+that+degrade+bacterial+cell+walls.">Enzymes that degrade bacterial cell walls.</a> Methods Enzymol. 8, 685-699 (1966).</li><li>Park, J. T., Johnson, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+submicrodetermination+of+glucose.">A submicrodetermination of glucose.</a> J Biol Chem. 181, 149-151 (1949).</li><li>Thompson, J. S., Shockman, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modification+of+the+Park+and+Johnson+reducing+sugar+determination+suitable+for+the+assay+of+insoluble+materials:+its+application+to+bacterial+cell+walls.">A modification of the Park and Johnson reducing sugar determination suitable for the assay of insoluble materials: its application to bacterial cell walls.</a> Anal Biochem. 22, 260-268 (1968).</li><li>Paredes-Sabja, D., Setlow, P., Sarker, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SleC+is+essential+for+cortex+peptidoglycan+hydrolysis+during+germination+of+spores+of+the+pathogenic+bacterium+Clostridium+perfringens.">SleC is essential for cortex peptidoglycan hydrolysis during germination of spores of the pathogenic bacterium Clostridium perfringens.</a> J Bacteriol. 191, 2711-2720 (2009).</li><li>Paredes-Sabja, D., Sarker, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+the+cortex-lytic+enzyme+SleC+from+non-food-borne+Clostridium+perfringens+on+the+germination+properties+of+SleC-lacking+spores+of+a+food+poisoning+isolate.">Effect of the cortex-lytic enzyme SleC from non-food-borne Clostridium perfringens on the germination properties of SleC-lacking spores of a food poisoning isolate.</a> Can J Microbiol. 56, 952-958 (2010).</li><li>Hindle, A. A., Hall, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dipicolinic+acid+(DPA)+assay+revisited+and+appraised+for+spore+detection.">Dipicolinic acid (DPA) assay revisited and appraised for spore detection.</a> The Analyst. 124, 1599-1604 (1999).</li><li>Kort, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+heat+resistance+of+bacterial+spores+from+food+product+isolates+by+fluorescence+monitoring+of+dipicolinic+acid+release.">Assessment of heat resistance of bacterial spores from food product isolates by fluorescence monitoring of dipicolinic acid release.</a> Appl Environ Microbiol. 71, 3556-3564 (2005).</li><li>Elson, L. A., Morgan, W. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+colorimetric+method+for+the+determination+of+glucosamine+and+chondrosamine.">A colorimetric method for the determination of glucosamine and chondrosamine.</a> The Biochemical journal. 27, 1824-1828 (1933).</li><li>Ramirez, N., Abel-Santos, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Requirements+for+germination+of+Clostridium+sordellii+spores+in+vitro.">Requirements for germination of Clostridium sordellii spores in vitro.</a> J. Bacteriol. 192, 418-425 (2010).</li><li>Akoachere, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Indentification+of+an+in+vivo+inhibitor+of+Bacillus+anthracis+spore+germination.">Indentification of an in vivo inhibitor of Bacillus anthracis spore germination.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 282, 12112-12118 (2007).</li><li>Duncan, C. L., Strong, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+medium+for+sporulation+of+Clostridium+perfringens.">Improved medium for sporulation of Clostridium perfringens.</a> Appl Microbiol. 16, 82-89 (1968).</li><li>Heffron, J. D., Lambert, E. A., Sherry, N., Popham, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contributions+of+four+cortex+lytic+enzymes+to+germination+of+Bacillus+anthracis+spores.">Contributions of four cortex lytic enzymes to germination of Bacillus anthracis spores.</a> J Bacteriol. 192, 763-770 (2010).</li><li>Meador-Parton, J., Popham, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+analysis+of+Bacillus+subtilis+spore+peptidoglycan+during+sporulation.">Structural analysis of Bacillus subtilis spore peptidoglycan during sporulation.</a> J Bacteriol. 182, 4491-4499 (2000).</li><li>Lambert, E. A., Popham, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Bacillus+anthracis+SleL+(YaaH)+protein+is+an+N-acetylglucosaminidase+involved+in+spore+cortex+depolymerization.">The Bacillus anthracis SleL (YaaH) protein is an N-acetylglucosaminidase involved in spore cortex depolymerization.</a> J Bacteriol. 190, 7601-7607 (2008).</li><li>Wang, S., Shen, A., Setlow, P., Li, Y. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+Dynamic+Germination+of+Individual+Clostridium+difficile+Spores+Using+Raman+Spectroscopy+and+Differential+Interference+Contrast+Microscopy.">Characterization of the Dynamic Germination of Individual Clostridium difficile Spores Using Raman Spectroscopy and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy.</a> J Bacteriol. 197, 2361-2373 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

