Biz Sean B. Carroll ve Thomas Werner sinek hisse senetleri, Naoyuki sigorta donanımları için Byung Seok Jin filme, Kiyokazu rehberlik için Agata ve Elizabeth İngilizce düzenleme Nakajima'onun yardım sağlamak için teşekkür ederiz. Bu eser KAKENHI tarafından desteklenen 17K 19427 ve Takeda Bilim Vakfı.

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Yazarlar hiçbir çıkar çatışması var.

Burada pupa aşamaları, tanımını protokollerde pupa aşamaları sürelerini ve siyah noktalar üzerinde D. guttiferakanadında yoğunluğu ölçümü ölçme detaylı gözlem için puparium kaldırma açıklar. Bu protokoller için birçok Drosophila uygulanabilir ve sinek türleri, özellikle türler kanat pigmentasyon ile ilgili.
Daha da derinlemesine gözlem ve gelişimsel olaylarını daha ayrıntılı açıklamasını alt aşamaları sağlayacak. Birçok durumda, dis...

Drosophila morfolojik özelliklerin bazıları tür1,2,3,4,5arasında çeşitlendirilmiş. Soru yaklaşım olabilir bu türleri Morfoloji nesil mekanizmaları karşılaştırarak nasıl morfolojik çeşitlilik ortaya çıkar. Böyle türleri Morfoloji larva trichomes, yetişkin sex taraklar, dış genital aparatı, karın pigmentasyon ve kanat pigmentasyon6,7,8,9, örnekler 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15. yetişkinler arasında morfolojik farklılıklar çalışmaya, gözlem ve analiz pupa etap yetişkin özellikleri kaderi geç larva aşamalı olarak belirlenir ve sonraki morfogenez pupa döneminde gelirleri için önemlidir.
Drosophila melanogaster, gelişim biyolojisi çalışmalarında "saat APF" (pupa kuruluşundan sonra saat) bir pupa sahne16belirtmek için yaygın bir yöntemdir. Bu sistem ve pupa kuruluşundan sonra mutlak zaman istihdam rutin deneyler için çok uygundur. Ancak, gelişimsel hız pupa arasında farklı olabilir ve küçük genetik, epigenetik veya microenvironmental farkları tarafından etkilenebilir ve bu nedenle aynı sahip mutlak zaman pupa kuruluşundan sonra pupa aynı anda olduğunu garanti etmez gelişimsel sahne. Birçok durumda, Morfolojik özellikleri tarafından tanımlanan aşamaları birden çok kişiye karşılaştırmak için tercih edilir. Özellikle, türler arasında bir karşılaştırma kesin evreleme ve karşılık gelen (homolog) aşamaları arasında karşılaştırma gerektirir.
Bainbridge ve Bownes17 tanınan 20 pupa etap (P1 P15(ii)) için Drosophila melanogaster pupa morfolojik özelliklerini temel alarak. Bu evreleme morfolojik gelişim hazırlama18en çok kullanılan sistemdir. Bir önceki çalışmada, Pupa Drosophila guttifera kanat pigmentasyon çalışmalar19için bir temel oluşturmak üzere evreleme yapılır. D. guttifera kanat üzerinde siyah puanlı desene sahip ve kanat pigmentasyon oluşumu20modeli türlerinden biridir. Her ne kadar biz açıklanan morfolojik ölçütlere anılacaktır Bainbridge ve Bownes'17araştırma, doğrudan seri gözlemler19sahne süreleri Bainbridge ve Bownes tahmini kullanmak yerine tarafından sahne süreleri ölçülen gözlenen frekansı. Burada pupa hazırlama yöntemi ve Fukutomi ve ark19' kullanılan Drosophila pupa aşaması süreleri ölçümü açıklayın.
Kanat pigmentasyon gelişimsel mekanizması çalışmaya, Pupa veya yetişkin aşamasında pigmentasyon ortaya çıktığında bilmemiz gereken. Fukutomi ve ark. 19 kanat görüntüleri görüntü analizi tarafından pigmentasyon pupa ve yetişkin aşamaları sırasında optik yoğunlukları (ODs) sayılabilir. Drosophila kanatları pigmentasyon siyah melanin21birikimi tarafından neden olduğu düşünülmektedir. ODs miktar için gri tonlama görüntüler ve ImageJ yazılım (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/)22 kullanılmıştır. Tanımak ve nokta özel pigmentasyon (ΔOD) ölçmek için biz bir noktadan OD içinde bir nokta dışında OD çıkarın. Tekrarlanabilir ve objektif bu yöntemi kullanabilmek için aşırı doz ölçüm yerlerin kanat damarlar yerler kullanarak tespit edilmelidir. Bu makalede, biz bu yöntemi miktar Drosophila guttiferakanat pigmentasyon, ayrıntılı olarak tarif.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Drosophila guttifera</td>
			<td>The Drosophila Species Stock Center at the U.C. San Diego</td>
			<td>15130-1971.10</td>
			<td>Drosophila guttifera, a fruit fly species used in this article</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic vial</td>
			<td>Hightech</td>
			<td>MKC-30</td>
			<td>Plastic vial, for fly stock maintenance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buzz plugs vial and bottle closures for glass vials</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AS-271</td>
			<td>Cellulose plug, for fly stock maintenance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White soft sugar</td>
