Name: extraction of ramie fiber in alkali hydrogen peroxide system supported by controlled-release alkali source
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Bu eser tarafından desteklenmiştir ayrılmış Çin Tarım araştırma sistemi için Bast ve yaprak elyaf bitkileri (grant numarası arabalar-19), tarım bilim Akademisi Çin ve teknoloji yenilik Projesi (grant numarası ASTIP-IBFC07), yenilik Fonu fon Donghua Üniversitesi'nde yüksek lisans öğrencileri için (sayı 16 D 310107 grant), 'Xiaoping bilim ve teknoloji yenilik takım' (sanayileşme entegre bast fiber biyolojik degumming, Ar- Ge grubu), Çin burs Konseyi.

1. oksidasyon Rami Degumming
<ol><li>
Çözüm degumming oksidasyon hazırlanıyor
	<ol>
<li>2 g H2O2, 1 g alkali (Mg(OH)2 ve NaOH karışımı), 0.4 g Na5P3O10, 0.1 g anthraquinone ve 0.2 g degumming çözüm yapmak HEDP 100 mL distile suda çözülür.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Rami oksidasyon degumming
	<ol>
<li>10 g ham Rami degumming çözümünde bırakın ve 60 dk 85 ° C altında ovmak.</li>
		<li>125 ° c (ile 0,6 kg baskısı) sıcaklığı artırmak ve için başka bir 60 dk ovmak. Not: tartışma açıklaması için bkz: sıcaklık yükseltme üzerinde.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Rami fiber azaltılması
	<ol>
<li>0.4 g NaHSO3 azalan bakiyeli çözüm hazırlamak için 100 mL distile suda çözülür. Sonra degummed fiber 60 dk 90 ° C'de azalan bakiyeli çözümde tedavi. Not: Karboksil grupları ve selüloz oksidasyon reaksiyonu oluşturulan gruplarda aldehid hidrojen bağları azalmasına neden ve böylece fiber özelliğine zarar. Azaltma özelliği fiber karboksil grupları dönüştürerek artırabilir ve aldehit gruplarını hidroksil grupları için geri.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Takip tedavi
	<ol>
<li>Degummed Rami fiber deiyonize su ile iyice yıkayın.</li>
		<li>Fiber degumming petrol 90 ° C'de 15 dakika bırakın ve lif 4 h için bir fırın (125 ° C) kuru.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. test Degumming çözüm mülkiyeti
<ol><li>
Çözünürlük testi Mg(OH)2
	<ol>
<li>2 g Mg(OH)2 100 mL distile suda çözülür.</li>
		<li>Ayrı ayrı, 2 g Mg(OH)2 100 mL solüsyon 0.4 g Na5P3O10 ve 0.2 g HEDP de dahil olmak üzere tamamen çözünür degumming katkı maddeleri ile geçiyoruz.</li>
		<li>Adımları 2.2.1 ve 2.2.2-85 ° c'da açıklanan çözümler sıcaklığı artırmak</li>
		<li>Sinterlenmiş diskler ile undissolved Mg(OH)2 ayıklayın.</li>
		<li>Çözünürlük Mg(OH)2 aşağıdaki formülle hesaplar: <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/56461/56461eq2.jpg"> Not: Burada kilo undissolved Mg(OH)2 m (g).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
PH değeri, ORP değeri ve rezidüel H2O2 içerik degumming çözüm Mg(OH)2 ikame oranı etkisi Not: ORP12,19 bir önemli su kimya parametresidir ve ortam su oksitleyici veya azalan kapasite için bir ölçme aracı sağlar. Çözümler daha güçlü oksidasyon özelliği ile daha yüksek bir ORP değerine sahip. Mg(OH)2 ikame oranı % 10 (ağırlık kumaş) toplam alkali doz altında Mg(OH)2 yerine NaOH köstebek oranı anlamına gelir.<ol>
<li>Degumming çözümleri ile Mg(OH)2 ikame oranı % 0, % 20, % 40, %60, % 80 ve % 100 adım 1.1, göre sırasıyla hazırlayın.</li>
		<li>2.2.1. adımda anlatılan degumming çözümleri ham Rami bırakın.</li>
		<li>Adım 1.2 göre degumming işlemini başlatmak.</li>
		<li>Kombine ORP elektrot distile su ile yıkayın ve hava kuru. Sonra kombine ORP elektrot metre degumming çözümlerinde ORP değeri her 10 dk. bırakın pH elektrodu metre degumming çözümlerinde pH değeri her 10 min okumak için okumak için bırakın.</li>
		<li>H2O2 içerik degumming çözümleri her 10 min KMnO4 titrasyon yöntemine göre Çin standart GB 22216-20087sınayın.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. test Rami Fiber özelliği
<ol><li>
Degumming verim
	<ol>
<li>Aşağıdaki denklemi kullanarak degumming verim Hesapla: <img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/56461/56461eq3.jpg"> Not: w (g) fiber kuru ağırlığının degumming sonra işte; W (g) degumming önce Rami kuru ağırlığının olduğunu.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Fiber kalan diş etleri Not: Lif kalan diş etleri Çince standart 5889-86 göre test edildi.<ol>
<li>Fiber (yaklaşık 5 g) kuru ağırlığının tartı şişede ölçmek ve 150 mL NaOH çözüm (20 g/L) içeren bir (ile reflü Yoğuşmalı tüp) flask batırmayın.</li>
		<li>Sıcaklığı 100 ° c artırmak ve 1 h için bu sıcaklıkta tutmak.</li>
		<li>NaOH çözüm yenileyin.</li>