자극 후, 발아 과정을 거치고 포자 고분자 합성에 대한 필요없이 저항 특성을 잃는다. 포자 발아가 트리거되면 포자 코어는 물이 교환 DPA를 발표한다. 인해 휴면 포자의 높은 DPA 콘텐츠 포자 코어는 팽창이 장벽으로, 아마도 작용하여 팽윤 코어 방지 강렬한 삼투압 및 전문 펩티, 피질 중이다. 상기 방법은 보라색의 색조에 변화 측정으로 환원당의 존재를 검?...

내생 포자는 대사 세균이 불리한 환경에서 지속 할 수 있도록 박테리아의 휴면 형태이다. 많은 포자 - 형성 박테리아 포자 형성 영양 결핍에 의해 유도되지만,이 공정은 산소 또는 다른 스트레스 1 pH를 노출의 변화에 의해 제어 될 수있다. 이들 대사 휴면 포자 형태 동안 박테리아는 UV 방사선, 탈수, 고온 및이 냉동 레지스트. 포자 형성 과정에 대한 지식의 대부분 모델에서 생체 연구 고초균에서 온다. 포자 형성 과정은 DNA 복제 및 축 3,4- 필라멘트의 형성으로 시작된다. 비대칭 격막은이 불평등 크기의 구획에 셀을 분할한다. 더 큰 구획은, 머더 셀은 더 작은 구획은 forespore을 삼키기. 머더 셀과 도만을 방출 포자 결국 lyses 머더 세포 성숙의 유전자 발현을 조정 forespore 두주변 환경 1에 t 포자. 포자 구조 및 조성은 다양한 세균 종에 걸쳐 보존되어있다. 포자 코어는 식물 세포보다 낮은 수분 함량을 갖고 dipicolinic 산 (DPA) -1,2- 풍부하다. 포자 형성하는 동안, DPA 물 교환 포자 코어로 펌핑된다. 코어 주변 대부분의 포자 형성 균에, 발아 (germinants)을 자극하는 작은 분자를 인식하는 수용체 2 위치, 내부 포자 막이다. 단 포자의 내막 밖에있는 세포벽의 펩티도 글리 칸 층이다. 특수한 펩티 층 (피질) 세포벽 펩티을 둘러싸고 [N 아세틸 글루코사민 (NAG)와 N-acetylmuramic 산 (NAM)이 교대] 세포벽 펩티 같은 많은 구성 요소로 구성된다. 그러나, 피질의 NAM 잔기의 약 50 %가 무람-δ 락탐 5,6- 변환되었습니다 </s&gt;입니다. 포자 발아 동안이 무람-δ 락탐 잔기 따라서 피질 아니라 칸막이 벽 (발아 마칠 공정)을 저하 할 수 포자 피질 용균 효소 (SCLEs)에 의해 인식된다. 피질 주변은 외부 막과 코트 단백질이 여러 층이다. 발아 과정을 제어하는​​ 포자 형성 세균 매우 중요하다. 싹 트는 수용체는 해당 germinants 2와 상호 작용할 때 발아가 시작됩니다. 많은 포자 - 형성 박테리아에서 이러한 germinants 2 이의 아미노산, 당, 뉴클레오티드, 이온 또는 이들의 조합이다. C. 디피 포자 발아 특정 담즙산 [예를 들어, 타우로 콜린 산 (TA)] 및 아미노산 (예컨대, 글리신) 7-10의 조합에 의해 개시된다. C. 사이의 차이가 있지만 디피 발아 경로와에서 공부 경로 다른 포자 형성같은 B와 박테리아, 서브 틸리 모든 공통 식물 세포는 포자 발아 2,8 성장할 수 있도록 포자 외피 저하하는 절대 조건이다. 또는 SLEC (B. 서브 틸리에서 발견) (많은 클로스 트리 디아에서 발견) 코어 텍스 저하는 SCLEs CwlJ / SleB에 의해 달성 될 수있다. 피질 가수 분해 세포벽 및 포자의 제한을 감소시킨다. 이는 전체 코어 수분 보충, 세포 대사 (2)에 필요한 단백질의 대부분을 재 활성화에 필요한 단계 수 있습니다. 포자가 발아 할 때 위상이 어두운 상태로 공정 상 밝은 상태로부터 휴면 포자 변화는 600에서 광학 밀도 (OD)의 변화에​​ 의해 측정 할 수있다 나노 11. 이전의 보고서는 OD의 변화의 대부분은 포자 12 DPA의 출시로 인해 있음을 시사한다. 우리의 최근의 연구 동안, 우리는 C.의 타이밍을 비교하고자 남과 어울리지 않는 포자 발아 및 모니터링되는DPA와 피질 조각 9 릴리스. 그들은 포자를 발아가 발표되기 시작으로이 연구는 피질 조각의 방출을 모니터링하는 것이 중요했다. 여기에서 사용되는 비색 분석이 환원 말단에 당류를 검출하는 방법에 기초 하였다 Ghuysen 외. (13)을 개발 하였다. 다른 사람이 환원당 (14)의 검출을위한 프로토콜을 설명했습니다 또는 이러한 프로토콜 15을 수정 한 때문에이 주제에 대한 문헌은 혼란 스러울 수 있습니다. 여기서, C. 발아에서 해방 환원당의 비색 검출 상세히에게 단계별 방법 우리 남과 어울리지 않는 포자. 이 연구는 C.를 사용하지만 남과 어울리지 않는 포자는 다른 포자 형성 균의 포자의 발아 중에 방출 된 환원당이 프로토콜 9,16,17 검출 할 수있다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>2.0 ml screw cap tube</td><td>USA scientific</td><td>1420-3700</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>p1000 Eppendorf pipet</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>p200 Eppendorf pipet</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>p20 Eppendorf pipet</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 - 1,250 &amp;#956;l pipet tips</td><td>VWR</td><td>89079-486</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 - 200 &amp;#956;ll pipet