この仕事に支えられ、計上積立中国農業研究システムの技術革新事業 (許可番号 ASTIP IBFC07)、中国農業科学アカデミーのと葉繊維作物 (許可番号車 19) 靱皮技術革新基金東華大学大学院生 (許可番号 16 D 310107)、'小平科学技術イノベーション チーム' (工業化統合靱皮繊維生物精錬の R & D グループ)、中国公費。

1. 酸化精錬ラミーの
<ol><li>
酸化精錬ソリューションを準備します。
	<ol>
<li>2 g H2O2、1 g アルカリ (Mg(OH)2と水酸化ナトリウムの混合物)、0.4 g ナトリウム5P3O10、0.1 g アントラキノン、0.2 g によるソリューションにするため 100 ml の蒸留水の中に溶解します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
酸化精錬ラミーの
	<ol>
<li>10 g 生ラミーによるソリューションの下 85 ° C, 60 分、それを磨きます。</li>
		<li>(0.6 kg の圧力) の 125 ° C に温度を上げるし、さらに 60 分の洗掘します。 注: は、温度上昇の説明についてを参照してください。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
麻繊維を削減
	<ol>
<li>0.4 g NaHSO3削減ソリューションを準備する水を 100 mL の蒸留水に溶解します。その後、90 ° C, 60 分で低減ソリューションの degummed 繊維を扱います。 注: カルボキシル基と酸化反応で生成されたセルロースのアルデヒド グループ水素結合の減少を引き起こす、従って繊維の財産への損害します。カルボキシル基を変換することによって、繊維の特性を向上でき、アルデヒド グループはヒドロキシル グループに戻る。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
フォロー アップ治療
	<ol>
<li>脱イオン水で徹底的にガム ラミー繊維を洗います。</li>
		<li>90 ° C で 15 分間のオイルによる繊維の 4 h 用オーブン (125 ° C) の繊維を乾燥します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 精練のソリューション プロパティのテスト
<ol><li>
Mg(OH)2の溶解テスト
	<ol>
<li>2 g Mg(OH)2 100 ml の蒸留水に溶解します。</li>
		<li>別に、2 g Mg(OH)2 0.4 g ナトリウム5P3O10 0.2 g HEDP など完全に水溶性の精練添加剤で 100 mL の溶液を溶解します。</li>
		<li>手順 2.2.1 と 2.2.2 に 85 ° C で説明するソリューションの温度を上げる</li>
		<li>焼結ディスクと不溶の Mg(OH)2を抽出します。</li>
		<li>Mg(OH)2の溶解度を次の数式によって計算します。 <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/56461/56461eq2.jpg"> 注: ここでm (g) は不溶の Mg(OH)2の重量です。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Ph、ORP 値によるソリューションの残留 H2O2コンテンツの Mg(OH)2の置換率の影響 注: ORP12,19は、重要な水の化学パラメーターと周囲の水の酸化または還元能力の測定ツールを提供します。強力な酸化特性を持つソリューションより高い ORP 値であります。Mg(OH)2の置換率は、総アルカリ量 (生地の重量) の 10% の下で Mg(OH)2に置き換えられ NaOH のモル割合を指します。<ol>
<li>それぞれ Mg(OH)2置換率 0%、20%、40%、60%、80%、および 1.1 のステップによると 100% によるソリューションを準備します。</li>
		<li>2.2.1 の手順によるソリューションで生麻を浸します。</li>
		<li>ステップ 1.2 によると精練プロセスを開始します。</li>
		<li>蒸留水と組み合わせた ORP 電極を洗浄し、空気で乾燥します。没頭する ORP 値すべて 10 分浸 pH 値 10 分毎の読み取りによる溶液中の pH 電極メーターの読み取りによるソリューションの組み合わせた ORP 電極メーター。</li>
		<li>22216 2008 年7によると、中国の標準 GB KMnO4滴定法による精練ソリューション 10 分毎の H2O2コンテンツをテストします。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 麻繊維プロパティのテスト
<ol><li>
精錬の収量
	<ol>
<li>次の方程式を使って精錬の収率を計算します。 <img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/56461/56461eq3.jpg"> 注: ここでw (g) は繊維の乾燥重量から精錬;W (g) 精錬前に麻の乾燥重量であります。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
繊維の残留歯茎 注: 繊維の残留歯茎は中国標準 5889-86 によるとテストされています。<ol>
<li>計量ボトルの繊維 (約 5 g) の乾燥重量を測定し、150 mL の NaOH 溶液 (20 g/L) を含む (還流凝縮管) をフラスコに没頭します。</li>
		<li>100 ° C に温度を上げるし、1 時間この温度で保ちます。</li>
		<li>NaOH 溶液を更新します。</li>
		<li>100 ° C に温度を上げるし、2 時間維持します。</li>
		<li>サンプルふるいで繊維を洗います。</li>
		<li>瓶の重さで繊維の乾燥重量を測定します。</li>
		<li>次の方程式を使用して繊維の残留の歯茎を計算します。 <img alt="Equation 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/56461/56461eq4.jpg"> 注: ここで m (g) は繊維の乾燥重量です。M (g) NaOH を精練後麻の乾燥重量であります。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
PD 試験 注: は、5888 8615中国の標準 GB によると麻繊維の PD 値をテストします。<ol>
<li>2:1 (v/v) ベンゼン、エチル ・ アルコール混合物で沈没によってラミー繊維を脱脂します。</li>
		<li>室温での空気中の溶剤を蒸発させます。</li>
		<li>短いサンプルを切る (1-2 mm、20 〜 23 について各サンプルの mg) はさみを使用して。</li>
		<li>サンプルをおいて制御湿度雰囲気 (20 ± 2 ° C、相対湿度 = 65 ± 2%) テストの目的のために必要な材料を削除する前に水分平衡に達するまでの計量容器で。</li>
		<li>98% 無水エチレンジアミン続いて濃硝酸に銅ワイヤ (直径 0.5 mm) を浸し。蒸留水で十分に銅顆粒を洗います。</li>
		<li>(上) でペットボトルで繊維サンプルと銅顆粒を入れてください。</li>
		<li>プラスチック製のボトルに 10 ml の蒸留水と 10 mL 1 mol/L cupriethylenediamine ソリューションを加え、0.2 g/100 mL (約) ラミー繊維 cupriethylenediamine ソリューションを準備する電磁攪拌棒を使用してかき混ぜます。</li>
		<li>6.5 mL ラミー繊維 cupriethylenediamine ソリューションをその固有粘度を測定するウベローデ粘度計に転送します。相対粘度を以下の式で計算します。 <img alt="Equation 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/56461/56461eq5.jpg"> 注: ここでは ηrは相対粘度、t (s) はウベローデ粘度計と t0 を流れる麻繊維 cupriethylenediamine ソリューションの平均時間 (秒) を流れる 0.5 mol/L cupriethylenediamine ソリューションの平均時間は、ウベローデ粘度計。</li>
		<li>次の方程式で麻繊維の PD 値を計算します。 <img alt="Equation 6" src="/files/ftp_upload/56461/56461eq6.jpg"> 注: ここで [η]' は、固有粘度 [η] × C 値は中国標準 GB 5888-86、および C 内のテーブルから取得できます ' 麻繊維 cupriethylenediamine 溶液の濃度は。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
繊維の密度
	<ol>
<li>次の方程式を使用して繊維の密度を計算します。 <img alt="Equation 7" src="/files/ftp_upload/56461/56461eq7.jpg"> 注: ここで Lcは切断長さ (40 mm)、繊維、数、 nは、繊維の重量グラム (g) であります。繊維の密度は、ラミー (12%) の公式を取り戻す下 1,000 m の長繊維の重量を指します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
機械的特性試験
	<ol>
<li>標準大気状態で繊維サンプルを平衡 (T = 20 ± 2 ° C、相対湿度 = 65% ± 2%) 24 時間。</li>
		<li>粘り強さ、破断伸び、20 ° C、65 %rh と 0.3 cN/dtex の前の緊張の次の設定の下で繊維強度計測器を用いたファイバーの破断の仕事をテストします。20 mm と 20 mm/分7,15下部クランプの降下速度でクランプの距離を設定します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
による排水の COD 値
	<ol>
<li>15456 2008 '工業循環冷却水-タラ カリウム過マンガン酸法による'7,15中国標準 GB/T によるとによる排水の COD をテストします。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
X 線回折試験
	<ol>
<li>X 線回折法を用いた繊維の結晶化度を取得します。レコード XRD パターン 2 θ = グラファイト単色光分光器と λ で Cu k α 放射搭載回折装置付き 5-60 ° = 0.154 nm (40 kV、200 mA)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
FTIR 分析
	<ol>
<li>FTIR 分光器を用いた繊維状を取得します。30 分、スキャン時間を設定範囲 4,000 400 cm-1分解能 8 cm-1で。FT-IR を用いた処理繊維化学の機能グループを決定します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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著者が明らかに何もありません。