		<li>Sıcaklığı 100 ° c artırmak ve 2 h için korumak.</li>
		<li>Fiber bir örnek elek içinde yıkayın.</li>
		<li>Şişe ağırlığında içinde fiber kuru ağırlığının ölçmek.</li>
		<li>Kalan diş etleri fiber aşağıdaki eşitliği kullanarak hesaplar: <img alt="Equation 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/56461/56461eq4.jpg"> Not: M (g) fiber kuru ağırlığının işte; (G) Rami kuru ağırlığının NaOH Temizleme sonra metredir.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
PD testi Not: 5888-8615göre Çin standart GB Rami fiber PD değeri sınama.<ol>
<li>Rami fiber 2:1 (v/v) benzen ve etil alkol karışımı batış ısıtınız.</li>
		<li>Çözücü hava oda sıcaklığında buharlaşır.</li>
		<li>Örnekleri kısa parçalar halinde kesilmiş (~ 20-23 hakkında 1-2 mm mg her örnek için) makas kullanarak.</li>
		<li>Bir nem kontrollü atmosferde örnekleri tutmak (20 ± 2 ° C, bağıl nem 65 ± % 2 =) su test amaçları için gerekli malzemeleri kaldırmadan önce içerik denge ulaşıncaya kadar tartı bir kap içinde.</li>
		<li>Bakır tel (0.5 mm çapında) konsantre nitrik asit % 98 susuz ethylenediamine tarafından takip, bırakın. Sonra bakır granül distile su ile iyice yıkayın.</li>
		<li>Lif örneği ve bakır granül (top ile) bir plastik şişe soktun.</li>
		<li>10 mL distile su ve 10 mL 1 mol/L cupriethylenediamine çözüm plastik şişe içine ekleyin ve 0.2 g/100 mL (yaklaşık) Rami fiber cupriethylenediamine çözüm hazırlamak için bir manyetik heyecan çubuğunu kullanarak karıştırın.</li>
		<li>6.5 mL Rami fiber cupriethylenediamine çözüm içsel viskozite ölçmek için bir Ubbelohde Vikozimetre aktarın. Bağıl viskozitesi aşağıdaki denklemle Hesapla: <img alt="Equation 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/56461/56461eq5.jpg"> Not: Burada ηr bağıl viskozitesi, t (s) Ubbelohde Vikozimetre ve t0 akan Rami fiber cupriethylenediamine çözüm ortalama süre (s) 0,5 mol/L cupriethylenediamine çözüm aracılığıyla akan ortalama Zamanı Ubbelohde Vikozimetre.</li>
		<li>Rami fiber PD değerini aşağıdaki denklemle hesaplamak: <img alt="Equation 6" src="/files/ftp_upload/56461/56461eq6.jpg"> Not: Burada [η]' içsel viskozite, [η] × C değeri Çince standart GB 5888-86 ve C bir tablodan elde edilebilir ' Rami fiber cupriethylenediamine çözüm konsantrasyonu olduğunu.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Fiber doğrusal yoğunluk
	<ol>
<li>Doğrusal yoğunluk fiber aşağıdaki eşitliği kullanarak hesaplar: <img alt="Equation 7" src="/files/ftp_upload/56461/56461eq7.jpg"> Not: Burada Lc olduğunu kesme uzunluğu (40 mm), n liflerinin numaraları ise G (g) ağırlık fiber. Fiber doğrusal yoğunluk 1000 m uzun elyaf Rami (% 12) resmi yeniden altında ağırlığını ifade eder.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Mekanik özellik testi
	<ol>
<li>Lif örnekleri Standart atmosferik durumda equilibrate (T = 20 ± 2 ° C, RH % 65 ± % 2 =) 24 h için.</li>
		<li>Azim, kırma uzama ve fiber gücü enstrüman 20 ° C, RH % 65 ve 0.3 cN/dtex öncesi gerginlik aşağıdaki ayarı altında kullanarak lif yırtılması çalışmalarını test edin. Sıkma mesafe 20 mm ve 20 mm/min7,15alt kelepçe azalan hızını ayarlayın.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
COD değeri degumming atık su
	<ol>
<li>Çin standart GB/T göre degumming atık su COD 15456-2008 'Endüstriyel Soğutma su-tayini COD-potasyum permanganat yöntemi dolaşan'7,15sınayın.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
XRD testi
	<ol>
<li>Crystallinity x-ışını kırınım kullanarak lif elde edilir. Kayıt XRD desenleri 2θ grafit monokromatör ve λ, Cu Kα radyoterapi ile donatılmış bir diffractometer ile 5-60 ° = 0.154 = nm (40 kV, 200 mA).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
FTIR analizi
	<ol>
<li>FTIR desen fiber Spektrometre kullanılarak elde edilir. 30'da inceden inceye gözden geçirmek kere ayarla 4.000-400 cm-1ve 8 cm-1çözünürlükte mesafeden. FT-IR analizi kullanılarak işlem görmüş lif kimyasal fonksiyonel grupları belirler.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Mg(OH)2 ikame oranı ve tepki sıcaklık ayarı bu protokolü kilit noktası oldu. MG(Oh)2 ikame oranı pH değeri ve böylece degumming çözüm oksidasyon yeteneği etkisi altına alabiliyor. Rami degumming için en iyi Mg(OH)2 ikame oranı % 20, selüloz yeterli koruma altında bir ikame oranı % 20'in altında alamaz ve kalan diş etleri (düşük DP değeri ve crystallinity) aşırı miktarda lif muhafaza edilebilir çünkü oldu altında bir ikame oranı % 20 (?...

