This work was supported by National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) grants (Grant ID 1062383 and 1063646) awarded to HJN. EAL is supported by an Australian Postgraduate Award.

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Salgılama sistemleri ve bakteriyel efektör proteinler konakçı hücrelerin sitoplazmasına bu sistemler nakliye, bir çok patojen bakteriler özgü replikatif niş içinde bir enfeksiyona neden kullanan önemli hastalık oluşturma bileşenidir. Birçok araştırma grupları odağı bakteriyel etkileyiciler ve konak proteinler ve ana hücresel yollardaki bu etkileyiciler var etkisi arasındaki etkileşimi araştırmak olmuştur. Çok sınırlı bir araştırma, eğer varsa, ev sahibi proteinleri başarılı bakteriye...

Coxiella burnetii zoonotik insan enfeksiyon Q ateşe neden benzersiz bir hücre içi patojen olduğunu. Bu hastalık asemptomatik serokonversiyon sıklıkla maruz sonra 1 endokardit yıl olarak tezahür hayatı tehdit kronik enfeksiyona uzanan klinik sunumlar geniş bir yelpazede ile ilişkilidir. İnsan enfeksiyon öncelikle geviş getiren, özellikle, süt inek, koyun ve keçilerde enfeksiyonu için önemli rezervuar, kirlenmiş aerosollerin solunması yoluyla gerçekleşir. Bu hayvanlarda Coxiella enfeksiyonu genellikle subklinik olmasına rağmen, enfeksiyon kürtaj tetikleyebilir ve doğum sıvısı ve plasentanın içinde hatırı sayılır bakteriyel yük yerel çevreyi 1 kirletebilir. Halk sağlığı ve tarım sektöründe hem son zamanlarda Hollanda&#39;da 2 meydana gelen Q humması salgını gözlendi üzerinde büyük bir yük gibi bir kontaminasyon örneğidir olabilir. 2007 ve arasında2010 Q humması 4.000 &#39;den fazla insan vakası teşhis edildi ve bu salgın keçi çiftlikleri 3 önemli kirlenme bağlıydı. Ayrıca, Coxiella şiddetli morbidite ve mortaliteye 4 neden bakteri ve gerekli düşük bulaşıcı dozun çevresel istikrara Hastalık Kontrol ve Önleme Merkezleri tarafından sınıflandırılmış olarak, bir potansiyel biyolojik silahtır. Coxiella iki aşamada vardır: doğal kaynaklardan izole Faz I organizmalar, son derece öldürücü ve Faz II organizmalar yüksek in vivo zayıflatılmaktadır. Örneğin, Coxiella burnetti dokuz Mile Faz I organizmaların çeşitli in vitro geçiş sonrası, Faz II bakteri kesik lipopolisakarit ile sonuçlanan geri dönüşü olmayan bir kromozom silme içeren üretildi (LPS) 5. Bu suş, C. burnetii NMII, doku kültürü modelleri I Faz fenotipik benzer ve daha güvenli bir modu sağlarAraştırmacılar laboratuvarlarda 5 Coxiella hastalık oluşumunun incelenmesinde l. Son yıllarda birçok atılımlar hızla Coxiella genetik alanında gelişmiş var. En önemlisi, aksenik ortam geliştirilmesi (sitrat sistein orta asitleştirildi - ACCM-2) hem sıvı ve katı ortam 6,7 ile Coxiella hücresiz büyüme sağlamıştır. Bu uyarılabilir gen sentezleme sistemi için, mekik vektörleri ve rasgele transpozon sistemleri 8-11 de dahil olmak üzere Coxiella için genetik araçlar doğrudan gelişmeler ile sonuçlandı. En son, hedeflenen gen inaktivasyonu için iki yöntem de belirli virülans gen adayları 12 incelenmesi için önünü geliştirilmiştir. Alveoler makrofajlar tarafından içselleştirilmesi ardından, Coxiella membrana bağlı bölme içinde yüksek sayılara çoğaltır vakuol (CCV) içeren Coxiella- adlandırılan. CCV konak endositik ticaretini inci gerektirirkaba erken ve geç endozomlar bir lizozom kökenli organel 13 içine olgunlaşır kadar. Bu süreç boyunca, CCV ya geçici görünür ya da dahil olmak üzere, vakuol ile ilişkili, ancak Rab5, Rab7, CD63 ve LAMP-13-15 Ocak, bunlarla sınırlı olmamak kalır konakçı faktörleri kazanır. Konak hücreleri içinde Coxiella çoğaltma tamamen işlevsel Dot / ICM Tipi IVB salgılanması Sistemi (T4SS) 8,16,17 tamamen bağlıdır. Bu salgı sistemi ancestrally konjugasyon sistemleri ile ilgili bir çok protein yapısı ve bakteriyel proteinler sunmak için hem bakteriyel ve vakuoler membranlar yayılan, ev sahibi sitoplazmada 18 içine, etkileyiciler olarak adlandırılan. Coxiella T4SS işlevsel Legionella pneumophila 19,20 iyi karakterize Tip IVB Nokta / ICM salgılama sistemine çok benzer. Coxiella asidik lizozom türetilmiş ulaşıncaya kadar İlginç bir şekilde, T4SS ve daha sonra efektör translokasyon aktivasyonu oluşmazorganel, yaklaşık 8 saat sonrası enfeksiyon 17,21. Bugüne kadar, 130 üzerinden Nokta / ICM efektörler 9,17,22-24 tespit edilmiştir. Bu etkileyiciler çoğu büyük olasılıkla konak hücreleri içinde Coxiella replikasyonu sırasında önemli rol oynamaktadır; Bununla birlikte, sadece bir kaç efektör işlevsel 25-29 karakterize edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, konakçı hücre sitoplazması içinde β-laktamaz aktivitesi ile (bundan sonra Bam alt-tabaka olarak da adlandırılır) CCF2-AM FRET alt-tabaka (Şekil 1) bölünmesi dayanan bir floresans bazlı translokasyon deneyi kullanmaktadır. ilgi konusu genin yapısal ekspresyonu sağlayan bir raportör plasmidi ile β-laktamaz (Bam)-1 TEM kaynaştırılır. Bam alt-tabaka, bir FRET çifti oluşturan iki florofor (kumarin ve floresein) oluşmaktadır. floresein ve efektör translokasyon yokluğunda yeşil floresan emisyon FRET içinde kumarin sonuçlarının Tahrik olma; Bununla birlikte, Bla halindeM-efektör füzyon proteini, konakçı sitoplazma içerisine doğru olan, elde edilen β-laktamaz aktivitesi böler uyarma aşağıdaki mavi floresan emisyon üretiminde FRET çifti ayırma Bam substratın β-laktam halkası. Bu translokasyon tahlil de C dahil olmak üzere farklı hücre içi ve hücre dışı bakterilerin bir dizi, efektör proteinleri tespit etmek bir yaklaşım olarak kanıtlanmıştır burnetti, L. pneumophila, L. longbeachae, Chlamydia trachomatis, enteropatojenik E. E. coli, Salmonella ve Brucella 17,30-35. Coxiella efektör translokasyon belirli konak faktörlerinin rolünü belirlemek için biz özellikle küçük müdahale RNA (siRNA), RNA girişim olarak bilinen gen susturma için köklü bir yöntem kullanmaktadır. Başlangıçta Caenorhabditis elegans tespit RNA interferans doğal Defe için kullanılan korunmuş bir endojen hücresel süreçvirüslere karşı nse yanı sıra gen regülasyonu 36,37. Diziye özgü siRNA bağlanmasından sonra, mRNA degradasyonu özgü gen susturma ve demonte 38 elde (RNA-bağlı susturulması kompleksi) RISC yoluyla ortaya çıkar. Bu çalışmada, siRNA endositik yolunun düzenlenmesi açısından çok önemlidir, iki ana protein, Rab5A ve Rab7A, hedef için kullanılmıştır. Efektör TRANSLOKASYONA Rab5A ve Rab7A susturma etkisi C. kullanarak tespit edildi burnetti pBlaM-CBU0077. Bir önceki Coxiella 17 Nokta / ICM salgılama sistemi transloke gösterilmiştir gibi CBU0077 seçildi. SiRNA gen susturulması ve burada açıklanan fluorescencebased translokasyon tahlil hem kullanarak, biz Coxiella tarafından efektör proteinlerin translokasyonu konak faktörlerinin rol kurmaya başlıyor. Bu yaklaşım, benzer secretio sahip hem hücre içi ve hücre dışı bakterilerin geniş bir aralığına uygulanabilmektedirefektör protein translokasyonu sorumlu n sistemleri.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Reagents&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Citric acid</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C0759</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium citrate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S4641</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium phosphate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>60218</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium chloride</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>442611</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Calcium chloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C5080</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Iron sulfate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S93248</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S9625</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>L-cysteine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C6852</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Bacto-neopeptone</td><td>BD</td><td>211681</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Casamino acids</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP1424</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Methyl beta cyclodextrin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C4555</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>RPMI + Glutamax</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>61870-036</td><td>ACCM-2 medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Chloramphenicol</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C0378</td><td>For bacterial culture</td></tr><tr><td>ON-TARGETplus Non-targeting Control Pool (OTP)</td><td>Dharmacon</td><td>D-001810-10-05</td><td>Non-targeting control</td></tr><tr><td>siGENOME Human PLK1 (5347) siRNA - SMARTpool</td><td>Dharmacon</td><td>M-003290-01-005</td><td>Causes cell death; measure of transfection efficiency</td></tr><tr><td>siGENOME Human RAB5A (5968) siRNA - SMARTpool</td><td>Dharmacon</td><td>M-004009-00-0005</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>siGENOME