This work was supported in part by the Research Program on Hepatitis from Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) and by Grants-in-Aids for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan.

Reporter protein kodlayan rekombinant HBV 1. Üretim <ol><li> HepG2 hücrelerinin hazırlanması <ol><li> Hücre kültürü ortamı hazırlayın (Dulbecco değiştirilmiş Eagle ortamı,% 10 fetal sığır serumu (FBS ile takviye (DMEM)), 100 U / ml penisilin, 100 ug / ml streptomisin ve 100 U / ml esansiyel olmayan amino asitler). </li><li> Kültür ortamında 10 ml Transfeksiyondan bir önceki gün içinde 10 cm&#39;lik bir kollajen kaplı tabak Plaka 4 x 10 6 HepG2 hücreleri. Nemlendirilmiş bir% 5 CO2 inkübatöründe 37 ° C&#39;de, HepG2 hücreleri inkübe edin. Not: yaklaşık olarak 4 x 10 6 HepG2 hücreleri kültür ortamında 10 ml, 10 cm kollajen kaplı tabak içinde plakalanır, bunlar% 70-90 konfluent ertesi gün olacaktır. </li></ol></li><li> transfeksiyon <ol><li> PUC1.2HBV ö epsilon 15 5 ug ve pUC1.2HBV / NL 15 5 ug ile transfekt HepG2 hücreleri transfeksiyon kullanılaraküreticinin talimatlarına göre reaktif. </li><li> Sonraki gün, kültür ortamı çıkarın ve taze kültür ortamı 10 ml. </li><li> Bir hafta sonra transfeksiyon 50 ml tüp rekombinant HBV ihtiva eden kültür ortamı aktarmak 1.3.1 adıma devam edin. transfekte edilmiş hücreleri içeren plaka taze kültür ortamı 10 ml. Not: Rekombinant HBV üretimi 4 hafta süre ile muhafaza edilir. Rekombinant HBV ihtiva eden kültür ortamı 1 ay boyunca 4 ° C &#39;de muhafaza edilebilir. </li></ol></li><li> Rekombinant HBV saflaştırılması <ol><li> santrifüj ile rekombinant HBV (5 dakika boyunca 2300 x g) ihtiva eden kültür ortamından hücre debrisini uzaklaştırmak. </li><li> 0.45 um&#39;lik bir membran filtresinden süpernatant geçirin. </li><li> Kültür ortamına:% 26 PEG / 1.5M NaCI (130 g, NaCl, 49 g, 0.5 M EDTA, pH 8.0, 1 ml, 1 M HEPES pH 5 ml 7.6 500 ml polietilen glikol 6000) bir eşit hacmi ekleme ihtiva eden rekombinantHBV ve hafifçe karıştırın. 4 ° C&#39;de bir gece boyunca inkübe edilir. </li><li> 4 ° C&#39;de 20 dakika boyunca 2300 x g&#39;de santrifüjleyin. </li><li> Süpernatant atılır ve TNE 0.5 ml (10 mM Tris, 50 mM NaCI, 1 mM EDTA) içinde pelet çözülür. </li><li> 5 dakika için 2300 x g&#39;de santrifüjleme ile çöpleri çıkarın. </li><li> TNE içinde 0.8 ml% 20 sükroz üzerinde yük yeniden birleştirici HBV ihtiva TNE 0.5 mi. </li><li> 15 ° C&#39;de 3 saat boyunca 100,000 x g&#39;de santrifüjleyin. </li><li> mümkün olduğunca süpernatant kadar atmak ve pelet kaydedin. kültür ortamının başlangıç ​​40 ml başına serumsuz DMEM, 1 ml içinde süspanse edin. </li><li> 4 ° C&#39;de bir gece boyunca inkübe edilir. </li><li> 0.45 um&#39;lik bir filtre ile filtrelenir. -80 ° C de, 0.5 ml alikotları ve mağaza hazırlayın. Not: orijinal virüs numunenin raportör proteini kirlenme gözlenirse, 2 saat boyunca 100,000 x g&#39;de TNE içinde% 5-30 sükroz yoğunluk gradyanı ile ultra santrifüj ile virüs arındırmak ya da ileri geri CsCI yoğunluk dengelenmiş santrifüj50 saat boyunca 150.000 x g&#39;de m 1.1-1.6 g / ml olmuştur. </li></ol></li></ol> Rekombinant HBV 2. Enfeksiyon <ol><li> % 10 FBS, 100 U / ml penisilin, 100 ug / ml streptomisin, 250 ug / ml G-418 ve 100 U / ml ile takviye edilmiş DMEM içinde HBV enfeksiyonuna duyarlı olan stabil bir şekilde NTCP (HepG2 / NTCP) 15&#39;i ifade eden kültür HepG2 hücreleri nemlendirilmiş bir% 5 CO2 inkübatöründe 37 ° C&#39;de gerekli olmayan amino asitler,. </li><li> Enfeksiyondan bir gün önce, plaka yaklaşık 5 x 10 4 HepG2 / kültür ortamına 0.1 ml, 96-çukurlu kollajen kaplı plaka NTCP hücreleri 14. </li><li> 37 ° C su banyosu içinde çözülme rekombinant HBV şişede kalan buz küçük bir bit olana kadar. </li><li> Aşağıdaki birleştirerek bulaşmasına orta hazırlayın: 1X fosfat tamponlu salin (PBS), dimetil sülfoksit, 2 ul (DMSO),% 40 PEG8000 10 ul rekombinant HBV 10 ul ve taze kültür ortamına 78 ul96 oyuklu bir plakanın her bir kuyucuğu. </li><li> 96 gözlü plakanın bir oyuğuna rekombinant HBV çözeltisi 100 ul ekle. </li><li> Enfeksiyondan bir gün sonra, virüs fraksiyondan kirletici raportör proteinini çıkarmak için, göz başına 300 | il PBS ile enfekte edilmiş hücrelerde 3 kez yıkayın. </li><li> Bir hafta ya da daha az,% 2 DMSO içeren kültür ortamında 200 ul enfekte hücreler inkübe edin. </li></ol> 3. Analiz <ol><li> Bir hafta sonra enfeksiyon, PBS ile enfekte edilmiş hücrelerde 3 kez yıkayın. </li><li> enfeksiyonlu hücrelere liziz tamponunda 50 ul ekle. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca kültürü plakası sallayın, ve daha sonra 5 dakika boyunca 2000 x g&#39;de santrifüjlenir. </li><li> Luminometre plakasına haberci substratın 50 ul ekle. </li><li> raportör alt-tabakayı içeren bir luminometre plakasına hücre lizatının 20 ul ekle. kısaca vorteks ile karıştırın. </li><li> Luminometreye plaka koyun ve 15 okuma başlatın. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