Rami, 'Çin çimen' bilinen olan elyaf Tekstil Sanayi1,2için mükemmel bir malzeme olarak kullanılabilir çok yıllık bir bitkidir. Ana ekonomik bitkileri Çin'e yerel biridir; Rami Çin üretimi dünya1,2toplam verim fazla % 90 sorumluydu. Rami lif en güçlü ve en uzun bitki lifleri ile bir neredeyse ipeksi bir görünüm3,4parlak biridir. Rami fiber uzun uzunluğu bast lif nadiren görülen tek lif iplik için uygun olun. Rami fiber yapılan Tekstil serinlik, antibakteriyel, mükemmel ısı iletkenlik, havalandırma, vb3,4 gibi birçok mükemmel özelliklere sahip
Selüloz Rami lifleri ana bileşenidir ve Rami, pektin, lignin, su çözünür malzemeler, gibi diğer bileşenlerinde5,6diş eti olarak tanımlanır. Rami fiber-ebilmek var olmak hulâsa belgili tanımlık gums kimyasal reaktifler,5,6degumming olarak tanımlanan bir işlemi içeren çözüm çözülerek. Rami fiber ekstraksiyon esas olarak iki yaklaşım var: kimyasal degumming ve biyo-degumming. Enerji tüketimi, zaman tüketimi ve COD geleneksel kimyasal degumming içinde degumming atık su değeri oldukça yüksek, selüloz 6-8 h7,8 için yüksek basınç altında konsantre NaOH ham Rami Temizleme tarafından lif elde edilir . Alternatif olarak, biyo-degumming bir çevre dostu Rami fiber çıkarılması için seçenektir. Yine de, sert tepki durumu ve gelişmiş donanımları, endüstriyel uygulama daha fazla9,10inhibe. Bu nedenle, oksidasyon alkali hidrojen peroksit ile degumming değerli bir hediye ve daha düşük degumming sıcaklık11,12ve daha kısa degumming zaman, bunun için odaklanmak için alternatif uygulama gerektirir. Ancak, peroksitler güçlü oksidasyon yeteneği nedeniyle fiber özellikleri13,14büyük hasara neden olabilir degumming işlemi sırasında önemli selüloz bozulma meydana gelebilir. Alkali peroksit oksidasyon Rami degumming en büyük dezavantajı bu.
Önceki çalışmalarda, Rami fiber sodyum hidroksit15tarafından desteklenen bir alkali hidrojen peroksit sisteminde ayıklandı. Ancak, güçlü alkalinite sodyum hidroksit, nedeniyle hidrojen peroksit oksidasyon reaksiyon hızını kontrol etmek zor ve böylece tedavi fiber7' ye büyük zarar sonuçlandı. Rami fiber özelliklerini geliştirmek için sodyum hidroksit ve magnezyum hidroksit oluşur, kontrollü salımlı alkali kaynak bu çalışmada bir alkali durumu sunmak ve alkali hidrojen peroksit sistem16 pH değeri arabellek kullanılır , 17.
Bu teknolojinin gerisinde yatan mantığı aşağıdaki gibi tanımlanabilir. Magnezyum hidroksit biraz distile suda çözünür ve bu OH- tüketimi ile degumming çözüm içine yavaş yavaş geçiyoruz ve pH değeri ve böylece degumming çözüm oksidasyon yeteneği uygun aralığı18' tutmak. Magnezyum hidroksit (SR) ikame oranı % 10 toplam alkali doz altında magnezyum hidroksit yerine NaOH köstebek oranı olarak tanımlanır ve ikame oranı aşağıda ki formül ile hesaplanabilir. Ayrıca, Mg2 + oksidasyon19,20üzerinde neden selüloz düşmesine engel olabilirsiniz.
<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/56461/56461eq1.jpg">
Burada, M2 (g) Mg(OH)2ağırlığıdır, ağırlığıdır NaOH M1 (g), 40 NaOH molekül ağırlığı olduğunu, 58 Mg(OH)2molekül ağırlığı, İSG Mg(OH)22 sayıdır, ve SR ikame oranıdır.
Bu iletişim teknolojisi ayıklanması, ağartma ve bitki malzemelerden bir alkali hidrojen peroksit sisteminde değiştirmek genişletilebilir. Ancak, pH değeri ve reaksiyon sıcaklığını alkali hidrojen peroksit sistemi yelpazesi bu teknoloji21için anahtar olduğunu belirtmek gerekir. PH değeri alkali hidrojen peroksit sisteminin ikame oranı17değiştirerek düzeltilebilir. PH değeri ve böylece oksidasyon yetenek alkali hidrojen peroksit sisteminin ikame oranı artan ile azaltın. Reaksiyon ısısı 85 ° C'de ayarladığınızda, serbest radikal tepki sistemdeki ana rol oynar ve sistemin güçlü oksidasyon malzemeleri eriterek için uygundur; reaksiyon sıcaklığı 125 ° C'de ayarladığınızda, serbest radikal tepki inhibe ve sistem19beyazlatma için uygundur sistem HOO büyük miktarda bulunmaktadır.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Hydrogen peroxide, 30%</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>H325-100</td><td>Chemical for degumming</td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium hydroxide, 99%</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>AA1236722</td><td>Chemical for degumming</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium hydroxide</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S318-1</td><td>Chemical for degumming</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium bisulfite</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S654-500</td><td>Chemical for degumming</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium tripolyphosphate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>AC218675000</td><td>Chemical for degumming</td></tr><tr><td>Anthraquinone, &gt;98%</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>AC104930500</td><td>Chemical for degumming</td></tr><tr><td>1-Hydroxy Ethylidene-1,1-Diphosphonic Acid</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>50-901-10243</td><td>Chemical for degumming</td></tr><tr><td>Degumming oil</td><td>Minglong auxiliaries limited liability company, Yiyang, Hunan,China</td><td>&amp;mdash;&amp;mdash;</td><td>Chemical for degumming</td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl alcohol</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A962-4</td><td>Chemical for testing</td></tr><tr><td>Benzene</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>AA43817AE</td><td>Chemical for testing</td></tr><tr><td>Copper wire,0.5mm (0.02in) dia</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>AA10783H4</td><td>Chemical for testing</td></tr><tr><td>Cupriethylenediamine solution 1mol/L</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>24991</td><td>Chemical