Al Kanada yüksek lisans burs Kanada Sağlık Araştırma enstitüleri tarafından desteklenmiştir. Bu eser genom British Columbia ve Kanada Enstitüleri Sağlık Araştırma (CIHR-120589) Kanadalı epigenetik, çevre ve Sağlık Araştırma Konsorsiyumu girişiminin bir parçası olarak gelen hibe ve Terry Fox Araştırma Enstitüsü Program tarafından desteklenmiştir Proje Grant #TFF-122869 M.H. ve bir Terry Fox Araştırma Enstitüsü yeni Araştırmacı Ödülü (Grant # 1039) M.H. için

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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Action+of+micrococcal+nuclease+on+chromatin+and+the+location+of+histone+H1.">Action of micrococcal nuclease on chromatin and the location of histone H1.</a> J. Mol. Biol. 109 (3), 393-404 (1977).</li><li>Skene, P. J., Henikoff, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+for+generating+high-resolution+maps+of+genome+wide+protein+binding.">A simple method for generating high-resolution maps of genome wide protein binding.</a> eLife. 4, 09225 (2015).</li><li>Brogaard, K., Xi, L., Wang, J. -. 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Biol. 833, 413-419 (2012).</li><li>Mieczkowski, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MNase+titration+reveals+differences+between+nucleosome+occupancy+and+chromatin+accessibility.">MNase titration reveals differences between nucleosome occupancy and chromatin accessibility.</a> Nat. Commun. 7, 11485 (2016).</li><li>Basu, S., Campbell, H. M., Dittel, B. N., Ray, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+Specific+Cell+Population+by+Fluorescence+Activated+Cell+Sorting+(FACS).">Purification of Specific Cell Population by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS).</a> JOVE. (41), (2010).</li><li>Rohland, N., Reich, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cost-effective,+high-throughput+DNA+sequencing+libraries+for+multiplexed+target+capture.">Cost-effective, high-throughput DNA sequencing libraries for multiplexed target capture.</a> Genome Res. 22 (5), 939-946 (2012).</li><li>Zheng, Y., Josefowicz, S. Z., Kas, A., Chu, T. T., Gavin, M. A., Rudensky, A. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+analysis+of+Foxp3+target+genes+in+developing+and+mature+regulatory+T+cells.">Genome-wide analysis of Foxp3 target genes in developing and mature regulatory T cells.</a> Nature. 445 (7130), 936-940 (2007).</li><li>Krishnakumar, R., Gamble, M. J., Frizzell, K. M., Berrocal, J. G., Kininis, M., Kraus, W. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reciprocal+Binding+of+PARP-1+and+Histone+H1+at+Promoters+Specifies+Transcriptional+Outcomes.">Reciprocal Binding of PARP-1 and Histone H1 at Promoters Specifies Transcriptional Outcomes.</a> Science. 319 (5864), 819-821 (2008).</li><li>Mendenhall, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Locus-specific+editing+of+histone+modifications+at+endogenous+enhancers.">Locus-specific editing of histone modifications at endogenous enhancers.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 31 (12), 1133-1136 (2013).</li><li>Landt, S. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ChIP-seq+guidelines+and+practices+of+the+ENCODE+and+modENCODE+consortia.">ChIP-seq guidelines and practices of the ENCODE and modENCODE consortia.</a> Genome Res. 22 (9), 1813-1831 (2012).</li><li>Heinz, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+Combinations+of+Lineage-Determining+Transcription+Factors+Prime+cis-Regulatory+Elements+Required+for+Macrophage+and+B+Cell+Identities.">Simple Combinations of Lineage-Determining Transcription Factors Prime cis-Regulatory Elements Required for Macrophage and B Cell Identities.</a> Mol. Cell. 38 (4), 576-589 (2010).</li><li>Feng, J., Liu, T., Qin, B., Zhang, Y., Liu, X. 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Yazarlar onlar rakip hiçbir mali çıkarları var bildirin.

