We gratefully acknowledge support by the Harold and Pauline Price Chair in Ophthalmology and the Jules Stein Eye Institute to MBG, the NEI Core grant (EY00331-43) to SN. Research was supported in part by a generous gift from the Sakaria family to SN and MGB, and from an unrestricted grant from the Research to Prevent Blindness to the Department of Ophthalmology. We thank Charlotte Yiyi Wang at Berkeley School of Optometry for obtaining initial OCT images of subretinal injections.

Hayvanlar: Los Angeles, California Üniversitesi (UCLA) yetiştirilen Yabani tip C57Bl / 6J fareler. 17 haftalık ve erkek ve dişi fareler dahil - Bütün hayvanlar 11 arasında idi. Tüm fareler grubu yerleştirilmiştir, yiyecek ve su ad libitum 12:12 aydınlık / karanlık döngüsünde tutuldu. Bütün deneyler Oftalmik ve Vision Research Hayvanların Kullanım UCLA ve Vizyon Araştırma Derneği ve Oftalmoloji Tablosu kurumsal kurallarına uygun olarak yapıldı. NOT: Tüm ilaçlar ve enjekte ajanlar Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Farmakopesi (USP) notu bulunmaktadır. 1. Cerrahi Hazırlık <ol><li> tuzlu karışımı 100 mg / kg ketamin ve 8 mg / kg ksilazin ve intraperitoneal enjeksiyonu ile fare anestezisi. Fare hiçbir ayak tutam veya kornea dokunmatik refleksleri böyle bir derinliğe anestezi uygulayınız. </li><li> Bir dolaşan su pedi ile 37.0 ° C vücut ısısını korumak. </li><li> % 2.5 fenilefrin göz d öğrencileri dilateROPS ve trim bıyık görselleştirme kolaylaştırmak için. Bıyık nedenle, bıyık o gözle bloklar açık erişim, değil bıyık tabanına sadece bir bölümünü kaldırmak gerekir kırparak, fare önemli duyusal girdi sağlamaktadır. Bizim tecrübelerimize göre, fareler bu işlemden sonra normale iyileşme göstermektedir. Metilselüloz göz uygulayın kuruluğunu önlemek ve anestezi kaynaklı geçici katarakt 13 en aza indirmek için düşer. </li><li> Cerrahi (yani, betadin ve etanol veya sıcak boncuk) öncesinde aletleri sterilize. </li><li> Görselleştirme yapılacaksa, steril bir ortamda seyreltilmiş fluoresein (% 0.01,% 0.9 tuz kullanılarak) hazırlayın (örneğin, biyo-güvenlik kabini) (aşağıdaki bölüm 3). </li></ol> 2. Enjeksiyon Sitesi Hazırlama <ol><li> Uygun enjeksiyon hacmi (örneğin, 0,3-1,0 ul) ile bir şırınga (örneğin, 5 ul şırınga) hazırlayın. </li><li> Göz di açıkça görülebilir yukarı bakacak ve böylece fare yerleştirinmikroskop ssecting. </li><li> Yavaşça ince uçlu forseps ile zamansal konjonktivayı tutam. kavisli Vannas makas kullanılarak yaklaşık 90 derecelik bir çember boyunca bir kesi olun. </li><li> altta yatan Tenon kapsülü ile adımı yineleyin 2.3. </li><li> burundan dünya dönerken ince uçlu forseps ile çevreleyen bağ dokusu rezeke. optik sinir yaklaşık 0,5 mm zamansal enjeksiyon yerinde doğru çalışın. retro-orbital sinüs bozmamak için büyük özen kullanın. </li></ol> 3. Sklerotomi ve Subretinal Enjeksiyon NOT: Bu prosedür öğrenme sırasında% 0.9 Saline% 0.01 floresein enjeksiyon görselleştirme yardımcı olmak için kullanılması tavsiye edilir. floresein topografik dağılımı etkili bir fundus görüntüleme (aşağıda bölüm 4&#39;e bakınız) ile belgelenebilir. <ol><li> yavaşça 22.5 derecelik oftalmik bıçak ile Göz yuvası çizilerek enjeksiyon yerinde küçük bir skleral kesi yapmak. Bu kesi shouSadece iğne ucu sklera geçmesine izin verecek kadar büyük olması ld. </li><li> 5 açılı eğimli 33 G iğne (takın -. Konik bakan ve retinaya açılı paralel olan sklerotomili içine 10 ° (istenilen hacim enjekte örneğin, öğrenme amaçlı% 0.01 Floresein 0.3 1.0 ul). Not: iyice her enjeksiyondan önce müsait bir çözücü ve DI suyla art arda yıkama ile temizlenerek şırınga sterilliğini korumak. </li><li> İğneyi hareket ettirmeden ve hatta basınçla pistonu yavaşça (over ~ 3 saniye) basın. NOT: İğne subretinal alan olduğunda Medyumu ederken, hafif bir direnç hissedilecektir. İğne sklera veya RPE nüfuz etmediği takdirde iğne retina ve yüksek direnç deler eğer minimum dirençle hiçbir olacaktır. </li><li> geri akışı en aza indirmek için iğne çekilerek önce birkaç saniye bekleyin. </li><li> Steril tamponlu tuzlu su ile göz durulayın ve göz h sağlamakgeri normal pozisyonuna döndürülmüş olarak. </li></ol> OCT ve Fundus Görüntüleme tarafından Retina Dekolmanı 4. Değerlendirme <ol><li> enjeksiyondan hemen kalitesini değerlendirmek için enjeksiyondan sonra ve uygun zamanda Ekim görüntüleme gerçekleştirmek