This work was supported by grants provided by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), R01 CA200669 to JF and R01 CA121107 to GRJT, and by a postdoctoral fellowship grant from Susan G. Komen for the Cure to IK (PDF12229484).

1. Synthesis of Aspirin-fumarate Prodrug GTCpFE
<ol>
	<li>Using a plastic plunger syringe, measure 0.81 ml (20 mmol) of methanol and mix it in water (10 ml) in a round bottom flask. Cool the resulting mixture to 0 &#176;C by placing the flask in an ice-water bath. Add 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (2.48 mg, 20 mmol) and stir the reaction mixture until the solution is clear.</li>
	<li>Prepare a solution of O-acetylsalicyloyl chloride (3.77 mg, 19 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (10 ml) by weighing the desired amount of <e...

<ol>
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B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Association+of+frequency+and+duration+of+aspirin+use+and+hormone+receptor+status+with+breast+cancer+risk.">Association of frequency and duration of aspirin use and hormone receptor status with breast cancer risk.</a> JAMA. 291, 2433-2440 (2004).</li><li>Wang, D., Dubois, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclooxygenase-2:+a+potential+target+in+breast+cancer.">Cyclooxygenase-2: a potential target in breast cancer.</a> Semin Oncol. 31, 64-73 (2004).</li><li>Howe, L. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammation+and+breast+cancer.+Cyclooxygenase/prostaglandin+signaling+and+breast+cancer.">Inflammation and breast cancer. Cyclooxygenase/prostaglandin signaling and breast cancer.</a> Breast Cancer Res. 9. 9, 210 (2007).</li><li>Kopp, E., Ghosh, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+NF-kappa+B+by+sodium+salicylate+and+aspirin.">Inhibition of NF-kappa B by sodium salicylate and aspirin.</a> Science. 265, 956-959 (1994).</li><li>Yin, M. J., Yamamoto, Y., Gaynor, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+anti-inflammatory+agents+aspirin+and+salicylate+inhibit+the+activity+of+I(kappa)B+kinase-beta.">The anti-inflammatory agents aspirin and salicylate inhibit the activity of I(kappa)B kinase-beta.</a> Nature. 396, 77-80 (1998).</li><li>Pierce, J. W., Read, M. A., Ding, H., Luscinskas, F. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

In this protocol, we demonstrated the synthesis of an ASA prodrug, GTCpFE, where the fumarate pharmacophore was incorporated to improve the anti-NF&#312;B activity in breast cancer cells. GTCpFE is an effective NF&#312;B inhibitor, whereas ASA itself is not, even at much higher concentrations. The fumarate moiety has anti-inflammatory properties as shown by its ability to inhibit NF&#312;B signaling in a variety of cell lines and tissues14,25-29. The prodrug strategy described herein, is amendable to other mal...

Inflammation is a hallmark that underlies multiple aspects of tumorigenesis, such as incidence and promotion, and eventually progression to metastasis1. In breast cancer, this is further supported by epidemiological observations showing that regular use of the classical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid, ASA) is associated with a reduction in both breast cancer incidence, and risk of metastasis and recurrence2,3. ASA acts primarily by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 activity, which is often upregulated in breast cancer4,5. However, the anti-cancer effects of ASA may also be mediated by suppressing aberrant nuclear factor &#954;B (NF&#954;B) signaling6-8. This is important because a deregulated NF&#954;B pathway promotes tumor cell survival, proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and resistance to therapy9-11. NF&#954;B pathway activation is also critical for mounting an immune response. Therefore, for anti-cancer therapy where prolonged NF&#954;B inhibition is required, one must consider the detrimental side effects involving long-lasting immune suppression. Hence, ASA may serve as a good starting point for therapeutic optimization.
One limitation for ASA application in cancer therapy is the elevated doses required for cyclooxygenase 2 and NF&#954;B inhibition, which are associated with gastrointestinal toxicity, such as ulcers and stomach bleeding12,13. However, converting ASA into as ester prodrug, may reduce ASA&#39;s gastrointestinal toxicity. To further enhance potency and/or add functionality, additional structural elements or ancillary pharmacophores may also be incorporated into ester prodrug design. One such pharmacophore added to enhance ASA potency against the NF&#954;B pathway is fumarate, which we have previously shown to be important for NF&#954;B pathway inhibition14,15.
We synthesized an aspirin-fumarate prodrug15, GTCpFE, and hypothesized that such hybrid molecule would be safe yet potent against the NF&#954;B pathway. We tested its anti-NF&#954;B activity in breast cancer cells and its ability to block breast cancer stem cells (CSCs)15, which rely on NF&#954;B signaling for survival and growth16-21. We find that the potency of GTCpFE against the NF&#954;B pathway is significantly improved over ASA15. In addition, GTCpFE blocks mammosphere formation and attenuates the CSC surface marker CD44+CD24- immunophenotype, indicating that GTCpFE is capable of eradicating CSCs15. These results establish the aspirin-fumarate prodrug as an effective anti-inflammatory agent that can also target breast CSCs. In terms of breast cancer therapy, GTCpFE may have the potential to treat aggressive and deadly disease.