HBV genomu çekirdeği, polimeraz, yüzey ve X ORF (Şekil 1) dahil olmak üzere dört ana açık okuma çerçevelerini (ORF) sahiptir. Bu dört HBV ORF transkripsiyon sıkıca dört rehberleri tarafından düzenlenir: prekor / çekirdek geliştirici arttırıcı II içeren, S1 promotör, S2 promotör ve X yükseltici zenginleştirici 18 I içeren. 3.5 kb ve 3.4 kb mRNA&#39;ların sırasıyla prekor ve Core proteinler çevrilir. Büyük zarf proteini (L) en büyük alt-genomik mR...

Hepatit B virüsü (HBV) ile kronik enfeksiyon kronik karaciğer hastalıklarında 1 için önemli bir risk faktörüdür. Mevcut tedavi stratejileri interferon uyarımlı gen fonksiyonlarının 2 ile HBV pol fonksiyonu ve / veya enfekte olmuş bireylerde bağışıklık yanıtlarını aktive tip I interferon verilmesini de dolaylı bastırıcı HBV proliferasyonunu inhibe nükleotid analoglan dayanmasına rağmen, bu tedaviler HBV ortadan kaldırmaz DNA tamamen 3. Ayrıca, bir anti-pol maddeler karşı dirençli olan HBVlerin çıkışı endişe 4 taşımaktadır. şirketinden insan bağışıklık eksikliği virüsü (HIV) veya hepatit C virüsü (HCV), yaşam döngüsünün farklı adımlarını hedefleme kombine anti-viral ajanlar uygulanması başarılı bastırmak ya da virüs (ler) ortadan kaldırmak için gösterilmiştir. Bu fikrin, H farklı aşamalarında doğrudan etki anti-HBV ajan (lar) gelişimine benzerBV yaşam döngüsü gelecek HBV terapileri kurulması için önemlidir. Genel olarak, hedef virüs in vitro kültür sistemi basit bir kurulması anti-virüs maddelerinin geliştirilmesini kolaylaştırır. Bununla birlikte, anti-HBV maddeleri taramak için in vitro kültür sistemlerinin geliştirilmesi için en az iki engeller bulunmaktadır. İlk HBV enfeksiyonu / proliferasyonu için uygun bir in vitro hücre kültürü sisteminin olmamasıdır. Kurulan hücre hatlarında yayılır, HIV ve HCV gibi diğer virüsler, aksine, bunun nedeni, dar konukçu aralığının içeren deney sınırlamaları in vitro HBV yetiştirmek için zordur. Bu HBV enfeksiyonunun, 5, 6 karşı hassas olan, insan hepatoma hücre hattı HepaRG, belirli hücre kültür sistemlerinin kullanılması, 7, bu problemlerin üstesinden gelmek için geliştirilmiştir. Ayrıca, ürokinaz ty izole PXB hücreleri,PE plazminojen aktivatör transjenik / primer insan hepatosit (Ph) ile aşılanır SCID fareleri, HBV enfeksiyonu ve çoğaltma 8 duyarlı olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, HepaRG HBV replikasyon seviyesi HBV enfeksiyonu / çoğaltma seviyelerinin tutarsız ve &#39;tekrarı sonuçlara neden olabilir kültürden sonra hücre farklılaşması durum, bağlıdır. PXB yaygın HBV enfeksiyonu deneyleri için kullanılan ama durumu ile sınırlıdır. Bir tetrasiklin uyanlabilir HBV sentezleme hücre soyu, HepAD38, aynı zamanda yaygın HBV replikasyonunu incelemek için kullanılmıştır, ama bu sistem, sadece, transkripsiyon sonrası olup, HBV enfeksiyonu 9 giriş adımında değerlendirme sağlar. Son zamanlarda, HBV için işlevsel bir reseptör olarak, sodyum taurokolat cotransporting polipeptidin tanımlanması (NTCP) değişken bir HBV kültürü sisteminin 10 geliştirilmesine imkan tanımıştır. Gerçekte, bu tür Huh7 olarak duyarlı olmayan hepatokarsinoma hücrelerinin NTCP ekspresyonu veHepG2 HBV enfeksiyonunun 10 sağlar ve bu nedenle, HBV hassas hücre hatlarının seçimi deney sınırlamaları birçok çözme genişletilmiştir. İkinci bir sorun, HBV enfeksiyonu ve çoğaltma değerlendirmek için basit bir deney sisteminin olmamasıdır. HBV enfeksiyonu değerlendirilmesi genellikle HBV DNA, RNA ve proteinler analiz ederek yapılır. Ancak, bu virüs belirteçlerinin ölçümü genellikle masraflı ve zaman basit değil zaman tüketen vardır. Bu nedenle, basit bir deney sisteminin geliştirilmesi, bir raportör gen kullanılarak, HBV deney sistemleri ile ortaya çıkan problemlerin üstesinden gelinebilir. Bununla birlikte, bir HBV kapsid içinde paketlenebilir genom boyutu sınırlı olduğundan, - en az 3.7 kb 11 - Bir raportör genin boyutu mümkün olduğu kadar kısa olması gerekir. Ayrıca, viral replikasyon için gerekli olan genom boyunca dağılmış birden çok cis elemanlarının varlığı bölgesi için uygun pozisyonlar sınırlar<html> genomuna haberci genin yerleştirilmesine. Çeşitli raporlar, HBV genomunda 11, 12, 13 içine, HIV-1 Tat, yeşil floresan protein ve DsRed dahil olmak üzere yabancı genleri, eklemek için çalıştılar. Bununla birlikte, bu yeniden birleştirici HBVlerin HBV enfeksiyonu / çoğaltma ya da HBV enfeksiyonu / çoğaltma etkileyen faktörler yüksek verimli tarama taranması için kullanışlı değildir. Bu esas olarak bir araya getiren virüslerin, düşük verimlilik ve yetersiz virüs üretiminin neden raportör gen ekspresyonunun