This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health (NIH) Grants R01 GM-41514 (to M.D.C.), R39 GM-048071 (to I.P.), and R01 NS-074987 (to T.E.L.) and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) Collaborative Center Research Award CA1058-A-8 (to C.M.W., T.E.L. and M.D.C.), NMSS Grant RG4925, NIH Training Grant T32-AI-060573 (to M.L.G.), NMSS Postdoctoral Fellowship FG 1960-A-1 (to J.G.W.), and funding from the George E. Hewitt Foundation for Medical Research (M.P.M.).

NOT: Etik Açıklama: hayvan taşıma için protokol California, Irvine, protokol # 2010-2943 Üniversitesi Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Komitesi (IACUC) tarafından onaylandı. Omurilik 1. Kaldırma <ol><li> Bölmesine euthanizing içinde ~% 100 sıvı izofluran, USP ile ıslatılmış kağıt havlu yerleştirin ve üstüne kuru kağıt havlu yerleştirin. Fare izofluran dokunmadan değil çok kuru kağıt havlu üstüne odasında fare yerleştirin ve oda kapalı olduğundan emin olun. Fare ötenazi olduğundan emin olmak için nefes kesilmesinden sonra en az bir dakika bekleyin. </li><li> Fare ötenazi sağlamak için boyun spinal transeksiyonu gerçekleştirin. Bu omuriliği zarar verebilir gibi bir servikal dislokasyon yapmayın. </li><li> Saç ıslak% 70 etanol ile fare püskürtün. </li><li> (Yaklaşık servikal lamina 1 omuriliğe maruz C1 fare arkasından saç ve cilt kaldırmak için keskin bir makas kullanın İnce) Sakral lamina 4 (S4) için. </li><li> Bir 10. bıçak ile bir neşter kullanarak, kas ve yağ ayırmak için omurganın sol ve sağ kesiler yapmak. Bu omurilik çıkarılması çok daha kolay hale getirecek. </li><li> opsiyonel: eğimli bir Luer rongeurs ilave etini kepçe için kullanılabilir. </li><li> Tırtıklı Graefe forseps ile omurilik vertebra üst tutarken, omurilik dokunmamaya dikkat ederek, yukarı C1 maruz omuriliğin içine kavisli tarafı titanyum kavisli Vannas makas yerleştirin. </li><li> Tüm yol sağa titanyum kavisli Vannas makas kaydırın ve bir küçük bir kesim yapmak. Küçük krizi sesi duydum ve makas omurları kesilerek olarak hissettim edilmelidir. Kablonun kadar sol tarafında bu kesim tekrarlayın. Çok hızlı gitmek veya bu makas ile kabloya zarar riski gibi bir kesim çok büyük yapmak için dikkatli olun. </li><li> Tek lamina omurları kenarları kesilir kez forseps ile kaldırılması gerekir. Rtutun ve omurilik vertebra geri çekmeye devam S4 kadar her tabakanın için bu adımı EPEAT. NOT: nakli sitesine kısmak kez nakli sitenin üstünde vertebra olasılıkla kapalı gelecektir. Sadece nakli sitesi altında başlayan prosedürü devam edin. </li><li> İsteğe bağlı: nakli site ve ölçü ve ~ nakli sitesine 20 mm rostral ve kaudal kesmek nerede görmek için aşağı omurga yatıyordu. NOT: Daha fazla genellikle 15 mm&#39;den daha öteye göç yok nakledilen NPC olarak ihtiyaç olmayacaktır NPC nakli. gerekli omurilik miktarı nakledilen hücre tipi deney ve göç özelliklerine bağlı olacaktır. Nakli sitesine eşit uzaklıkta olan rostral ve kaudal kesim yapma görüntüleme sırasında daha kolay bulunduğu için nakli