retinal yapıyı değerlendirmek için gerekli post-enjeksiyon işaret ediyor. Not: Benzer çalışmalarda OKT kullanımına örnekler, daha önce 7,14 tarif edilmiştir. <ol><li> Ayarlayın ve enjeksiyon siteyi hedef Ekim görüntüyü aynı hizaya getirin. enjeksiyon yeri orta hat ve optik sinir başı temporal 0,5 mm olmalıdır. optimal merkezli dekolmanı çerçevesinin dışında ise gerekli ya da değil tekrarlayın. </li></ol></li><li> Retina dekolmanı görselleştirmek ve en-yüz fundus görüntüleme 7,14 ile enjeksiyon alanını boya. Not:, OCT görüntüleme sistemi mevcut değilse, uygulama için bir vektör ile floresan bir miktar enjeksiyon floresein anjiyo gerçekleştiren bir fundus kamera ile görselleştirme sağlayacakAynı uyarma dalga boyları kullanarak ve filtreler engelleme grafisi. hiper-floresan lokalize alanlar damarsal altında görünecek ve subretinal alan doğru hedeflenmiş ise damarsal keskin ve belirgin sınırları olacaktır. enjeksiyondan bleb kenarı hipo floresan hiper geçiş ile sınırları çizilmiş olacaktır. Çeşitli enstrümanlar fare için bu yeteneği sağlar; Burada kullanılan enstrümantasyon başka yerde 14 tarif edilmiştir. </li></ol> 5. Post-operatif Bakım <ol><li> Enjekte gözün kornea yüzeyine üçlü antibiyotik göz krem ​​kalın bir kat uygulayın. </li><li> kurtarma için temiz yalnız kafeslerde fareler yerleştirin. Onlar tamamen iyileşti kadar ameliyat geçiren fareler bir araya etmeyin. </li><li> Anestezi kurtarma sırasında solunum ve sıcaklığını izlemek. Onlar sternum yatma koruyabilirsiniz kadar hayvan izleyin. </li><li> Ek uygun post-operatif izleme gerçekleştirmekve ameliyat sonrası ağrı tedavisi için karprofen bir deri altı enjeksiyon (5 mg / kg) de dahil olmak üzere tedavi. </li></ol> Elektroretinografi tarafından Retina Fonksiyonun 6. Değerlendirmesi (ERG) <ol><li> ERG analiz ön enjeksiyon gerçekleştirmek ve uygun zamanlarda retina fonksiyonlarını değerlendirmek için gerektiği gibi enjeksiyon sonrası. Enjeksiyon subretinal boşluğa yapılmış ise, retina dekolmanı 72 saat içinde çözmelidir. <ol><li> Daha önce 14,15 açıklandığı gibi önce ve enjeksiyondan sonra retina fonksiyonlarını değerlendirmek için standart ERG tekniklerini kullanın. </li></ol></li></ol> 7. 3D İmar ve Bleb Hacim Ölçümü NOT: yüksek kontrast görüş çerçevesinde tüm dekolmanı kapsayan birlikte Ekim taramaları kullanım için optimum olan. ImageJ / Fiji 17,18 ve Imaris kullanıldı, ancak diğer yazılım kullanılabilir. <ol><li> ilgi b-tarama İhracat, ImageJ / Fiji ve kırpma (Görüntü&gt; Kırpma) Ekim sc bölümü ithalatBir dikdörtgen seçim aracı kullanılarak modellenmiştir edilecek. <ol><li> Kontrast ayarlayın (Görüntü&gt;&gt; Parlaklık / Kontrast ayarlama) ve bir çizgi ile iki bölüm bağlayarak herhangi bir eksik sınırları betimlemek. </li><li> fotoreseptör tabakası RPE yayılan çizgi aracı (tutma vardiya) ile düz bir çizgi çizin. Tedbir (Ölçü&gt; Analiz) çizgisinin uzunluğu adımı 7.8 için maksimum dekolmanı boyutu elde etmek için. </li></ol></li><li> İthalat &quot;Gray RGB&quot; eklentisi ve MATLAB Compiler Runtime kullanılarak (Malzeme Tablo bakınız) 3D-rekonstrüksiyon yazılımı çerçeveleri kırpılmış. </li><li> Ekim tarama (x, y, z) kalibrasyon parametrelerini kullanarak (Görüntü Özellikleri altında) voksel boyutunu ayarlayın. </li><li> dördüncü kanal oluşturmak için, her kanala eşit ağırlık ile (Görüntü Özellikleri altında) &quot;RGB Gray&quot; eklentisi, yürütün. Orijinal Kırmızı-Yeşil-Mavi kanalları silin. </li><li> kontrast değişikliği kullanarak gri kanal ters çevirin. Mağaza Görüntü. </li><li> &quot;Bir Ekle&#39;yi tıklayınew yüzeyi &quot;3D-Görünüm sekmesinde düğme ve yüzey yaratma güdümlü 4 adım süreci başlar. <ol><li> Yüzey seviye detay (adım 4 1) ayarlayın. NOT: Bizim tecrübelerimize göre 12,0 8.0 en etkili menzili oldu. </li><li> (Arka plan seçimi altında) maksimum küre boyutunu 7.1.2 ölçülen maksimum dekolmanı boyutu biraz daha az olarak ayarlayın. gri kanal inversiyon (adım 4 2) yüzey oluşturmak ve geri. </li><li> retinanın dış olumsuz alanlarda ve dekolmanı yüzey teması (4 adım 3) gelmiyor bu yüzden maksimum değere eşik ayarlayın. </li><li> Voksellerden sayısına filtre tipini ayarlayın ve büyüklüğüne göre dekolmanı sitede negatif boşluk izole. yüzeyi (adım 4 4) bitirin. NOT: sıyrılma yüzeyinin hacmi istatistikleri sekmesinde hacim altında bulunur. </li></ol></li></ol>