düşük yoğunluktadır. Bu sorunları aşmak için, virüs üretiminin yüksek verim ile bir muhabir HBV inşa. Bu virüs girişinden transkripsiyonu için, HBV replikasyon döngüsünün erken aşamalarında izlenmesi için son derece duyarlıdır. Bu, küçük bir (171 amino asit) lüminesan raportör tasarlanmış olduğu için bu elde etmek için, NanoLuc (NL), bir işaretleyici gen olarak seçilmiştirclass = &quot;xref&quot;&gt; 14. Ayrıca, NL ateşböceği ya Renilla lusiferaz daha parlak 150 kat yaklaşık ve lüminesan Reaksiyon yanlış isabet oranı yüksek verimli tarama düşük olacağını düşündürmektedir ATP&#39;ye bağımsızdır. Rekombinant HBV üretim verimi yaklaşık 1/5 ebeveyn HBV bölgesinin ve önceki HBV yeniden birleştirici virüs rapor seviyelere benzer; anti-HBV maddelerinin kitlesel taranması için kullanılabilir ancak, NL parlaklığı virüsü verimliliği ilgili sorunların üstesinden gelmektedir. Birincil hepatositleri kullanılarak anti-HBV maddelerinin taranması, HepaRG, HepAD38 ve NTCP-kalıt hepatositler, geleneksel yöntem (ler) anti-HBV maddelerinin taranması için yararlı olabilir. Ancak, burada açıklanan sistem, kolay kullanım, yüksek hassasiyet ve tarama için düşük maliyetli gibi çeşitli avantajlara sahiptir. Bu avantajlar, geliştirmek ve terapötik amaçlar için yeni HBV maddelerin belirlenmesi için kapsamlı incelemeler için uygundur.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:332px;">Nano-Glo Luciferase Assay Regent</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N1110</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin Mixed Solution</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>09367-34&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DMEM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11995065</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Opti-MEM I Reduced Serum Medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>31985070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:18px;width:332px;">100 mm/collagen-coated dish</td>
			<td>Iwaki</td>
			<td>4020-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Lipofectamine 3000 Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>L3000001&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>81255</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>89510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">NaCl</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>31319-45&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">0.5 mol/l-EDTA Solution</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>06894-14&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tris-HCl</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>35434-21</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Millex-HP, 0.45 &#956;m, polyethethersulfone, filter</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>SLHP033RS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Collagen coated 96-well plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>NO3585</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Passive Lysis 5xBuffer</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>E1941</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">GloMax 96 Microplate Luminometer</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>E6501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td>Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>30403-55</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Luminometer plate</td>
			<td>Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>655075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HepG2-NTCP1-myc-clone22</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Reference 15</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">pUC1.2HBV delta epsilon</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Reference 15</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">pUC1.2HBV/NL</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Reference 15</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">50 ml tube</td>
			<td>Violamo</td>
			<td>1-3500-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Anti-Myc antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C3956</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HBIG</td>
			<td>Japan Blood Products Organization</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">IFN-&#946;</td>
			<td>Mochida Pharmaceutical</td>
			<td>14987224005413</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Heparin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