sitesini sağlayacaktır. </li><li> # 11 bıçak ile bir neşter kullanılarak dikkatle sağda ganglionlar kesti ve rostral sonunda başlayan omurilik ventral tarafında sol. Bu ağırlıkhasta daha kolay ventral omurları kaldırılacak omuriliği etkinleştirin. NOT: Hızlı Bitti (1,7-1,11 adımları), spinal kord kurumasına olmayacaktır. Bununla birlikte, 1 x PBS nemli tutmak için kordon tatbik edilebilir. </li><li> Fareyi ters çevirin ve böylece omurilik aşağı bakacak fareyi tutun. Dikkatle kapalı dişli Graefe forseps kullanarak omuriliği dışarıda soyun. Omuriliği nicklemek olmadan, dikkatle omurilik tek sağlam bir parça dışarı kaldırdı izin vermek için kalan ganglionlar kesti. </li><li> Spinal kord RPMI-1640 olduğundan emin olun ve 2P mikroskop ulaşım için buz üzerine yerleştirin. </li></ol> Görüntüleme Omurilik 2. Hazırlık <ol><li> Agaroz omuriliği katıştırma <ol><li> Görüntü vermeden önce, buz üzerinde soğutulmuş, RPMI-1640 içinde ve izole spinal tutun. </li><li> Agaroz (düşük jelleşme sıcaklığı) tartıldı ve 1 x PBS, 5 ml% 5 solüsyon hazırlanır. Ag çözmek için 15 saniye için% 5 agaroz çözümü mikrodalgaortaya çıkan ve 37 ° C serin çözüm sağlar. </li><li> Ventral yüzü yukarı bakacak Parafilm bir levha üzerine yerleştirilerek omuriliği hazırlayın. </li><li> Pipet omurilik ventral yan üzerinde 5% agaroz çözeltisi, yaklaşık 5 mi. Agaroz, oda sıcaklığına kadar soğutma yoluyla katılaşır olsun. Tam katılaşma yaklaşık 5 dakika sürer. </li><li> 22 mm kare kapak kayma doku yapıştırıcı hafif bir kat uygulayın. </li><li> Parafilm ventral tarafı yerleştirerek, gömülü omuriliği ters çevirin. dorsal tarafı şimdi karşı karşıya olacak. Dorsal tarafına kapak kayma uyun ve yapıştırıcı katılaşmaya RMPI agaroz gömülü omurilik / kapak kayma hazırlık daldırın. Aşırı bir jilet kullanarak agaroz katılaşmış çıkarın. </li></ol></li><li> Mikroskop sahnede omuriliği Montaj <ol><li> Kapak kayma altına vazelin uygulayın. Bu perfüzyon sırasında hazırlık stabilize edecek. </li><li> Bir omurilik hazırlık yerleştirin25X daldırma hedefi doğru yukarı bakacak ventral yüzü mikroskop sahnede iyi görüntüleme. ısmarlama görüntüleme de yaklaşık 20 mm, 50 mm uzunluğunda derin ve karşısında 50 mm. </li><li> Resim oksijenli ısıtılmış ile hazırlanması (37 ° C) superfusing ise serumsuz (95: karbon dioksit karbojen: 5 oksijen), RPMI-1640 ortamı. <ol><li> Pre-sıcak su banyosu içinde 37 ° C&#39;ye kadar ortam ve ortam şişeye borunun sokulmasıyla boru pompasına bağlanır. </li><li> Bölmeye boru bağlantısı 37 ° C arasındaki bir ısıtıcı cihaz ile ortam sıcaklığı muhafaza edin. Superfuse ortam maddesi de yoluyla 3 mL / tüp pompası (Şekil 1B) bağlı bir hortum kullanılarak Min. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> Ventral Omurilik 3. 