Human RAB7A (7879) siRNA - SMARTpool</td><td>Dharmacon</td><td>M-010388-00-0005</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5x siRNA buffer</td><td>Dharmacon</td><td>B-002000-UB-100</td><td>Use sterile RNase-free water to dilute 5x siRNA buffer to 1x siRNA buffer</td></tr><tr><td>DharmaFECT-1 Transfection Reagent</td><td>Dharmacon</td><td>T-2001-01</td><td>For transfection</td></tr><tr><td>Opti-MEM + GlutaMAX</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>51985-034</td><td>Reduced-serum medium used for transfection</td></tr><tr><td>DMEM + GlutaMAX</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>10567-014</td><td>For cell culture and infection</td></tr><tr><td>Heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS)</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>SH30071.03</td><td>Can use alternate equivalent product</td></tr><tr><td>DMSO</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D8418</td><td>For storage of Coxiella strain</td></tr><tr><td>PBS</td><td></td><td></td><td>For cell culture</td></tr><tr><td>0.05% Trypsin + EDTA</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>25300-054</td><td>For cell culture</td></tr><tr><td>dH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td></td><td></td><td>For dilution of samples and standards for qPCR</td></tr><tr><td>Quick-gDNA Mini Prep</td><td>ZYMO Research</td><td>D3007</td><td>Can use alternate equivalent product to extract gDNA</td></tr><tr><td>SensiFAST SYBR No-ROX Kit</td><td>Bioline</td><td>BIO-98020</td><td>Can use alternate equivalent qPCR master mix product for qPCR reaction</td></tr><tr><td>LiveBLAzer FRET-B/G Loading kit with CCF2-AM</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>K1032</td><td>For measurement of translocation using fluorescence and generation of the 6X loading solution (contains Solution A, B, C and DMSO)</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium hydroxide</td><td>Merck</td><td>106469</td><td>Probenicid solution component</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium phosphate monobasic</td><td>Sigma</td><td>71505</td><td>Probenicid solution component</td></tr><tr><td>di-Sodium hydrogen orthophosphate</td><td>Merck</td><td>106586</td><td>Probenicid solution component</td></tr><tr><td>Probenicid</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P8761</td><td>Probenicid solution component</td></tr><tr><td>DRAQ5 Fluorescent Probe Solution (5 mM)</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>62251</td><td>Nuclei stain to determine cell viablity. Use 1:4000 diluted in PBS.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>4% PFA (paraformaldehyde) solution in PBS</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P6148</td><td>Fixing solution for HeLa 229 cells</td></tr><tr><td>25 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; tissue culture flask with vented cap</td><td>Corning</td><td>430639</td><td>For growth of bacterial strain</td></tr><tr><td>96 Well Flat Clear bottom Black Polystyrene TC-Treated Microplates, Individually wrapped, with Lid, Sterile</td><td>Corning</td><td>3603</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>75 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; tissue culture flask with vented cap</td><td>Corning</td><td>430641</td><td>For growth of HeLa 229 cells</td></tr><tr><td>175 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; tissue culture flask with vented cap</td><td>Corning</td><td>431080</td><td>For growth of HeLa 229 cells</td></tr><tr><td>Haemocytometer</td><td></td><td></td><td>For quantification of HeLa 229 cells</td></tr><tr><td>Tear-A-Way 96 Well PCR plates</td><td>4titude</td><td>4ti-0750/TA</td><td>For qPCR reaction</td></tr><tr><td>8-Lid chain, flat</td><td>Sarstedt</td><td>65.989.002</td><td>For qPCR reaction</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bench top microfuge</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bench top vortex</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Orbital mixer</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5810 R</td><td>For pelleting bacterial culture</td></tr><tr><td>Nanodrop</td><td></td><td></td><td>For gDNA quantification</td></tr><tr><td>Mx3005P QPCR machine</td><td>Aligent Technologies</td><td>401456</td><td>For quantification of Coxiella genomes in 7 day culture</td></tr><tr><td>ClarioSTAR microplate reader</td><td>BMG LabTech</td><td></td><td>For measurement of fluorescence</td></tr></tbody></table>