development of a hepatitis b virus reporter system to monitor the early stages of the replication cycle

Currently, it is possible to construct recombinant forms of various viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), that carry foreign genes such as a reporter or marker protein in their genomes. These recombinant viruses usually faithfully mimic the life cycle of the original virus in infected cells and exhibit the same host range dependence. The development of a recombinant virus enables the efficient screening of inhibitors and the identification of specific host factors. However, to date the construction of recombinant hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been difficult because of various experimental limitations. The main limitation is the compact genome size of HBV, and a fairly strict genome size that does not exceed 1.3 genome sizes, that must be packaged into virions. Thus, the size of a foreign gene to be inserted should be smaller than 0.4 kb if no deletion of the genome DNA is to be performed. Therefore, to overcome this size limitation, the deletion of some HBV DNA is required. Here, we report the construction of recombinant HBV encoding a reporter gene to monitor the early stage of the HBV replication cycle by replacing part of the HBV core-coding region with the reporter gene by deleting part of the HBV pol coding region. Detection of recombinant HBV infection, monitored by the reporter activity, was highly sensitive and less expensive than detection using the currently available conventional methods to evaluate HBV infection. This system will be useful for a number of applications including high-throughput screening for the identification of anti-HBV inhibitors, host factors and virus-susceptible cells.

Şekil 1 genomu HBV genomu, transkribe edilmiş RNAlar, virüs proteinleri ve kodlama bölgesinin bir şemasını göstermektedir. genomunda raportör geni ve konumu da gösterilir. Şekil 2, raportör genini ihtiva eden HBV raportör plasmidi ve yardımcı plazmit gösterir. PUC1.2HBV / NL raportör pUC1.2HBV 16 prekor mRNA transkripsiyon başlatma sitesinden nükleotid pozisyonları 223-811 silme ve raportör geni sokulması ile...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle at JoVE.com

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Burada HBV yaşam döngüsünün erken aşamalarında izlemek için yeni geliştirilmiş hepatit B virüsü (HBV) muhabiri sistemini açıklar. Vitro sistemde BASİTLEŞTİRİLMİŞ yüksek verimli bir strateji kullanılarak anti-HBV maddelerinin taranması yardımcı olacaktır.

