アダムローリーは健康の研究のカナダの協会からカナダ大学院奨学金によって支えられました。この作品はゲノム ブリティッシュ コロンビア州、カナダ研究所の健康研究 (機構 120589) カナダのエピジェネティクス、環境および健康研究コンソーシアム イニシアチブの一部としてからの助成金やテリー Fox 研究所プログラム サポートされています。プロジェクト助成金 #TFF-122869 取扱い、取扱いにテリー Fox 研究所新しい調査官賞 (グラント # 1039)

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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Action+of+micrococcal+nuclease+on+chromatin+and+the+location+of+histone+H1.">Action of micrococcal nuclease on chromatin and the location of histone H1.</a> J. Mol. Biol. 109 (3), 393-404 (1977).</li><li>Skene, P. J., Henikoff, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+for+generating+high-resolution+maps+of+genome+wide+protein+binding.">A simple method for generating high-resolution maps of genome wide protein binding.</a> eLife. 4, 09225 (2015).</li><li>Brogaard, K., Xi, L., Wang, J. -. P., Widom, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+map+of+nucleosome+positions+in+yeast+at+base-pair+resolution.">A map of nucleosome positions in yeast at base-pair resolution.</a> Nature. , (2012).</li><li>Cui, K., Zhao, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+approaches+to+determining+nucleosome+occupancy+in+metazoans+using+MNase-Seq.">Genome-wide approaches to determining nucleosome occupancy in metazoans using MNase-Seq.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 833, 413-419 (2012).</li><li>Mieczkowski, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MNase+titration+reveals+differences+between+nucleosome+occupancy+and+chromatin+accessibility.">MNase titration reveals differences between nucleosome occupancy and chromatin accessibility.</a> Nat. Commun. 7, 11485 (2016).</li><li>Basu, S., Campbell, H. M., Dittel, B. N., Ray, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+Specific+Cell+Population+by+Fluorescence+Activated+Cell+Sorting+(FACS).">Purification of Specific Cell Population by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS).</a> JOVE. (41), (2010).</li><li>Rohland, N., Reich, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cost-effective,+high-throughput+DNA+sequencing+libraries+for+multiplexed+target+capture.">Cost-effective, high-throughput DNA sequencing libraries for multiplexed target capture.</a> Genome Res. 22 (5), 939-946 (2012).</li><li>Zheng, Y., Josefowicz, S. Z., Kas, A., Chu, T. T., Gavin, M. A., Rudensky, A. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+analysis+of+Foxp3+target+genes+in+developing+and+mature+regulatory+T+cells.">Genome-wide analysis of Foxp3 target genes in developing and mature regulatory T cells.</a> Nature. 445 (7130), 936-940 (2007).</li><li>Krishnakumar, R., Gamble, M. J., Frizzell, K. M., Berrocal, J. G., Kininis, M., Kraus, W. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reciprocal+Binding+of+PARP-1+and+Histone+H1+at+Promoters+Specifies+Transcriptional+Outcomes.">Reciprocal Binding of PARP-1 and Histone H1 at Promoters Specifies Transcriptional Outcomes.</a> Science. 319 (5864), 819-821 (2008).</li><li>Mendenhall, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Locus-specific+editing+of+histone+modifications+at+endogenous+enhancers.">Locus-specific editing of histone modifications at endogenous enhancers.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 31 (12), 1133-1136 (2013).</li><li>Landt, S. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ChIP-seq+guidelines+and+practices+of+the+ENCODE+and+modENCODE+consortia.">ChIP-seq guidelines and practices of the ENCODE and modENCODE consortia.</a> Genome Res. 22 (9), 1813-1831 (2012).</li><li>Heinz, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+Combinations+of+Lineage-Determining+Transcription+Factors+Prime+cis-Regulatory+Elements+Required+for+Macrophage+and+B+Cell+Identities.">Simple Combinations of Lineage-Determining Transcription Factors Prime cis-Regulatory Elements Required for Macrophage and B Cell Identities.</a> Mol. Cell. 38 (4), 576-589 (2010).</li><li>Feng, J., Liu, T., Qin, B., Zhang, Y., Liu, X. 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著者は、彼らは競合する金銭的な利益があることを宣言します。