for testing, caution toxic</td></tr><tr><td>Nitric acid (65% ~68% )</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A200-612GAL</td><td>Chemical for testing, caution</td></tr><tr><td>Ethylenediamine</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>AC118420100</td><td>Chemical for testing</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium permanganate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>P279-500</td><td>Chemical for testing</td></tr><tr><td>Sulphuric acid</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A300C-212</td><td>Chemical for testing</td></tr><tr><td>Silver sulfate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S190-25</td><td>Chemical for testing</td></tr><tr><td>Raw ramie</td><td>Guangyuan limited liability company, Changde, Hunan,China</td><td>&amp;mdash;&amp;mdash;</td><td>Raw materials</td></tr><tr><td>Electric-heated&amp;nbsp;thermostatic&amp;nbsp;water&amp;nbsp;bath</td><td>Senxin Experiment equipment limited liability company,Shanghai,China</td><td>DK-S28</td><td>Equipments for degumming</td></tr><tr><td>High temperature lbaorator dyeing machine</td><td>Shanghai Longda chemcials Crop.</td><td>RY-1261</td><td>Equipments for degumming</td></tr><tr><td>Thermometer</td><td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td><td>100 &amp;deg;C</td><td>Equipments for degumming</td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum suction machine</td><td>Yukang KNET ,Shanghai,China</td><td>SHB-IIIA</td><td>Equipments for testing Mg(OH)2 solublity</td></tr><tr><td>Suction flask</td><td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td><td>1000mL</td><td>Equipments for testing Mg(OH)2 solublity</td></tr><tr><td>Sand-core funnels</td><td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td><td>35mL</td><td>Equipments for testing Mg(OH)2 solublity</td></tr><tr><td>Oxidation reduction potential meter</td><td>Dapu instrument, Shanghai, China</td><td>MODEL 421</td><td>Equipments for testing ORP value</td></tr><tr><td>pH meter</td><td>Hanna instruments,Beijing,China</td><td>HI 98129</td><td>Equipments for testing pH value</td></tr><tr><td>Acid burette</td><td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td><td>50mL</td><td>Equipments for testing H2O2 content</td></tr><tr><td>Flask</td><td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td><td>250 mL/500 mL</td><td>Equipments for testing H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; content;&amp;nbsp; residual gums content</td></tr><tr><td>Electric furnace</td><td>Jiangyi Experiment instruments limited liability company,Shanghai,China</td><td>800-2000W</td><td>Equipments for testing residual gums content</td></tr><tr><td>Reflux condensing tube</td><td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td><td>250mL</td><td>Equipments for testing residual gums content; COD value</td></tr><tr><td>Fiber cutter (40mm)</td><td>Changzhou No.2 Textile Machine Co.,Ltd</td><td>Y171A</td><td>Equipments for testing fiber density</td></tr><tr><td>Ostwald viscometer</td><td>Taizhou, jiaojiang, glass instruments company</td><td>0.6mm</td><td>Equipments for testing fiber PD value</td></tr><tr><td>Spherical fat extractor</td><td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td><td>250mL</td><td>Equipments for testing fiber PD value</td></tr><tr><td>Soxhlet extractor</td><td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td><td>250mL</td><td>Equipments for testing fiber PD value</td></tr><tr><td>Torsion&amp;nbsp;balance</td><td>Liangping instrucments Co.,Ltd,Shanghai, China</td><td>JN-B</td><td>Equipments for testing fiber density</td></tr><tr><td>Fiber strength instrument</td><td>Xinxian instruments, shanghai,China</td><td>XQ-2</td><td>Equipments for testing fiber tensile property</td></tr><tr><td>Tension clamp</td><td>Depu textile technology Co.,Ltd, Changzhou, jiangsu, China</td><td>0.3cN/dtex</td><td>Equipments for testing fiber tensile property</td></tr><tr><td>COD&amp;nbsp;thermostatic&amp;nbsp;heater</td><td>Qiangdao Xuyu environment protection technology Lit company</td><td>DL-801A</td><td>Equipments for testing COD value</td></tr><tr><td>FTIR</td><td>Thermo Fisher, America</td><td>Nicolet</td><td>FTIR analysis</td></tr><tr><td>XRD</td><td>Rigaku, Japan</td><td>D/max-2550 PC</td><td>XRD analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Electronic balance</td><td>Shanghai jingtian Electronic instrument Co.,Ltd</td><td>FA2004A</td><td>Generral equipments</td></tr><tr><td>Drying oven</td><td>Tonglixinda&amp;nbsp; instruments, Tianjin,China</td><td>101-2AS</td><td>Generral equipments</td></tr><tr><td>Weighing bottle</td><td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td><td>50x30</td><td>Generral equipments</td></tr><tr><td>Beaker</td><td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td><td>500mL</td><td>Generral equipments</td></tr><tr><td>Sample sieve</td><td>Xiaojin hardware instruments Co.,Ltd, Shangyu, Zhejiang</td><td>120 mesh</td><td>Generral equipments</td></tr><tr><td>Glass rod</td><td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td><td>&amp;mdash;&amp;mdash;</td><td>Generral equipments</td></tr><tr><td>Cylinder</td><td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td><td>250mL, 50mL</td><td>Generral equipments</td></tr><tr><td>Pipette</td><td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td><td>5mL, 10mL</td><td>Generral equipments</td></tr><tr><td>Rubber&amp;nbsp;suction&amp;nbsp;bulb</td><td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td><td>&amp;mdash;&amp;mdash;</td><td>Generral equipments</td></tr><tr><td>Orign</td><td>OriginLab</td><td>8.0</td><td>Software for figure drawing</td></tr></tbody></table>