tips</td><td>VWR</td><td>89079-458</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N-acetyl-D-glucosamine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A3286-25G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric Acid - 10 N</td><td>BDH-Aristar</td><td>BDH3032-3.8LP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetic Anhydride</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>L04295</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Bicarbonate</td><td>BDH</td><td>BDH0280-500G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium Tetraborate tetrahydrate</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>39435</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Hydroxide</td><td>BDH</td><td>BDH8019-500G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde</td><td>Sigma</td><td>156477-100G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Saturated Phenol</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP1750-400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>M6250-100ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SpectraMax M3</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetic Acid, Glacial</td><td>BDH</td><td>BDH3098-3.8LP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heated, Circulating Water Bath</td><td>VWR Scientific</td><td>Model 1136</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microtest 96</td><td>Falcon</td><td>353072</td><td>96 well clear tissue culture plates</td></tr><tr><td>Culture tubes</td><td>VWR</td><td>89000-506</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lyophilizer</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heat Blocks</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vortex Machine</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

detecting cortex fragments during bacterial spore germination

The process of endospore germination in Clostridium difficile, and other Clostridia, increasingly is being found to differ from the model spore-forming bacterium, Bacillus subtilis. Germination is triggered by small molecule germinants and occurs without the need for macromolecular synthesis. Though differences exist between the mechanisms of spore germination in species of Bacillus and Clostridium, a common requirement is the hydrolysis of the peptidoglycan-like cortex which allows the spore core to swell and rehydrate. After rehydration, metabolism can begin and this, eventually, leads to outgrowth of a vegetative cell. The detection of hydrolyzed cortex fragments during spore germination can be difficult and the modifications to the previously described assays can be confusing or difficult to reproduce. Thus, based on our recent report using this assay, we detail a step-by-step protocol for the colorimetric detection of cortex fragments during bacterial spore germination.