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			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">RPMI 1640 Red Medium</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11875-093</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Warm up to 37&#176;C before use</td>
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			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">IMEM</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10-024-CV</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Warm up to 37&#176;C before use</td>
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			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">DMEM / F12 Medium</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21041-025</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Warm up to 37&#176;C before use</td>
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			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">MEM NEAA 10mM 100X</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11140</td>
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			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">Penicillin Streptomycin</td>
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			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">L-Glutamine 100X</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">25030-081</td>
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			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">Insulin</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I-1882</td>
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			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">Fetal Bovine Serum&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Atlanta Biologicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S11150</td>
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			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">Trypsin 2.5% 10X</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15090046</td>
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			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">Methyl Cellulose</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M0262</td>
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			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">B27 Supplement 50X</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Gibco</td>
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			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">EGF</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PHG0311L</td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
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			<td height="33" style="height:33px;">NF&#954;B-RE Luciferase Construct&#160;</td>
			<td>Clontech&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">pGL4.32</td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
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			<td height="33" style="height:33px;">Renilla Luciferase Construct&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">pGL4.70</td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">Lipofectamine 2000</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11668-019</td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">120000032</td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">NanoDrop Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;">Eppendorf Mastercycler&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;">StepOne Real Time PCR System</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;">Eclipse Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;">CyAn ADP Analyzer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;">QCapture Software</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">QImaging</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;">Summit Software</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;">GraphPad Software</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Prism</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">TRIzol</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15596-018</td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">28025-013</td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">100 mM dNTP Set</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10297-018</td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">Random Hexamers&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">48190-011</td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">Fast SYBR Green Master Mix</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4385612</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">Costar 96W, ultra low attachment&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3474</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">HBSS, 1X</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14025134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">CD44-APC conjugated antibody&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">560990</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Store at 4&#176;C, protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">CD24-PE antibody</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">560991</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Store at 4&#176;C, protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">Recombinant Human TNF&#945;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">210TA100&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">CCL2 Primer Forward Sequence</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:205px;">AGAATCACCAGCAGCAAGTGTCC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">CCL2 Primer Reverse Sequence</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:205px;">TCCTGAACCCACTTCTGCTTGG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">ICAM1 Primer Reverse Sequence</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:205px;">TGACGAAGCCAGAGGTCTCAG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">ICAM1 Primer Forward Sequence</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:205px;">AGCGTCACCTTGGCTCTAGG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">TNF Primer Forward Sequence</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:205px;">AAGGGTGACCGACTCAGCG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">TNF Primer Reverse Sequence</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:205px;">ATCCCAAAGTAGACCTGCCCA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">36B4 Primer Forward Sequence</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:205px;">GTGTTCGACAATGGCAGCAT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">36B4 Primer Reverse Sequence</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:205px;">GACACCCTCCAGGAAGCGA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">Sodium Hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S5881-500G</td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">4-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20806-10G</td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">O-Acetylsalicyloyl Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">165190-5G</td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">Phosphorous Pentoxide</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">79610-100G</td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">Ethyl Fumaroyl Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">669695-1G</td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">Sodium Sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">246980-500G</td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">4-Dimethylaminopyridine</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">714844-100ML</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">0.5&#160;M in tetrahydrofuran</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">Triethylamine</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T0886-100ML</td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">Toluene</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">244511-100ML</td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">Ethyl Acetate</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">270989-100ML</td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">Tetrahydrofuran</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">401757-2L</td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:216px;">400 MHz FT NMR spectrometer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:205px;">See Bruker&#8217;s Avance User&#8217;s Manual, version 000822 for details</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