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None of the authors have any commercial disclosures.

Subretinal enjeksiyonları viral vektörlerin teslimat için tercih edilen yöntem ve fotoreseptör ve temel araştırma ve klinik tedavisinde hem de RPE işlemek için hücre kökenli tedavisi kaynaklanıyor. hastalarda, subretinal enjeksiyonları genellikle doğrudan görselleştirme ile iğne ile, pars plana bir ön sklerotomili retinanın bir arka çekirdek vitrektomi ve penetrasyon yapılır. Göz Psödofakik zaten olmadıkça katarakt oluşumu erken gerçekleşmesi için en vitrektomi prosedürleri gibi, yaygınd?...

Subretinal enjeksiyonları fotoreseptör ve altta yatan RPE 1,2 üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek için farelerin retina hücresel ve viral ajanlar sunan birincil yolu vardır. Farelerde en subretinal enjeksiyon protokolleri transkorneal veya ekvatora bir transkleral enjeksiyon sitesi anterior (Şekil 1) kullanın. Bu yaklaşım nicklemek ve lens bileşke bulanıklığı, retinada ve iris, retina kanaması, önemli retina dekolmanı ve kalıcı subretinal ödem 3-9 camsı, penetrasyon bütünlüğünün bozulması içeren doğal kollateral hasara neden olabilir. Deneysel manipülasyonlar terapötik girişimlerin 3,7,10,11 etkilerini değerlendirmek amacıyla bu etkileri aşmak gerekir. Bu çalışma, bu komplikasyonları önler posterior transkleral enjeksiyon yöntemi ayrıntılı bir açıklamasını ve doğrulama sağlayan travmayı en aza indirir ve alt hedefleme yüksek bir başarı oranına sahiptirretina alanı. Farelerde subretinal alan hedefleme Enjeksiyonlar genellikle gerçekleştirmek çok zordur ve çoğu araştırmacı vektör yanlış bir konuma teslim edilir veya önemli retina hasarı tam retina dekolmanı 6 örneğin, var olduğu başarısız girişimleri yüksek frekanslı karşılaşıyoruz. Çünkü enjeksiyon komplikasyonlar analize dahil gözlerin sayısı genellikle fare çalışmalarında rapor değil, ama bizim kendi deneyim ve diğer araştırmacılar ile tartışmaya başarısız enjeksiyon sayısı% 50 kadar yüksek olabilir ve deneyime bağlı olarak değişebilir ve enjeksiyonları gerçekleştiren araştırmacının yetenekleri. Enjeksiyon başarısı genellikle direkt fundus görüntüleme ve / veya optik koherens tomografi (OKT) 7,9 değerlendirilir. Farelerde subretinal enjeksiyon için yüksek başarı oranları ile kolayca hakim yöntem deneme hızlandırmak ve tre klinik öncesi çalışmalarda maliyetini düşürebilirABD&#39;de körlüğün başlıca nedenleridir retina hastalıkları için atments. Arka, burada açıklanan transkleral subretinal enjeksiyon tekniği klinik ve klinik öncesi protokoller 9,12 bir uyarlamasıdır. enjekte edilen farelerde yapılan girişimsel olmayan tanı değerlendirmeler hafif ve son derece lokalize hasara göstermek ve ek teminat objektif, retina ve RPE hasarı yoksundur. böylece bu çalışmalarla ilgili maliyetlerin azaltılması, - (% 90 ya da daha iyi 80) Ayrıca, nispeten daha az uygulama ile, bir deneyci yüksek başarı oranı ile bu sonuçlar elde edebilirsiniz. Bu prosedür klinik öncesi çalışmalarda fotoreseptör ve / veya RPE, hücresel viral veya farmakolojik tedavi edici girişimler sunmak için ve kolayca deneysel müdahaleleri değerlendirmek için kullanılabilir.