표 1 NAG 표준을 사용하여 통상적 인 결과를 나타낸다. 데이터는 표준 곡선을 생성하는데 사용된다. 표 2는 100 mM의 글리신 및 10mM의 TA (발아 촉진 조건) 또는 100 mM의 글리신 만 (비 발아 조건)으로 보충 발아 버퍼에서 발아 시험에서 전형적인 결과를 나타낸다. TA, C.가없는 디피 포자가 발아하지 않고, 용액의 피질 단편의 존재 하에서 거의 변?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detecting Cortex Fragments During Bacterial Spore Germination at JoVE.com

Detecting Cortex Fragments During Bacterial Spore Germination

Herein, we describe a colorimetric assay to detect the presence of reducing sugars during bacterial spore germination.

세균 포자 발아 동안 코어 텍스 조각 검출

The process of endospore germination in Clostridium difficile, and other Clostridia, increasingly is being found to differ from the model spore-forming ...

detecting-cortex-fragments-during-bacterial-spore-germination

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

9.3K 조회수.  Texas A&M University. Herein, we describe a colorimetric assay to detect the presence of reducing sugars during bacterial spore germination.

비디오: Detecting Cortex Fragments During Bacterial Spore Germination

Physical Isolation of Endospores from Environmental Samples by Targeted Lysis of Vegetative Cells

Endospore formation is a survival strategy found among some bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes. During endospore formation, these bacteria enter a morpho-physiological resting state that enhances survival under adverse environmental conditions. Even though endospore-forming Firmicutes are one of the most frequently enriched and isolated bacterial groups in culturing studies, they are often absent from diversity studies based on molecular methods. The resistance of the spore core is considered one of the factors limiting the recovery of DNA from endospores. We developed a method that takes advantage of the higher resistance of endospores to separate them from other cells in a complex microbial community using physical, enzymatic and chemical lysis methods. The endospore-only preparation thus obtained can be used for re-culturing or to perform downstream analysis such as tailored DNA extraction optimized for endospores and subsequent DNA sequencing. This method, applied to sediment samples, has allowed the enrichment of endospores and after sequencing, has revealed a large diversity of endospore-formers in freshwater lake sediments. We expect that the application of this method to other samples will yield a similar outcome.

A method to single out bacterial endospores from complex microbial communities was developed to perform tailored culture or molecular studies of this group of bacteria.

식물 세포의 표적으로 용해하여 환경 시료에서 내생 포자의 물리적 분리

Endospore formation is a survival strategy found among some bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes. During endospore formation, these bacteria enter a ...

연구

환경과학

Single Cell Measurements of Vacuolar Rupture Caused by Intracellular Pathogens

Shigella flexneri are pathogenic bacteria that invade host cells entering into an endocytic vacuole. Subsequently, the rupture of this membrane-enclosed compartment allows bacteria to move within the cytosol, proliferate and further invade neighboring cells. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is phagocytosed by immune cells, and has recently been shown to rupture phagosomal membrane in macrophages. We developed a robust assay for tracking phagosomal membrane disruption after host cell entry of Shigella flexneri or Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The approach makes use of CCF4, a FRET reporter sensitive to &beta;-lactamase that equilibrates in the cytosol of host cells. Upon invasion of host cells by bacterial pathogens, the probe remains intact as long as the bacteria reside in membrane-enclosed compartments. After disruption of the vacuole, &beta;-lactamase activity on the surface of the intracellular pathogen cleaves CCF4 instantly leading to a loss of FRET signal and switching its emission spectrum. This robust ratiometric assay yields accurate information about the timing of vacuolar rupture induced by the invading bacteria, and it can be coupled to automated microscopy and image processing by specialized algorithms for the detection of the emission signals of the FRET donor and acceptor. Further, it allows investigating the dynamics of vacuolar disruption elicited by intracellular bacteria in real time in single cells. Finally, it is perfectly suited for high-throughput analysis with a spatio-temporal resolution exceeding previous methods. Here, we provide the experimental details of exemplary protocols for the CCF4 vacuolar rupture assay on HeLa cells and THP-1 macrophages for time-lapse experiments or end points experiments using Shigella flexneri as well as multiple mycobacterial strains such as Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium bovis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

We describe a method for tracking the endomembrane rupture elicited by the intracellular bacteria Shigella flexneri and Mycobacterium tuberculosis upon host cell invasion. Our assay makes use of CCF4, a host cytoplasmic FRET probe in live or fixed cells. This reporter is degraded by an enzyme activity present on the bacterial surface.