クロマチンの修飾とヌクレオソームの転写調節における配置の組合せの性質を考えると、これらの機能の同時測定を可能にするメソッドは、エピジェネティック制御に新たな洞察を提供する可能性が高いです。ここで示される ndChIP seq プロトコルは、ヒストン修飾とまれな一次電池9,10ヌクレオソーム密度の同時尋問をできるように最適化ネイティブ チップ seq プロトコルです。ndChIP seq クロマチンの酵素の消化力を利用して、ペアエンド大量並列シーケンスとガウス混合分布モデルに結合された場合、単一ヌクレオソーム レベル調査のヒストンの修正をできるようにと、集団内の不均一性によるエピゲノム プロファイルのデコンボリューション。このプロトコルを使用して、境界、ChromHMM10,24によって定義されている特定のクロマチン状態に関連付けられているを読むペアエンドによって決まります、免疫沈澱フラグメント サイズの独自のディストリビューションを以前報告しています。
NdChIP seq ライブラリの品質は、抗体の特異性と感度、最適な MNase 消化条件の chromatin の品質など複数の要因に依存します。使用される抗体の特異性は、成功 ndChIP seq ライブラリの生産に重要です。理想的な抗体は、他のエピトープを持つ小さな交差反応と関心のエピトープに対して高い親和性を示しています。好みの抗体の高い親和性と磁気ビーズを選択することも重要です。
MNase 消化はこのプロトコルで重要かつ時間と濃度感受性反応です。したがって、複数のサンプルを処理するときは、各反応が時間の同量の培養です重要です (手順 2.2 参照)。Chromatin の品質は、低信号対雑音比の最適 MNase 消化プロファイルとライブラリの結果 ndChIP シーケンス断片化クロマチン リードの結果が大きく影響する別の要因です。低次のサンプルは、細胞の生存率やホルマリン固定パラフィン包埋 (FFPE) 組織はこのプロトコルの推奨されませんようクロマチンの低下します。
クロマチン抽出の間に写真の付加を低減 (すなわち、ランダム) クロマチンの断片化と保持の整合性ヒストンの尾を望ましくないです。そのため、PIC を使用する換散バッファーおよび免疫沈降バッファーの直前に追加する必要があります。実行可能なセルを選択し、フローサイトメトリー、を介して選択するセル間細胞は細胞数の推定値の精度と細胞の生存率を向上する低流量で並べ替えられます。換散バッファーに直接セルを並べ替えを避けます。シース バッファーは換散バッファーを希釈して MNase に細胞膜の有効透過を防ぐことができます。細胞または有機体の種類に応じて MNase の滴定は最適な消化を取得する必要があります。
哺乳動物細胞 ndChIP seq 広いマークおよび入力のため狭いマークおよび 1 億対読み取り (5000 万フラグメント) のため 5000 万対読み取り (2500 万フラグメント) の最小のシーケンスの深さが必要です。ガウス混合分布アルゴリズムは、この勧告の大幅下深度化されているライブラリには最適な実行されません。ndChIP seq ないモノラルまたはディ ヌクレオソームの支配のプロモーターにモノラルとディ ヌクレオソーム フラグメントの長さの配分値の間少し分離とプロモーターにより分類されます。したがって、これらのプロモーターは、その後の分析で削除する必要があります。予測分布の信頼性を向上し、MNase 消化と図書館建設の技術的な変動を識別する生物の複製を生成できます。
ネイティブ チップ seq プロトコルの以前のイテレーションとは異なり ndChIP seq はヌクレオソーム密度を統合するフラグメント サイズのポスト免疫沈降法を用いたクロマチン構造とヒストンの修正の組合せの効果を調査するための手段を提供します。MNase アクセシビリティ、ヒストン変更の測定によって決定されます。NdChIP seq の初代培養細胞や組織への応用はエピジェネティック制御の統合的な性質に新しい洞察力を提供し、集団内での不均一性によるエピジェネティックな署名の識別を許可します。