Mg(OH)2置換率と反応温度の設定は、このプロトコルの重要なポイントだった。Mg(OH)2置換率は pH 値およびこうしてによるソリューションの酸化能力に影響を与えます。麻の精練の最高 Mg(OH)2置換率は 20%、セルロースは 20% 以下の置換率の下で十分な保護を受け取ることができませんので繊維残留歯茎 (低 DP 値と結晶性) の過剰な量を保持するだろう20% (図 ...

ラミー、通称 '中国の草は多年生草本が繊維は繊維業界1,2のための優れた材料として使用できます。中国原産の主な経済作物の一つです。中国の麻の生産は、世界1,2の合計収穫の 90% 以上を占めています。ラミー繊維は、光沢のある絹のようなほぼ外観3,4最強と最長の植物繊維の一つです。麻の繊維長が長いため、単一繊維の紡績は、靭皮繊維ではめったに見には向いて。麻の繊維から作られた繊維は、涼しさ、抗菌、優れた熱伝導性、換気など3,4など、多くの優れた特性を所有しています。
ラミー麻繊維の主成分であるセルロースと歯茎の5,6ラミー、ペクチン、リグニン、水可溶性物質などの他のコンポーネントが定義されています。ラミー繊維は、溶解精錬5,6として定義されたプロセスでの化学試薬を含む溶液で歯茎で抽出できます。麻繊維抽出の主に 2 つのアプローチがあります: 化学精錬とバイオ精錬します。エネルギー消費、時間消費とタラの伝統的な化学精錬による排水の値はかなり高い、6 に 8 h78,の高圧下で濃水酸化ナトリウムの原料の苧麻を精練してセルロースとして繊維が抽出され.また、バイオ精錬はラミー繊維抽出のため環境にやさしいオプションです。それにもかかわらず、過酷な反応条件および洗練された機器は、その産業応用さらに9,10を抑制します。したがって、貴重なを示すアルカリ過酸化水素酸化精錬、による時間の短縮と低い精練温度11,12焦点をそれのために別のアプリケーションが必要です。ただし、ため、過酸化物の強力な酸化能力、実質的なセルロース分解、繊維特性13,14に大きな被害を引き起こすことができるによる処理中に発生します。これは、ラミーのアルカリ過酸化水素酸化精錬の最大の欠点です。
以前の研究でラミー繊維は、水酸化ナトリウム15でのみサポートされているアルカリ過酸化水素システムで抽出しました。ただし、水酸化ナトリウムの強いアルカリ性による過酸化水素の酸化反応速度はコントロールすることは困難だった、従って処理繊維7に大きな被害をもたらした。麻の繊維の特性を向上させるため、本研究では水酸化ナトリウムと水酸化マグネシウムから成る、制御リリース アルカリ ソースを使用し、アルカリ条件を提供アルカリ過酸化水素システム16の pH 値をバッファー,17。
この技術の後ろの理論的根拠は次のように記述できます。水酸化マグネシウムは水に微溶、オハイオ州-の消費量によるソリューションに徐々 に溶解し、pH 値とこのように酸化力によるソリューションの適切な範囲18の維持します。水酸化マグネシウムの置換率 (SR) は水酸化ナトリウム 10%、総アルカリ量の下で水酸化マグネシウムに置き換えのモルの比率で定義され、置換率は以下の式で計算できます。さらに、Mg2 +では、酸化19,20を超えるによるセルロース分解防ぐことができます。
<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/56461/56461eq1.jpg">
ここでは、M2 (g) Mg(OH)2の重量 M1 (g) は水酸化ナトリウムの重量、40 は水酸化ナトリウムの分子量、58、Mg(OH)2の分子量、2、Mg(OH)2、労働安全衛生の数あり、SR は置換率。
このプロトコルの技術は、抽出、漂白剤、アルカリ過酸化水素システムで植物材料の変更して拡張できます。しかし、アルカリ過酸化水素システムの pH 値と反応温度の選択がこの技術の21のためのキーであるが注意する必要があります。アルカリ過酸化水素システムの pH 値は、置換率17を変更することによって調整できます。PH 値および従ってアルカリ過酸化水素系の酸化能力は、置換率の増加に伴い減少します。反応温度は 85 ° C で設定されて、フリーラジカル反応システムの主要な役割を果たしているし、システムの強力な酸化溶解材料に適しています125 ° C で反応温度を設定すると、フリーラジカルの反応は抑制され、19を漂白に適したシステムをシステムに存在する大量のホー。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide, 30%</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>H325-100</td>
			<td>Chemical for degumming</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium hydroxide, 99%</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AA1236722</td>
			<td>Chemical for degumming</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S318-1</td>
			<td>Chemical for degumming</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bisulfite</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S654-500</td>
			<td>Chemical for degumming</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium tripolyphosphate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC218675000</td>
			<td>Chemical for degumming</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anthraquinone, &#62;98%</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC104930500</td>
			<td>Chemical for degumming</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-Hydroxy Ethylidene-1,1-Diphosphonic Acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50-901-10243</td>
			<td>Chemical for degumming</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Degumming oil</td>
			<td>Minglong auxiliaries limited liability company, Yiyang, Hunan,China</td>
			<td>&#8212;&#8212;</td>
			<td>Chemical for degumming</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A962-4</td>
			<td>Chemical for testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benzene</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AA43817AE</td>
			<td>Chemical for testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper wire,0.5mm (0.02in) dia</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AA10783H4</td>
			<td>Chemical for testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cupriethylenediamine solution 1mol/L</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>24991</td>
			<td>Chemical for testing, caution toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitric acid (65% ~68% )</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A200-612GAL</td>
			<td>Chemical for testing, caution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylenediamine</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC118420100</td>
			<td>Chemical for testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium permanganate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P279-500</td>
			<td>Chemical for testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulphuric acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A300C-212</td>
			<td>Chemical for testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S190-25</td>
			<td>Chemical for testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Raw ramie</td>
			<td>Guangyuan limited liability company, Changde, Hunan,China</td>
			<td>&#8212;&#8212;</td>
			<td>Raw materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric-heated&#160;thermostatic&#160;water&#160;bath</td>
			<td>Senxin Experiment equipment limited liability company,Shanghai,China</td>
			<td>DK-S28</td>
			<td>Equipments for degumming</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High temperature lbaorator dyeing machine</td>
			<td>Shanghai Longda chemcials Crop.</td>
			<td>RY-1261</td>
			<td>Equipments for degumming</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermometer</td>
			<td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>100 &#176;C</td>
			<td>Equipments for degumming</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum suction machine</td>