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			<td>0.9% Saline USP</td>
			<td>Hospira</td>
			<td>NDC 0409-4888-50</td>
			<td>0.9% NaCl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic Ointment</td>
			<td>Akorn</td>
			<td>NDC 17478-235-35</td>
			<td>Ophthalmic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water Circulating Pump</td>
			<td>Gaymar</td>
			<td>TP-500 T/Pump&#160;</td>
			<td>P/N 07999-000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sd-OCT</td>
			<td>Bioptigen</td>
			<td>R-Series</td>
			<td>Commercial</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fundus Camera</td>
			<td>Phoenix Research Laboratories</td>
			<td>MICRON III</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tweezers Type 3</td>
			<td>Ted Pella, INC.</td>
			<td>5385-3SU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2.5% Phenylephrine</td>
			<td>Paragon BioTeck</td>
			<td>NDC 42702-102-15</td>
			<td>Ophthalmic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMARIS8</td>
			<td>Bitplane</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Version 8.1.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ</td>
			<td>NIH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>V1.8.0_77</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hypromellose&#160;2.5%</td>
			<td>Goniovisc</td>
			<td>AX0401</td>
			<td>Methylcellulose</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eye Drops (Rinse)</td>
			<td>Bausch &#38; Lomb</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Saline Solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Stemi 2000</td>
			<td>Microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light source</td>
			<td>Fostec</td>
			<td>P/N 20520</td>
			<td>Light source</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an alternative and validated injection method for accessing the subretinal space via a transcleral posterior approach

Subretinal enjeksiyonları başarıyla doğrudan fotoreseptör maruz kalma ve retina pigment epitel (RPE) sahiptir interfotoreseptör / subretinal bölmeye proteinlerin terapötik girişimlerin viral ajanlar, ve hücreleri sunmak için insanlar ve kemirgenler hem de kullanılmıştır. plazminojen subretinal enjeksiyonları yanı sıra son klinik öncesi ve klinik çalışmalarda ileri retina hastalığı olan bireylerin viral vektörlerin ve kök hücreleri sunma güvenliğini ve / veya etkinliğini göstermiştir. retina hastalıkları, özellikle de kalıtsal retinal distrofilerin fare modelleri, bu tedavilerin test etmek için gereklidir. Kemirgenlerde en yaygın enjeksiyonundan retinaya bir anterior küçük transkorneal ya transkleral kesiler kullanmaktır. Bu yaklaşımla, enjeksiyon iğnesi altında yatan RPE ve yerleştirilmesine bozarak nörosensöriyel retina nüfuz kolayca nick lens, lens kesafeti ve non-invaziv IMAGI bozulmasını nedenng. Bir transkleral yoluyla subretinal alan erişme, posterior yaklaşım bu sorunları önler: iğne retina penetrasyon olmadan, optik sinir yaklaşık 0.5 mm sklerasına geçer ve vitrözü kesintiye önler. Tali hasar odak sklerotomili ve geçici, seröz retina dekolmanı etkileri ile bağlantılı olduğu sınırlıdır. yöntemin basitliği, göz yaralanması en aza indirir hızlı retina yatıştırıldı ve iyileşme sağlar ve düşük başarısızlık oranı vardır. retina ve RPE minimal hasar etkinliğinin net değerlendirme ve terapötik ajanların kendilerini doğrudan etkileri için izin verir. Bu yazıda, viral vektörler, farmakolojik ajanlar hedef yüksek etkinlik, en az hasar ve hızlı bir iyileşme ile farelerde retina altı alana hücreleri ya da uyarılmış pluripotent kök (IPS) kök hücreler için kullanılabilecek yeni bir retina altı enjeksiyon tekniği tarif etmektedir.