extraction of ramie fiber in alkali hydrogen peroxide system supported by controlled-release alkali source

Bu iletişim kuralı bir kontrollü salımlı alkali kaynağınca desteklenen bir alkali hidrojen peroksit sisteminde ham Rami Temizleme tarafından Rami fiber çıkarılması için bir yöntem gösterir. Rami çıkarılan fiber Tekstil malzeme çok önemli bir türüdür. Önceki çalışmalarda, Rami lif sadece sodyum hidroksit tarafından desteklenen bir alkali hidrojen peroksit sisteminde ayıklandı. Ancak, güçlü alkalinite sodyum hidroksit, nedeniyle hidrojen peroksit oksidasyon reaksiyon hızını kontrol etmek zor ve böylece tedavi lif büyük zarar sonuçlandı. Bu protokol için sodyum hidroksit ve magnezyum hidroksit oluşur, kontrollü salımlı alkali kaynak ve alkali hidrojen peroxidesystem pH değerini tampon bir alkali durumu sağlamak için kullanılır. Magnezyum hidroksit ikame oranı hidrojen peroksit sistem pH değerini ayarlayabilirsiniz ve lif özellikleri üzerinde büyük etkisi vardır. PH değeri ve alkali hidrojen peroksit sistem oksidasyon yeteneğini temsil eder, korunmada gereken indirgeme potansiyelini potansiyel (ORP) değeri bir pH metre ve ORP metre, sırasıyla kullanarak takip. Ayıklama işlemi ve atıksu fiber çıkarma sonra kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (COD) değerini sırasında alkali hidrojen peroksit sisteminde kalan hidrojen peroksit içeriği KMnO4 titrasyon yöntemi tarafından test edilmiştir. Lif verimi bir hassas Elektronik denge ölçülür ve lif kalan diş etleri bir kimyasal analiz yöntemi tarafından test edilir. Fiber polimerizasyon derecesi (PD değer) Ubbelohde Vikozimetre kullanarak bir içsel viskozite yöntemi tarafından mercek altına alındı. Kablo, azim, uzama ve yırtılması, dahil çekme özelliği fiber gücü enstrüman ölçülür. Fourier dönüşümü kızılötesi spektroskopi ve x-ışını kırınım kristal özelliği fiber ve fonksiyonel grupları tanımlamak için kullanılır. Bu iletişim kuralı kontrollü salımlı alkali kaynak bir alkali hidrojen peroksit sisteminde çıkarılan fiber özelliklerini artırabilir kanıtlıyor.

Mg(OH)2 distile su ve degumming çözüm çözünürlük incelenmiştir (şekil 1). Mg(OH)2 ikame oranı etkisi pH değeri ve degumming çözüm ORP değeri (Şekil 2) üzerinde test edildi. Degumming verim ve2 ikame oranı olduğunu çeşitli Mg(OH) altında degummed fiber kalan diş etleri (şekil 3) hesaplanır. DP değeri, crystallinity, lif (...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extraction of Ramie Fiber in Alkali Hydrogen Peroxide System Supported by Controlled-release Alkali Source at JoVE.com

Extraction of Ramie Fiber in Alkali Hydrogen Peroxide System Supported by Controlled-release Alkali Source

Alkali hidrojen peroksit sistemi kontrollü salımlı Alkali kaynağınca desteklenen Rami lif çıkarımı

Burada sunulan bir Rami fiber çıkarılması için alkali hidrojen peroksit sistemi kontrollü salımlı alkali kaynağınca desteklenen iletişim kuralıdır.

This protocol demonstrates a method for ramie fiber extraction by scouring raw ramie in an alkali hydrogen peroxide system supported by a ...

extraction-ramie-fiber-alkali-hydrogen-peroxide-system-supported

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

11.3K Görüntüleme.  Donghua University. Burada sunulan bir Rami fiber çıkarılması için alkali hidrojen peroksit sistemi kontrollü salımlı alkali kaynağınca desteklenen iletişim kuralıdır.

Video: Extraction of Ramie Fiber in Alkali Hydrogen Peroxide System Supported by Controlled-release Alkali Source

Extraction of Structural Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Aerobic Granular Sludge

To evaluate and develop methodologies for the extraction of gel-forming extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), EPS from aerobic granular sludge (AGS) was extracted using six different methods (centrifugation, sonication, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), formamide with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), formaldehyde with NaOH and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) with heat and constant mixing). AGS was collected from a pilot wastewater treatment reactor. The ionic gel-forming property of the extracted EPS of the six different extraction methods was tested with calcium ions (Ca2+). From the six extraction methods used, only the Na2CO3 extraction could solubilize the hydrogel matrix of AGS. The alginate-like extracellular polymers (ALE) recovered with this method formed ionic gel beads with Ca2+. The Ca2+-ALE beads were stable in EDTA, formamide with NaOH and formaldehyde with NaOH, indicating that ALE are one part of the structural polymers in EPS. It is recommended to use an extraction method that combines physical and chemical treatment to solubilize AGS and extract structural EPS.