2P Görüntüleme <ol><li> Mikroskop Kurulum <ol><li> 900 nm ayarlı Sapphire lazer: Bir Chameleon Ultra Ti kullanarak Thy1-EYFP omurilik görüntüleri edinin. Lazer gücünü zayıflatır&lt;% 5 örnek minimum fototoksisite 16 sağlamak. Istikrarlı görüntüleme sağlamak için, ve doku sürüklenme ve hücresel hasarı önlemek için tek bir satır içi çözüm ısıtıcı kullanarak sabit 37 ° C&#39;de oksijen-perfüze RPMI-1640 perfüze sıcaklığını korumak. </li><li> EGFP ve EYFP floresan sinyalini ayırmak için, bilerek görünürlüğünü artırmak için yeşil emisyonu bölme, üç kanal içine 2P emisyon ayırmak için seri bir 520 nm tek kenar dikroik ve 560 nm tek kenar dichroic ışın ayırıcı yerleştirin. NOT: Bu kanal mavi-yeşil (emisyon &lt;520 nm), (520-560 nm), yeşil-sarı, kırmızı ve (emisyon&gt; 560 nm) olarak adlandırılır. Fotomultiplier tüpler her kanalda yayılan ışığın saptar. </li></ol></li><li> Ilgi yerlerinin görüntüleme alanları <ol><li> Mercek ve parlak bir alan ışık kaynağı kullanarak, bir referans noktası ayarlamak için omuriliğe ventral kenarında daldırma hedefi odak. </li><li> Emin ortam ışık kaynağı kapalı ve sw olunLazer deklanşörü açarak 2P uyarım kaşıntı. </li><li> Varsa ilgi alanları için doku ararken, son görüntüler satın alırken daha düşük bir çözünürlük ayarı, dijital zoom olmadan yüksek hacim ve yüksek tarama hızı kullanın. Ilgi bölge için doku arıyor bu sistem ile tipik ayarlar şunlardır: çözünürlük: 256 piksel; hacim: x = y 600 mikron = 600 mikron, z = 0-300 mikron. </li><li> Spinal kord ventral kenarında EYFP aksonlar gözlemleyin. Kolajen (mavi) ikinci harmonik sinyal omurilik dokusu kenarında parlak olacaktır. EYFP aksonlar sadece kolajen ikinci harmonik sinyal dorsal bulun ve EYFP sinyali yeşil-sarı kanalda görüntülenmiştir. </li><li> Omurilik hazırlama 14 uzunlamasına merkezi nakli sitesi bulun. EGFP-NPC nakli sonrası fareler 1 gün için, derin dokuya z düzleminde ışın yolunu odaklanarak nakli sitesini bulun. nakli sitesi will hayvanlar arasında biraz değişir ama genel olarak ventral kenarından ~ 200 mikron yer almaktadır. 1 gün sonra transplantasyonundan sonra farelerde ventral ve lateral kenarları daha yakın, beyaz madde yollarının EGFP-NPC kümeleri dikkate alınmalıdır. </li></ol></li><li> Nihai görüntüleri alınıyor <ol><li> 512 piksel görüntü çözünürlüğü Edinme; hacim: x = 270 y um, = 212 mikron ve z = 100 mikron kullanarak Slidebook 6 yazılımı. 2.5 mikron artışlarla sıralı odak uçakları alarak z-yığınları Derleme. </li><li> Spinal kord herhangi göç nesnelerin hızlı ölçümünü sağlamak için ofset uygun geçmeli ile çift yönlü tarama gerçekleştirin. Omurilik yaklaşık 1 kare / sn içinde ideal bir kazanım kare hızı hücresel hız belirlemek için emin olun. NOT: Görüntüleme ayarları, satın alma kare hızı, görüntüleme çözünürlüğü ve görüntüleme hacimleri gibi bireysel kullanıcı tercihlerine, değiştirilebilir. Büyük görüntüleme hacimleri genellikle GIV de kazanmak için daha uzun sürertr çözünürlük. </li><li> Böyle Bitplane Imaris 7.7 olarak görüntü analiz yazılımı ile kırpma, pürüzsüz, ve Pseudocolor Slidebook görüntü dosyaları, analiz. Slidebook ve Imaris bir otomatik işlem kullanarak ardışık görüntüleme birimleri penye nihai time-lapse videolar üretmek. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have no competing interests.