yaklaşım transkleral subretinal enjeksiyonları 0.3 ul (n = 18), 0.5 ul (n = 8) ve% 0.01 fluoresein 1.0 ul (n = 5) enjekte 16 vahşi tip farelerden 31 sağlıklı gözler üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir posterior. Bir göz nedeniyle yapısal ve fonksiyonel analiz engelleyen önceden varolan korneal opasite enjeksiyon çıkarılmıştır. Her enjekte göz bu raporda yer almaktadır. Hiçbir istenmeyen retina dekolmanı, vitreus içine retinada veya sızıntı delikler tespit edildi ne...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Alternative and Validated Injection Method for Accessing the Subretinal Space via a Transcleral Posterior Approach at JoVE.com

An Alternative and Validated Injection Method for Accessing the Subretinal Space via a Transcleral Posterior Approach

Subretinal injections are the most common technique for delivering large therapeutic agents such as proteins and viral vectors to photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium. An alternative method in mice that successfully targets the subretinal space with minimal collateral damage and fast recovery times is described here.

Subretinal Space erişim için bir alternatif ve Onaylı Enjeksiyon Yöntemi<i&gt; yoluyla</i&gt; Bir transkleral Posterior Yaklaşım

Subretinal injections have been successfully used in both humans and rodents to deliver therapeutic interventions of proteins, viral agents, and cells to ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

An Alternative and Validated Injection Method for Accessing the Subretinal Space via a Transcleral Posterior Approach

13.1K Görüntüleme.  University of California, Los Angeles. Subretinal injections are the most common technique for delivering large therapeutic agents such as proteins and viral vectors to photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium. An alternative method in mice that successfully targets the subretinal space with minimal collateral damage and fast recovery times is described here.

Video: An Alternative and Validated Injection Method for Accessing the Subretinal Space via a Transcleral Posterior Approach

Novel Apparatus and Method for Drug Reinforcement

Animal models of reinforcement have proven to be useful for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying drug addiction. Operant drug self-administration and conditioned place preference (CPP) procedures are expansively used in animal research to model various components of drug reinforcement, consumption, and addiction in humans. For this study, we used a novel approach to studying drug reinforcement in rats by combining traditional CPP and self-administration methodologies. We assembled an apparatus using two Med Associate operant chambers, sensory stimuli, and a Plexiglas-constructed neutral zone. These modifications allowed our experiments to encompass motivational aspects of drug intake through self-administration and drug-free assessment of drug/cue conditioning strength with the CPP test. In our experiments, rats self-administered cocaine (0.75 mg/kg/inj, i.v.) during either four (e.g., the "short-term") or eight (e.g., the "long-term") alternating-day sessions in an operant environment containing distinctive sensory cues (e.g., olfactory and visual). On the alternate days, in the other (differently-cued) operant environment, saline was available for self-infusion (0.1 ml, i.v.). Twenty-four hours after the last self-administration/cue-pairing session, a CPP test was conducted. Consistent with typical CPP findings, there was a significant preference for the chamber associated with cocaine self-administration. In addition, in animals undergoing the long-term experiment, a significant positive correlation between CPP magnitude and the number of cocaine-reinforced lever responses. In conclusion, this apparatus and approach is time and cost effective, can be used to examine a wide array of topics pertaining to drug abuse, and provides more flexibility in experimental design than CPP or self-administration methods alone.

Operant drug self-administration and conditioned place preference (CPP) procedures are expansively used in research to model various components of drug reinforcement, consumption, and addiction in humans. In this report, we combined traditional CPP and self-administration methods as a novel approach to studying drug reinforcement and addiction in rats.

İlaç Takviye için yeni cihaz ve Yöntem

Animal models of reinforcement have proven to be useful for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying drug addiction.  Operant drug ...

Nörobilim

A Method of Nodose Ganglia Injection in Sprague-Dawley Rat

Afferent signaling via the vagus nerve transmits important general visceral information to the central nervous system from many diverse receptors located in the organs of the abdomen and thorax. The vagus nerve communicates information from stimuli such as heart rate, blood pressure, bronchopulmonary irritation, and gastrointestinal distension to the nucleus of solitary tract of the medulla. The cell bodies of the vagus nerve are located in the nodose and petrosal ganglia, of which the majority are located in the former. The nodose ganglia contain a wealth of receptors for amino acids, monoamines, neuropeptides, and other neurochemicals that can modify afferent vagus nerve activity. Modifying vagal afferents through systemic peripheral drug treatments targeted at the receptors on nodose ganglia has the potential of treating diseases such as sleep apnea, gastroesophageal reflux disease, or chronic cough. The protocol here describes a method of injection neurochemicals directly into the nodose ganglion. Injecting neurochemicals directly into the nodose ganglia allows study of effects solely on cell bodies that modulate afferent nerve activity, and prevents the complication of involving the central nervous system as seen in systemic neurochemical treatment. Using readily available and inexpensive equipment, intranodose ganglia injections are easily done in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats.