The protocol provides a methodology to solubilize aerobic granular sludge in order to extract alginate-like extracellular polymers (ALE).

Aerobik Granül Çamur dan Yapısal Ekstrasellüler polimerik maddelerin çıkarımı

To evaluate and develop methodologies for the extraction of gel-forming extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), EPS from aerobic granular sludge (AGS) ...

Çevre

Highly Stable, Functional Hairy Nanoparticles and Biopolymers from Wood Fibers: Towards Sustainable Nanotechnology

Nanoparticles, as one of the key materials in nanotechnology and nanomedicine, have gained significant importance during the past decade. While metal-based nanoparticles are associated with synthetic and environmental hassles, cellulose introduces a green, sustainable alternative for nanoparticle synthesis. Here, we present the chemical synthesis and separation procedures to produce new classes of hairy nanoparticles (bearing both amorphous and crystalline regions) and biopolymers based on wood fibers. Through periodate oxidation of soft wood pulp, the glucose ring of cellulose is opened at the C2-C3 bond to form 2,3-dialdehyde groups. Further heating of the partially oxidized fibers (e.g., T = 80 &#176;C) results in three products, namely fibrous oxidized cellulose, sterically stabilized nanocrystalline cellulose (SNCC), and dissolved dialdehyde modified cellulose (DAMC), which are well separated by intermittent centrifugation and co-solvent addition. The partially oxidized fibers (without heating) were used as a highly reactive intermediate to react with chlorite for converting almost all aldehyde to carboxyl groups. Co-solvent precipitation and centrifugation resulted in electrosterically stabilized nanocrystalline cellulose (ENCC) and dicarboxylated cellulose (DCC). The aldehyde content of SNCC and consequently surface charge of ENCC (carboxyl content) were precisely controlled by controlling the periodate oxidation reaction time, resulting in highly stable nanoparticles bearing more than 7 mmol functional groups per gram of nanoparticles (e.g., as compared to conventional NCC bearing &#60;&#60; 1 mmol functional group/g). Atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) attested to the rod-like morphology. Conductometric titration, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), electrokinetic-sonic-amplitude (ESA) and acoustic attenuation spectroscopy shed light on the superior properties of these nanomaterials.

Synthesis schemes to prepare highly stable wood fiber-based hairy nanoparticles and functional cellulose-based biopolymers have been detailed.

Son derece kararlı, Fonksiyonel Tüylü Nanoparçacıklar ve Ahşap Elyaf Biyopolimerler: Sürdürülebilir Nanoteknoloji Doğru

Nanoparticles, as one of the key materials in nanotechnology and nanomedicine, have gained significant importance during the past decade. While ...

Kimya

A Novel Method for the Pentosan Analysis Present in Jute Biomass and Its Conversion into Sugar Monomers Using Acidic Ionic Liquid

Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) are used for biomass valorization into valuable chemicals because of their remarkable properties such as thermal stability, lower vapor pressure, non-flammability, higher heat capacity, and tunable solubility and acidity. Here, we demonstrate a method for the synthesis of C5 sugars (xylose and arabinose) from the pentosan present in jute biomass in a one-pot process by utilizing a catalytic amount of Br&#248;nsted acidic 1-methyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl)-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate IL. The acidic IL is synthesized in the lab and characterized using NMR spectroscopic techniques for understanding its purity. The various properties of BAIL are measured such as acid strength, thermal and hydrothermal stability, which showed that the catalyst is stable at a higher temperature (250 &#176;C) and possesses very high acid strength (Ho 1.57). The acidic IL converts over 90% of pentosan into sugars and furfural. Hence, the presenting method in this study can also be employed for the evaluation of pentosan concentration in other kinds of lignocellulosic biomass.

We present a protocol for the synthesis of C5 sugars (xylose and arabinose) from a renewable non-edible lignocellulosic biomass (i.e., jute) with the presence of Br&#248;nsted acidic ionic liquids (BAILs) as the catalyst in water. The BAILs catalyst exhibited better catalytic performance than conventional mineral acid catalysts (H2SO4 and HCl).

Pentosan analizi için yeni bir yöntem mevcut Jüt biyokütle ve şeker monomerleri asidik iyonik sıvı kullanarak içine onun dönüşüm

Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) are used for biomass valorization into valuable chemicals because of their remarkable properties such as thermal stability, ...

Microfluidic Dry-spinning and Characterization of Regenerated Silk Fibroin Fibers

The protocol demonstrates a method for mimicking the spinning process of silkworm. In the native spinning process, the contracting spinning duct enables the silk proteins to be compact and ordered by shearing and elongation forces. Here, a biomimetic microfluidic channel was designed to mimic the specific geometry of the spinning duct of the silkworm. Regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) spinning doped with high concentration, was extruded through the microchannel to dry-spin fibers at ambient temperature and pressure. In the post-treated process, the as-spun fibers were drawn and stored in ethanol aqueous solution. Synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction (SR-WAXD) technology was used to investigate the microstructure of single RSF fibers, which were fixed to a sample holder with the RSF fiber axis normal to the microbeam of the X-ray. The crystallinity, crystallite size, and crystalline orientation of the fiber were calculated from the WAXD data. The diffraction arcs near the equator of the two-dimensional WAXD pattern indicate that the post-treated RSF fiber has a high orientation degree.