			<td>Mitsui Sugar</td>
			<td>J-500g</td>
			<td>White soft sugar, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corn flour</td>
			<td>Nippon Flour Mills</td>
			<td>F</td>
			<td>Corn flour, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corn grits - C</td>
			<td>Nippon Flour Mills</td>
			<td>GC</td>
			<td>Corn grits - C, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar powder</td>
			<td>Matsuki Kanten Sangyo</td>
			<td>No.602</td>
			<td>Agar powder, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dry beer yeast</td>
			<td>Asahi Food &#38; Healthcare</td>
			<td>Y2A</td>
			<td>Dry beer yeast, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl p-hydroxybenzoate</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>06327-02</td>
			<td>Butyl p-hydroxybenzoate, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>057-00456</td>
			<td>Ethanol, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flat bottom microtube</td>
			<td>Ina Optica</td>
			<td>CF-0150</td>
			<td>1.5 mL microtube, for collecting pupae</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CAPSULEFUGE</td>
			<td>Tomy</td>
			<td>PMC-060</td>
			<td>Mini microcentrifuge, for collecting pupae</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterilized Schale NB</td>
			<td>Sansei Medical</td>
			<td>01-013</td>
			<td>Plastic Petri dish (diameter 90 mm x height 15 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serum tube rack</td>
			<td>Iwaki</td>
			<td>9796-050</td>
			<td>Used as a moist chamber, for observation of pupa</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Falcon Easy-Grip tissue culture dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353001</td>
			<td>Plastic Petri dish (diameter 35 mm x height 10 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon standard tissue culture dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353002</td>
			<td>Plastic Petri dish (diameter 60 mm x height 15 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Push-pin</td>
			<td>Kokuyo</td>
			<td>51233709</td>
			<td>Push-pin, for making pinholes on the microtube lid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>SZX16</td>
			<td>Stereomicroscope, for morphological observation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital camera</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>DSE-330-A</td>
			<td>Digital camera, for imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NICETACK double sided tape</td>
			<td>Nichiban</td>
			<td>NW-15SF</td>
			<td>Double sided tape, for removing puparium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11252-20</td>
			<td>Forceps, for removing puparium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Van Gogh VISUAL Paint brush</td>
			<td>Talens Japan</td>
			<td>GWVR-#5/0</td>
			<td>Paint brush, for removing puparium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Greiner CELLSTAR 12 well cell culture plate</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>665-180</td>
			<td>12-well cell culture plate, for measuring durations of pupal periods</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>191-01665</td>
			<td>NaCl, for PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>285-14</td>
			<td>KCl, for PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4&#183;12H2O</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>196-02835</td>
			<td>Na2HPO4&#183;12H2O, for PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>28721-55</td>
			<td>KH2PO4, for PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stepped Neutral Density (ND) Filter 0.04 - 3.0</td>
			<td>Edmund Optics</td>
			<td>64-384</td>
			<td>Stepped density filter, for calibration of pigmentation measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ software</td>
			<td>NIH</td>
			<td>1.8.0-101</td>
			<td>ImageJ software, for measurement of intensity of black spots on a wing (https://imagej.nih.gov)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FINE FROST glass slide</td>
			<td>Matsunami Glass Ind</td>
			<td>FF-001</td>
			<td>Glass slide, for measurement of intensity of black spots on a wing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Square microscope cover glass 18 x 18</td>
			<td>Matsunami Glass Ind</td>
			<td>C018181</td>
			<td>Cover slip, for measurement of intensity of black spots on a wing</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

methods for staging pupal periods and measurement of wing pigmentation of drosophila guttifera