			<td>Yukang KNET ,Shanghai,China</td>
			<td>SHB-IIIA</td>
			<td>Equipments for testing Mg(OH)2 solublity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suction flask</td>
			<td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>1000mL</td>
			<td>Equipments for testing Mg(OH)2 solublity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sand-core funnels</td>
			<td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>35mL</td>
			<td>Equipments for testing Mg(OH)2 solublity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxidation reduction potential meter</td>
			<td>Dapu instrument, Shanghai, China</td>
			<td>MODEL 421</td>
			<td>Equipments for testing ORP value</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pH meter</td>
			<td>Hanna instruments,Beijing,China</td>
			<td>HI 98129</td>
			<td>Equipments for testing pH value</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acid burette</td>
			<td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>50mL</td>
			<td>Equipments for testing H2O2 content</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flask</td>
			<td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>250mL/500mL</td>
			<td>Equipments for testing H2O2 content;&#160; residual gums content</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric furnace</td>
			<td>Jiangyi Experiment instruments limited liability company,Shanghai,China</td>
			<td>800-2000W</td>
			<td>Equipments for testing residual gums content</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reflux condensing tube</td>
			<td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>250mL</td>
			<td>Equipments for testing residual gums content; COD value</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiber cutter (40mm)</td>
			<td>Changzhou No.2 Textile Machine Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>Y171A</td>
			<td>Equipments for testing fiber density</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ostwald viscometer</td>
			<td>Taizhou, jiaojiang, glass instruments company</td>
			<td>0.6mm</td>
			<td>Equipments for testing fiber PD value</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spherical fat extractor</td>
			<td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>250mL</td>
			<td>Equipments for testing fiber PD value</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Soxhlet extractor</td>
			<td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>250mL</td>
			<td>Equipments for testing fiber PD value</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Torsion&#160;balance</td>
			<td>Liangping instrucments Co.,Ltd,Shanghai, China</td>
			<td>JN-B</td>
			<td>Equipments for testing fiber density</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiber strength instrument</td>
			<td>Xinxian instruments, shanghai,China</td>
			<td>XQ-2</td>
			<td>Equipments for testing fiber tensile property</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tension clamp</td>
			<td>Depu textile technology Co.,Ltd, Changzhou, jiangsu, China</td>
			<td>0.3cN/dtex</td>
			<td>Equipments for testing fiber tensile property</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>COD&#160;thermostatic&#160;heater</td>
			<td>Qiangdao Xuyu environment protection technology Lit company</td>
			<td>DL-801A</td>
			<td>Equipments for testing COD value</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FTIR</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher, America</td>
			<td>Nicolet</td>
			<td>FTIR analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XRD</td>
			<td>Rigaku, Japan</td>
			<td>D/max-2550 PC</td>
			<td>XRD analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electronic balance</td>
			<td>Shanghai jingtian Electronic instrument Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>FA2004A</td>
			<td>Generral equipments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drying oven</td>
			<td>Tonglixinda&#160; instruments, Tianjin,China</td>
			<td>101-2AS</td>
			<td>Generral equipments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weighing bottle</td>
			<td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>50x30</td>
			<td>Generral equipments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beaker</td>
			<td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>500mL</td>
			<td>Generral equipments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sample sieve</td>
			<td>Xiaojin hardware instruments Co.,Ltd, Shangyu, Zhejiang</td>
			<td>120 mesh</td>
			<td>Generral equipments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass rod</td>
			<td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>&#8212;&#8212;</td>
			<td>Generral equipments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cylinder</td>
			<td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>250mL, 50mL</td>
			<td>Generral equipments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette</td>
			<td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>5mL, 10mL</td>
			<td>Generral equipments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber&#160;suction&#160;bulb</td>
			<td>Sichuan Shubo (group)Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>&#8212;&#8212;</td>
			<td>Generral equipments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orign</td>
			<td>OriginLab</td>
			<td>8.0</td>
			<td>Software for figure drawing</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