Kromatin modifiye ve transkripsiyon yönetmelikte konumlandırma nucleosome Kombinatorik doğası göz önüne alındığında, bu özelliklerin simultane ölçümleri sağlayan bir yöntem epigenetik yönetmelik yeni görüşler sağlamak olasıdır. Burada sunulan ndChIP seq Histon değişiklik ve nadir Primer hücre9,10nucleosome dansitesi eşzamanlı sorgu sağlamak için en iyi duruma getirilmiş bir yerel ChIP-seq protokoldür. ndChIP-seq kullanır Kromatin Enzimatik sindirim, soruşturma Histon değişiklikler tek nucleosome düzeyinde için eşleştirilmiş uç kitlesel paralel sıralama ve Gauss karışım dağıtım modeli birleştiğinde sağlar ve deconvolution epigenomic profilleri heterojen bir nüfus içinde tarafından tahrik. Bu iletişim kuralını kullanan, daha önce IMMUNO çöktürülmüş parçası boyutları, eşleştirilmiş uç sınırları, ChromHMM10,24tarafından tanımlanan belirli Kromatin Birleşik Devletleri ile ilişkili okumak tarafından belirlenen benzersiz bir dağıtım bildirdin.
NdChIP-seq kitaplığa kalitesini antikor özgüllük ve duyarlılık, optimal MNase sindirim koşullar ve Kromatin kalitesini gibi birden fazla faktöre bağlıdır. Başarılı ndChIP-seq Kütüphane üretiminde kullanılan antikor özgüllük önemlidir. İdeal bir antikor diğer epitopları ile küçük çapraz reaktivite ile ilgi epitope karşı yüksek afinite gösterir. Seçim antikor için en yüksek benzeşimli manyetik boncuklar seçmek aynı derecede önemlidir.
MNase sindirim bu protokolündeki kritik ve zaman ve konsantrasyon duyarlı bir tepkidir. Bu nedenle, birden fazla örnekleri işlerken her reaksiyon zaman eşit miktarda için inkübe önemli (bkz. Adım 2.2). Kromatin kalitesini önemli ölçüde ndChIP-devamı parçalanmış Kromatin ile potansiyel müşteriler alt-optimal MNase sindirim profil ve kitaplıkları sonuçlarında düşük sinyal gürültü oranı, sonucunu etkiler başka bir faktördür. Düşük birincil numune canlılığı hücre veya parafin gömülü (FFPE) doku formalin sabit tavsiye edilmez bu iletişim kuralı için gibi Kromatin, bozulmuş.
Bir PIC ek Kromatin ayıklama sırasında azaltır istenmeyen (Yani, rasgele) Kromatin parçalanma ve korur bütünlüğünü Histon kuyrukları. Bu nedenle, PIC lizis tampon ve immunoprecipitation tampon sadece önceki için kullanmak için eklenmesi gerekir. Akış Sitometresi ile seçme hücreleri için hücrelerin seçin ve olun iken hücreleri hücre canlılık ve hücre sayı tahmin doğruluğu artırmak için düşük akış hızı sıralanır. Hücre lizis arabelleğine doğrudan sıralama kaçının. Kılıf arabellek lizis arabellek sulandırmak ve hücre zarının etkili permeabilization MNase için engeller. Hücreleri veya organizma türüne bağlı olarak, MNase titrasyon en iyi sindirim almak için gerekli.
ndChIP-seq memeli hücreleri üzerinde dar işaretleri ve 100 milyon eşleştirilmiş okuma (50 milyon parçaları) için geniş işaretleri ve giriş için en az sıralama derinlik 50 milyon eşleştirilmiş okur (25 milyon parçaları) gerektirir. Gauss karışım dağıtım algoritma bir derinlik önemli ölçüde bu öneri aşağıda sıralı kütüphaneler çalışmayacaktır. ndChIP-seq rehberleri ile mono ve di nucleosome parçası uzunlukta parçalara mono veya di hakim nucleosome rehberleri ağırlıklı dağıtım değeri arasında küçük bir ayrım sınıflandırmak değil. Bu nedenle, bu Organizatör daha sonraki analiz kaldırılması gerekir. Biyolojik çoğaltır öngörülen dağıtımları güven artırmak ve MNase sindirim ve Kütüphane inşaat teknik değişkenliği tanımlamak için oluşturulabilir.
Önceki tekrarlamalar yerli ChIP-seq iletişim kurallarının ndChIP seq parçası boyutu yazı immunoprecipitation nucleosome yoğunluğu entegre kullanarak Kromatin yapısı ve Histon değişikliği Kombinatorik etkisini araştırmak için araçlar sağlar, Histon değişiklik ölçümleri kullanarak MNase erişilebilirliği belirler. NdChIP-seq uygulama Primer hücre ve dokulara epigenetik yönetmelik bütünleştirici niteliği yeni anlayışlar sağlamak ve heterojenlik nüfus içinde nedeniyle epigenetik imzalar tanımlanmasına izin.