Afferent vagal signaling transmits important information to central nervous system from receptors located in organs of the abdomen and thorax. The nodose ganglia of vagus nerves contain many types of receptors that modulate vagal activity. This protocol describes a method of local injections of neurochemicals into the nodose ganglia.

Sprague-Dawley Sıçan nodoz Ganglionlar Enjeksiyon Bir Yöntem

Afferent signaling via the vagus nerve transmits important general visceral information to the central nervous system from many diverse receptors located ...

Limbal Approach-Subretinal Injection of Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy in Mice Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The eye is a small and enclosed organ which makes it an ideal target for gene therapy. Recently various strategies have been applied to gene therapy in retinopathies using non-viral and viral gene delivery to the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Subretinal injection is the best approach to deliver viral vectors directly to RPE cells. Before the clinical trial of a gene therapy, it is inevitable to validate the efficacy of the therapy in animal models of various retinopathies. Thus, subretinal injection in mice becomes a fundamental technique for an ocular gene therapy. In this protocol, we provide the easy and replicable technique for subretinal injection of viral vectors to experimental mice. This technique is modified from the intravitreal injection, which is widely used technique in ophthalmology clinics. The representative results of RPE/choroid/scleral complex flat-mount will help to understand the efficacy of this technique and adjust the volume and titer of viral vectors for the extent of gene transduction.

Subretinal injection is a surgical technique for effective gene delivery to retinal pigment epithelium in the mouse eye. Here we describe an easy and replicable method for subretinal injection of viral vectors to retinal pigment epithelium in experimental mice.

Fareler Retina Pigment Epitel Gen Tedavisi için Viral Vektörler Limbal Yaklaşım-Subretinal Enjeksiyon

The eye is a small and enclosed organ which makes it an ideal target for gene therapy. Recently various strategies have been applied to gene therapy in ...

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a straightforward manner. As we previously demonstrated 1, in a two-dimensional chamber, we first force the flies to form a tight group, subsequently allowing them to take their preferred distance from each other. After the flies have settled, we measure the distance to the closest neighbor (or social space), processing a static picture with free online software (ImageJ). The analysis of the distance to the closest neighbor allows researchers to determine the effects of genetic and environmental factors on social interaction, while controlling for potential confounding factors. Diverse factors such as climbing ability, time of day, sex, and number of flies, can modify social spacing of flies. We thus propose a series of experimental controls to mitigate these confounding effects. This assay can be used for at least two purposes. First, researchers can determine how their favorite environmental shift (such as isolation, temperature, stress or toxins) will impact social spacing 1,2. Second, researchers can dissect the genetic and neural underpinnings of this basic form of social behavior 1,3. Specifically, we used it as a diagnostic tool to study the role of orthologous genes thought to be involved in social behavior in other organisms, such as candidate genes for autism in humans 4.

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The effect of genes and environment on social space of Drosophila melanogaster can be quantified through a powerful but straightforward analytical paradigm. We show here different factors that can affect this social space, and thus need to be taken into consideration when designing experiments in this paradigm.

Sosyal Space Etkileyen Koşullar<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a ...

A Simple Alternative to Stereotactic Injection for Brain Specific Knockdown of miRNA

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression. In the brain, vital processes like neurodevelopment and neuronal functions depend on the correct expression of microRNAs. Perturbation of microRNAs in the brain can be used to model neurodegenerative diseases by modulating neuronal cell death. Currently, stereotactic injection is used to deliver miRNA knockdown agents to specific location in the brain. Here, we discuss strategies to design antagomirs against miRNA with locked nucleotide modifications (LNA). Subsequently describe a method for brain specific delivery of antagomirs, uniformly across different regions of the brain. This method is simple and widely applicable since it overcomes the surgery, associated injury and limitation of local delivery in stereotactic injections. We prepared a complex of neurotropic, cell-penetrating peptide Rabies Virus Glycoprotein (RVG) with antagomir against miRNA-29 and injected through tail vein, to specifically deliver in the brain. The antagomir design incorporated features that allow specific targeting of the miRNA and formation of non-covalent complexes with the peptide. The knock-down of the miRNA in neuronal cells, resulted in apoptotic cell death and associated behavioural defects. Thus, the method can be used for acute models of neuro-degeneration through the perturbation of miRNAs.