extraction of ramie fiber in alkali hydrogen peroxide system supported by controlled-release alkali source

このプロトコルは、基肥アルカリ ソースによってサポートされるアルカリ過酸化水素システムで生麻を精練することで麻繊維抽出メソッドを示します。ラミーから抽出した繊維は、非常に重要な繊維原料の種類です。以前の研究でラミー繊維は水酸化ナトリウムでのみサポートされているアルカリ過酸化水素システムで抽出しました。ただし、水酸化ナトリウムの強いアルカリ性による過酸化水素の酸化反応速度は制御が困難だった、従って処理繊維に大きな被害をもたらした。このプロトコルでは水酸化ナトリウムと水酸化マグネシウムから成る、制御リリース アルカリ ソースを使用アルカリ条件、アルカリ水素 peroxidesystem の pH 値をバッファーします。水酸化マグネシウムの置換率過酸化水素システムの pH 値を調整することができ、繊維特性に大きな影響があります。Ph およびアルカリ過酸化水素系の酸化能力を表し、酸化還元ポテンシャル (ORP) 値は、それぞれ pH 計および ORP 計を使用して監視されました。繊維抽出後の排水の化学的酸素要求 (量 COD) の値および抽出処理中にアルカリ過酸化水素システムの残留過酸化水素含量は KMnO4滴定法によってテストされます。高精度電子天秤を用いて繊維の収量と化学分析法による繊維の残留歯茎がテストされます。ウベローデ粘度計を用いた固有粘度法による繊維の重合度 (PD 値) がテストされます。粘り強さ、伸び、破断など繊維の引張特性は繊維強度の計測器を使用して測定します。フーリエ変換赤外分光、x 線回折が機能グループと繊維の結晶特性を特徴付けるために使用されます。このプロトコル制御リリース アルカリ ソースがアルカリ過酸化水素システムで抽出した繊維の特性を改善できることを証明しています。