Gerçek zamanlı sağlam doku 2P görüntüleme demiyelinize fare omuriliğe nakli sonrası NPC kinetik ve etkileşimleri araştırmak için gereklidir. Intravital 2P görüntüleme yaygın yaşayan farelerde omurilik dorsal tarafında hücresel dinamikleri belirlemek için kullanılır, ve hastalık 17-19 demiyelinizan dorsal demiyelinizasyonu incelemek için kullanılır olmuştur. Transplant NPC 2P mikroskopi kullanılarak yerinde görüntüye çok derin yatıyor ventral beyaz cevher, göç Ancak, bir ...

Deneysel otoimmün ensefalomyelit (EAE) ve neuroadapted fare hepatit virüsü (Geminin) ile intrakranial enfeksiyon dahil demiyelinizasyon Fare modelleri, moleküler yollar ve hastalıkla ilişkili hücresel etkileşimleri çalışmak için mükemmel araçlardır. Onlar yol ve FDA etkinliği ağırlıklı olarak otoimmünite ve inflamasyon 1 durması hedefleyen, ilaç tedavileri kabul desteklemiştir. Endojen remiyelinizasyon başarısız sonra, ancak, şu anda onaylanan terapiler, etkili bir şekilde, merkezi sinir sisteminde miyelin kaybetmiş lezyonlar, onarım yapmaz. Bu nedenle, hastalığın bu aşamada onarım odaklı tedaviler kronik semptomlar ve yaşam kalitesinin iyileştirilmesi giderilmesi için kritik öneme sahiptir. Son zamanlarda, nöral öncü hücreler (NPC) inflamasyon ve demiyelinizasyon alanları hedef potansiyel rejeneratif tedavi yöntemi olarak ön plana çıkmıştır. Çeşitli çalışmalar, endogeno indükleme NPC yeteneğini ortaya çıkarmıştırBize remiyelinizasyon ve remiyelinizasyon 2-8 doğrudan katılmak. NPC doğrudan remiyelinizasyon dahil Çünkü, bu nakli sonrası endojen hücreler ile kinetik ve etkileşimleri anlamak şarttır. Transplantasyon sonrası, NPC sonra rostrally ve nakli sitesine 5,9 kaudal göreli beyaz cevher hasarı alanları ile ventral göç. göç kinetik çevresel uyaranlara yanıt olarak farklılık; Olmayan bir hasar omuriliğe nakledilen NPC hasarlı omurilik 6 nakledilen NPC daha büyük hızlara sahip. Bir göç süre sonra, bir sağlıklı omurilik 6 bozuk bir omurilik nispetle daha yüksek bir hızda, NPC yaygın olarak çoğalırlar transfer edilir. Son olarak, NPC çoğunluğu oligodentrositlere farklılaştırmak ve doğrudan remiyelinizasyon 4,6,9 başlatmak. miyelin kaybetmiş lezyon karmaşıktır ve çeşitli aşamalarında bir hücre, farklı popülasyon ihtiva edebilirctivation. Örneğin, bir aktif multipl skleroz (MS), lezyon aktive edilmiş T hücreleri, M1, mikroglia ve M1 makrofajlar, ancak kronik sessiz MS lezyon temel olarak birkaç enflamatuar hücreler 10-13 ile reaktif astrositler içerebilir önemli bir nüfus içerebilir. Çünkü efektör hücrelerin çeşitliliği, demiyelinizasyon fare modellerinde iki-foton (2P) görüntüleme lezyon içinde yerel hücresel etkileşimleri anlamak için son derece yararlı bir araçtır. MS ve birçok yaygın olarak kullanılan MS araştırma modellerinde, lezyonların çoğunluğu nedeniyle lezyon derinliği ve omurilik yüksek yağ içeriği omurilik, intravital 2P görüntüleme erişilemez bir bölge ventral tarafında yer almaktadır. Ventral spinal kord boyunca lezyonlarında bu konuları ve çalışma hücre-hücre etkileşimleri aşmak için biz ex vivo 2P görüntüleme hazırlık 6 basit geliştirdik. Bu çalışma gösterdi Önceki yöntemler yayın, takipMHV kaynaklı demiyelinasyon 14 JHMV suşu ardından fare omuriliğe gelişmiş yeşil floresan protein (EGFP) -expressing NPC nakli için prosedür. Beş haftalık fareler JHMV ile enfekte ve gün 14 sonrası enfeksiyon torakal seviyede 9&#39;da eGFP-NPC ile nakledilen. Burada sunulan protokol bir ex vivo agaroz hazırlık yapmak, omuriliği ayıklamak ve gelişmiş sarı floresan protein (EYFP) -expressing akson görüntü nakledilen eGFP-NPC etkileşimleri konusunda ayrıntılı adımları sağlar. Nöronal spesifik Thy1 promotörün kontrolü altında EYFP sentezleyen Fareler Bu prosedür 15 kullanılmıştır. Sadece akson bazı bireysel aksonlar görüntüleme için yararlı hale EYFP ifade eder. Burada 7 gün transplantasyon sonrası çıkarılmış omurilikleri göstermektedir; Bununla birlikte, omurilik transplantasyonundan sonra herhangi bir zaman noktasında elde edilebilir. Zarar görmüş aksonlar NPC etkileşimlerini gösterirken, protokol genetik floresan işaretler ile kombinasyon halinde de kullanılabilirdiğer hücre türleri fare omurilik oluşan hücresel etkileşimler çok sayıda araştırmak.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">Chameleon Ultra Ti:Sapphire laser&#160;</td>
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two-photon imaging of cellular dynamics in the mouse spinal cord