Bir Hepatit B Virüsü Muhabir Sisteminin Geliştirilmesi Çoğaltma Döngüsü Erken Aşamaları Monitör

Currently, it is possible to construct recombinant forms of various viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), ...

development-hepatitis-b-virus-reporter-system-to-monitor-early-stages

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

13.1K Görüntüleme.  National Center for Global Health and Medicine.  Burada HBV yaşam döngüsünün erken aşamalarında izlemek için yeni geliştirilmiş hepatit B virüsü (HBV) muhabiri sistemini açıklar. Vitro sistemde BASİTLEŞTİRİLMİŞ yüksek verimli bir strateji kullanılarak anti-HBV maddelerinin taranması yardımcı olacaktır. 

Video: Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Development of a Negative Selectable Marker for Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis and infects up to 10% of the world's population. The molecular techniques that have enabled the up- and down-regulation of gene expression rely on the transfection of stably maintained plasmids. While these have increased our understanding of Entamoeba virulence factors, the capacity to integrate exogenous DNA into genome, which would allow reverse genetics experiments, would be a significant advantage in the study of this parasite. The challenges presented by this organism include inability to select for homologous recombination events and difficulty to cure episomal plasmid DNA from transfected trophozoites. The later results in a high background of exogenous DNA, a major problem in the identification of trophozoites in which a bona fide genomic integration event has occurred. We report the development of a negative selection system based upon transgenic expression of a yeast cytosine deaminase and uracil phosphoribosyl transferase chimera (FCU1) and selection with prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC). The FCU1 enzyme converts non-toxic 5-FC into toxic 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorouridine-5'-monophosphate. E. histolytica lines expressing FCU1 were found to be 30 fold more sensitive to the prodrug compared to the control strain.

Development of a Negative Selectable Marker for Entamoeba histolytica

We report development of a negative selection system in E. histolytica based upon transgenic expression of a chimeric protein (FCU1) and selection with the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine. The FCU1 protein is a fusion of yeast cytosine deaminase and uracil phosphoribosyltransferase. Expression of FCU1 resulted in increased E. histolytica sensitivity towards 5-fluorocytosine.

Negatif Seçilebilir Marker Geliştirme Entamoeba histolytica</em

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis and infects up to 10% of the world's population. The molecular techniques that have enabled the ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

In response to viral infection, a host develops various defensive responses, such as activating innate immune signaling pathways that lead to antiviral cytokine production1,2. In order to colonize the host, viruses are obligate to evade host antiviral responses and manipulate signaling pathways. Unraveling the host-virus interaction will shed light on the development of novel therapeutic strategies against viral infection.
Murine &gamma;HV68 is closely related to human oncogenic Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Epsten-Barr virus3,4. &gamma;HV68 infection in laboratory mice provides a tractable small animal model to examine the entire course of host responses and viral infection in vivo, which are not available for human herpesviruses. In this protocol, we present a panel of methods for phenotypic characterization and molecular dissection of host signaling components in &gamma;HV68 lytic replication both in vivo and ex vivo. The availability of genetically modified mouse strains permits the interrogation of the roles of host signaling pathways during &gamma;HV68 acute infection in vivo. Additionally, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from these deficient mouse strains can be used to further dissect roles of these molecules during &gamma;HV68 lytic replication ex vivo.
Using virological and molecular biology assays, we can pinpoint the molecular mechanism of host-virus interactions and identify host and viral genes essential for viral lytic replication. Finally, a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) system facilitates the introduction of mutations into the viral factor(s) that specifically interrupt the host-virus interaction. Recombinant &gamma;HV68 carrying these mutations can be used to recapitulate the phenotypes of &gamma;HV68 lytic replication in MEFs deficient in key host signaling components. This protocol offers an excellent strategy to interrogate host-pathogen interaction at multiple levels of intervention in vivo and ex vivo.
Recently, we have discovered that &gamma;HV68 usurps an innate immune signaling pathway to promote viral lytic replication5. Specifically, &gamma;HV68 de novo infection activates the immune kinase IKK&beta; and activated IKK&beta; phosphorylates the master viral transcription factor, replication and transactivator (RTA), to promote viral transcriptional activation. In doing so, &gamma;HV68 efficiently couples its transcriptional activation to host innate immune activation, thereby facilitating viral transcription and lytic replication. This study provides an excellent example that can be applied to other viruses to interrogate host-virus interaction.