真核生物のゲノムは、146 の塩基対の DNA1,2に囲まれた 4 つのヒストン蛋白質 (例えばH2A、H2B、H3、および H4) の 2 つのコピーを含むヌクレオソーム構造を繰り返しを介してクロマチンにパッケージされています。クロマチン改造複合体遺伝子プロモーターの境界内のヌクレオソームの位置を制御し、dna の転写因子、RNA ポリメラーゼ機械3、アクセシビリティを変更することにより遺伝子発現の調節に関与 4。
ヌクレオソームのヒストンのアミノ ターミナル尾はアセチル化、メチル化、リン酸化、ユビキチン化、sumo 化、化、および特定のアミノ酸5の水酸化反応を含む種々 の共有結合修飾を受ける,6,7,8します。 位置とこれらの変更の度転写7のアクティベーションを許可する分子複合体のクロマチン構造と制御アクセスに影響を与えるクロマチンの状態を決定します。ヌクレオソームの密度とヒストン修正9の同時測定を可能にするネイティブ チップ アプローチを開発私たちことを考えると両方のヌクレオソーム密度とヒストン修飾は、遺伝子転写のローカル制御の役割を果たす、 10。
ネイティブ チップ seq エンドヌクレアーゼ球菌ヌクレアーゼの本来の状態、核11,12ヌクレオソームの13の配置をマップに活用されているプロパティ内でそのままクロマチンを消化する (MNase) の活用します。,14,15. ヌクレオソーム密度チップ seq (ndChIP-seq) MNase アクセシビリティを組み合わせてヒストン修正10測定を生成するクロマチン領域を開く MNase の優先的なアクセスのプロパティを活用します。ndChIP seq は珍しい初代培養細胞、組織および培養細胞におけるヒストン修飾のプロファイリングに最適です。ここでは、フラグメント サイズのポスト免疫沈降、ペアエンドに境界を読むによって決定を統合する前述の分析フレーム作業10に適したシーケンス データセットの生成を可能にする詳細なプロトコルを提案します。同時にヒストン修正測定 MNase アクセシビリティを調査します。以前は、このプロトコルの 10,000 の主な臍帯血への応用派生 CD34+細胞とヒト胚性幹細胞はこれらの内のクロマチン構造とヒストン修飾関係のユニークな携帯型10 明らかに.ヌクレオソーム アクセシビリティとヒストン修飾を同時に測定する能力を与え、ndChIP seq は単一ヌクレオソーム レベルで細胞のエピゲノム機能を明らかにし、解決に異種の署名が可能です、構成要素。NdChIP seq によって異種の細胞集団の探査の例は H3K4me3、アクティブなマークと H3K27me3、抑圧的なマークの両方が現在10二価プロモーターの調査です。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >1M Tris-HCl &#8211;pH 7.5</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >15567-027</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1M Tris-HCl &#8211;pH 8</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >15568-025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >0.5M EDTA</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >AM9260G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >5M NaCl</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >1001385276</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Triton X-100</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >1001412354</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Sodium-Deoxycholate</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >1001437582</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >SDS</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >15525-017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Sodium-Bicarbonate</td>
			<td >Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td >S233-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >100% EtOH</td>
			<td >NA</td>
			<td >NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >V-bottom 96 well plate (AB 1400)</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >AB-1400-L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Gilson P2 pipetman</td>
			<td >Mandel</td>
			<td >F144801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Gilson P10 pipetman</td>
			<td >Mandel</td>
			<td >F144802</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Gilson P20 pipetman</td>
			<td >Mandel</td>
			<td >F123600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Gilson P100 pipetman</td>
			<td >Mandel</td>
			<td >F123615</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Gilson P200 pipetman</td>
			<td >Mandel</td>
			<td >F123601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Gilson P1000 pipetman</td>
			<td >Mandel</td>
			<td >F123603</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Micrococcal Nuclease&#160;</td>
			<td >NEB</td>
			<td >M0247S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Thermo Mixer C (Heating block mixer)</td>
			<td >Eppendorf</td>
			<td >5382000023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Multi 12-channel Pippet P20</td>
			<td >Rainin</td>
			<td >17013803</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Multi 12-channel Pippet P200</td>
			<td >Rainin</td>
			<td >17013805</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1.5 ml LoBind tube</td>
			<td >Eppendorf</td>
			<td >22431021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >0.5 ml LoBind tube</td>
			<td >Eppendorf</td>
			<td >22431005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Plastic Plate Cover</td>
			<td >Edge Bio</td>
			<td >48461</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >PCR cover</td>
			<td >Bio Rad</td>
			<td >MSD-1001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Aluminum Plate Cover</td>
			<td >Bio Rad</td>
			<td >MSF-1001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Elution buffer (EB buffer)</td>
			<td >Qiagen</td>
			<td >19086</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1M DTT</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >646563</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Eppendorf 5810R centrifuge&#160;</td>
			<td >Eppendorf</td>
			<td >22625004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ultrapure water</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >10977-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Protein G dynabeads</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >10001D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Protein A dynabeads</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >10001D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Protease inhibitor Cocktail</td>
			<td >Calbiochem</td>
			<td >539134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Rotating platform</td>
			<td >Mandel</td>
			<td >1b109-12052010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Plate magnet</td>
			<td >Alpaqua</td>
			<td >2523</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Domed 12-cap strip</td>
			<td >Bio Rad</td>
			<td >TCS1201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Buffer G2</td>
			<td >Qiagen</td>
			<td >1014636</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Protease</td>
			<td >Qiagen</td>
			<td >19155</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td>Tube Magnet (DynaMag-2)</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >12321D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
		<td>Tube Magnet (DynaMag-2)</td>
			<td >LabCore</td>
			<td >730-006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >V shape Plastic reservoir</td>
			<td >Mandel</td>
			<td >S0100A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Vortex</td>
			<td >Mandel</td>
			<td >C1801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Mini Fuge</td>
			<td >Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td >XS2035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Analytical scale</td>
			<td >Mandel</td>
			<td >LB109-12052010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Quick Ligation Reaction Buffer, 5X</td>
			<td >NEB</td>
			<td>B6058S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >DNA Polymerase I, Large (Klenow) Fragment</td>
			<td >NEB</td>
			<td>M0210S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Klenow Fragment (3&#39;-5&#39; exo)</td>
			<td >NEB</td>
			<td>M0212S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >T4 DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td >NEB</td>
			<td>M0203S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >T4 Polynucleotide Kinase</td>
			<td >NEB</td>
			<td>M0201S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Deoxynucleotide Solution mix, 10mM</td>
			<td >NEB</td>
			<td>N0447S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >dATP Solution 10mM</td>
			<td >NEB</td>
			<td>N0440S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Quick T4 DNA Ligase</td>
			<td >NEB</td>
			<td>M0202T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Adenosine 5&#39;-Triphosphate (ATP), 25mM</td>
			<td >NEB</td>
			<td>P0756S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>F549L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >NEBuffer 2</td>
			<td >NEB</td>
			<td>B7002S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hank&#39;s buffered salt solution</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>14025076</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Fetal bovine serum&#160;</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>A3160702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >phosphate buffer saline&#160;</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >H3K4me3</td>
			<td >Cell Signaling</td>
			<td >9751S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >H3K4me1</td>
			<td >Diagenode</td>
			<td >C15410037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >H3K27me3</td>
			<td >Diagenode</td>
			<td >pAb-069-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >H3K36me3</td>
			<td >Abcam</td>
			<td >ab9050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >H3K9me3</td>
			<td >Diagenode</td>
			<td >C15410056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >SeraMag&#160; super-paramagnetic beads</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td ></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of native chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing libraries for nucleosome density analysis