액포 파열의 단일 세포 측정은 세포 내 병원균에 의해 발생

Shigella flexneri are pathogenic bacteria that invade host cells entering into an endocytic vacuole. Subsequently, the rupture of this membrane-enclosed ...

면역학 및 감염병학

Improvement of Bacillus subtilis Spore Enumeration and Label Analysis in Flow Cytometry

The spores of Bacillus subtilis have already been proposed for different biotechnological and immunological applications; however, there is an increasing need for the development of methodologies that improve the detection of antigens immobilized on the surface of spores together with their quantification. Flow cytometry-based analyses have been previously proposed as fast, reliable, and specific approaches for detecting labeled cells of B. subtilis. Herein, we propose the use of flow cytometry to evaluate the display efficiency of a fluorescent antibody (FA) on the surface of the spore and quantify the number of spores using counting beads. 
For this, we used ethidium bromide as a DNA marker and an allophycocyanin (APC)-labeled antibody, which was coupled to the spores, as a surface marker. The quantification of spores was performed using counting beads since this technique demonstrates high accuracy in the detection of cells. The labeled spores were analyzed using a flow cytometer, which confirmed the coupling. As a result, it was demonstrated that DNA labeling improved the accuracy of quantification by flow cytometry, for the detection of germinated spores. It was observed that ethidium bromide was not able to label dormant spores; however, this technique provides a more precise determination of the number of spores with fluorescent protein coupled to their surface, thus helping in the development of studies that focus on the use of spores as a biotechnological platform in different applications.

Improvement of Bacillus subtilis Spore Enumeration and Label Analysis in Flow Cytometry

This protocol focuses on the use of flow cytometry and counting beads to quantify bacterial spores labeled with ethidium bromide. The method is also efficient for analyzing the covalent coupling of proteins on the surface of intact spores.

Bacillus subtilis 포자 계수 및 유세포 분석의 표지 분석 개선

The spores of Bacillus subtilis have already been proposed for different biotechnological and immunological applications; however, there is an increasing ...

생화학

Visualization of Germinosomes and the Inner Membrane in Bacillus subtilis Spores

The small size of spores and the relatively low abundance of germination proteins, cause difficulties in their microscopic analyses using epifluorescence microscopy. Super-resolution three-dimensional Structured Illumination Microscopy (3D-SIM) is a promising tool to overcome this hurdle and reveal the molecular details of the process of germination of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) spores. Here, we describe the use of a modified SIMcheck (ImageJ)-assistant 3D imaging process and fluorescent reporter proteins for SIM microscopy of B. subtilis spores&#8217; germinosomes, cluster(s) of germination proteins. We also present a (standard)3D-SIM imaging procedure for FM4-64 staining of B. subtilis spore membranes. By using these procedures, we obtained unsurpassed resolution for germinosome localization and show that &#62;80% of B. subtilis KGB80 dormant spores obtained after sporulation on defined minimal MOPS medium have one or two GerD-GFP and GerKB-mCherry foci. Bright foci were also observed in FM4-64 stained spores&#8217; 3D-SIM images suggesting that inner membrane lipid domains of different fluidity likely exist. Further studies that use double labeling procedures with membrane dyes and germinosome reporter proteins to assess co-localization and thus get an optimal overview of the organization of Bacillus germination proteins in the inner spore membrane are possible.

Visualization of Germinosomes and the Inner Membrane in Bacillus subtilis Spores

Germinant receptor proteins cluster in &#8216;germinosomes&#8217; in the inner membrane of Bacillus subtilis spores. We describe a protocol using super resolution microscopy and fluorescent reporter proteins to visualize germinosomes. The protocol also identifies spore inner membrane domains that are preferentially stained with the membrane dye FM4-64.