We describe a protocol to identify key roles of host signaling molecules in lytic replication of a model herpesvirus, gamma herpesvirus 68 (&gamma;HV68). Utilizing genetically modified mouse strains and embryonic fibroblasts for &gamma;HV68 lytic replication, the protocol permits both phenotypic characterization and molecular interrogation of virus-host interactions in viral lytic replication.

Model Herpesvirüs Litik çoğaltma Diseksiyon Host-virüs Etkileşim

In response to viral infection, a host develops various defensive responses, such as activating innate immune signaling pathways that lead to antiviral ...

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) affects 3% of the world&#8217;s population and causes serious liver ailments including&#160;chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV is an enveloped RNA virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae. Current treatment is not fully effective and causes adverse side effects. There is no HCV vaccine available. Thus, continued effort is required for developing a vaccine and better therapy. An HCV cell culture system is critical for studying various stages of HCV growth including viral entry, genome replication, packaging, and egress. In the current procedure presented, we used a wild-type intragenotype 2a chimeric virus, FNX-HCV, and a recombinant FNX-Rluc virus carrying a Renilla luciferase reporter gene to study the virus replication. A human hepatoma cell line (Huh-7 based) was used for transfection of in vitro transcribed HCV genomic RNAs. Cell-free culture supernatants, protein lysates and total RNA were harvested at various time points post-transfection to assess HCV growth. HCV genome replication status was evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR and visualizing the presence of HCV double-stranded RNA. The HCV protein expression was verified by Western blot and immunofluorescence assays using antibodies specific for HCV NS3 and NS5A proteins. HCV RNA transfected cells released infectious particles into culture supernatant and the viral titer was measured. Luciferase assays were utilized to assess the replication level and infectivity of reporter HCV. In conclusion, we present various virological assays for characterizing different stages of the HCV replication cycle.

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a major human pathogen that causes liver disorders, including cirrhosis and cancer. An HCV infectious cell culture system is essential for understanding the molecular mechanism of HCV replication and developing new therapeutic approaches. Here we describe a protocol to investigate various stages of the HCV replication cycle.

Hepatit C Virüsü Çoğaltma Analizi için Protokol

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) affects 3% of the world&#8217;s population and causes serious liver ailments including&#160;chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and ...

Mouse Fetal Liver Culture System to Dissect Target Gene Functions at the Early and Late Stages of Terminal Erythropoiesis

Erythropoiesis involves a dynamic process that begins with committed erythroid burst forming units (BFU-Es) followed by rapidly dividing erythroid colony forming units (CFU-Es). After CFU-Es, cells are morphologically recognizable and generally termed terminal erythroblasts. One of the challenges for the study of terminal erythropoiesis is the lack of experimental approaches to dissect gene functions in a chronological manner. In this protocol, we describe a unique strategy to determine gene functions in the early and late stages of terminal erythropoiesis. In this system, mouse fetal liver TER119 (mature erythroid cell marker) negative erythroblasts were purified and transduced with exogenous expression of cDNAs or small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) for the genes of interest. The cells were subsequently cultured in medium containing growth factors other than erythropoietin (Epo) to maintain their progenitor stage for 12 hr while allowing the exogenous cDNAs or shRNAs to express. The cells were changed to Epo medium after 12 hr to induce cell differentiation and proliferation while the exogenous genetic materials were already expressed. This protocol facilitates analysis of gene functions in the early stage of terminal erythropoiesis. To study late stage terminal erythropoiesis, cells were immediately cultured in Epo medium after transduction. In this way, the cells were already differentiated to the late stage of terminal erythropoiesis when the transduced genetic materials were expressed. We recommend a general application of this strategy that would help understand detailed gene functions in different stages of terminal erythropoiesis.

We present an in vitro mouse fetal liver erythroblast culture system that dissects the early and late stages of terminal erythropoiesis. This system facilitates functional analysis of specific genes in different developmental stages.

Fare Fetal Karaciğer Kültür Sistemi Terminali Eritropoiesis Erken ve Geç Dönemlerinde Hedef Gene İşlevleri teşrih etmek

Erythropoiesis involves a dynamic process that begins with committed erythroid burst forming units (BFU-Es) followed by rapidly dividing erythroid colony ...