applying fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) to examine effector translocation efficiency by coxiella burnetii during sirna silencing

Coxiella burnetii, Q humması etkeni bir yineleme niş kurmak Tip IV Dot / ICM Salgı Sistemi dayanan bir hücre içi patojen olduğunu. efektör kohort ana işlemleri değiştirmek ve replikasyon için benzersiz bir lizozom türetilmiş vakuol kurulmasına izin vermek için konakçı hücreye Bu sistem sayesinde transloke edilmiştir. özgü gen siRNA kullanarak susturma ve β-laktamaz aktivitesinin dayanan bir FRET tabanlı substrat kullanılarak efektör translokasyon ölçümü: Burada sunulan yöntem, iki köklü teknikleri kombinasyonunu içermektedir. Bu iki yaklaşım uygulamak, bakteriyel salgı sistemi fonksiyonu ve efektör translokasyon ev sahibi faktörlerin rolünü anlamaya başlayabiliriz. Bu çalışmada, Rab5A ve Rab7A hem endositik trafik yolunun düzenlenmesi açısından çok önemlidir rolü incelenmiştir. Bu efektör translocatio bir azalma ya da proteinleri de ekspresyonunu susturma göstermektedirn verimlilik. Bu yöntemler de kolayca salgı sistemlerini kullanan diğer hücre içi ve hücre dışı patojenlerin incelemek için modifiye edilebilir. Bu şekilde, bakteriyel efektör translokasyon katılan ana faktörler hakkında genel bir tablo ortaya çıkarılabilir.

Bu çalışma için, C. CBU0077 önce Coxiella Nokta / ICM salgılama sistemine 17 bir translokasyon efektör olduğu gösterilmiştir gibi burnetti pBlaM-CBU0077 soyu seçildi. Enfeksiyondan önce yedi günlük C. genomları / ml toplam sayısı burnetti pBlaM-CBU0077 kültür qPCR kullanılarak sayilmistir. 4 döngü eşiğinin bir örnek gösterir Şekil (Ct) değerleri qPCR izleyen hem standartl...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing at JoVE.com

Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing

bakteriyel patojenler ve ev sahipleri arasındaki etkileşimleri araştıran biyolojik araştırmaların önemli bir alandır. Burada, Blam substrat kullanılarak siRNA gen susturma sırasında Coxiella burnetii&#39;nin efektör translokasyonu ölçmek için gerekli teknikleri tarif eder.

Uygulanması Floresan Rezonans Enerji Transferi (FRET) tarafından Efektör Translokasyon Verimliliği incelemek için<em&gt; Coxiella burnetii</em&gt; SiRNA susturma sırasında

Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, is an intracellular pathogen that relies on a Type IV Dot/Icm Secretion System to establish a ...

applying-fluorescence-resonance-energy-transfer-fret-to-examine

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing

10.6K Görüntüleme.  University of Melbourne.  bakteriyel patojenler ve ev sahipleri arasındaki etkileşimleri araştıran biyolojik araştırmaların önemli bir alandır. Burada, Blam substrat kullanılarak siRNA gen susturma sırasında Coxiella burnetii'nin efektör translokasyonu ölçmek için gerekli teknikleri tarif eder. 