(チップ seq) 実験的プロトコルとガウス混合分布解析手法 (ヌクレオソーム密度チップ seq; ndChIP seq) の生成を可能にする互換性のある配列変更されたネイティブ クロマチン免疫沈降を提案します。ヒストン修飾ゲノムとミクロコッカスヌクレアーゼ (MNase) のアクセシビリティの結合された測定。ヌクレオソームの位置と局所密度と翻訳後修飾ヒストン亜単位のローカル転写状態を規制するコンサートで行動します。NdChIP シーケンスによって生成されたヒストン修飾とヌクレオソーム アクセシビリティの組合せ測定は、これらの機能の同時の尋問のためことができます。NdChIP seq 方法論ベースのチップ seq プロトコルを架橋にアクセスできない一次電池の小さな数字に適用されます。NdChIP seq 一緒に取られて、珍しい主細胞内 RNA 転写を制御する共有メカニズムへの新しい洞察を取得するローカル ヌクレオソーム密度とヒストン修飾の組み合わせでの測定が可能。 にします。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Native Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Libraries for Nucleosome Density Analysis at JoVE.com

Generation of Native Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Libraries for Nucleosome Density Analysis

ネイティブのクロマチン免疫沈降のヌクレオソーム密度解析ライブラリをシーケンスの生成

提案するミクロコッカスヌクレアーゼ (MNase) のアクセシビリティを統合ヌクレオソーム密度チップ seq 解析フレームワークに適したシーケンス データセットの生成 (チップ seq) 方法論をシーケンス変更されたネイティブ クロマチン免疫沈降ヒストン修正測定。

We present a modified native chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) experimental protocol compatible with a Gaussian mixture distribution ...

generation-native-chromatin-immunoprecipitation-sequencing-libraries

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

22.0K ビュー.  University of British Columbia. 提案するミクロコッカスヌクレアーゼ (MNase) のアクセシビリティを統合ヌクレオソーム密度チップ seq 解析フレームワークに適したシーケンス データセットの生成 (チップ seq) 方法論をシーケンス変更されたネイティブ クロマチン免疫沈降ヒストン修正測定。

ビデオ: Generation of Native Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Libraries for Nucleosome Density Analysis

Sequential Salt Extractions for the Analysis of Bulk Chromatin Binding Properties of Chromatin Modifying Complexes