A protocol for the microfluidic spinning and microstructure characterization of regenerated silk fibroin monofilament is presented.

Mikrosıvısal kuru-iplik ve rejenere ipek Fibroin lifleri karakterizasyonu

The protocol demonstrates a method for mimicking the spinning process of silkworm. In the native spinning process, the contracting spinning duct enables ...

Manufacturing Of Robust Natural Fiber Preforms Utilizing Bacterial Cellulose as Binder

A novel method of manufacturing rigid and robust natural fiber preforms is presented here. This method is based on a papermaking process, whereby loose and short sisal fibers are dispersed into a water suspension containing bacterial cellulose. The fiber and nanocellulose suspension is then filtered (using vacuum or gravity) and the wet filter cake pressed to squeeze out any excess water, followed by a drying step. This will result in the hornification of the bacterial cellulose network, holding the loose natural fibers together.
Our method is specially suited for the manufacturing of rigid and robust preforms of hydrophilic fibers. The porous and hydrophilic nature of such fibers results in significant water uptake, drawing in the bacterial cellulose dispersed in the suspension. The bacterial cellulose will then be filtered against the surface of these fibers, forming a bacterial cellulose coating. When the loose fiber-bacterial cellulose suspension is filtered and dried, the adjacent bacterial cellulose forms a network and hornified to hold the otherwise loose fibers together.
The introduction of bacterial cellulose into the preform resulted in a significant increase of the mechanical properties of the fiber preforms. This can be attributed to the high stiffness and strength of the bacterial cellulose network. With this preform, renewable high performance hierarchical composites can also be manufactured by using conventional composite production methods, such as resin film infusion (RFI) or resin transfer molding (RTM). Here, we also describe the manufacturing of renewable hierarchical composites using double bag vacuum assisted resin infusion.

We present a novel method of manufacturing rigid and robust short natural fiber preforms using a papermaking process. Bacterial cellulose acts simultaneously as the binder for the loose fibers and provides rigidity to the fiber preforms. These preforms can be infused with a resin to produce truly green hierarchical composites.

Binder Bakteriyel Selüloz kullanmak Sağlam Doğal Elyaf preform üretim

A novel method of manufacturing rigid and robust natural fiber preforms is presented here. This method is based on a papermaking process, whereby loose ...

Biyomühendislik

Deposition of Porous Sorbents on Fabric Supports

A microwave deposition technique for silanes, previously described for production of oleophobic fabrics, is adapted to provide a fabric support material that can be subsequently treated by dip coating. Dip coating with a sol preparation provides a supported porous layer on the fabric. In this case, the porous layer is a porphyrin functionalized sorbent system based on a powdered material that has been demonstrated previously for the capture and conversion of phosgene. A representative coating is applied to cotton fabric at a loading level of 10 mg/g. This coating has minimal impact on water vapor transport through the fabric (93% of the support fabric rate) while significantly reducing transport of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) through the material (7% of support fabric rate). The described approaches are suitable for use with other fabrics providing amine and hydroxyl groups for modification and can be used in combination with other sol preparations to produce varying functionality.

This report details a microwave-initiated approach for deposition of porphyrin functionalized porous organosilicate sorbents on a cotton fabric and demonstrates reduction in 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) transport through the fabric resulting from this treatment.

Kumaş destekler gözenekli Sorbentler birikimi

A microwave deposition technique for silanes, previously described for production of oleophobic fabrics, is adapted to provide a fabric support material ...

Extraction of Lignin with High &#946;-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the emerging elegant procedures to obtain specific aromatic products rely on the lignin substrate having a high content of the readily cleavable &#946;-O-4 linkage as present in the native lignin structure. This provides a miss-match with typical technical lignins that are highly degraded and therefore are low in &#946;-O-4 linkages. Therefore, the extraction yields, and the quality of the obtained lignin are of utmost importance to access new lignin valorization pathways. In this manuscript, a simple protocol is presented to obtain lignins with high &#946;-O-4 content by relatively mild ethanol extraction that can be applied to different lignocellulose sources. Furthermore, analysis procedures to determine the quality of the lignins are presented together with a depolymerization protocol that yields specific phenolic 2-arylmethyl-1,3-dioxolanes, which can be used to evaluate the obtained lignins. The presented results demonstrate the link between lignin quality and potential for the lignins to be depolymerized into specific monomeric aromatic chemicals. Overall, the extraction and depolymerization demonstrates a trade-off between the lignin extraction yield and the retention of the native aryl-ether structure and thus the potential of the lignin to be used as the substrate for the production of chemicals for higher-value applications.

Here, we present a protocol to perform ethanol extraction of lignin from several biomass sources. The effect of the extraction conditions on the lignin yield and &#946;-O-4 content are presented. Selective depolymerization is performed on the obtained lignins to obtain high aromatic monomer products.

Yüksek β-O-4 içeriği ile Lignin çıkarımı hafif etanol ayıklama ve bozulumu verim üzerindeki etkisi

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the ...