Video: Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing

Genome-wide RNAi Screening to Identify Host Factors That Modulate Oncolytic Virus Therapy

High-throughput genome-wide RNAi (RNA interference) screening technology has been widely used for discovering host factors that impact&#160;virus replication. Here we present the application of this technology to uncovering host targets that specifically modulate the replication of Maraba virus, an oncolytic rhabdovirus, and vaccinia virus with the goal of enhancing therapy. While the protocol has been tested for use with oncolytic Maraba virus and oncolytic vaccinia virus, this approach is applicable to other oncolytic viruses and can also be utilized for identifying host targets that modulate virus replication in mammalian cells in general. This protocol describes the development and validation of an assay for high-throughput RNAi screening in mammalian cells, the key considerations and preparation steps important for conducting a primary high-throughput RNAi screen, and a step-by-step guide for conducting a primary high-throughput RNAi screen; in addition, it broadly outlines the methods for conducting secondary screen validation and tertiary validation studies. The benefit of high-throughput RNAi screening is that it allows one to catalogue, in an extensive and unbiased fashion, host factors that modulate any aspect of virus replication for which one can develop an in vitro assay such as infectivity, burst size, and cytotoxicity. It has the power to uncover biotherapeutic targets unforeseen based on current knowledge.

Here we describe a protocol for employing high-throughput RNAi screening to uncover host targets that can be manipulated to enhance oncolytic virus therapy, specifically rhabodvirus and vaccinia virus therapy, but it can be readily adapted to other oncolytic virus platforms or for discovering host genes that modulate virus replication generally.

Tedavi Oncolytic virusu modüle ana faktörleri tanımlamak için genom çapında RNAi tarama

High-throughput genome-wide RNAi (RNA interference) screening technology has been widely used for discovering host factors that impact&#160;virus ...

Kanser Araştırmaları

Screening and Identification of RNA Silencing Suppressors from Secreted Effectors of Plant Pathogens

RNA silencing is an evolutionarily conserved, sequence-specific gene regulation mechanism in eukaryotes. Several plant pathogens have evolved proteins with the ability to inhibit the host plant RNA silencing pathway. Unlike virus effector proteins, only several secreted effector proteins have showed the ability to suppress RNA silencing in bacterial, oomycete, and fungal pathogens, and the molecular functions of most effectors remain largely unknown. Here, we describe in detail a slightly modified version of the co-infiltration assay that could serve as a general method for observing RNA silencing and for characterizing effector proteins secreted by plant pathogens. The key steps of the approach are choosing the healthy and fully developed leaves, adjusting the bacteria culture to the appropriate optical density (OD) at 600 nm, and observing green fluorescent protein (GFP) fluorescence at the optimum time on the infiltrated leaves in order to avoid omitting effectors with weak suppression activity. This improved protocol will contribute to rapid, accurate, and extensive screening of RNA silencing suppressors and serve as an excellent starting point for investigating the molecular functions of these proteins.

Here, we present a modified screening method that can be extensively used to quickly screen RNA silencing suppressors in plant pathogens.

Bitki Patojenlerinin Gizli Efektörlerinden RNA Susturucu Baskılayıcıların Taranması ve Tanımlanması

RNA silencing is an evolutionarily conserved, sequence-specific gene regulation mechanism in eukaryotes. Several plant pathogens have evolved proteins ...

Genetik

Enforced Activation of Enhancer RNAs In Situ through the dCas9 Synergistic Activation Mediator System

Enhancers are pivotal genomic elements scattered through the mammalian genome and dictate tissue-specific gene expression programs. Increasing evidence has shown that enhancers not only provide DNA binding motifs for transcription factors (TFs) but also generate non-coding RNAs that are referred to as eRNAs. Studies have demonstrated that eRNA transcripts can play significant roles in gene regulation in both physiology and disease. Commonly used methods to investigate the function of eRNAs are constrained to &#8220;loss-of-function&#8221; approaches by knockdown of eRNAs, or by chemical inhibition of the enhancer transcription. There has not been a robust method to conduct &#8220;gain-of-function&#8221; studies of eRNAs to mimic specific disease conditions such as human cancer, where eRNAs are often overexpressed. Here, we introduce a method for precisely and robustly activating eRNAs for functional interrogation of their roles by applying the dCas9 mediated Synergistic Activation Mediators (SAM) system. We present the entire workflow of eRNA activation, from the selection of eRNAs, the design of gRNAs to the validation of eRNA activation by RT-qPCR. This method represents a unique approach to study the roles of a particular eRNA in gene regulation and disease development. In addition, this system can be employed for unbiased CRISPR screening to identify phenotype-driving eRNA targets in the context of a specific disease.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>dCas9 Sinerjik Aktivasyon Aracısı Sistemi ile Yerinde Arttırıcı RNA'ların Zorla Aktivasyonu

Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) are non-coding RNAs produced from active enhancers. An optimal approach to study eRNA functions is to manipulate their levels in the native chromatin regions. Here we introduce a robust system for eRNA studies by using CRISPR-dCas9-fused transcriptional activators to induce the expression of eRNAs of interest.

dCas9 Sinerjik Aktivasyon Aracısı Sistemi ile Yerinde Arttırıcı RNA'ların Zorla Aktivasyonu

Enhancers are pivotal genomic elements scattered through the mammalian genome and dictate tissue-specific gene expression programs. Increasing evidence ...