Elucidation of the binding properties of chromatin-targeting proteins can be very challenging due to the complex nature of chromatin and the heterogeneous nature of most mammalian chromatin-modifying complexes. In order to overcome these hurdles, we have adapted a sequential salt extraction (SSE) assay for evaluating the relative binding affinities of chromatin-bound complexes. This easy and straightforward assay can be used by non-experts to evaluate the relative difference in binding affinity of two related complexes, the changes in affinity of a complex when a subunit is lost or an individual domain is inactivated, and the change in binding affinity after alterations to the chromatin landscape. By sequentially re-suspending bulk chromatin in increasing amounts of salt, we are able to profile the elution of a particular protein from chromatin. Using these profiles, we are able to determine how alterations in a chromatin-modifying complex or alterations to the chromatin environment affect binding interactions. Coupling SSE with other in vitro and in vivo assays, we can determine the roles of individual domains and proteins on the functionality of a complex in a variety of chromatin environments.

Sequential salt extraction of chromatin bound proteins is a useful tool for determining the binding properties of large protein complexes. This method can be employed to evaluate the role of individual subunits or domains in the overall affinity of a protein complex to bulk chromatin.

クロマチン複合体を変更するのプロパティをバインド一括クロマチンの分析の逐次塩抽出

Elucidation of the binding properties of chromatin-targeting proteins can be very challenging due to the complex nature of chromatin and the heterogeneous ...

遺伝学

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

Plant organellar genomes contain large, repetitive elements that may undergo pairing or recombination to form complex structures and/or sub-genomic fragments. Organellar genomes also exist in admixtures within a given cell or tissue type (heteroplasmy), and an abundance of subtypes may change throughout development or when under stress (sub-stoichiometric shifting). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are required to obtain deeper understanding of organellar genome structure and function. Traditional sequencing studies use several methods to obtain organellar DNA: (1) If a large amount of starting tissue is used, it is homogenized and subjected to differential centrifugation and/or gradient purification. (2) If a smaller amount of tissue is used (i.e., if seeds, material, or space is limited), the same process is performed as in (1), followed by whole-genome amplification to obtain sufficient DNA. (3) Bioinformatics analysis can be used to sequence the total genomic DNA and to parse out organellar reads. All these methods have inherent challenges and tradeoffs. In (1), it may be difficult to obtain such a large amount of starting tissue; in (2), whole-genome amplification could introduce a sequencing bias; and in (3), homology between nuclear and organellar genomes could interfere with assembly and analysis. In plants with large nuclear genomes, it is advantageous to enrich for organellar DNA to reduce sequencing costs and sequence complexity for bioinformatics analyses. Here, we compare a traditional differential centrifugation method with a fourth method, an adapted CpG-methyl pulldown approach, to separate the total genomic DNA into nuclear and organellar fractions. Both methods yield sufficient DNA for NGS, DNA that is highly enriched for organellar sequences, albeit at different ratios in mitochondria and chloroplasts. We present the optimization of these methods for wheat leaf tissue and discuss major advantages and disadvantages of each approach in the context of sample input, protocol ease, and downstream application.

The comparison and optimization of two plant organellar DNA enrichment methods are presented: traditional differential centrifugation and fractionation of the total gDNA based on methylation status. We assess the resulting DNA quantity and quality, demonstrate performance in short-read next-generation sequencing, and discuss the potential for use in long-read single-molecule sequencing.

次世代シークエンシングに適した植物オルガネラDNA濃縮法の最適化と比較分析

Plant organellar genomes contain large, repetitive elements that may undergo pairing or recombination to form complex structures and/or sub-genomic ...

Analysis of the c-KIT Ligand Promoter Using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Multiple cellular processes, including DNA replication and repair, DNA recombination, and gene expression, require interactions between proteins and DNA. Therefore, DNA-protein interactions regulate multiple physiological, pathophysiological, and biological functions, such as cell differentiation, cell proliferation, cell cycle control, chromosome stability, epigenetic gene regulation, and cell transformation. In eukaryotic cells, the DNA interacts with histone and nonhistone proteins and is condensed into chromatin. Several technical tools can be used to analyze DNA-protein interactions, such as the Electrophoresis (gel) Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) and DNase I footprinting. However, these techniques analyze the protein-DNA interaction in vitro, not within the cellular context. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a technique that captures proteins at their specific DNA binding sites, thereby allowing for the identification of DNA-protein interactions within their chromatin context. It is done by fixation&#160;of the DNA-protein interaction, followed by&#160;immunoprecipitation of the protein of interest. Subsequently, the genomic site that the protein was bound to is characterized. Here, we describe and discuss ChIP and demonstrate its analytical value for the identification of the Transforming Growth Factor-&#946; (TGF-&#946;)-induced binding of the transcription factor SMAD2 to SMAD Binding Elements (SBE) within the promoter region of the tyrosine-protein kinase Kit (c-KIT) receptor ligand Stem Cell Factor (SCF).