蒸留水と精練溶液中 Mg(OH)2の溶解度を調べた (図 1)。Ph と ORP 値 (図 2) によるソリューションの Mg(OH)2置換率の影響を調べた。による収量とガム2置換率がさまざまな Mg(OH) の下で繊維の残留の歯茎は、(図 3) を計算します。DP 値、結晶性、繊維 (図 4) の引張...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extraction of Ramie Fiber in Alkali Hydrogen Peroxide System Supported by Controlled-release Alkali Source at JoVE.com

Extraction of Ramie Fiber in Alkali Hydrogen Peroxide System Supported by Controlled-release Alkali Source

アルカリ過酸化水素システム制御リリース アルカリ ソースによってサポートされるラミー繊維の抽出

アルカリ過酸化水素システム制御リリース アルカリ ソースによってサポートされるラミー繊維の抽出のためのプロトコルは、ここで紹介します。

This protocol demonstrates a method for ramie fiber extraction by scouring raw ramie in an alkali hydrogen peroxide system supported by a ...

extraction-ramie-fiber-alkali-hydrogen-peroxide-system-supported

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

11.3K ビュー.  Donghua University. アルカリ過酸化水素システム制御リリース アルカリ ソースによってサポートされるラミー繊維の抽出のためのプロトコルは、ここで紹介します。

ビデオ: Extraction of Ramie Fiber in Alkali Hydrogen Peroxide System Supported by Controlled-release Alkali Source

Exfoliation of Egyptian Blue and Han Blue, Two Alkali Earth Copper Silicate-based Pigments

In a visualized example of the ancient past connecting with modern times, we describe the preparation and exfoliation of CaCuSi4O10 and BaCuSi4O10, the colored components of the historic Egyptian blue and Han blue pigments. The bulk forms of these materials are synthesized by both melt flux and solid-state routes, which provide some control over the crystallite size of the product. The melt flux process is time intensive, but it produces relatively large crystals at lower reaction temperatures. In comparison, the solid-state method is quicker yet requires higher reaction temperatures and yields smaller crystallites. Upon stirring in hot water, CaCuSi4O10 spontaneously exfoliates into monolayer nanosheets, which are characterized by TEM and PXRD. BaCuSi4O10 on the other hand requires ultrasonication in organic solvents to achieve exfoliation. Near infrared imaging illustrates that both the bulk and nanosheet forms of CaCuSi4O10 and BaCuSi4O10 are strong near infrared emitters. Aqueous CaCuSi4O10 and BaCuSi4O10 nanosheet dispersions are useful because they provide a new way to handle, characterize, and process these materials in colloidal form.

The preparation and exfoliation of CaCuSi4O10&#160;and BaCuSi4O10 are described. Upon stirring in hot water, CaCuSi4O10 spontaneously exfoliates into monolayers, whereas BaCuSi4O10&#160;requires ultrasonication in organic solvents. Near infrared (NIR) imaging illustrates the NIR emission properties of these materials, and aqueous dispersions of these nanomaterials are useful for solution processing.

エジプトの青と漢青、二アルカリ土類銅シリケート系顔料の剥離

In a visualized example of the ancient past connecting with modern times, we describe the preparation and exfoliation of CaCuSi4O10 and BaCuSi4O10, the ...

化学

Preparing Adherent Cells for X-ray Fluorescence Imaging by Chemical Fixation

X-ray fluorescence imaging allows us to non-destructively measure the spatial distribution and concentration of multiple elements simultaneously over large or small sample areas. It has been applied in many areas of science, including materials science, geoscience, studying works of cultural heritage, and in chemical biology. In the case of chemical biology, for example, visualizing the metal distributions within cells allows us to study both naturally-occurring metal ions in the cells, as well as exogenously-introduced metals such as drugs and nanoparticles. Due to the fully hydrated nature of nearly all biological samples, cryo-fixation followed by imaging under cryogenic temperature represents the ideal imaging modality currently available. However, under the circumstances that such a combination is not easily accessible or practical, aldehyde based chemical fixation remains useful and sometimes inevitable. This article describes in as much detail as possible in the preparation of adherent mammalian cells by chemical fixation for X-ray fluorescent imaging.

Here, we present a protocol on how to determine the quantity and distribution of metals in a sample using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence. We focus on adherent cells, and describe the chemical fixation method to prepare this sample. We then describe how to mount and image the sample using synchrotron X-rays.

化学固定することによりX線蛍光イメージングのための接着細胞の準備

X-ray fluorescence imaging allows us to non-destructively measure the spatial distribution and concentration of multiple elements simultaneously over ...

Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials

Supercritical fluid extraction and drying methods are well established in numerous applications for the synthesis and processing of porous materials. Herein, nitrogen is presented as a novel supercritical drying fluid for specialized applications such as in the processing of reactive porous materials, where carbon dioxide and other fluids are not appropriate due to their higher chemical reactivity. Nitrogen exhibits similar physical properties in the near-critical region of its phase diagram as compared to carbon dioxide: a widely tunable density up to ~1 g ml-1, modest critical pressure (3.4 MPa), and small molecular diameter of ~3.6 &#197;. The key to achieving a high solvation power of nitrogen is to apply a processing temperature in the range of 80-150 K, where the density of nitrogen is an order of magnitude higher than at similar pressures near ambient temperature. The detailed solvation properties of nitrogen, and especially its selectivity, across a wide range of common target species of extraction still require further investigation. Herein we describe a protocol for the supercritical nitrogen processing of porous magnesium borohydride.