Ökaryotik genom 146 baz çifti tarafından DNA1,2sinirlari dört Histon proteinleri (örneğin, H2A, H2B, H3 ve H4) iki kopyası oluşur nucleosome yapıları tekrar üzerinden Kromatin içine paketlenmiştir. Kromatin remodeling kompleksleri gen organizatörü sınırları içindeki nucleosome konumunu kontrol etmek ve erişilebilirlik DNA transkripsiyon faktörleri ve RNA polimeraz makine3değiştirerek gen ekspresyonu yönetmelikte katılmak, 4.
Histon nucleosome içinde amino terminal kuyrukları asetilasyon, metilasyon, fosforilasyon, ubiquitylation, sumoylation, formylation ve belirli amino asitler5 prokollajen dahil olmak üzere çeşitli kovalent değişiklik için tabi olan , 6 , 7 , 8. pozisyonları ve bu değişiklikler derecelerde dikte Kromatin yapısı ve Denetim erişimi etkinleştirme transkripsiyon7izin moleküler komplekslerin etkisi Kromatin devlet. Her iki nucleosome yoğunluğu ve Histon değişikliği oynamak verilen bu bir rol gen transkripsiyonu yerel denetiminde, nucleosome yoğunluğu ve Histon değişiklik9eş zamanlı ölçüm sağlar yerel bir çip yaklaşım geliştirdiğimiz, 10.
Yerel ChIP-seq endonükleaz micrococci nükleaz (MNase) çekirdeği11,12,13 konumlandırma nucleosome eşlemek için kaldıraçlı bir özellik içinde yerel durumunda olduğu gibi Kromatin sindirmek için yararlanır , 14 , 15. nucleosome yoğunluğu ChIP-seq (ndChIP-seq) MNase MNase erişilebilirlik Histon değişiklik10ile birleştirmek ölçümler oluşturmak için Kromatin bölgeleri açmak için tercihli erişim özelliğinin avantajı alır. ndChIP-seq nadir Primer hücre, doku ve kültürlü hücreleri olarak Histon değişiklikleri profilleme için uygundur. Burada, sıralı veri kümeleri için yukarıda açıklanan analitik çerçeve çalışma10 parça boyutu yazı immunoprecipitation, eşleştirilmiş uç için sınırları, okuyun tarafından belirlenen entegre uygun nesil sağlar detaylı bir iletişim kuralı mevcut aynı anda MNase erişilebilirlik Histon değişiklik ölçümleri ile araştırmak. Daha önce bu protokolün uygulamaya 10.000 birincil insan kordon kanı CD34 türetilmiş+ hücreleri ve insan embriyonik kök hücreleri ortaya bunlar içinde Kromatin yapısı ve Histon değişiklikler arasındaki benzersiz ilişkileri hücre türleri10 . Aynı anda nucleosome erişilebilirlik ve Histon değişiklik ölçmek için onun yetenek göz önüne alındığında, ndChIP-seq açığa epigenomic özellikleri bir tek nucleosome düzeyde bir hücre nüfus ve türdeş olmayan imzalar içine çözme özelliği olan onların kurucu unsurları. Türdeş olmayan hücresel nüfus ndChIP seq tarafından keşfi soruşturma bivalent rehberleri, hem H3K4me3, etkin bir işareti ve H3K27me3, baskıcı bir işareti, mevcut10nerede örneğidir.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >1M Tris-HCl &#8211;pH 7.5</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >15567-027</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1M Tris-HCl &#8211;pH 8</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >15568-025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >0.5M EDTA</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >AM9260G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >5M NaCl</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >1001385276</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Triton X-100</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >1001412354</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Sodium-Deoxycholate</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >1001437582</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >SDS</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >15525-017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Sodium-Bicarbonate</td>
			<td >Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td >S233-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >100% EtOH</td>
			<td >NA</td>
			<td >NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >V-bottom 96 well plate (AB 1400)</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >AB-1400-L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Gilson P2 pipetman</td>
			<td >Mandel</td>
			<td >F144801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Gilson P10 pipetman</td>
			<td >Mandel</td>
			<td >F144802</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Gilson P20 pipetman</td>
			<td >Mandel</td>
			<td >F123600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Gilson P100 pipetman</td>
			<td >Mandel</td>
			<td >F123615</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Gilson P200 pipetman</td>
			<td >Mandel</td>
			<td >F123601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Gilson P1000 pipetman</td>
			<td >Mandel</td>
			<td >F123603</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Micrococcal Nuclease&#160;</td>
			<td >NEB</td>
			<td >M0247S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Thermo Mixer C (Heating block mixer)</td>
			<td >Eppendorf</td>
			<td >5382000023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Multi 12-channel Pippet P20</td>
			<td >Rainin</td>
			<td >17013803</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Multi 12-channel Pippet P200</td>
			<td >Rainin</td>
			<td >17013805</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1.5 ml LoBind tube</td>
			<td >Eppendorf</td>
			<td >22431021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >0.5 ml LoBind tube</td>
			<td >Eppendorf</td>
			<td >22431005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Plastic Plate Cover</td>
			<td >Edge Bio</td>
			<td >48461</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >PCR cover</td>
			<td >Bio Rad</td>
			<td >MSD-1001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Aluminum Plate Cover</td>
			<td >Bio Rad</td>
			<td >MSF-1001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Elution buffer (EB buffer)</td>
			<td >Qiagen</td>
			<td >19086</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1M DTT</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >646563</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Eppendorf 5810R centrifuge&#160;</td>
			<td >Eppendorf</td>
			<td >22625004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ultrapure water</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >10977-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Protein G dynabeads</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >10001D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Protein A dynabeads</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >10001D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Protease inhibitor Cocktail</td>
			<td >Calbiochem</td>
			<td >539134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Rotating platform</td>
			<td >Mandel</td>
			<td >1b109-12052010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Plate magnet</td>
			<td >Alpaqua</td>
			<td >2523</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Domed 12-cap strip</td>
			<td >Bio Rad</td>
			<td >TCS1201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Buffer G2</td>
			<td >Qiagen</td>
			<td >1014636</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Protease</td>
			<td >Qiagen</td>
			<td >19155</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td>Tube Magnet (DynaMag-2)</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >12321D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
		<td>Tube Magnet (DynaMag-2)</td>
			<td >LabCore</td>
			<td >730-006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >V shape Plastic reservoir</td>
			<td >Mandel</td>
			<td >S0100A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Vortex</td>
			<td >Mandel</td>
			<td >C1801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Mini Fuge</td>
			<td >Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td >XS2035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Analytical scale</td>
			<td >Mandel</td>
			<td >LB109-12052010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Quick Ligation Reaction Buffer, 5X</td>
			<td >NEB</td>
			<td>B6058S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >DNA Polymerase I, Large (Klenow) Fragment</td>
			<td >NEB</td>
			<td>M0210S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Klenow Fragment (3&#39;-5&#39; exo)</td>
			<td >NEB</td>
			<td>M0212S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >T4 DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td >NEB</td>
			<td>M0203S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >T4 Polynucleotide Kinase</td>
			<td >NEB</td>
			<td>M0201S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Deoxynucleotide Solution mix, 10mM</td>
			<td >NEB</td>
			<td>N0447S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >dATP Solution 10mM</td>
			<td >NEB</td>
			<td>N0440S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Quick T4 DNA Ligase</td>
			<td >NEB</td>
			<td>M0202T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Adenosine 5&#39;-Triphosphate (ATP), 25mM</td>
			<td >NEB</td>
			<td>P0756S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>F549L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >NEBuffer 2</td>
			<td >NEB</td>
			<td>B7002S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hank&#39;s buffered salt solution</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>14025076</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Fetal bovine serum&#160;</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>A3160702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >phosphate buffer saline&#160;</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >H3K4me3</td>
			<td >Cell Signaling</td>
			<td >9751S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >H3K4me1</td>
			<td >Diagenode</td>
			<td >C15410037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >H3K27me3</td>
			<td >Diagenode</td>
			<td >pAb-069-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >H3K36me3</td>
			<td >Abcam</td>
			<td >ab9050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >H3K9me3</td>
			<td >Diagenode</td>
			<td >C15410056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >SeraMag&#160; super-paramagnetic beads</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td ></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of native chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing libraries for nucleosome density analysis