Single Cell Analysis Of Transcriptionally Active Alleles By Single Molecule FISH

Gene transcription is an essential process in cell biology, and allows cells to interpret and respond to internal and external cues. Traditional bulk population methods (Northern blot, PCR, and RNAseq) that measure mRNA levels lack the ability to provide information on cell-to-cell variation in responses. Precise single cell and allelic visualization and quantification is possible via single molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH). RNA-FISH is performed by hybridizing target RNAs with labeled oligonucleotide probes. These can be imaged in medium/high throughput modalities, and, through image analysis pipelines, provide quantitative data on both mature and nascent RNAs, all at the single cell level. The fixation, permeabilization, hybridization and imaging steps have been optimized in the lab over many years using the model system described herein, which results in successful and robust single cell analysis of smFISH labeling. The main goal with sample preparation and processing is to produce high quality images characterized by a high signal-to-noise ratio to reduce false positives and provide data that are more accurate. Here, we present a protocol describing the pipeline from sample preparation to data analysis in conjunction with suggestions and optimization steps to tailor to specific samples.&#160;

Single molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) is a method to accurately quantify levels and localization of specific RNAs at the single cell level. Here, we report our validated lab protocols for wet-bench processing, imaging and image analysis for single cell quantification of specific RNAs.

Transkripsiyonel Aktif Alellerin Tek Molekül FISH ile Tek Hücre Analizi

Gene transcription is an essential process in cell biology, and allows cells to interpret and respond to internal and external cues. Traditional bulk ...

Biyokimya

Generation and Multi-phenotypic High-content Screening of Coxiella burnetii Transposon Mutants

Invasion and colonization of host cells by bacterial pathogens depend on the activity of a large number of prokaryotic proteins, defined as virulence factors, which can subvert and manipulate key host functions. The study of host/pathogen interactions is therefore extremely important to understand bacterial infections and develop alternative strategies to counter infectious diseases. This approach however, requires the development of new high-throughput assays for the unbiased, automated identification and characterization of bacterial virulence determinants. Here, we describe a method for the generation of a GFP-tagged mutant library by transposon mutagenesis and the development of high-content screening approaches for the simultaneous identification of multiple transposon-associated phenotypes. Our working model is the intracellular bacterial pathogen Coxiellaburnetii, the etiological agent of the zoonosis Q fever, which is associated with severe outbreaks with a consequent health and economic burden. The obligate intracellular nature of this pathogen has, until recently, severely hampered the identification of bacterial factors involved in host pathogen interactions, making of Coxiella the ideal model for the implementation of high-throughput/high-content approaches.

Generation and Multi-phenotypic High-content Screening of Coxiella burnetii Transposon Mutants

Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium responsible for the zoonotic disease Q fever. Here we describe methods for the generation of Coxiella fluorescent transposon mutants as well as the automated identification and analysis of the resulting internalization, replication and cytotoxic phenotypes.

Üretim ve Çok fenotipik Yüksek içerik Eleme<em&gt; Coxiella burnetii</em&gt; Transposon Mutantlar

Invasion and colonization of host cells by bacterial pathogens depend on the activity of a large number of prokaryotic proteins, defined as virulence ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