Nitrogen is an effective supercritical fluid for extraction or drying processes due to its small molecular size, high density in the near-liquid supercritical regime, and chemical inertness. We present a supercritical nitrogen drying protocol for the purification treatment of reactive, porous materials.

反応性多孔質材料を精製するための超臨界窒素処理

Supercritical fluid extraction and drying methods are well established in numerous applications for the synthesis and processing of porous materials. ...

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions

There is a growing research interest in the development of portable systems which can deliver hydrogen on-demand to proton exchange membrane (PEM) hydrogen fuel cells. Researchers seeking to develop such systems require a method of measuring the generated hydrogen. Herein, we describe a simple, low-cost, and robust method to measure the hydrogen generated from the reaction of solids with aqueous solutions. The reactions are conducted in a conventional one-necked round-bottomed flask placed in a temperature controlled water bath. The hydrogen generated from the reaction in the flask is channeled through tubing into a water-filled inverted measuring cylinder. The water displaced from the measuring cylinder by the incoming gas is diverted into a beaker on a balance. The balance is connected to a computer, and the change in the mass reading of the balance over time is recorded using data collection and spreadsheet software programs. The data can then be approximately corrected for water vapor using the method described herein, and parameters such as the total hydrogen yield, the hydrogen generation rate, and the induction period can also be deduced. The size of the measuring cylinder and the resolution of the balance can be changed to adapt the setup to different hydrogen volumes and flow rates.

The study of methods to generate on-demand hydrogen for fuel cells continues to grow in importance. However, systems to measure hydrogen evolution from the reaction of chemicals with water can be complicated and expensive. This article details a simple, low-cost, and robust method to measure the evolution of hydrogen gas.

シンプル、低コスト、及び水溶液で化学反応により発生した水素の体積を測定するための堅牢なシステム

There is a growing research interest in the development of portable systems which can deliver hydrogen on-demand to proton exchange membrane (PEM) ...

Real-time Breath Analysis by Using Secondary Nanoelectrospray Ionization Coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have aroused considerable interest, since they can serve as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and environmental exposure in a non-invasive manner. In this work, we present a protocol to characterize the exhaled VOCs in real time by using secondary nanoelectrospray ionization coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (Sec-nanoESI-HRMS). The homemade Sec-nanoESI source was readily set up based on a commercial nanoESI source. Hundreds of peaks were observed in the background-subtracted mass spectra of exhaled breath, and the mass accuracy values are -4.0-13.5 ppm and -20.3-1.3 ppm in the positive and negative ion detection modes, respectively. The peaks were assigned with accurate elemental composition according to the accurate mass and isotopic pattern. Less than 30 s is used for one exhalation measurement, and it takes approximately 7 min for six replicated measurements.

A protocol for characterizing chemical composition of exhaled breath in real time by using secondary nanoelectrospray ionization coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry is demonstrated.

高分解能質量分析に結合された二次 Nanoelectrospray イオン化を用いたリアルタイム呼吸解析

Exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have aroused considerable interest, since they can serve as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and environmental ...

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F&#8722;

Anion photoelectron imaging is a very efficient method for the study of energy states of bound negative ions, neutral species and interactions of unbound electrons with neutral molecules/atoms. State-of-the-art in vacuo anion generation techniques allow application to a broad range of atomic, molecular, and cluster anion systems. These are separated and selected using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Electrons are removed by linearly polarized photons (photo detachment) using table-top laser sources which provide ready access to excitation energies from the infra-red to the near ultraviolet. Detecting the photoelectrons with a velocity mapped imaging lens and position sensitive detector means that, in principle, every photoelectron reaches the detector and the detection efficiency is uniform for all kinetic energies. Photoelectron spectra extracted from the images via mathematical reconstruction using an inverse Abel transformation reveal details of the anion internal energy state distribution and the resultant neutral energy states. At low electron kinetic energy, typical resolution is sufficient to reveal energy level differences on the order of a few millielectron-volts, i.e., different vibrational levels for molecular species or spin-orbit splitting in atoms. Photoelectron angular distributions extracted from the inverse Abel transformation represent the signatures of the bound electron orbital, allowing more detailed probing of electronic structure. The spectra and angular distributions also encode details of the interactions between the outgoing electron and the residual neutral species subsequent to excitation. The technique is illustrated by the application to an atomic anion (F&#8722;), but it can also be applied to the measurement of molecular anion spectroscopy, the study of low lying anion resonances (as an alternative to scattering experiments) and femtosecond (fs) time resolved studies of the dynamic evolution of anions.

Here, we present a protocol for photoelectron imaging of anionic species. Anions generated in vacuo and separated by mass spectrometry are probed using velocity mapped photoelectron imaging, providing details of anion and neutral energy levels, anion and neutral structure and the nature of the anion electronic state.

F− 310 Nm 剥離によって示されている陰イオンの光電子イメージング

Anion photoelectron imaging is a very efficient method for the study of energy states of bound negative ions, neutral species and interactions of unbound ...