Biz (ChIP-seq) deneysel protokol oluşturulmasını sağlayan bir Gauss karışım dağıtımı tabanlı analiz yöntemi ile (nucleosome yoğunluğu ChIP-seq; ndChIP-seq) uyumlu sıralama değiştirilmiş yerli Kromatin immunoprecipitation mevcut micrococcal nükleaz (MNase) erişilebilirlik Histon değişiklik genom çapında ile kombine ölçümleri. Nucleosome konum ve yerel yoğunluğu ve onların Histon alt birimleri, ardından değiştirilmesi yerel transkripsiyon Birleşik düzenleyen konserde hareket. Kombinatorik ölçümleri nucleosome erişilebilirlik ndChIP-seq tarafından oluşturulan Histon değişiklik ile bu özellikleri aynı anda sorgulama için sağlar. NdChIP-seq metodoloji Primer hücre tabanlı ChIP-seq protokolleri cross-linking için ulaşılmaz küçük sayılar için geçerlidir. Birlikte ele alındığında, ndChIP-seq nadir İlköğretim hücre popülasyonlarının içinde RNA transkripsiyonu düzenleyen paylaşılan mekanizmaları yeni görüşler elde etmek için yerel nucleosome yoğunluğu ile birlikte Histon değişiklik ölçüm sağlar.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Native Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Libraries for Nucleosome Density Analysis at JoVE.com