Germinosomes과 새 균의 subtilis 포자에 내부 막의 시각화

The small size of spores and the relatively low abundance of germination proteins, cause difficulties in their microscopic analyses using epifluorescence ...

생체공학

Visual and Microscopic Evaluation of Streptomyces Developmental Mutants

Streptomycetes are filamentous soil bacteria belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria that are found throughout the world and produce a wide array of antibiotics and other secondary metabolites. Streptomyces coelicolor is a well-characterized, non-pathogenic species that is amenable to a variety of analyses in the lab. The phenotyping methods described here use S. coelicolor as a model streptomycete; however, the methods are applicable to all members of this large genus as well as some closely related actinomycetes. Phenotyping is necessary to characterize new species of Streptomyces identified in the environment, and it is also a vital first step in characterizing newly isolated mutant strains of Streptomyces. Proficiency in phenotyping is important for the many new researchers who are entering the field of Streptomyces research, which includes the study of bacterial development, cell division, chromosome segregation, and second messenger signaling. The recent crowdsourcing of antibiotic discovery through the isolation of new soil microbes has resulted in an increased need for training in phenotyping for instructors new to the field of Streptomyces research and their college or high school students. This manuscript describes methods for bacterial strain propagation, storage, and characterization through visual and microscopic examination. After reading this article, new researchers (microbiology education laboratories and citizen scientists) should be able to manipulate Streptomyces strains and begin visual characterization experiments.

Visual and Microscopic Evaluation of Streptomyces Developmental Mutants

Here we present protocols for novice researchers to initiate phenotyping for the pharmacologically important bacterial genus Streptomyces.

Streptomyces 발달 돌연변이의 영상 및 현미경 평가

Streptomycetes are filamentous soil bacteria belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria that are found throughout the world and produce a wide array of ...

Sexual Development and Ascospore Discharge in Fusarium graminearum

Fusarium graminearum has become a model system for studies in development and pathogenicity of filamentous fungi. F. graminearum most easily produces fruiting bodies, called perithecia, on carrot agar. Perithecia contain numerous tissue types, produced at specific stages of perithecium development. These include (in order of appearance) formation of the perithecium initials (which give rise to the ascogenous hyphae), the outer wall, paraphyses (sterile mycelia which occupy the center of the perithecium until the asci develop), the asci, and the ascospores within the asci14. The development of each of these tissues is separated by approximately 24 hours and has been the basis of transcriptomic studies during sexual development12,8. Refer to Hallen et al. (2007) for a more thorough description of development, including photographs of each stage. Here, we present the methods for generating and harvesting synchronously developing lawns of perithecia for temporal studies of gene regulation, development, and physiological processes. Although these methods are written specifically to be used with F. graminearum, the techniques can be used for a variety of other fungi, provided that fruiting can be induced in culture and there is some synchrony to development. We have recently adapted this protocol to study the sexual development of F. verticillioides. Although individual perithecia must be hand picked in this species, because a lawn of developing perithecia could not be induced, the process worked well for studying development (Sikhakolli and Trail, unpublished).
The most important function of fungal fruiting bodies is the dispersal of spores. In many of the species of Ascomycota (ascus producing fungi), spores are shot from the ascus, due to the generation of turgor pressure within the ascus, driving ejection of spores (and epiplasmic fluid) through the pore in the ascus tip2,7. Our studies of forcible ascospore discharge have resulted in development of a "spore discharge assay", which we use to screen for mutations in the process. Here we present the details of this assay.
F. graminearum is homothallic, and thus can form fruiting bodies in the absence of a compatible partner. The advantage of homothallism is that crossing is not necessary to generate offspring homozygous for a particular trait, a facet that has facilitated the study of sexual development in this species14,7. However, heterothallic strains have been generated that can be used for crossing5,9. It is also possible to cross homothallic strains to obtain mutants for several genes in one strain1. This is done by coinoculating one Petri dish with 2 strains. Along the meeting point, the majority of perithecia will be recombinant (provided a mutation in one of the parent strains does not inhibit outcrossing). As perithecia age, they exude ascospores en masse instead of forcibly discharging them. The resulting spore exudate (called a cirrhus) sits at the tip of the perithecium and can easily be removed for recovery of individual spores. Here we present a protocol to facilitate the identification of recombinant perithecia and the recovery of recombinant progeny.