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is utilized to reveal cellular dynamics and interactions deep within living, intact tissues. Here, we present a method for live-cell imaging in the murine spinal cord. This technique is uniquely suited to analyze neural precursor cell (NPC) dynamics following transplantation into spinal cords undergoing neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorders. NPCs migrate to sites of axonal damage, proliferate, differentiate into oligodendrocytes, and participate in direct remyelination. NPCs are thereby a promising therapeutic treatment to ameliorate chronic demyelinating diseases. Because transplanted NPCs migrate to the damaged areas on the ventral side of the spinal cord, traditional intravital 2P imaging is impossible, and only information on static interactions was previously available using histochemical staining approaches. Although this method was generated to image transplanted NPCs in the ventral spinal cord, it can be applied to numerous studies of transplanted and endogenous cells throughout the entire spinal cord. In this article, we demonstrate the preparation and imaging of a spinal cord with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein-expressing axons and enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing transplanted NPCs.

<html> Çıkarılan omurilik görüntüleme protokolü omurilik içinde herhangi bir floresan görselleştirmek için kullanılabilir iken, bizim temsilcisi sonuçları EYFP-akson ile eGFP-NPC etkileşimleri göstermek. Öncelikle, biz Şekil 1A gömülü ventral spinal kord hazırlanmasını göstermektedir. Sonra, Şekil 1B 2P mikroskop kurulum ve anahtar bileşenleri göstermektedir. 2 ventral spinal kord içinde bir tek z-yığın içinde eGFP ve EYFP floresan göste...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord at JoVE.com

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Fare omuriliği görüntülenmesi için yeni bir ex vivo hazırlık. Bu protokol, omurilik boyunca canlı hücresel etkileşimlerin iki foton görüntüleme için izin verir.

Fare Omurilik Hücresel Dynamics İki foton Görüntüleme

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is utilized to reveal cellular dynamics and interactions deep within living, intact tissues. Here, we present a method for ...

two-photon-imaging-of-cellular-dynamics-in-the-mouse-spinal-cord

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

10.1K Görüntüleme.  University of California, Irvine.  Fare omuriliği görüntülenmesi için yeni bir ex vivo hazırlık. Bu protokol, omurilik boyunca canlı hücresel etkileşimlerin iki foton görüntüleme için izin verir. 

Video: Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord

In vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord Using Two-photon Microscopy

In vivo imaging using two-photon microscopy 1 in mice that have been genetically engineered to express fluorescent proteins in specific cell types 2-3 has significantly broadened our knowledge of physiological and pathological processes in numerous tissues in vivo 4-7. In studies of the central nervous system (CNS), there has been a broad application of in vivo imaging in the brain, which has produced a plethora of novel and often unexpected findings about the behavior of cells such as neurons, astrocytes, microglia, under physiological or pathological conditions 8-17. However, mostly technical complications have limited the implementation of in vivo imaging in studies of the living mouse spinal cord. In particular, the anatomical proximity of the spinal cord to the lungs and heart generates significant movement artifact that makes imaging the living spinal cord a challenging task.
We developed a novel method that overcomes the inherent limitations of spinal cord imaging by stabilizing the spinal column, reducing respiratory-induced movements and thereby facilitating the use of two-photon microscopy to image the mouse spinal cord in vivo. This is achieved by combining a customized spinal stabilization device with a method of deep anesthesia, resulting in a significant reduction of respiratory-induced movements. This video protocol shows how to expose a small area of the living spinal cord that can be maintained under stable physiological conditions over extended periods of time by keeping tissue injury and bleeding to a minimum. Representative raw images acquired in vivo detail in high resolution the close relationship between microglia and the vasculature. A timelapse sequence shows the dynamic behavior of microglial processes in the living mouse spinal cord. Moreover, a continuous scan of the same z-frame demonstrates the outstanding stability that this method can achieve to generate stacks of images and/or timelapse movies that do not require image alignment post-acquisition. Finally, we show how this method can be used to revisit and reimage the same area of the spinal cord at later timepoints, allowing for longitudinal studies of ongoing physiological or pathological processes in vivo.

In vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord Using Two-photon Microscopy

A minimally invasive protocol to stabilize the mouse spinal column and perform repetitive in vivo spinal cord imaging using two-photon microscopy is described. This method combines a spinal stabilization device and an anesthetic regimen to minimize respiratory-induced movements and produce raw imaging data that require no alignment or other post-processing.