MicroRNAs play crucial roles in the brain and are potential targets for modeling neuro-degeneration. However, perturbing miRNA levels is challenging due to the short length of miRNA and inaccessibility of the brain tissue. This video presents a method for antagomir design and brain specific delivery using a neuropeptide in mice.

MiRNA Beyin Özgül demonte için Stereotaktik Injection Basit Alternatif

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression.  In the brain, vital processes like neurodevelopment and neuronal functions depend on the ...

A New Approach that Eliminates Handling for Studying Aggression and the "Loser" Effect in Drosophila melanogaster

Aggressive behavior in Drosophila melanogaster is composed of the sequential expression of stereotypical behavioral patterns (for analysis see 1). This complex behavior is influenced by genetic, hormonal and environmental factors. As in many organisms, previous fighting experience influences the fighting strategy of flies and the outcome of later contests: losing a fight increases the probability of losing later contests, revealing &#34;loser&#34; effects that likely involve learning and memory 2-4. The learning and memory that accompanies expression of complex social behaviors like aggression, is sensitive to pre-test handling of animals 5,6. Many experimental procedures are used in different laboratories to study aggression 7-9, however, no routinely used protocol that excludes handling of flies is currently available. Here, we report a new behavioral apparatus that eliminates handling of flies, using instead their innate negative geotactic responses to move animals into or out of fighting chambers. In this protocol, small circular fight arenas containing a food cup are divided into two equal halves by a removable plastic slider prior to introduction of flies. Flies enter chambers from their home isolation vials via sliding chamber doors and geotaxis. Upon removal of plastic sliders, flies are free to interact. After specified time periods, flies are separated again by sliders for subsequent experimentation. All of this is done easily without handling of individual flies. This apparatus offers a novel approach to study aggression and the associated learning and memory, including the formation of &#34;loser&#34; effects in fly fights. In addition, this new general-purpose behavioral apparatus can be employed to study other social behaviors of flies and should, in general, be of interest for investigating experience-related changes in fundamental behavioral processes.

A New Approach that Eliminates Handling for Studying Aggression and the "Loser" Effect in Drosophila melanogaster

During fruit fly fights, the behavioral patterns observed, fight dynamics, and associated learning and memory are influenced by experimental conditions. The protocol presented here describes a novel procedure that entirely eliminates handling of flies during experiments. This improves fight dynamics and allows formation of strong &#34;loser&#34; effects.

Saldırganlık incelenmesi için Handling ortadan kaldırır Yeni Bir Yaklaşım ve &quot;Loser&quot; Etkisi içinde<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Aggressive behavior in Drosophila melanogaster is composed of the sequential expression of stereotypical behavioral patterns (for analysis see 1). This ...

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have validated the utility of this method for enhancing neuronal preservation and overall brain slice viability. The implementation of this technique by early adopters has facilitated detailed investigations into brain function using diverse experimental applications and spanning a wide range of animal ages, brain regions, and cell types. Steps are outlined for carrying out the protective recovery brain slice technique using an optimized NMDG artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) media formulation and enhanced procedure to reliably obtain healthy brain slices for patch clamp electrophysiology. With this updated approach, a substantial improvement is observed in the speed and reliability of gigaohm seal formation during targeted patch clamp recording experiments while maintaining excellent neuronal preservation, thereby facilitating challenging experimental applications. Representative results are provided from multi-neuron patch clamp recording experiments to assay synaptic connectivity in neocortical brain slices prepared from young adult transgenic mice and mature adult human neurosurgical specimens. Furthermore, the optimized NMDG protective recovery method of brain slicing is compatible with both juvenile and adult animals, thus resolving a limitation of the original methodology. In summary, a single media formulation and brain slicing procedure can be implemented across various species and ages to achieve excellent viability and tissue preservation.

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

This protocol demonstrates the implementation of an optimized N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. A single media formulation is used to reliably obtain healthy brain slices from animals of any age and for diverse experimental applications.

En iyi duruma getirilmiş bir Nkullanarak akut beyin dilimleri hazırlanması-metil-D-glucamine koruyucu kurtarma yöntemi

This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method described here enables the investigator to measure long-lasting (from minutes to hours) high-quality intracellular responses from single Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptors and Large Monopolar Cells (LMCs) to light stimuli. Because the recording system has low noise, it can be used to study variability among individual cells in the fly eye, and how their outputs reflect the physical properties of the visual environment. We outline all key steps in performing this technique. The basic steps in constructing an appropriate electrophysiology set-up for recording, such as design and selection of the experimental equipment are described. We also explain how to prepare for recording by making appropriate (sharp) recording and (blunt) reference electrodes. Details are given on how to fix an intact fly in a bespoke fly-holder, prepare a small window in its eye and insert a recording electrode through this hole with minimal damage. We explain how to localize the center of a cell's receptive field, dark- or light-adapt the studied cell, and to record its voltage responses to dynamic light stimuli. Finally, we describe the criteria for stable normal recordings, show characteristic high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to different light stimuli, and briefly define how to quantify their signaling performance. Many aspects of the method are technically challenging and require practice and patience to master. But once learned and optimized for the investigator's experimental objectives, it grants outstanding in vivo neurophysiological data.