synthesis and characterization of an aspirin-fumarate prodrug that inhibits nf&#954;b activity and breast cancer stem cells

Inflammation is a cancer hallmark that underlies cancer incidence and promotion, and eventually progression to metastasis. Therefore, adding an anti-inflammatory drug to standard cancer regiments may improve patient outcome. One such drug, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA), has been explored for cancer chemoprevention and anti-tumor activity. Besides inhibiting the cyclooxygenase 2-prostaglandin axis, ASA&#39;s anti-cancer activities have also been attributed to nuclear factor &#312;B (NF&#312;B) inhibition. Because prolonged ASA use may cause gastrointestinal toxicity, a prodrug strategy has been implemented successfully. In this prodrug design the carboxylic acid of ASA is masked and additional pharmacophores are incorporated.
This protocol describes how we synthesized an aspirin-fumarate prodrug, GTCpFE, and characterized its inhibition of the NF&#312;B pathway in breast cancer cells and attenuation of the cancer stem-like properties, an important NF&#312;B-dependent phenotype. GTCpFE effectively inhibits the NF&#312;B pathway in breast cancer cell lines whereas ASA lacks any inhibitory activity, indicating that adding fumarate to ASA structure significantly contributes to its activity. In addition, GTCpFE shows significant anti-cancer stem cell activity by blocking mammosphere formation and attenuating the cancer stem cell associated CD44+CD24- immunophenotype. These results establish a viable strategy to develop improved anti-inflammatory drugs for chemoprevention and cancer therapy.

In Figure 1, the chemical structure of aspirin-fumarate prodrug, GTCpFE, and its inhibitory activity on cytokine induced NF&#312;B pathway in breast cancer cells are indicated. GTCpFE inhibits both NF&#312;B endpoints, NF&#312;B-RE luciferase activity (Figure 1B) and expression of NF&#312;B target genes, such as Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM1), Chemokine C-C Motif Ligand 2 (CCL2), and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) (Figure 1C) in M...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis and Characterization of an Aspirin-fumarate Prodrug that Inhibits NFÎºB Activity and Breast Cancer Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Synthesis and Characterization of an Aspirin-fumarate Prodrug that Inhibits NF&amp;#954;B Activity and Breast Cancer Stem Cells

This procedure will demonstrate how we synthesized and characterized the anti-NF&#954;B and anti-cancer stem cell activity of an aspirin-fumarate prodrug.

Synthesis and Characterization of an Aspirin-fumarate Prodrug that Inhibits NF&#954;B Activity and Breast Cancer Stem Cells

Inflammation is a cancer hallmark that underlies cancer incidence and promotion, and eventually progression to metastasis. Therefore, adding an ...