Generation of Native Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Libraries for Nucleosome Density Analysis

Nucleosome yoğunluk analiz için kitaplıklarına sıralama yerli Kromatin Immunoprecipitation nesil

Biz (ChIP-seq) metodolojisi sıralı veri kümeleri micrococcal nükleaz (MNase) erişilebilirlik entegre bir nucleosome yoğunluğu ChIP-seq analitik çerçeve için uygun üretimi için sıralama değiştirilmiş yerli Kromatin immunoprecipitation mevcut Histon değişiklik ölçümleri ile.

We present a modified native chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) experimental protocol compatible with a Gaussian mixture distribution ...

generation-native-chromatin-immunoprecipitation-sequencing-libraries

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

22.0K Görüntüleme.  University of British Columbia. Biz (ChIP-seq) metodolojisi sıralı veri kümeleri micrococcal nükleaz (MNase) erişilebilirlik entegre bir nucleosome yoğunluğu ChIP-seq analitik çerçeve için uygun üretimi için sıralama değiştirilmiş yerli Kromatin immunoprecipitation mevcut Histon değişiklik ölçümleri ile.

Video: Generation of Native Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Libraries for Nucleosome Density Analysis

Sequential Salt Extractions for the Analysis of Bulk Chromatin Binding Properties of Chromatin Modifying Complexes

Elucidation of the binding properties of chromatin-targeting proteins can be very challenging due to the complex nature of chromatin and the heterogeneous nature of most mammalian chromatin-modifying complexes. In order to overcome these hurdles, we have adapted a sequential salt extraction (SSE) assay for evaluating the relative binding affinities of chromatin-bound complexes. This easy and straightforward assay can be used by non-experts to evaluate the relative difference in binding affinity of two related complexes, the changes in affinity of a complex when a subunit is lost or an individual domain is inactivated, and the change in binding affinity after alterations to the chromatin landscape. By sequentially re-suspending bulk chromatin in increasing amounts of salt, we are able to profile the elution of a particular protein from chromatin. Using these profiles, we are able to determine how alterations in a chromatin-modifying complex or alterations to the chromatin environment affect binding interactions. Coupling SSE with other in vitro and in vivo assays, we can determine the roles of individual domains and proteins on the functionality of a complex in a variety of chromatin environments.

Sequential salt extraction of chromatin bound proteins is a useful tool for determining the binding properties of large protein complexes. This method can be employed to evaluate the role of individual subunits or domains in the overall affinity of a protein complex to bulk chromatin.

Kromatin kompleksleri değiştirme özelliklerini bağlama toplu Kromatin analizi için sıralı tuz çekimi

Elucidation of the binding properties of chromatin-targeting proteins can be very challenging due to the complex nature of chromatin and the heterogeneous ...

Genetik

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

Plant organellar genomes contain large, repetitive elements that may undergo pairing or recombination to form complex structures and/or sub-genomic fragments. Organellar genomes also exist in admixtures within a given cell or tissue type (heteroplasmy), and an abundance of subtypes may change throughout development or when under stress (sub-stoichiometric shifting). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are required to obtain deeper understanding of organellar genome structure and function. Traditional sequencing studies use several methods to obtain organellar DNA: (1) If a large amount of starting tissue is used, it is homogenized and subjected to differential centrifugation and/or gradient purification. (2) If a smaller amount of tissue is used (i.e., if seeds, material, or space is limited), the same process is performed as in (1), followed by whole-genome amplification to obtain sufficient DNA. (3) Bioinformatics analysis can be used to sequence the total genomic DNA and to parse out organellar reads. All these methods have inherent challenges and tradeoffs. In (1), it may be difficult to obtain such a large amount of starting tissue; in (2), whole-genome amplification could introduce a sequencing bias; and in (3), homology between nuclear and organellar genomes could interfere with assembly and analysis. In plants with large nuclear genomes, it is advantageous to enrich for organellar DNA to reduce sequencing costs and sequence complexity for bioinformatics analyses. Here, we compare a traditional differential centrifugation method with a fourth method, an adapted CpG-methyl pulldown approach, to separate the total genomic DNA into nuclear and organellar fractions. Both methods yield sufficient DNA for NGS, DNA that is highly enriched for organellar sequences, albeit at different ratios in mitochondria and chloroplasts. We present the optimization of these methods for wheat leaf tissue and discuss major advantages and disadvantages of each approach in the context of sample input, protocol ease, and downstream application.