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Sharp microelectrodes enable accurate electrophysiological characterization of photoreceptor and visual interneuron output in living Drosophila. Here we show how to use this method to record high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to controlled light stimulation. This method is ideal for studying neural information processing in insect compound eyes.

Recording Hücre içi Gerilim Yanıtları için Elektrofizyolojik Yöntem<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Işık Uyaranların için Fotoreseptörler ve internöronlar<em&gt; İn Vivo</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

Despite&#160;numerous studies that attempt to develop reliable animal models&#160;which reflecting the primary processes underlying neurodegeneration, very few have been widely accepted. Here, we propose&#160;a new procedure&#160;adapted from the well-known ex vivo brain slice technique, which offers a closer in vivo-like scenario than in vitro preparations, for investigating the early events triggering cell degeneration, as observed in Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD). This variation consists of simple and easily reproducible steps, which enable preservation of the anatomical cytoarchitecture of the selected brain region and its local functionality in a physiological milieu. Different anatomical areas can be obtained from the same brain, providing the opportunity to perform multiple experiments with the treatments in question in a site-, dose-, and time-dependent manner. Potential limitations&#160;which could affect the outcomes related to this methodology are related to the conservation of the tissue, i.e., the maintenance of its anatomical integrity during the slicing and incubation steps and the section thickness, which can influence the biochemical and immunohistochemical analysis. This approach can be employed for different purposes, such as exploring molecular mechanisms involved in physiological or pathological conditions, drug screening, or dose-response assays. Finally, this protocol could also reduce the number of animals employed in behavioral studies. The application reported here has been recently described and tested for the first time on ex vivo rat brain slices containing the basal forebrain (BF), which is one of the cerebral regions primarily affected in AD. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that the administration of a toxic peptide derived from the C-terminus of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) could prompt an AD-like profile, triggering, along the antero-posterior axis of the BF, a differential expression of proteins altered in AD, such as the alpha7 nicotinic receptor (&#945;7-nAChR), phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau), and amyloid beta (A&#946;).

An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

We present a method which can&#160;provide further insights into the early events underlying neurodegeneration and based on the established ex-vivo brain technique, combining the advantages of in vivo and in vitro experiments. Moreover, it represents a unique opportunity for direct comparison of treated and untreated group in the same anatomical plane.

Ateş Ex Vivo sıçan beyin dilimleri kullanarak birincil olayları incelemek için alternatif bir yaklaşım

Despite&#160;numerous studies that attempt to develop reliable animal models&#160;which reflecting the primary processes underlying neurodegeneration, ...

Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection

The protocol outlined here describes how to safely and manually inject solutions through the cisterna magna while eliminating the risk of damage to the underlying parenchyma. Previously published protocols recommend using straight needles that should be lowered to a maximum of 1-2 mm from the dural surface. The sudden drop in resistance once the dural membrane has been punctured makes it difficult to maintain the needle in a steady position. Our method, instead, employs a needle bent at the tip that can be stabilized against the occipital bone of the skull, thus preventing the syringe from penetrating into the tissue after perforation of the dural membrane. The procedure is straightforward, reproducible, and does not cause long-lasting discomfort in the operated animals. We describe the intracisternal injection strategy in the context of genetic fate mapping of vascular leptomeningeal cells. The same technique can, furthermore, be utilized to address a wide range of research questions, such as probing the role of leptomeninges in neurodevelopment and the spreading of bacterial meningitis, through genetic ablation of genes putatively implicated in these phenomena. Additionally, the procedure can be combined with an automatized infusion system for a constant delivery and used for tracking cerebrospinal fluid movement via injection of fluorescently labelled molecules.

We describe an intracisternal injection that employs a needle bent at the tip that can be stabilized to the skull, thus eliminating the risk of damage to the underlying parenchyma. The approach can be used for genetic fate mapping and manipulations of leptomeningeal cells and for tracking cerebrospinal fluid movement.

İntrasisternal Enjeksiyon Ile Leptomeningeal Hücre Modifikasyonu İndüksiyonu

The protocol outlined here describes how to safely and manually inject solutions through the cisterna magna while eliminating the risk of damage to the ...