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

An attenuated West Nile virus (WNV), a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced higher innate cytokine and T cell responses than the wild-type WNV in mice. Recently, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) signaling was shown to be important for initial T cell priming and memory T cell development during WNV NS4B-P38G mutant infection. In this study, two flow cytometry-based methods &#8211; an in vitro T cell priming assay and an intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) &#8211; were utilized to assess dendritic cells (DCs) and T cell functions. In the T cell priming assay, cell proliferation was analyzed by flow cytometry following co-culture of DCs from both groups of mice with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) - labeled CD4+ T cells of OTII transgenic mice. This approach provided an accurate determination of the percentage of proliferating CD4+ T cells with significantly improved overall sensitivity than the traditional assays with radioactive reagents. A microcentrifuge tube system was used in both cell culture and cytokine staining procedures of the ICS protocol. Compared to the traditional tissue culture plate-based system, this modified procedure was easier to perform at biosafety level (BL) 3 facilities. Moreover, WNV- infected cells were treated with paraformaldehyde in both assays, which enabled further analysis outside BL3 facilities. Overall, these in vitro immunological assays can be used to efficiently assess cell-mediated immune responses during WNV infection.

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

Two flow cytometry-based methods &#8211; an in vitro T cell priming assay and intracellular cytokine staining were utilized to measure antigen presenting capacity of dendritic cells and antigen-specific T cell responses to a West Nile virus mutant infection in mice.

Batı Nil Virüsü Mutant Soy Enfeksiyon MyD88-aracılı Hücresel Bağışıklık Tepki Vitro Analizi

An attenuated West Nile virus (WNV), a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced higher innate cytokine and T cell responses than the wild-type WNV in ...

Immunofluorescence to Monitor the Cellular Uptake of Human Lactoferrin and its Associated Antiviral Activity Against the Hepatitis C Virus

Immunofluorescence is a laboratory technique commonly used to study many aspects of biology. It is typically used to visualize the distribution and/or localization of a target molecule in cells and tissues. Immunofluorescence relies on the specificity of fluorescent-labelled antibodies against their corresponding antigens within a cell. Both direct and indirect immunofluorescence approaches can be used which rely on the use of antibodies linked with a fluorochrome. Direct immunofluorescence is less frequently used because it provides lower signal, involves higher cost and less flexibility. In contrast, indirect immunofluorescence is more commonly used because of its high sensitivity and provides an amplified signal since more than one secondary antibody can attach to each primary antibody. In this manuscript, both epifluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy were used to monitor the internalization of human lactoferrin, an important component of the immune system, into hepatic cells. Moreover, we monitored the inhibitory potential of hLF on the intracellular replication of the Hepatitis C virus using immunofluorescence. Both the advantages and disadvantages associated with these approaches are discussed.

The human lactoferrin (hLF) is a component of the immune system. In this study, immunofluorescence assays are used to demonstrate both the hepatocellular uptake of hLF and a qualitative reduction in the hepatitis C virus replication upon treatment with hLF.

Hepatit C Virüsü Karşı İnsan laktoferrinin Hücresel Alımı ve İlişkili Antiviral Aktivite Monitör İmmünofloresan

Immunofluorescence is a laboratory technique commonly used to study many aspects of biology. It is typically used to visualize the distribution and/or ...

Rearing Ixodes scapularis, the Black-legged Tick: Feeding Immature Stages on Mice

Ixodes scapularis, the vector of Lyme disease, is one of the most important disease vectors in the eastern and Midwestern United States. This species is a three host tick that requires a blood meal from a vertebrate host for each development stage, and the adult females require a blood meal for reproduction. Larval ticks attach to their host for 3 - 5 days for feeding and drop off the host when fully engorged. This dependency on several different hosts and the lengthy attachment time for engorgement complicates tick rearing in the laboratory setting. However, to understand tick biology and tick-pathogen interactions, the production of healthy, laboratory-reared ticks is essential. Here, we demonstrate a simple, cost-effective protocol for immature tick feeding on mice. We modified the existing protocols for decreased stress on mice and increased tick feeding success and survival by using disposable cages without mesh bottoms to avoid contact of ticks with water contaminated with mice urine and feces.

Rearing Ixodes scapularis, the Black-legged Tick: Feeding Immature Stages on Mice

The production of healthy laboratory-reared ticks is essential to studies on tick biology, and tick-pathogen interactions. Here we demonstrate a simple protocol for immature tick feeding that is cost-effective and less stressful to mice.

yetiştirme<em&gt; Geyik kenesi,</em&gt; Siyah Ayaklı Tik Tak: Fare üzerinde Olgunlaşmamış Evreleri Besleme

Ixodes scapularis, the vector of Lyme disease, is one of the most important disease vectors in the eastern and Midwestern United States. This species is a ...