The overall goals of this procedure are to demonstrate how the anti-inflammatory aspirin-fumarate prodrug GTCpFE is synthesized, and how it improves anti-NFkappaB and anti-cancer stem cell activity in breast cancer cells. This method can help answer key questions in the cancer therapeutics field by showing how we can repurpose or even improve anti-inflammatory drugs to target therapy resistant breast cancer stem cells. The main advantage of this technique is that we utilize the multidisciplinary approach to obtain and characterize the improved aspirin-fumarate prodrug.Demonstrating the synthesis of the aspirin-fumarate prodrug GTCpFE will be Loruhama Delgado-Rivera, a graduate student in Dr.Gregory Thatcher's laboratory. Whereas the anti-NFkappaB activity of GTCpFE in breast cancer cells will be demonstrated by Gergana Georgieva, a pharmacy student researcher in Dr.Jonna Frasor's laboratory. Using a plastic plunger syringe, measure 0.81 milliliters of methanol and mix it in 10 milliliters of water in a round-bottom flask.Cool the resulting mixture to zero degrees Celsius by placing the flask in an ice water bath. Add 2.48 milligrams of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol to the reaction mixture. Stir until the solution is clear.Next, prepare a solution of O-acetylsalicyloyl chloride in anhydrous toluene by dissolving the solute in the solvent in a separate flask. Using a plastic plunger syringe add this solution to the 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol mixture and leave the reaction stirring at zero degrees celsius. Monitor the reaction using thin-layer chromatography, or TLC, as described in the text protocol.When the reaction is complete remove the ice water bath and allow the reaction to stir at room temperature for 20 hours. Filter the precipitate using a Buchner funnel with a fritted disc of medium porosity. Then, place the solid in a scintillation vial and leave the compound in vacuo overnight in a desiccator at room temperature.Next, seal a thoroughly dried round-bottom flask with a septum and pierce it with a needle that is connected to a vacuum pump system. Inflate a balloon using argon gas and connect it to a plastic syringe with a needle. Insert the needle connected to the argon balloon through the septum sealing the round-bottom flask and remove the needle connected to the vacuum pump.Then, add 4-hydroxymethyl-phenyl ester, of 2-acetyloxybenzoic acid, 4-dimethylaminopyridine and trimethylamine to a separate flask. Dissolve the chemicals in five milliliters of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran. With a plastic syringe attached to a needle add the solution to the sealed round-bottom flask.Cool the mixture down to zero degrees Celsius by placing the flask in an ice water bath. To the previous mixture, add a solution of ethyl fumaroyl chloride and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran dropwise over a period of 10 minutes. Stir the resulting mixture for two to four hours monitoring the reaction by TLC as described in the protocol.Extract the reaction mixture by adding it to a separatory funnel along with 100 milliliters of ethyl acetate and 50 milliliters of brine. Cap the funnel and shake it vigorously. Tilting the funnel to the side of the cap, slowly open the valve to allow air to escape.Once the extraction is complete, remove the aqueous phase and repeat the extraction two more times. After removing the aqueous phase, dry the mixture by adding sodium sulfate to the organic phase until the solid does not clump up when the glassware is stirred. Using another Buchner funnel with a fritted disk filter the mixture to a round-bottom flask to remove the sodium sulfate.Then, evaporate to dryness using a rotary evaporator with the temperature set at 40 degrees celsius. Next, prepare a column with silica gel and the appropriate solvent phase. Once the compound has been added, add a layer of sodium sulfate to protect the column as the solvent is added.As the column runs, monitor the eluate by TLC. Spot every other test tube as they are collected from the column. When the product of interest dilutes, mix all the samples containing pure product into a large round-bottom flask.Dry the products using a rotary evaporator with the bath temperature set at 40 degrees celsius. Perform cell culture and transfect the cells with DNA for the NFkappaB response element luciferase reporter assay as described in the text protocol. Then dissolve drug stock solutions of the GTCpFE or aspirin drugs in dimethyl sulfoxide at 1000x concentration.After 16 hours of transfection and 1 microliter of vehicle or different drug stock solutions to each well. After adding the drugs, incubate the cells for two hours at 37 degrees Celsius. To activate the NFkappaB pathway, at the proinflammatory cytokine, TNFalpha, into each well for a final concentration of 10 nanograms per milliliter.Also include a TNFalpha alone control. After incubating the cells for four hours at 37 degrees Celsius, aspirate the medium. Store the cells at minus 80 degrees Celsius.Measure luciferase using a luciferase reporter assay system according the manufacturer's instructions. To perform the mammosphere assay, first prepare mammosphere medium as described in the