MISSION esiRNA for RNAi Screening in Mammalian Cells

RNA interference (RNAi) is a basic cellular mechanism for the control of gene expression. RNAi is induced by short double-stranded RNAs also known as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The short double-stranded RNAs originate from longer double stranded precursors by the activity of Dicer, a protein of the RNase III family of endonucleases. The resulting fragments are components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), directing it to the cognate target mRNA. RISC cleaves the target mRNA thereby reducing the expression of the encoded protein1,2,3. RNAi has become a powerful and widely used experimental method for loss of gene function studies in mammalian cells utilizing small interfering RNAs.
Currently two main methods are available for the production of small interfering RNAs. One method involves chemical synthesis, whereas an alternative method employs endonucleolytic cleavage of target specific long double-stranded RNAs by RNase III in vitro. Thereby, a diverse pool of siRNA-like oligonucleotides is produced which is also known as endoribonuclease-prepared siRNA or esiRNA. A comparison of efficacy of chemically derived siRNAs and esiRNAs shows that both triggers are potent in target-gene silencing. Differences can, however, be seen when comparing specificity. Many single chemically synthesized siRNAs produce prominent off-target effects, whereas the complex mixture inherent in esiRNAs leads to a more specific knockdown10.
In this study, we present the design of genome-scale MISSION esiRNA libraries and its utilization for RNAi screening exemplified by a DNA-content screen for the identification of genes involved in cell cycle progression. We show how to optimize the transfection protocol and the assay for screening in high throughput. We also demonstrate how large data-sets can be evaluated statistically and present methods to validate primary hits. Finally, we give potential starting points for further functional characterizations of validated hits.

Here we use a human esiRNA library in a high-throughput screen for genes involved in cell division. We demonstrate how to set up and conduct an esiRNA screens, as well as how to analyze and validate the results.

Memeli Hücreleri RNAi Tarama MİSYON esiRNA

RNA interference (RNAi) is a basic cellular mechanism for the control of gene expression. RNAi is induced by short double-stranded RNAs also known as ...

Biyoloji

Live Cell Calcium Imaging Combined with siRNA Mediated Gene Silencing Identifies Ca2+ Leak Channels in the ER Membrane and their Regulatory Mechanisms

In mammalian cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in protein biogenesis as well as in calcium signalling1. The heterotrimeric Sec61 complex in the ER membrane provides an aqueous path for newly-synthesized polypeptides into the lumen of the ER. Recent work from various laboratories suggested that this heterotrimeric complex may also form transient Ca2+ leak channels2-8. The key observation for this notion was that release of nascent polypeptides from the ribosome and Sec61 complex by puromycin leads to transient release of Ca2+ from the ER. Furthermore, it had been observed in vitro that the ER luminal protein BiP is involved in preventing ion permeability at the level of the Sec61 complex9,10. We have established an experimental system that allows us to directly address the role of the Sec61 complex as potential Ca2+ leak channel and to characterize its putative regulatory mechanisms11-13. This system combines siRNA mediated gene silencing and live cell Ca2+ imaging13. Cells are treated with siRNAs that are directed against the coding and untranslated region (UTR), respectively, of the SEC61A1 gene or a negative control siRNA. In complementation analysis, the cells are co-transfected with an IRES-GFP vector that allows the siRNA-resistant expression of the wildtype SEC61A1 gene. Then the cells are loaded with the ratiometric Ca2+-indicator FURA-2 to monitor simultaneously changes in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in a number of cells via a fluorescence microscope. The continuous measurement of cytosolic Ca2+ also allows the evaluation of the impact of various agents, such as puromycin, small molecule inhibitors, and thapsigargin on Ca2+ leakage. This experimental system gives us the unique opportunities to i) evaluate the contribution of different ER membrane proteins to passive Ca2+ efflux from the ER in various cell types, ii) characterize the proteins and mechanisms that limit this passive Ca2+ efflux, and iii) study the effects of disease linked mutations in the relevant components.

Live Cell Calcium Imaging Combined with siRNA Mediated Gene Silencing Identifies Ca2+ Leak Channels in the ER Membrane and their Regulatory Mechanisms

The endoplasmic reticulum plays a key role in protein biogenesis and in calcium homeostasis. We have established an experimental system that allows us to address the role of Ca2+ leak channels and to characterize their putative regulatory mechanisms. This system involves siRNA mediated gene silencing and live cell Ca2+ imaging.

Canlı Hücre Kalsiyum Görüntüleme siRNA aracılığı ile gen susturma ile birlikte Ca tanımlar 2 + ER Membran Kaçak Kanallar ve Düzenleme Mekanizmaları

In mammalian cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in protein biogenesis as well as in calcium signalling1. The heterotrimeric Sec61 ...