Extraction of Lignin with High &#946;-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the emerging elegant procedures to obtain specific aromatic products rely on the lignin substrate having a high content of the readily cleavable &#946;-O-4 linkage as present in the native lignin structure. This provides a miss-match with typical technical lignins that are highly degraded and therefore are low in &#946;-O-4 linkages. Therefore, the extraction yields, and the quality of the obtained lignin are of utmost importance to access new lignin valorization pathways. In this manuscript, a simple protocol is presented to obtain lignins with high &#946;-O-4 content by relatively mild ethanol extraction that can be applied to different lignocellulose sources. Furthermore, analysis procedures to determine the quality of the lignins are presented together with a depolymerization protocol that yields specific phenolic 2-arylmethyl-1,3-dioxolanes, which can be used to evaluate the obtained lignins. The presented results demonstrate the link between lignin quality and potential for the lignins to be depolymerized into specific monomeric aromatic chemicals. Overall, the extraction and depolymerization demonstrates a trade-off between the lignin extraction yield and the retention of the native aryl-ether structure and thus the potential of the lignin to be used as the substrate for the production of chemicals for higher-value applications.

Here, we present a protocol to perform ethanol extraction of lignin from several biomass sources. The effect of the extraction conditions on the lignin yield and &#946;-O-4 content are presented. Selective depolymerization is performed on the obtained lignins to obtain high aromatic monomer products.

高 β-O-4 コンテンツによるリグニンの抽出軽度エタノール抽出と脱重合の収量に及ぼす影響

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the ...

U2O5 Film Preparation via UO2 Deposition by Direct Current Sputtering and Successive Oxidation and Reduction with Atomic Oxygen and Atomic Hydrogen

We describe a method to produce U2O5 films in situ using the Labstation, a modular machine developed at JRC Karlsruhe. The Labstation, an essential part of the Properties of Actinides under Extreme Conditions laboratory (PAMEC), allows the preparation of films and studies of sample surfaces using surface analytical techniques such as X-ray and ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy (XPS and UPS, respectively). All studies are made in situ, and the films, transferred under ultra-high vacuum from their preparation to an analyses chamber, are never in contact with the atmosphere. Initially, a film of UO2 is prepared by direct current (DC) sputter deposition on a gold (Au) foil then oxidized by atomic oxygen to produce a UO3 film. This latter is then reduced with atomic hydrogen to U2O5. Analyses are performed after each step involving oxidation and reduction, using high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy to examine the oxidation state of uranium. Indeed, the oxidation and reduction times and corresponding temperature of the substrate during this process have severe effects on the resulting oxidation state of the uranium. Stopping the reduction of UO3 to U2O5 with single U(V) is quite challenging; first, uranium-oxygen systems exist in numerous intermediate phases. Second, differentiation of the oxidation states of uranium is mainly based on satellite peaks, whose intensity peaks are weak. Also, experimenters should be aware that X-ray spectroscopy (XPS) is a technique with an atomic sensitivity of 1% to 5%. Thus, it is important to obtain a complete picture of the uranium oxidation state with the entire spectra obtained on U4f, O1s, and the valence band (VB). Programs used in the Labstation include a linear transfer program developed by an outside company (see Table of Materials) as well as data acquisition and sputter source programs, both developed in-house.

U2O5 Film Preparation via UO2 Deposition by Direct Current Sputtering and Successive Oxidation and Reduction with Atomic Oxygen and Atomic Hydrogen

This protocol presents the preparation of U2O5 thin films obtained in situ under ultra-high vacuum. The process involves oxidation and reduction of UO2 films with atomic oxygen and atomic hydrogen, respectively.

U2O5膜を介して直流スパッタリングと連続酸化による UO2成膜と酸素原子と水素原子の還元

We describe a method to produce U2O5 films in situ using the Labstation, a modular machine developed at JRC Karlsruhe. The Labstation, an essential part ...

Experimental Methods for Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production in Microgravity Environment

Long-term space flights and cis-lunar research platforms require a sustainable and light life-support hardware which can be reliably employed outside the Earth's atmosphere. So-called 'solar fuel' devices, currently developed for terrestrial applications in the quest for realizing a sustainable energy economy on Earth, provide promising alternative systems to existing air-revitalization units employed on the International Space Station (ISS) through photoelectrochemical water-splitting and hydrogen production. One obstacle for water (photo-) electrolysis in reduced gravity environments is the absence of buoyancy and the consequential, hindered gas bubble release from the electrode surface. This causes the formation of gas bubble froth layers in proximity to the electrode surface, leading to an increase in ohmic resistance and cell-efficiency loss due to reduced mass transfer of substrates and products to and from the electrode. Recently, we have demonstrated efficient solar hydrogen production in microgravity environment, using an integrated semiconductor-electrocatalyst system with p-type indium phosphide as the light-absorber and a rhodium electrocatalyst. By nanostructuring the electrocatalyst using shadow nanosphere lithography and thereby creating catalytic 'hot spots' on the photoelectrode surface, we could overcome gas bubble coalescence and mass transfer limitations and demonstrated efficient hydrogen production at high current densities in reduced gravitation. Here, the experimental details are described for the preparations of these nanostructured devices and further on, the procedure for their testing in microgravity environment, realized at the Bremen Drop Tower during 9.3 s of free fall.