Fare Omurilik İki foton Mikroskop kullanarak in vivo Görüntüleme

In vivo imaging using two-photon microscopy 1 in mice that have been genetically engineered to express fluorescent proteins in specific cell types 2-3 has ...

Nörobilim

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by repeated, time-lapse in vivo imaging in live rodents. These studies were made possible by straightforward surgical procedures, which enabled optical access for a prolonged period of time without repeat surgical procedures. In contrast, analogous studies of the spinal cord have been previously limited to only a few imaging sessions, each of which required an invasive surgery. As previously described, we have developed a spinal chamber that enables continuous optical access for upwards of 8 weeks, preserves mechanical stability of the spinal column, is easily stabilized externally during imaging, and requires only a single surgery. Here, the design of the spinal chamber with its associated surgical implements is reviewed and the surgical procedure is demonstrated in detail. Briefly, this video will demonstrate the preparation of the surgical area and mouse for surgery, exposure of the spinal vertebra and appropriate tissue debridement, the delivery of the implant and vertebral clamping, the completion of the chamber, the removal of the delivery system, sealing of the skin, and finally, post-operative care. The procedure for chronic in vivo imaging using nonlinear microscopy will also be demonstrated. Finally, outcomes, limitations, typical variability, and a guide for troubleshooting are discussed.

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

In this video, we describe a procedure for implanting a chronic optical imaging chamber over the dorsal spinal cord of a live mouse. The chamber, surgical procedure, and chronic imaging are reviewed and demonstrated.

Boyuna için bir Spinal Odası implantasyon için bir Prosedürü<em&gt; İn Vivo</em&gt; Fare Omurilik Görüntüleme

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by ...

Diffusion Imaging in the Rat Cervical Spinal Cord

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the state of the art approach for assessing the status of the spinal cord noninvasively, and can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in cases of disease or injury. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), is sensitive to the thermal motion of water molecules and allows for inferences of tissue microstructure. This report describes a protocol to acquire and analyze DWI of the rat cervical spinal cord on a small-bore animal system. It demonstrates an imaging setup for the live anesthetized animal and recommends a DWI acquisition protocol for high-quality imaging, which includes stabilization of the cord and control of respiratory motion. Measurements with diffusion weighting along different directions and magnitudes (b-values) are used. Finally, several mathematical models of the resulting signal are used to derive maps of the diffusion processes within the spinal cord tissue that provide insight into the normal cord and can be used to monitor injury or disease processes noninvasively.

The goal of this protocol is to obtain high-quality diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) of the rat spinal cord for noninvasive characterization of tissue microstructure. This protocol describes optimizations of the MRI sequence, radiofrequency coil, and analysis methods to enable DWI images free from artifacts.

Sıçan Servikal Spinal Kord difüzyon Görüntüleme

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the state of the art approach for assessing the status of the spinal cord noninvasively, and can be used as a ...

Imaging Ca2+ Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina

Retinal cone photoreceptors (cones) serve daylight vision and are the basis of color discrimination. They are subject to degeneration, often leading to blindness in many retinal diseases. Calcium (Ca2+), a key second messenger in photoreceptor signaling and metabolism, has been proposed to be indirectly linked with photoreceptor degeneration in various animal models. Systematically studying these aspects of cone physiology and pathophysiology has been hampered by the difficulties of electrically recording from these small cells, in particular in the mouse where the retina is dominated by rod photoreceptors. To circumvent this issue, we established a two-photon Ca2+ imaging protocol using a transgenic mouse line that expresses the genetically encoded Ca2+ biosensor TN-XL exclusively in cones and can be crossbred with mouse models for photoreceptor degeneration. The protocol described here involves preparing vertical sections (&#8220;slices&#8221;) of retinas from mice and optical imaging of light stimulus-evoked changes in cone Ca2+ level. The protocol also allows &#8220;in-slice measurement&#8221; of absolute Ca2+ concentrations; as the recordings can be followed by calibration. This protocol enables studies into functional cone properties and is expected to contribute to the understanding of cone Ca2+ signaling as well as the potential involvement of Ca2+ in photoreceptor death and retinal degeneration.