text protocol. Next prepare singles cells of the MDA-MB-231 cell line by trypsin digestion of monolayer cultures and filter through mesh sieves.After manually counting the single dissociated cells, plate them in 96 well ultra low attachment plates at a density of 400 cells per well. Then place the cells in the incubator at 37 degrees Celsius overnight. The next day, add different concentrations of GTCpFE to a final volume of 100 microliters.Conduct every treatment in triplicate. After seven days of culture in the incubator at 37 degrees Celsius, acquire images via imaging software using an inverted microscope. Manually count the number of mammospheres greater than 75 microns in diameter.To measure the CD44 high, CD24 low cancer stem cell immunophenotype, trypsonize MDA-MB-231 cells with 0.25%trypsin for five minutes at 37 degrees Celsius. After counting the cells using a hemocytometer, seed the cells at three million cells per dish in 10 milliliter of medium as described in the text protocol. Then add vehicle or GTCpFE to the cells and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius for 72 hours.Following incubation trypsinize the cells and distribute one million trypsinized cells in five milliliter polystyrene tubes. The tubes should contain two milliliters of 1x HBSS buffer supplemented with 2%FBS and be labeled as test or control. To stain for the surface marker CD44 and CD24, spin the cells down, aspirate the buffer, then add 20 microliters of each conjugated antibody and 80 microliters of the HBSS buffer to test tubes for a final volume of 100 microliters.Next, add 100 microliters of the same buffer to the control tubes. Also include CD44 APC-conjugated antibody and CD24 PE antibody single stained contols or the ITG immuno isotype controls. Incubate the cells in the dark at four degrees Celsius for 30 minutes.Spin down the cells for five minutes at 400 times g and reconstitute them in 200 microliters of buffer. Keep the cells on ice and in the dark. FACS analysis can now be performed.GTCpFE inhibits NFkappaB-RE luciferase activity and expression of NFkappaB target genes, such as Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1, Chemokine C-C Motif Ligand 2, and Tumor Necrosis Factor in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The calculated inhibitory concentration at 50%of both endpoints is approximately 20 micromolar GTCpFE. By comparison, 200 micromolar aspirin shows no inhibitory activity in breast cancer cells.This indicates that the prodrug strategy of adding the Fumarate pharmacore to aspirin significantly improves it's anti-NFkappaB activity. GTCpFE inhibits mammosphere formation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in a dose dependent manner. Similar to NFkappaB pathway inhibition in adherent cultures, the IC50 value for mammosphere formation is approximately 20 micromolar.Also measured was the population of cells expressing the CD44 high, CD24 low immunophenotype which is a bonafide cancer stem cell surface marker in breast cancer. GTCpFE pretreament resulted in a significant depletion of the CD44 high, CD24 low population in MDA-MB-231 cells. Together these results establish GTCpFE's ability to effectively target breast cancer stem cells.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how the design and synthesize in aspirin fumarate prodrug and how to characterize its anti-NFkappaB and anti-cancer stem cell activity on breast cancer cells. We first had the idea for this method when aspirin failed to inhibit the NFkappaB pathway in breast cancer cells as it was previously reported in the literature. The implications of this technique extend toward anti-cancer stem cell therapy, because we showed that by targeting multiple proinflammatory pathways we can in fact, effectively eradicate breast cancer stem cells.Although this method can provide insight into how to design and synthesize and characterize anti-inflammatory agents in breast cancer, this can be applied to other malignancies where multiple proinflammatory pathways are active and contribute to the pathology of the disease. Following this procedure, other methods such as the aldefluor assay and in vivo tumorigenicity can be utilized in order to asses the effect of the drug on breast cancer stem cells. The technique can pave the way for researchers in cancer therapeutics to explore prodrug design of antiinflammatory agents.GTCpFE may serve as a prototype for developing new fumarate and aspirin based antiinflammatory agents. And this could also be the basis of a new class of anti-cancer stem cell agents.

synthesis-characterization-an-aspirin-fumarate-prodrug-that-inhibits

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

12.2K Görüntüleme.  University of Illinois at Chicago. The overall goals of this procedure are to demonstrate how the anti-inflammatory aspirin-fumarate prodrug GTCpFE is synthesized, and how it improves anti-NFkappaB and anti-cancer stem cell activity in breast cancer cells. This method can help answer key questions in the cancer therapeutics field by showing how we can repurpose or even improve anti-inflammatory drugs to target therapy resistant breast cancer stem cells. The main advantage of this technique is that we utilize the multidisciplin...