DNA-protein interactions are essential for multiple biological processes. During the evaluation of cellular functions, the analysis of DNA-protein interactions is indispensable for understanding gene regulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful tool to analyze such interactions in vivo.

クロマチン免疫沈降法を用いたc-KITリガンドプロモーターの解析

Multiple cellular processes, including DNA replication and repair, DNA recombination, and gene expression, require interactions between proteins and DNA. ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) in Mouse T-cell Lines

Signaling pathways regulate gene expression programs via the modulation of the chromatin structure at different levels, such as by post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histone tails, the exchange of canonical histones with histone variants, and nucleosome eviction. Such regulation requires the binding of signal-sensitive transcription factors (TFs) that recruit chromatin-modifying enzymes at regulatory elements defined as enhancers. Understanding how signaling cascades regulate enhancer activity requires a comprehensive analysis of the binding of TFs, chromatin modifying enzymes, and the occupancy of specific histone marks and histone variants. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays utilize highly specific antibodies to immunoprecipitate specific protein/DNA complexes. The subsequent analysis of the purified DNA allows for the identification the region occupied by the protein recognized by the antibody. This work describes a protocol to efficiently perform ChIP of histone proteins in a mature mouse T-cell line. The presented protocol allows for the performance of ChIP assays in a reasonable timeframe and with high reproducibility.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP in Mouse T-cell Lines

This work describes a protocol for chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) using a mature mouse T-cell line. This protocol is suitable to investigate the distribution of specific histone marks at specific promoter sites or genome-wide.

マウスT細胞株におけるクロマチン免疫沈降（ChIP）

Signaling pathways regulate gene expression programs via the modulation of the chromatin structure at different levels, such as by post-translational ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Protocol for Low-abundance Embryonic Samples

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a widely-used technique for mapping the localization of post-translationally modified histones, histone variants, transcription factors, or chromatin-modifying enzymes at a given locus or on a genome-wide scale. The combination of ChIP assays with next-generation sequencing (i.e., ChIP-Seq) is a powerful approach to globally uncover gene regulatory networks and to improve the functional annotation of genomes, especially of non-coding regulatory sequences. ChIP protocols normally require large amounts of cellular material, thus precluding the applicability of this method to investigating rare cell types or small tissue biopsies. In order to make the ChIP assay compatible with the amount of biological material that can typically be obtained in vivo during early vertebrate embryogenesis, we describe here a simplified ChIP protocol in which the number of steps required to complete the assay were reduced to minimize sample loss. This ChIP protocol has been successfully used to investigate different histone modifications in various embryonic chicken and adult mouse tissues using low to medium cell numbers (5 x 104 - 5 x 105 cells). Importantly, this protocol is compatible with ChIP-seq technology using standard library preparation methods, thus providing global epigenomic maps in highly relevant embryonic tissues.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP Protocol for Low-abundance Embryonic Samples

Here, we describe a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and ChIP-seq library preparation protocol to generate global epigenomic profiles from low-abundance chicken embryonic samples.

クロマチン免疫沈降 (チップ) プロトコル低豊富な胚サンプル

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a widely-used technique for mapping the localization of post-translationally modified histones, histone variants, ...

Generation of Genome-wide Chromatin Conformation Capture Libraries from Tightly Staged Early Drosophila Embryos

Investigating the three-dimensional architecture of chromatin offers invaluable insight into the mechanisms of gene regulation. Here, we describe a protocol for performing the chromatin conformation capture technique in situ Hi-C on staged Drosophila melanogaster embryo populations. The result is a sequencing library that allows the mapping of all chromatin interactions that occur in the nucleus in a single experiment. Embryo sorting is done manually using a fluorescent stereo microscope and a transgenic fly line containing a nuclear marker. Using this technique, embryo populations from each nuclear division cycle, and with defined cell cycle status, can be obtained with very high purity. The protocol may also be adapted to sort older embryos beyond gastrulation. Sorted embryos are used as inputs for in situ Hi-C. All experiments, including sequencing library preparation, can be completed in five days. The protocol has low input requirements and works reliably using 20 blastoderm stage embryos as input material. The end result is a sequencing library for next generation sequencing. After sequencing, the data can be processed into genome-wide chromatin interaction maps that can be analyzed using a wide range of available tools to gain information about topologically associating domain (TAD) structure, chromatin loops, and chromatin compartments during Drosophila development.