Quantitative and Automated High-throughput Genome-wide RNAi Screens in C. elegans

RNA interference is a powerful method to understand gene function, especially when conducted at a whole-genome scale and in a quantitative context. In C. elegans, gene function can be knocked down simply and efficiently by feeding worms with bacteria expressing a dsRNA corresponding to a specific gene 1. While the creation of libraries of RNAi clones covering most of the C. elegans genome 2,3 opened the way for true functional genomic studies (see for example 4-7), most established methods are laborious. Moy and colleagues have developed semi-automated protocols that facilitate genome-wide screens 8. The approach relies on microscopic imaging and image analysis. 
	Here we describe an alternative protocol for a high-throughput genome-wide screen, based on robotic handling of bacterial RNAi clones, quantitative analysis using the COPAS Biosort (Union Biometrica (UBI)), and an integrated software: the MBioLIMS (Laboratory Information Management System from Modul-Bio) a technology that provides increased throughput for data management and sample tracking. The method allows screens to be conducted on solid medium plates. This is particularly important for some studies, such as those addressing host-pathogen interactions in C. elegans, since certain microbes do not efficiently infect worms in liquid culture.
	We show how the method can be used to quantify the importance of genes in anti-fungal innate immunity in C. elegans. In this case, the approach relies on the use of a transgenic strain carrying an epidermal infection-inducible fluorescent reporter gene, with GFP under the control of the promoter of the antimicrobial peptide gene nlp 29 and a red fluorescent reporter that is expressed constitutively in the epidermis. The latter provides an internal control for the functional integrity of the epidermis and nonspecific transgene silencing9. When control worms are infected by the fungus they fluoresce green. Knocking down by RNAi a gene required for nlp 29 expression results in diminished fluorescence after infection. Currently, this protocol allows more than 3,000 RNAi clones to be tested and analyzed per week, opening the possibility of screening the entire genome in less than 2 months.

Quantitative and Automated High-throughput Genome-wide RNAi Screens in C. elegans

We describe a protocol using C. elegans and RNAi feeding libraries that allows automated measurement of multiple parameters such as fluorescence, size and opacity of individual worms in a population. We give one example of a screen to identify genes involved in anti-fungal innate immunity in C. elegans.

Nicel ve Otomatik Yüksek throughput Genom çapında RNAi Ekranlar C. elegans</em

RNA interference is a powerful method to understand gene function, especially when conducted at a whole-genome scale and in a quantitative context. In C. ...

In Vitro Selection of Engineered Transcriptional Repressors for Targeted Epigenetic Silencing

Gene inactivation is instrumental to study gene function and represents a promising strategy for the treatment of a broad range of diseases. Among traditional technologies, RNA interference suffers from partial target abrogation and the requirement for life-long treatments. In contrast, artificial nucleases can impose stable gene inactivation through induction of a DNA double strand break (DSB), but recent studies are questioning the safety of this approach. Targeted epigenetic editing via engineered transcriptional repressors (ETRs) may represent a solution, as a single administration of specific ETR combinations can lead to durable silencing without inducing DNA breaks.
ETRs are proteins containing a programmable DNA-binding domain (DBD) and effectors from naturally occurring transcriptional repressors. Specifically, a combination of three ETRs equipped with the KRAB domain of human ZNF10, the catalytic domain of human DNMT3A and human DNMT3L, was shown to induce heritable repressive epigenetic states on the ETR-target gene. The hit-and-run nature of this platform, the lack of impact on the DNA sequence of the target, and the possibility to revert to the repressive state by DNA demethylation on demand, make epigenetic silencing a game-changing tool. A critical step is the identification of the proper ETRs&#39; position on the target gene to maximize on-target and minimize off-target silencing. Performing this step in the final ex vivo or in vivo preclinical setting can be cumbersome.
Taking the CRISPR/catalytically dead Cas9 system as a paradigmatic DBD for ETRs, this paper describes a protocol consisting of the in vitro screen of guide RNAs (gRNAs) coupled to the triple-ETR combination for efficient on-target silencing, followed by evaluation of the genome-wide specificity profile of top hits. This allows for reduction of the initial repertoire of candidate gRNAs to a short list of promising ones, whose complexity is suitable for their final&#160;evaluation in the therapeutically relevant setting of interest.

In Vitro Selection of Engineered Transcriptional Repressors for Targeted Epigenetic Silencing

Here, we present a protocol for the in vitro selection of engineered transcriptional repressors (ETRs) with high, long-term, stable, on-target silencing efficiency and low genome-wide, off-target activity. This workflow allows for reducing an initial, complex repertoire of candidate ETRs to a short list, suitable for further evaluation in therapeutically relevant settings.

Uygulanması Floresan Rezonans Enerji Transferi (FRET) tarafından Efektör Translokasyon Verimliliği incelemek için

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