The comparison and optimization of two plant organellar DNA enrichment methods are presented: traditional differential centrifugation and fractionation of the total gDNA based on methylation status. We assess the resulting DNA quantity and quality, demonstrate performance in short-read next-generation sequencing, and discuss the potential for use in long-read single-molecule sequencing.

Yeni nesil Sıralama için Uygun Bitki Organelleri DNA Zenginleştirme Yöntemlerinin Optimizasyonu ve Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Plant organellar genomes contain large, repetitive elements that may undergo pairing or recombination to form complex structures and/or sub-genomic ...

Analysis of the c-KIT Ligand Promoter Using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Multiple cellular processes, including DNA replication and repair, DNA recombination, and gene expression, require interactions between proteins and DNA. Therefore, DNA-protein interactions regulate multiple physiological, pathophysiological, and biological functions, such as cell differentiation, cell proliferation, cell cycle control, chromosome stability, epigenetic gene regulation, and cell transformation. In eukaryotic cells, the DNA interacts with histone and nonhistone proteins and is condensed into chromatin. Several technical tools can be used to analyze DNA-protein interactions, such as the Electrophoresis (gel) Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) and DNase I footprinting. However, these techniques analyze the protein-DNA interaction in vitro, not within the cellular context. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a technique that captures proteins at their specific DNA binding sites, thereby allowing for the identification of DNA-protein interactions within their chromatin context. It is done by fixation&#160;of the DNA-protein interaction, followed by&#160;immunoprecipitation of the protein of interest. Subsequently, the genomic site that the protein was bound to is characterized. Here, we describe and discuss ChIP and demonstrate its analytical value for the identification of the Transforming Growth Factor-&#946; (TGF-&#946;)-induced binding of the transcription factor SMAD2 to SMAD Binding Elements (SBE) within the promoter region of the tyrosine-protein kinase Kit (c-KIT) receptor ligand Stem Cell Factor (SCF).

DNA-protein interactions are essential for multiple biological processes. During the evaluation of cellular functions, the analysis of DNA-protein interactions is indispensable for understanding gene regulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful tool to analyze such interactions in vivo.

Kromatin İmmunopresipitasyon Yöntemi Kullanılarak c-KIT Ligand Promotör Analizi

Multiple cellular processes, including DNA replication and repair, DNA recombination, and gene expression, require interactions between proteins and DNA. ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) in Mouse T-cell Lines

Signaling pathways regulate gene expression programs via the modulation of the chromatin structure at different levels, such as by post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histone tails, the exchange of canonical histones with histone variants, and nucleosome eviction. Such regulation requires the binding of signal-sensitive transcription factors (TFs) that recruit chromatin-modifying enzymes at regulatory elements defined as enhancers. Understanding how signaling cascades regulate enhancer activity requires a comprehensive analysis of the binding of TFs, chromatin modifying enzymes, and the occupancy of specific histone marks and histone variants. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays utilize highly specific antibodies to immunoprecipitate specific protein/DNA complexes. The subsequent analysis of the purified DNA allows for the identification the region occupied by the protein recognized by the antibody. This work describes a protocol to efficiently perform ChIP of histone proteins in a mature mouse T-cell line. The presented protocol allows for the performance of ChIP assays in a reasonable timeframe and with high reproducibility.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP in Mouse T-cell Lines

This work describes a protocol for chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) using a mature mouse T-cell line. This protocol is suitable to investigate the distribution of specific histone marks at specific promoter sites or genome-wide.

Fare T-hücresi Hatlarında Kromatin İmmünopresipitasyonu (ChIP)

Signaling pathways regulate gene expression programs via the modulation of the chromatin structure at different levels, such as by post-translational ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Protocol for Low-abundance Embryonic Samples