Generation of Genome-wide Chromatin Conformation Capture Libraries from Tightly Staged Early Drosophila Embryos

This work describes a protocol for the generation of high resolution in situ Hi-C libraries from tightly staged pre-gastrulation Drosophila melanogaster embryos.

しっかりと段階的な初期のショウジョウバエの胚からゲノムワイドなクロマチン構造キャプチャ ライブラリの生成

Investigating the three-dimensional architecture of chromatin offers invaluable insight into the mechanisms of gene regulation. Here, we describe a ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation, are dynamically regulated by a series of enzymes that add or remove these marks in response to signals received by the cell. These PTMS are key contributors to the regulation of processes such as gene expression control and DNA repair. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (chIP) has been an instrumental approach for dissecting the abundance and localization of many histone PTMs throughout the genome in response to diverse perturbations to the cell. Here, a versatile method for performing chIP of post-translationally modified histones from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) is described. This method relies on crosslinking of proteins and DNA using formaldehyde treatment of yeast cultures, generation of yeast lysates by bead beating, solubilization of chromatin fragments by micrococcal nuclease, and immunoprecipitation of histone-DNA complexes. DNA associated with the histone mark of interest is purified and subjected to quantitative PCR analysis to evaluate its enrichment at multiple loci throughout the genome. Representative experiments probing the localization of the histone marks H3K4me2 and H4K16ac in wildtype and mutant yeast are discussed to demonstrate data analysis and interpretation. This method is suitable for a variety of histone PTMs and can be performed with different mutant strains or in the presence of diverse environmental stresses, making it an excellent tool for investigating changes in chromatin dynamics under different conditions.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Here, we describe a protocol for chromatin immunoprecipitation of modified histones from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Immunoprecipitated DNA is subsequently used for quantitative PCR to interrogate the abundance and localization of histone post-translational modifications throughout the genome.

酵母からヒストン修飾のクロマチン免疫沈降 (チップ)

Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation, are dynamically regulated by a series of enzymes ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation of Murine Brown Adipose Tissue

Most cellular processes are regulated by transcriptional modulation of specific gene programs. Such modulation is achieved through the combined actions of a wide range of transcription factors (TFs) and cofactors mediating transcriptional activation or repression via changes in chromatin structure. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a useful molecular biology approach for mapping histone modifications and profiling transcription factors/cofactors binding to DNA, thus providing a snapshot of the dynamic nuclear changes occurring during different biological processes.
To study transcriptional regulation in adipose tissue, samples derived from in vitro cell cultures of immortalized or primary cell lines are often favored in ChIP assays because of the abundance of starting material and reduced biological variability. However, these models represent a limited snapshot of the actual chromatin state in living organisms. Thus, there is a critical need for optimized protocols to perform ChIP on adipose tissue samples derived from animal models.
Here we describe a protocol for efficient ChIP-seq of both histone modifications and non-histone proteins in brown adipose tissue (BAT) isolated from a mouse. The protocol is optimized for investigating genome-wide localization of proteins of interest and epigenetic markers in the BAT, which is a morphologically and physiologically distinct tissue amongst fat depots.

Here we describe a protocol for efficient chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) followed by high-throughput DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) of brown adipose tissue (BAT) isolated from a mouse. This protocol is suitable for both mapping histone modifications and investigating genome-wide localization of non-histone proteins of interest in vivo.

マウスの褐色脂肪組織のクロマチン免疫沈降

Most cellular processes are regulated by transcriptional modulation of specific gene programs. Such modulation is achieved through the combined actions of ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay Using Micrococcal Nucleases in Mammalian Cells

To express cellular phenotypes in organisms, living cells execute gene expression accordingly, and transcriptional programs play a central role in gene expression. The cellular transcriptional machinery and its chromatin modification proteins coordinate to regulate transcription. To analyze transcriptional regulation at the molecular level, several experimental methods such as electrophoretic mobility shift, transient reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays are available. We describe a modified ChIP assay in detail in this article because of its advantages in directly showing histone modifications and the interactions between proteins and DNA in cells. One of the key steps in a successful ChIP assay is chromatin shearing. Although sonication is commonly used for shearing chromatin, it is difficult to identify reproducible conditions. Instead of shearing chromatin by sonication, we utilized enzymatic digestion with micrococcal nuclease (MNase) to obtain more reproducible results. In this article, we provide a straightforward ChIP assay protocol using MNase.