A Novel Feeder-free System for Mass Production of Murine Natural Killer Cells In Vitro

Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate immune system and are a first-line anti-cancer immune defense; however, they are suppressed in the tumor microenvironment and the underlying mechanism is still largely unknown. The lack of a consistent and reliable source of NK cells limits the research progress of NK cell immunity. Here, we report an in vitro system that can provide high quality and quantity of bone marrow-derived murine NK cells under a feeder-free condition. More importantly, we also demonstrate that siRNA-mediated gene silencing successfully inhibits the E4bp4-dependent NK cell maturation by using this system. Thus, this novel in vitro NK cell differentiating system is a biomaterial solution for immunity research.

A Novel Feeder-free System for Mass Production of Murine Natural Killer Cells In Vitro

Here, we present a protocol to mass-produce gene-silencing murine NK cells by using a feeder-free differentiation system for mechanistic study in vitro and in vivo.

Roman besleyici-Alerjik sistemi fare doğal katil hücreler Vitro seri üretim için

Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate immune system and are a first-line anti-cancer immune defense; however, they are suppressed in the tumor ...

Assembly and Purification of Prototype Foamy Virus Intasomes

A defining feature and necessary step of the retrovirus life cycle is the integration of the viral genome into the host genome. All retroviruses encode an integrase (IN) enzyme that catalyzes the covalent joining of viral to host DNA, which is known as strand transfer. Integration may be modeled in vitro with recombinant retroviral IN and DNA oligomers mimicking the ends of the viral genome. In order to more closely recapitulate the integration reaction that occurs in vivo, integration complexes are assembled from recombinant IN and synthetic oligomers by dialysis in a reduced salt concentration buffer. The integration complex, called an intasome, may be purified by size exclusion chromatography. In the case of prototype foamy virus (PFV), the intasome is a tetramer of IN and two DNA oligomers and is readily separated from monomeric IN and free oligomer DNA. The integration efficiency of PFV intasomes may be assayed under a variety of experimental conditions to better understand the dynamics and mechanics of retroviral integration.

Recombinant retroviral integrase and DNA oligomers mimicking viral DNA ends can form an enzymatically active complex known as an intasome. Intasomes may be used for biochemical, structural, and kinetic studies. This protocol details how to assemble and purify prototype foamy virus intasomes.

Derleme ve prototip köpüklü virüs Intasomes arıtma

A defining feature and necessary step of the retrovirus life cycle is the integration of the viral genome into the host genome. All retroviruses encode an ...

Rapid, Safe, and Simple Manual Bedside Nucleic Acid Extraction for the Detection of Virus in Whole Blood Samples

The rapid diagnosis of an infection is essential for the outbreak management, risk containment, and patient care. We have previously shown a method for the rapid bedside inactivation of the Ebola virus during blood sampling for safe nucleic acid (NA) tests by adding a commercial lysis/binding buffer directly into the vacuum blood collection tubes. Using this bedside inactivation approach, we have developed a safe, rapid, and simplified bedside NA extraction method for the subsequent detection of a virus in lysis/binding buffer-inactivated whole blood. The NA extraction is directly performed in the blood collection tubes and requires no equipment or electricity. 
After the blood is collected into the lysis/binding buffer, the contents are mixed by flipping the tube by hand, and the mixture is incubated for 20 min at room temperature. Magnetic glass particles (MGPs) are added to the tube, and the contents are mixed by flipping the collection tube by hand. The MGPs are then collected on the side of the blood collection tube using a magnetic holder or a magnet and a rubber band. The MGPs are washed three times, and after the addition of elution buffer directly into the collection tube, the NAs are ready for NA tests, such as qPCR or isothermal loop amplification (LAMP), without the removal of the MGPs from the reaction. The NA extraction method is not dependent on any laboratory facilities and can easily be used anywhere (e.g., in field hospitals and hospital isolation wards). When this NA extraction method is combined with LAMP and a portable instrument, a diagnosis can be obtained within 40 min of the blood collection.

Here, we present a protocol for the rapid virus nucleic acid extraction from the virus-inactivated whole blood. The extraction is performed directly in the blood collection tubes and requires no equipment or electricity. The method is not dependent on laboratory facilities and can be used anywhere (e.g., in field hospitals).

Tam kan örneklerinde virüs tespiti için hızlı, güvenli ve basit el ile başucu nükleik asit çıkarma

The rapid diagnosis of an infection is essential for the outbreak management, risk containment, and patient care. We have previously shown a method for ...

Bir Hepatit B Virüsü Muhabir Sisteminin Geliştirilmesi Çoğaltma Döngüsü Erken Aşamaları Monitör

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Negatif Seçilebilir Marker Geliştirme Entamoeba histolytica