Sexual Development and Ascospore Discharge in Fusarium graminearum

Sexual crosses and isolation of recombinant progeny are important research tools for the filamentous fungus, Fusarium graminearum, The techniques necessary successfully carry out these processes are presented.

의 성적 개발 및 Ascospore 방전 Fusarium graminearum</em

Fusarium graminearum has become a model system for studies in development and pathogenicity of filamentous fungi. F. graminearum most easily produces ...

생물학

Spore Adsorption as a Nonrecombinant Display System for Enzymes and Antigens

The bacterial spore is a metabolically quiescent cell, formed by a series of protective layers surrounding a dehydrated cytoplasm. This peculiar structure makes the spore extremely stable and resistant and has suggested the use of the spore as a platform to display heterologous molecules. So far, a variety of antigens and enzymes have been displayed on spores of Bacillus subtilis and of a few other species, initially by a recombinant approach and, then, by a simple and efficient nonrecombinant method. The nonrecombinant display system is based on the direct adsorption of heterologous molecules on the spore surface, avoiding the construction of recombinant strains and the release of genetically modified bacteria in the environment. Adsorbed molecules are stabilized and protected by the interaction with spores, which limits the rapid degradation of antigens and the loss of enzyme activity at unfavorable conditions. Once utilized, spore-adsorbed enzymes can be collected easily with a minimal reduction of activity and reused for additional reaction rounds. In this paper is shown how to adsorb model molecules to purified spores of B. subtilis, how to evaluate the efficiency of adsorption, and how to collect used spores to recycle them for new reactions.

This protocol focuses on the use of bacterial spores as a &#34;live&#34; nanobiotechnological tool to adsorb heterologous molecules with various biological activities. The methods to measure the efficiency of adsorption are also shown.

효소와 항 원에 대 한 Nonrecombinant 디스플레이 시스템으로 포자 흡착

The bacterial spore is a metabolically quiescent cell, formed by a series of protective layers surrounding a dehydrated cytoplasm. This peculiar structure ...

Using Coculture to Detect Chemically Mediated Interspecies Interactions

In nature, bacteria rarely exist in isolation; they are instead surrounded by a diverse array of other microorganisms that alter the local environment by secreting metabolites. These metabolites have the potential to modulate the physiology and differentiation of their microbial neighbors and are likely important factors in the establishment and maintenance of complex microbial communities. We have developed a fluorescence-based coculture screen to identify such chemically mediated microbial interactions. The screen involves combining a fluorescent transcriptional reporter strain with environmental microbes on solid media and allowing the colonies to grow in coculture. The fluorescent transcriptional reporter is designed so that the chosen bacterial strain fluoresces when it is expressing a particular phenotype of interest (i.e. biofilm formation, sporulation, virulence factor production, etc.) Screening is performed under growth conditions where this phenotype is not expressed (and therefore the reporter strain is typically nonfluorescent). When an environmental microbe secretes a metabolite that activates this phenotype, it diffuses through the agar and activates the fluorescent reporter construct. This allows the inducing-metabolite-producing microbe to be detected: they are the nonfluorescent colonies most proximal to the fluorescent colonies. Thus, this screen allows the identification of environmental microbes that produce diffusible metabolites that activate a particular physiological response in a reporter strain. This publication discusses how to: a) select appropriate coculture screening conditions, b) prepare the reporter and environmental microbes for screening, c) perform the coculture screen, d) isolate putative inducing organisms, and e) confirm their activity in a secondary screen. We developed this method to screen for soil organisms that activate biofilm matrix-production in Bacillus subtilis; however, we also discuss considerations for applying this approach to other genetically tractable bacteria.

Bacteria produce secreted compounds that have the potential to affect the physiology of their microbial neighbors. Here we describe a coculture screen that allows detection of such chemically mediated interspecies interactions by mixing soil microbes with fluorescent transcriptional reporter strains of Bacillus subtilis on solid media.