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful tool for understanding the molecular mechanisms of gene regulation. However, the method involves difficulties in obtaining reproducible chromatin fragmentation by mechanical shearing. Here, we provide an improved protocol for a ChIP assay using enzymatic digestion.

哺乳類細胞における微小コッカルヌクレアーゼを用いてクロマチン免疫沈殿アッセイ

To express cellular phenotypes in organisms, living cells execute gene expression accordingly, and transcriptional programs play a central role in gene ...

Identification of Footprints of RNA:Protein Complexes via RNA Immunoprecipitation in Tandem Followed by Sequencing (RIPiT-Seq)

RNA immunoprecipitation in tandem (RIPiT) is a method for enriching RNA footprints of a pair of proteins within an RNA:protein (RNP) complex. RIPiT employs two purification steps. First, immunoprecipitation of a tagged RNP subunit is followed by mild RNase digestion and subsequent non-denaturing affinity elution. A second immunoprecipitation of another RNP subunit allows for enrichment of a defined complex. Following a denaturing elution of RNAs and proteins, the RNA footprints are converted into high-throughput DNA sequencing libraries. Unlike the more popular ultraviolet (UV) crosslinking followed by immunoprecipitation (CLIP) approach to enrich RBP binding sites, RIPiT is UV-crosslinking independent. Hence RIPiT can be applied to numerous proteins present in the RNA interactome and beyond that are essential to RNA regulation but do not directly contact the RNA or UV-crosslink poorly to RNA. The two purification steps in RIPiT provide an additional advantage of identifying binding sites where a protein of interest acts in partnership with another cofactor. The double purification strategy also serves to enhance signal by limiting background. Here, we provide a step-wise procedure to perform RIPiT and to generate high-throughput sequencing libraries from isolated RNA footprints. We also outline RIPiT&#39;s advantages and applications and discuss some of its limitations.

Identification of Footprints of RNA:Protein Complexes via RNA Immunoprecipitation in Tandem Followed by Sequencing RIPiT-Seq

Here, we present a protocol to enrich endogenous RNA binding sites or &#34;footprints&#34;&#160;of RNA:protein (RNP) complexes from mammalian cells. This approach involves two immunoprecipitations of RNP subunits and is therefore dubbed RNA immunoprecipitation in tandem (RIPiT).

ランデムにおけるRNA免疫沈殿によるRNAタンパク質複合体の足跡の同定、シーケンシング(RIPiT-Seq)

RNA immunoprecipitation in tandem (RIPiT) is a method for enriching RNA footprints of a pair of proteins within an RNA:protein (RNP) complex. RIPiT ...

ネイティブのクロマチン免疫沈降のヌクレオソーム密度解析ライブラリをシーケンスの生成

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クロマチン複合体を変更するのプロパティをバインド一括クロマチンの分析の逐次塩抽出

次世代シークエンシングに適した植物オルガネラDNA濃縮法の最適化と比較分析

クロマチン免疫沈降法を用いたc-KITリガンドプロモーターの解析

マウスT細胞株におけるクロマチン免疫沈降（ChIP）

クロマチン免疫沈降 (チップ) プロトコル低豊富な胚サンプル

しっかりと段階的な初期のショウジョウバエの胚からゲノムワイドなクロマチン構造キャプチャライブラリの生成

酵母からヒストン修飾のクロマチン免疫沈降 (チップ)

マウスの褐色脂肪組織のクロマチン免疫沈降

哺乳類細胞における微小コッカルヌクレアーゼを用いてクロマチン免疫沈殿アッセイ

ランデムにおけるRNA免疫沈殿によるRNAタンパク質複合体の足跡の同定、シーケンシング(RIPiT-Seq)

ネイティブのクロマチン免疫沈降のヌクレオソーム密度解析ライブラリをシーケンスの生成

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クロマチン免疫沈降 (チップ) プロトコル低豊富な胚サンプル

しっかりと段階的な初期のショウジョウバエの胚からゲノムワイドなクロマチン構造キャプチャ ライブラリの生成

酵母からヒストン修飾のクロマチン免疫沈降 (チップ)

マウスの褐色脂肪組織のクロマチン免疫沈降

哺乳類細胞における微小コッカルヌクレアーゼを用いてクロマチン免疫沈殿アッセイ

ランデムにおけるRNA免疫沈殿によるRNAタンパク質複合体の足跡の同定、シーケンシング(RIPiT-Seq)

しっかりと段階的な初期のショウジョウバエの胚からゲノムワイドなクロマチン構造キャプチャライブラリの生成