Imaging Ca2+ Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina

We describe a protocol to monitor Ca2+ dynamics in the axon terminals of cone photoreceptors using an ex-vivo&#160;slice preparation of the mouse retina. This protocol allows comprehensive studies of cone Ca2+ signaling in an important mammalian model system, the mouse.

Görüntüleme Ca<sup&gt; 2+</supFare Retina Koni fotoreseptör Akson Terminalleri içinde&gt; Dinamikleri

Retinal cone photoreceptors (cones) serve daylight vision and are the basis of color discrimination. They are subject to degeneration, often leading to ...

Simultaneous Two-photon In Vivo Imaging of Synaptic Inputs and Postsynaptic Targets in the Mouse Retrosplenial Cortex

This video shows the craniotomy procedure that allows chronic imaging of neurons in the mouse retrosplenial cortex (RSC) using in vivo two-photon microscopy in Thy1-GFP transgenic mouse line. This approach creates a possibility to investigate the correlation of behavioural manipulations with changes in neuronal morphology in vivo.
The cranial window implantation procedure was considered to be limited only to the easily accessible cortex regions such as the barrel field. Our approach allows visualization of neurons in the highly vascularized RSC. RSC is an important element of the brain circuit responsible for spatial memory, previously deemed to be problematic for in vivo two-photon imaging.
The cranial window implantation over the RSC is combined with an injection of mCherry-expressing recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAVmCherry) into the dorsal hippocampus. The expressed mCherry spreads out to axonal projections from the hippocampus to RSC, enabling the visualization of changes in both presynaptic axonal boutons and postsynaptic dendritic spines in the cortex. 
This technique allows long-term monitoring of experience-dependent structural plasticity in RSC.

Simultaneous Two-photon In Vivo Imaging of Synaptic Inputs and Postsynaptic Targets in the Mouse Retrosplenial Cortex

This video shows the craniotomy procedure that allows chronic imaging of neurons in mouse retrosplenial cortex using in vivo two photon microscopy in Thy1-GFP transgenic line. This approach is combined with injection of mCherry-expressing adeno-associated virus into dorsal hippocampus. These techniques allow long-term monitoring of experience-dependent structural plasticity in RSC.

Eşzamanlı İki foton<em&gt; İn Vivo</em&gt; Fare Retrosplenial kortekste sinaptik Girişlerin Görüntüleme ve postsinaptik Hedefler

This video shows the craniotomy procedure that allows chronic imaging of neurons in the mouse retrosplenial cortex (RSC) using in vivo two-photon ...

Imaging Serotonergic Fibers in the Mouse Spinal Cord Using the CLARITY/CUBIC Technique

Long descending fibers to the spinal cord are essential for locomotion, pain perception, and other behaviors. The fiber termination pattern in the spinal cord of the majority of these fiber systems have not been thoroughly investigated in any species. Serotonergic fibers, which project to the spinal cord, have been studied in rats and opossums on histological sections and their functional significance has been deduced based on their fiber termination pattern in the spinal cord. With the development of CLARITY and CUBIC techniques, it is possible to investigate this fiber system and its distribution in the spinal cord, which is likely to reveal previously unknown features of serotonergic supraspinal pathways. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for imaging the serotonergic fibers in the mouse spinal cord using the combined CLARITY and CUBIC techniques. The method involves perfusion of a mouse with a hydrogel solution and clarification of the tissue with a combination of clearing reagents. Spinal cord tissue was cleared in just under two weeks, and the subsequent immunofluorescent staining against serotonin was completed in less than ten days. With a multi-photon fluorescent microscope, the tissue was scanned and a 3D image was reconstructed using Osirix software.

Supraspinal projections are important for pain perception and other behaviors, and serotonergic fibers are one of these fiber systems. The present study focused on the application of the combined CLARITY/CUBIC protocol to the mouse spinal cord in order to investigate the termination of these serotonergic fibers.

Kullanımı Netlik Fare Omurilik içinde Serotonerjik Elyaf Görüntüleme / KÜBİK Tekniği

Long descending fibers to the spinal cord are essential for locomotion, pain perception, and other behaviors. The fiber termination pattern in the spinal ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in adult mammalian animals remains elusive. In this study, we describe an experimental procedure for measuring calcium dynamics through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy. This method enables recordings and quantifications of neural activity in bilateral mouse brain regions one at a time in the same experiment for a prolonged period in vivo. Key aspects of this method, which can be completed within an hour, include minimally invasive surgery procedures for creating dual optical windows, and the use of 2P imaging. Although we only demonstrate the technique in the S1 area, the method can be applied to other regions of the living brain facilitating the elucidation of structural and functional complexities of brain neural networks.