Reactive Inkjet Printing and Propulsion Analysis of Silk-based Self-propelled Micro-stirrers

In this study, a protocol for using reactive inkjet printing to fabricate enzymatically propelled silk swimmers with well-defined shapes is reported. The resulting devices are an example of self-propelled objects capable of generating motion without external actuation and have potential applications in medicine and environmental sciences for a variety of purposes ranging from micro-stirring, targeted therapeutic delivery, to water remediation (e.g., cleaning oil spills). This method employs reactive inkjet printing to generate well-defined small-scale solid silk structures by converting water soluble regenerated silk fibroin (silk I) to insoluble silk fibroin (silk II). These structures are also selectively doped in specific regions with the enzyme catalase in order to produce motion via bubble generation and detachment. The number of layers printed determines the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the device, and so here the effect of this parameter on the propulsive trajectories is reported. The results demonstrate the ability to tune the motion by varying the dimensions of the printed structures.

This protocol demonstrates the ability to utilize reactive inkjet printing to print self-motile biocompatible and environmentally friendly micro-stirrers for use in biomedical and environmental applications.

Ipek bazlı kendinden tahrikli mikro karıştırıcılar reaktif Inkjet Baskı ve Itme Analizi

In this study, a protocol for using reactive inkjet printing to fabricate enzymatically propelled silk swimmers with well-defined shapes is reported. The ...

Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning

While various smart materials have been explored for a variety of biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery, tissue engineering, bioimaging, etc.), their ultimate clinical use has been hampered by the lack of biologically-relevant degradation observed for most smart materials. This is particularly true for temperature-responsive hydrogels, which are almost uniformly based on polymers that are functionally non-degradable (e.g., poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) or poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate) (POEGMA)). As such, to effectively translate the potential of thermoresponsive hydrogels to the challenges of remote-controlled or metabolism-regulated drug delivery, cell scaffolds with tunable cell-material interactions, theranostic materials with the potential for both imaging and drug delivery, and other such applications, a method is required to render the hydrogels (if not fully degradable) at least capable of renal clearance following the required lifetime of the material. To that end, this protocol describes the preparation of hydrolytically-degradable hydrazone-crosslinked hydrogels on multiple length scales based on the reaction between hydrazide and aldehyde-functionalized PNIPAM or POEGMA oligomers with molecular weights below the renal filtration limit. Specifically, methods to fabricate degradable thermoresponsive bulk hydrogels (using a double barrel syringe technique), hydrogel particles (on both the microscale through the use of a microfluidics platform facilitating simultaneous mixing and emulsification of the precursor polymers and the nanoscale through the use of a thermally-driven self-assembly and cross-linking method), and hydrogel nanofibers (using a reactive electrospinning strategy) are described. In each case, hydrogels with temperature-responsive properties similar to those achieved via conventional free radical cross-linking processes can be achieved, but the hydrazone cross-linked network can be degraded over time to re-form the oligomeric precursor polymers and enable clearance. As such, we anticipate these methods (which may be generically applied to any synthetic water-soluble polymer, not just smart materials) will enable easier translation of synthetic smart materials to clinical applications.

Protocols are described for the fabrication of degradable thermoresponsive hydrogels based on hydrazone cross-linking of polymeric oligomers on the bulk scale, microscale, and nanoscale, the latter for preparation of both gel nanoparticles and nanofibers.

Parçalanabilir Thermoresponsive Hydrogels birden fazla uzunluğu ölçeklerde yolu ile reaktif ekstrüzyon, havacilik, kendinden montajlı imalatı ve Electrospinning

While various smart materials have been explored for a variety of biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery, tissue engineering, bioimaging, etc.), ...

Gracilaria gracilis'ten yararlanmak: Sürdürülebilir İnovasyon için Biyoaktif Potansiyel

Valorization of the Red Seaweed Gracilaria gracilis Through a Biorefinery Approach

The interest in seaweeds as an abundant feedstock to obtain valuable and multitarget bioactive ingredients is continuously growing. In this work, we explore the potential of Gracilaria gracilis, an edible red seaweed cultivated worldwide for its commercial interest as a source of agar and other ingredients for cosmetic, pharmacological, food, and feed applications.
G. gracilis growth conditions were optimized through vegetative propagation and sporulation while manipulating the physicochemical conditions to achieve a large biomass stock. Green extraction methodologies with ethanol and water were performed over the seaweed biomass. The bioactive potential of extracts was assessed through a set of in vitro assays concerning their cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Additionally, dried seaweed biomass was incorporated into pasta formulations to increase food&#39;s nutritional value. Pigments extracted from G. gracilis have also been incorporated into yogurt as a natural colorant, and their stability was evaluated. Both products were submitted to the appreciation of a semi-trained sensorial panel aiming to achieve the best final formulation before reaching the market.
Results support the versatility of G. gracilis whether it is applied as a whole biomass, extracts and/or pigments. Through implementing several optimized protocols, this work allows the development of products with the potential to profit the food, cosmetic, and aquaculture markets, promoting environmental sustainability and a blue circular economy.
Moreover, and in line with a biorefinery approach, the residual seaweed biomass will be used as biostimulant for plant growth or converted to carbon materials to be used in water purification of the in-house aquaculture systems of MARE-Polytechnic of Leiria, Portugal.

Yazar Spotlight: Endüstrilerde Sürdürülebilir Yenilikler için Deniz Yosunu Biyoaktif Bileşiklerini Keşfetmek 

Here, we describe several protocols aiming at an integrated valorization of Gracilaria gracilis: wild species harvesting, in-house growth, and extraction of bioactive ingredients. The extracts&#39; antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic effects are evaluated, along with the nutritional and stability assessment of food enriched with whole seaweed biomass and pigments.

Kırmızı Deniz Yosunu Gracilaria gracilis'in Biyorafineri Yaklaşımı ile Değerlendirilmesi

The interest in seaweeds as an abundant feedstock to obtain valuable and multitarget bioactive ingredients is continuously growing. In this work, we ...