화학적 매개 종간의 상호 작용을 검출하는 공 배양을 사용하여

In nature, bacteria rarely exist in isolation; they are instead surrounded by a diverse array of other microorganisms that alter the local environment by ...

Investigating the Detrimental Effects of Low Pressure Plasma Sterilization on the Survival of Bacillus subtilis Spores Using Live Cell Microscopy

Plasma sterilization is a promising alternative to conventional sterilization methods for industrial, clinical, and spaceflight purposes. Low pressure plasma (LPP) discharges contain a broad spectrum of active species, which lead to rapid microbial inactivation. To study the efficiency and mechanisms of sterilization by LPP, we use spores of the test organism Bacillus subtilis because of their extraordinary resistance against conventional sterilization procedures. We describe the production of B. subtilis spore monolayers, the sterilization process by low pressure plasma in a double inductively coupled plasma reactor, the characterization of spore morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the analysis of germination and outgrowth of spores by live cell microscopy. A major target of plasma species is genomic material (DNA) and repair of plasma-induced DNA lesions upon spore revival is crucial for survival of the organism. Here, we study the germination capacity of spores and the role of DNA repair during spore germination and outgrowth after treatment with LPP by tracking fluorescently-labelled DNA repair proteins (RecA) with time-resolved confocal fluorescence microscopy. Treated and untreated spore monolayers are activated for germination and visualized with an inverted confocal live cell microscope over time to follow the reaction of individual spores. Our observations reveal that the fraction of germinating and outgrowing spores is dependent on the duration of LPP-treatment reaching a minimum after 120 s. RecA-YFP (yellow fluorescence protein) fluorescence was detected only in few spores and developed in all outgrowing cells with a slight elevation in LPP-treated spores. Moreover, some of the vegetative bacteria derived from LPP-treated spores showed an increase in cytoplasm and tended to lyse. The described methods for analysis of individual spores could be exemplary for the study of other aspects of spore germination and outgrowth.

Investigating the Detrimental Effects of Low Pressure Plasma Sterilization on the Survival of Bacillus subtilis Spores Using Live Cell Microscopy

This protocol illustrates the important consecutive steps required to assess the relevance of monitoring vitality parameter and DNA repair processes in reviving Bacillus subtilis spores after treatment with low pressure plasma by tracking fluorescence-labelled DNA repair proteins via time-resolved confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

해로운 효과의 낮은 압력 플라즈마 살 균 새 균의 subtilis 포자를 사용 하 여 라이브 셀 현미경의 생존에 조사

Plasma sterilization is a promising alternative to conventional sterilization methods for industrial, clinical, and spaceflight purposes. Low pressure ...

Investigating Teliospore Germination Using Microrespiration Analysis and Microdissection

Smut fungi are the etiological agents of several devastating agricultural diseases. They are characterized by the production of teliospores, which are thick-walled dispersal agents. Teliospores can remain dormant for decades. The dormancy is characterized by low metabolic rates, paused macromolecular biosynthesis and greatly reduced levels of respiration. Upon receiving required environmental signals, teliospores germinate to produce haploid cells, which can initiate new rounds of infection. Teliospore germination is characterized by the resumption of macromolecular biosynthesis, increased respiration and dramatic morphological changes. In order to precisely measure changes in cellular respiration during the early stages of germination, we have developed a simple protocol employing a Clark-type respirometer. The later stages of germination are distinguished by specific morphological changes, but germination is asynchronous. We developed a microdissection technique that enables us to collect teliospores at distinct germination stages.

Smut fungi cause many devastating agricultural diseases. They are dispersed as dormant teliospores that germinate in response to environmental cues. We outline two methods to investigate molecular changes during germination: measuring respiration increase to detect metabolic activation and assessing changing molecular events by isolating teliospores at distinct morphological stages.

Microrespiration 분석 및 기정을 사용 하 여 Teliospore 발 아 조사

Smut fungi are the etiological agents of several devastating agricultural diseases. They are characterized by the production of teliospores, which are ...