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a widely-used technique for mapping the localization of post-translationally modified histones, histone variants, transcription factors, or chromatin-modifying enzymes at a given locus or on a genome-wide scale. The combination of ChIP assays with next-generation sequencing (i.e., ChIP-Seq) is a powerful approach to globally uncover gene regulatory networks and to improve the functional annotation of genomes, especially of non-coding regulatory sequences. ChIP protocols normally require large amounts of cellular material, thus precluding the applicability of this method to investigating rare cell types or small tissue biopsies. In order to make the ChIP assay compatible with the amount of biological material that can typically be obtained in vivo during early vertebrate embryogenesis, we describe here a simplified ChIP protocol in which the number of steps required to complete the assay were reduced to minimize sample loss. This ChIP protocol has been successfully used to investigate different histone modifications in various embryonic chicken and adult mouse tissues using low to medium cell numbers (5 x 104 - 5 x 105 cells). Importantly, this protocol is compatible with ChIP-seq technology using standard library preparation methods, thus providing global epigenomic maps in highly relevant embryonic tissues.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP Protocol for Low-abundance Embryonic Samples

Here, we describe a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and ChIP-seq library preparation protocol to generate global epigenomic profiles from low-abundance chicken embryonic samples.

Kromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) protokolü için düşük-bereket embriyonik örnekleri

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a widely-used technique for mapping the localization of post-translationally modified histones, histone variants, ...

Generation of Genome-wide Chromatin Conformation Capture Libraries from Tightly Staged Early Drosophila Embryos

Investigating the three-dimensional architecture of chromatin offers invaluable insight into the mechanisms of gene regulation. Here, we describe a protocol for performing the chromatin conformation capture technique in situ Hi-C on staged Drosophila melanogaster embryo populations. The result is a sequencing library that allows the mapping of all chromatin interactions that occur in the nucleus in a single experiment. Embryo sorting is done manually using a fluorescent stereo microscope and a transgenic fly line containing a nuclear marker. Using this technique, embryo populations from each nuclear division cycle, and with defined cell cycle status, can be obtained with very high purity. The protocol may also be adapted to sort older embryos beyond gastrulation. Sorted embryos are used as inputs for in situ Hi-C. All experiments, including sequencing library preparation, can be completed in five days. The protocol has low input requirements and works reliably using 20 blastoderm stage embryos as input material. The end result is a sequencing library for next generation sequencing. After sequencing, the data can be processed into genome-wide chromatin interaction maps that can be analyzed using a wide range of available tools to gain information about topologically associating domain (TAD) structure, chromatin loops, and chromatin compartments during Drosophila development.

Generation of Genome-wide Chromatin Conformation Capture Libraries from Tightly Staged Early Drosophila Embryos

This work describes a protocol for the generation of high resolution in situ Hi-C libraries from tightly staged pre-gastrulation Drosophila melanogaster embryos.

Genom çapında kromatin Conformation yakalama kitaplıklardan sıkıca aşamalı erken Drosophila embriyo nesil

Investigating the three-dimensional architecture of chromatin offers invaluable insight into the mechanisms of gene regulation. Here, we describe a ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation, are dynamically regulated by a series of enzymes that add or remove these marks in response to signals received by the cell. These PTMS are key contributors to the regulation of processes such as gene expression control and DNA repair. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (chIP) has been an instrumental approach for dissecting the abundance and localization of many histone PTMs throughout the genome in response to diverse perturbations to the cell. Here, a versatile method for performing chIP of post-translationally modified histones from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) is described. This method relies on crosslinking of proteins and DNA using formaldehyde treatment of yeast cultures, generation of yeast lysates by bead beating, solubilization of chromatin fragments by micrococcal nuclease, and immunoprecipitation of histone-DNA complexes. DNA associated with the histone mark of interest is purified and subjected to quantitative PCR analysis to evaluate its enrichment at multiple loci throughout the genome. Representative experiments probing the localization of the histone marks H3K4me2 and H4K16ac in wildtype and mutant yeast are discussed to demonstrate data analysis and interpretation. This method is suitable for a variety of histone PTMs and can be performed with different mutant strains or in the presence of diverse environmental stresses, making it an excellent tool for investigating changes in chromatin dynamics under different conditions.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Here, we describe a protocol for chromatin immunoprecipitation of modified histones from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Immunoprecipitated DNA is subsequently used for quantitative PCR to interrogate the abundance and localization of histone post-translational modifications throughout the genome.

Histon değişiklikler Saccharomyces cerevisiae üzerinden Kromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)

Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation, are dynamically regulated by a series of enzymes ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation of Murine Brown Adipose Tissue

Most cellular processes are regulated by transcriptional modulation of specific gene programs. Such modulation is achieved through the combined actions of a wide range of transcription factors (TFs) and cofactors mediating transcriptional activation or repression via changes in chromatin structure. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a useful molecular biology approach for mapping histone modifications and profiling transcription factors/cofactors binding to DNA, thus providing a snapshot of the dynamic nuclear changes occurring during different biological processes.
To study transcriptional regulation in adipose tissue, samples derived from in vitro cell cultures of immortalized or primary cell lines are often favored in ChIP assays because of the abundance of starting material and reduced biological variability. However, these models represent a limited snapshot of the actual chromatin state in living organisms. Thus, there is a critical need for optimized protocols to perform ChIP on adipose tissue samples derived from animal models.
Here we describe a protocol for efficient ChIP-seq of both histone modifications and non-histone proteins in brown adipose tissue (BAT) isolated from a mouse. The protocol is optimized for investigating genome-wide localization of proteins of interest and epigenetic markers in the BAT, which is a morphologically and physiologically distinct tissue amongst fat depots.