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

We describe an experimental procedure for measuring neuronal activity through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy in vivo.

Sinirsel aktivite Thy1kullanarak birincil somatosensor kortekste Imaging-GCaMP6s transgenik fareler

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...

An In Vivo Duo-color Method for Imaging Vascular Dynamics Following Contusive Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes significant vascular disruption at the site of injury. Vascular pathology occurs immediately after SCI and continues throughout the acute injury phase. In fact, endothelial cells appear to be the first to die after a contusive SCI. The early vascular events, including increased permeability of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), induce vasogenic edema and contribute to detrimental secondary injury events caused by complex injury mechanisms. Targeting the vascular disruption, therefore, could be a key strategy to reduce secondary injury cascades that contribute to histological and functional impairments after SCI. Previous studies were mostly performed on postmortem samples and were unable to capture the dynamic changes of the vascular network. In this study, we have developed an in vivo duo-color two-photon imaging method to monitor acute vascular dynamic changes following contusive SCI. This approach allows detecting blood flow, vessel diameter, and other vascular pathologies at various sites of the same rat pre- and post-injury. Overall, this method provides an excellent venue for investigating vascular dynamics.

An In Vivo Duo-color Method for Imaging Vascular Dynamics Following Contusive Spinal Cord Injury

We introduce an in vivo imaging method using two different fluorescent dyes to track dynamic spinal vascular changes following a contusive spinal cord injury in adult Sprague-Dawley rats.

İçinde bir Vivo Vasküler Dynamics Contusive Medulla Spinalis Yaralanmalarında takip görüntüleme için duo-renk yöntemi

Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes significant vascular disruption at the site of injury. Vascular pathology occurs immediately after SCI and continues ...

Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse

This protocol describes a method for spinal cord laminectomy and glass window implantation for in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord. An integrated digital vaporizer is utilized to achieve a stable plane of anesthesia at a low-flow rate of isoflurane. A single vertebral spine is removed, and a commercially available cover-glass is overlaid on a thin agarose bed. A 3D-printed plastic backplate is then affixed to the adjacent vertebral spines using tissue adhesive and dental cement. A stabilization platform is used to reduce motion artifact from respiration and heartbeat. This rapid and clamp-free method is well-suited for acute multi-photon fluorescence microscopy. Representative data are included for an application of this technique to two-photon microscopy of the spinal cord vasculature in transgenic mice expressing eGFP:Claudin-5 &#8212; a tight junction protein.

This protocol describes implantation of a glass window onto the spinal cord of a mouse to facilitate visualization by intravital microscopy.

Farede Laminektomi ve Omurilik Penceresi İmplantasyonu

This protocol describes a method for spinal cord laminectomy and glass window implantation for in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord. An integrated ...

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging of Cortical Neurons in Neonatal Mice

Two-photon imaging is a powerful tool for the in vivo analysis of neuronal circuits in the mammalian brain. However, a limited number of in vivo imaging methods exist for examining the brain tissue of live newborn mammals. Herein we summarize a protocol for imaging individual cortical neurons in living neonatal mice. This protocol includes the following two methodologies: (1) the Supernova system for sparse and bright labeling of cortical neurons in the developing brain, and (2) a surgical procedure for the fragile neonatal skull. This protocol allows the observation of temporal changes of individual cortical neurites during neonatal stages with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Labeled cell-specific gene silencing and knockout can also be achieved by combining the Supernova with RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing systems. This protocol can, thus, be used for analyzing the developmental dynamics of cortical neurons, molecular mechanisms that control the neuronal dynamics, and changes in neuronal dynamics in disease models.

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging of Cortical Neurons in Neonatal Mice

We present an in vivo two-photon imaging protocol for imaging the cerebral cortex of neonatal mice. This method is suitable for analyzing the developmental dynamics of cortical neurons, the molecular mechanisms that control the neuronal dynamics, and the changes in neuronal dynamics in disease models.

Vivo Yenidoğan farelerde kortikal nöronların iki fotonlu görüntüleme

Two-photon imaging is a powerful tool for the in vivo analysis of neuronal circuits in the mammalian brain. However, a limited number of in vivo imaging ...