Efficient solar-hydrogen production has recently been realized on functionalized semiconductor-electrocatalyst systems in a photoelectrochemical half-cell in microgravity environment at the Bremen Drop Tower. Here, we report the experimental procedures for manufacturing the semiconductor-electrocatalyst device, details of the experimental set-up in the drop capsule and the experimental sequence during free fall.

微小重力環境における効率的な太陽水素製造のための実験方法

Long-term space flights and cis-lunar research platforms require a sustainable and light life-support hardware which can be reliably employed outside the ...

Imine Metathesis by Silica-Supported Catalysts Using the Methodology of Surface Organometallic Chemistry

With this protocol, a well-defined singlesite silica-supported heterogeneous catalyst [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is designed and prepared according to the methodology developed by surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC). In this framework, catalytic cycles can be determined by isolating crucial intermediates. All air-sensitive materials are handled under inert atmosphere (using gloveboxes or a Schlenk line) or high vacuum lines (HVLs, &#60;10-5 mbar). The preparation of SiO2-700 (silica dehydroxylated at 700 &#176;C) and subsequent applications (the grafting of complexes and catalytic runs) requires the use of HVLs and double-Schlenk techniques. Several well-known characterization methods are used, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental microanalysis, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SSNMR), and state-of-the-art dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy (DNP-SENS). FTIR and elemental microanalysis permit scientists to establish the grafting and its stoichiometry. 1H and 13C SSNMR allows the structural determination of the hydrocarbon ligands coordination sphere. DNP SENS is an emerging powerful technique in solid characterization for the detection of poorly sensitive nuclei (15N, in our case). SiO2-700 is treated with about one equivalent of the metal precursor compared to the amount of surface silanol (0.30 mmol&#183;g-1) in pentane at room temperature. Then, volatiles are removed, and the powder samples are dried under dynamic high vacuum to afford the desired materials [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(&#951;2&#960;-MeNCH2)(&#951;1-NMe2)(&#951;1-HNMe2)]. After a thermal treatment under high vacuum, the grafted complex is converted into metal imido silica complex [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)]. [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] effectively promotes the metathesis of imines, using the combination of two imine substrates, N-(4-phenylbenzylidene)benzylamine, or N-(4-fluorobenzylidene)-4-fluoroaniline, with N-benzylidenetert-butylamine as substrates. A significantly lower conversion is observed with the blank runs; thus, the presence of the imido group in [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is correlated to the catalytic performance.

A new group IV metal catalyst for imine metathesis is prepared by grafting amine metal complex onto dehydroxylated silica. Surface metal fragments are characterized using FT-IR, elemental microanalysis, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Further dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy experiments complement the determination of the coordination sphere.

表面有機金属化学の方法論を用いてシリカ支持触媒によるイミンメタセシス

With this protocol, a well-defined singlesite silica-supported heterogeneous catalyst [(&#8801;Si-O-)Hf(=NMe)(&#951;1-NMe2)] is designed and prepared ...

アルカリ過酸化水素システム制御リリースアルカリソースによってサポートされるラミー繊維の抽出

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

エジプトの青と漢青、二アルカリ土類銅シリケート系顔料の剥離

化学固定することによりX線蛍光イメージングのための接着細胞の準備

反応性多孔質材料を精製するための超臨界窒素処理

シンプル、低コスト、及び水溶液で化学反応により発生した水素の体積を測定するための堅牢なシステム

高分解能質量分析に結合された二次 Nanoelectrospray イオン化を用いたリアルタイム呼吸解析

F⁻ 310 Nm 剥離によって示されている陰イオンの光電子イメージング

高 β-O-4 コンテンツによるリグニンの抽出軽度エタノール抽出と脱重合の収量に及ぼす影響

U₂O₅膜を介して直流スパッタリングと連続酸化による UO₂成膜と酸素原子と水素原子の還元

微小重力環境における効率的な太陽水素製造のための実験方法

表面有機金属化学の方法論を用いてシリカ支持触媒によるイミンメタセシス

アルカリ過酸化水素システム制御リリース アルカリ ソースによってサポートされるラミー繊維の抽出

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

エジプトの青と漢青、二アルカリ土類銅シリケート系顔料の剥離

化学固定することによりX線蛍光イメージングのための接着細胞の準備

反応性多孔質材料を精製するための超臨界窒素処理

シンプル、低コスト、及び水溶液で化学反応により発生した水素の体積を測定するための堅牢なシステム

高分解能質量分析に結合された二次 Nanoelectrospray イオン化を用いたリアルタイム呼吸解析

F− 310 Nm 剥離によって示されている陰イオンの光電子イメージング

高 β-O-4 コンテンツによるリグニンの抽出軽度エタノール抽出と脱重合の収量に及ぼす影響

U2O5膜を介して直流スパッタリングと連続酸化による UO2成膜と酸素原子と水素原子の還元

微小重力環境における効率的な太陽水素製造のための実験方法

表面有機金属化学の方法論を用いてシリカ支持触媒によるイミンメタセシス

アルカリ過酸化水素システム制御リリースアルカリソースによってサポートされるラミー繊維の抽出

F⁻ 310 Nm 剥離によって示されている陰イオンの光電子イメージング

U₂O₅膜を介して直流スパッタリングと連続酸化による UO₂成膜と酸素原子と水素原子の還元