Here we describe a protocol for efficient chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) followed by high-throughput DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) of brown adipose tissue (BAT) isolated from a mouse. This protocol is suitable for both mapping histone modifications and investigating genome-wide localization of non-histone proteins of interest in vivo.

Kromatin Immunoprecipitation fare kahverengi yağ dokusunun

Most cellular processes are regulated by transcriptional modulation of specific gene programs. Such modulation is achieved through the combined actions of ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay Using Micrococcal Nucleases in Mammalian Cells

To express cellular phenotypes in organisms, living cells execute gene expression accordingly, and transcriptional programs play a central role in gene expression. The cellular transcriptional machinery and its chromatin modification proteins coordinate to regulate transcription. To analyze transcriptional regulation at the molecular level, several experimental methods such as electrophoretic mobility shift, transient reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays are available. We describe a modified ChIP assay in detail in this article because of its advantages in directly showing histone modifications and the interactions between proteins and DNA in cells. One of the key steps in a successful ChIP assay is chromatin shearing. Although sonication is commonly used for shearing chromatin, it is difficult to identify reproducible conditions. Instead of shearing chromatin by sonication, we utilized enzymatic digestion with micrococcal nuclease (MNase) to obtain more reproducible results. In this article, we provide a straightforward ChIP assay protocol using MNase.

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful tool for understanding the molecular mechanisms of gene regulation. However, the method involves difficulties in obtaining reproducible chromatin fragmentation by mechanical shearing. Here, we provide an improved protocol for a ChIP assay using enzymatic digestion.

Mammalin hücrelerinde Micrococcal Nüklenleri kullanarak kromatin Immünopmamitasyon tahlil

To express cellular phenotypes in organisms, living cells execute gene expression accordingly, and transcriptional programs play a central role in gene ...

Identification of Footprints of RNA:Protein Complexes via RNA Immunoprecipitation in Tandem Followed by Sequencing (RIPiT-Seq)

RNA immunoprecipitation in tandem (RIPiT) is a method for enriching RNA footprints of a pair of proteins within an RNA:protein (RNP) complex. RIPiT employs two purification steps. First, immunoprecipitation of a tagged RNP subunit is followed by mild RNase digestion and subsequent non-denaturing affinity elution. A second immunoprecipitation of another RNP subunit allows for enrichment of a defined complex. Following a denaturing elution of RNAs and proteins, the RNA footprints are converted into high-throughput DNA sequencing libraries. Unlike the more popular ultraviolet (UV) crosslinking followed by immunoprecipitation (CLIP) approach to enrich RBP binding sites, RIPiT is UV-crosslinking independent. Hence RIPiT can be applied to numerous proteins present in the RNA interactome and beyond that are essential to RNA regulation but do not directly contact the RNA or UV-crosslink poorly to RNA. The two purification steps in RIPiT provide an additional advantage of identifying binding sites where a protein of interest acts in partnership with another cofactor. The double purification strategy also serves to enhance signal by limiting background. Here, we provide a step-wise procedure to perform RIPiT and to generate high-throughput sequencing libraries from isolated RNA footprints. We also outline RIPiT&#39;s advantages and applications and discuss some of its limitations.

Identification of Footprints of RNA:Protein Complexes via RNA Immunoprecipitation in Tandem Followed by Sequencing RIPiT-Seq

Here, we present a protocol to enrich endogenous RNA binding sites or &#34;footprints&#34;&#160;of RNA:protein (RNP) complexes from mammalian cells. This approach involves two immunoprecipitations of RNP subunits and is therefore dubbed RNA immunoprecipitation in tandem (RIPiT).

RNA 'nın ayak Izleri tanımlaması: proteinli kompleksleri RNA Immunoprecipitation ile tandem sonra sıralamayı (RIPiT-seq)

RNA immunoprecipitation in tandem (RIPiT) is a method for enriching RNA footprints of a pair of proteins within an RNA:protein (RNP) complex. RIPiT ...