Drosophila (meyve sineği) çeşitli türlerin gelişim ve genetik değişiklikler için evrimsel değişiklikler sorumlu mekanizmaları incelemek için fırsatlar sağlar. Özellikle, Yetişkin sahne Morfolojik özellikleri kanat pigmentasyon karşılaştırma da dahil olmak üzere interspecific karşılaştırma için zengin bir kaynağıdır. Türler arasında gelişimsel farklılıkları eğitim için detaylı gözlem ve uygun evreleme kesin karşılaştırma için gereklidir. Burada evreleme pupa dönemi ve bir polka noktalı meyve sineği Drosophila guttiferakanat pigmentasyon miktar için iletişim kuralları açıklar. İlk olarak, ayrıntılı morfolojik gözlem ve pupa aşamaları türleri üzerinde Morfoloji temel tanımını için yöntemi açıklanmaktadır. Bu yöntem pupa türleri Morfoloji detaylı gözlem etkinleştirmek için pupa, dış chitinous durumda puparium kaldırmak için bir yöntem içerir. İkinci olarak, tanımlanmış pupa aşamaları süresi ölçme yöntemi açıklanmaktadır. Son olarak, dijital görüntü ve ImageJ yazılım kullanarak görüntü analizi dayalı kanat pigmentasyon miktar için yöntemi açıklanmaktadır. Bu yöntemler ile yetişkin özellikleri ile gelişimsel süreçleri pupa evrelerinde karşılaştırmak için sağlam bir temel oluşturabilir.

D. guttifera pupa dönemine 17 aşamaları (P1 - P15(ii); görüntüler üç temsilcisi aşamaları (P1, P5 - 6, P10) şekil 3ve tüm 17 aşamaları şekil 4' te gösterilmiştir gösterilir) ayrılmıştır. Bainbridge ve Bownes17 20 D. melanogasteraşamalarında kabul rağmen bu aşamaların bazıları D. guttiferaiçin uygulanamadı. İki gelişimsel olayların sırası, sarı...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera at JoVE.com

Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera

Pupa dönemi ve kanat pigmentasyon Drosophila guttifera ölçümü evreleme için protokol açıklanmıştır. Evreleme ve pigmentasyon miktar yetişkin özellikleri ile gelişimsel mekanizmaları eğitim için sağlam bir temel sağlamak ve özellik geliştirme interspecific karşılaştırma etkinleştirin.

Evreleme pupa dönemi ve ölçüm kanat pigmentasyon Drosophila guttifera yöntemleri

Diversified species of Drosophila (fruit fly) provide opportunities to study mechanisms of development and genetic changes responsible for evolutionary ...

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Biology

Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera

11.5K Görüntüleme.  Kyoto University. Pupa dönemi ve kanat pigmentasyon Drosophila guttifera ölçümü evreleme için protokol açıklanmıştır. Evreleme ve pigmentasyon miktar yetişkin özellikleri ile gelişimsel mekanizmaları eğitim için sağlam bir temel sağlamak ve özellik geliştirme interspecific karşılaştırma etkinleştirin.

Video: Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera

High-resolution Measurement of Odor-Driven Behavior in Drosophila Larvae

Olfactory responses in Drosophila larvae have been traditionally studied in Petri dishes comprising a single peripheral odor source. In this behavioral paradigm, the experimenter usually assumes that the rapid diffusion of odorant molecules from the source leads to the creation of a stable gradient in the dish. To establish a quantitative correlation between sensory inputs and behavioral responses, it is necessary to achieve a more thorough characterization of the odorant stimulus conditions. In this video article, we describe a new method allowing the construction of odorant gradients with stable and controllable geometries. We briefly illustrate how these gradients can be used to screen for olfactory defects (full and partial anosmia) and to study more subtle features of chemotaxis behavior.

In this video article, we describe a new method allowing the construction of odorant gradients with stable and controllable geometries. We briefly illustrate how these gradients can be used to screen for olfactory defects (full and partial anosmia) and to study more subtle features of chemotaxis behavior.

Yüksek çözünürlüklü Ölçüm Drosophila Larva Koku-Driven Davranış

Olfactory responses in Drosophila larvae have been traditionally studied in Petri dishes comprising a single peripheral odor source. In this behavioral ...

Biyoloji

Electrophysiological Methods for Recording Synaptic Potentials from the NMJ of Drosophila Larvae

In this video, we describe the electrophysiological methods for recording synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila larva. The larval neuromuscular system is a model synapse for the study of synaptic physiology and neurotransmission, and is a valuable research tool that has defined genetics and is accessible to experimental manipulation. Larvae can be dissected to expose the body wall musculature, central nervous system, and peripheral nerves. The muscles of Drosophila and their innervation pattern are well characterized and muscles are easy to access for intracellular recording. Individual muscles can be identified by their location and orientation within the 8 abdominal segments, each with 30 muscles arranged in a pattern that is repeated in segments A2 - A7. Dissected drosophila larvae are thin and individual muscles and bundles of motor neuron axons can be visualized by transillumination1. Transgenic constructs can be used to label target cells for visual identification or for manipulating gene products in specific tissues. In larvae, excitatory junction potentials (EJP&#8217;s) are generated in response to vesicular release of glutamate from the motoneurons at the synapse. In dissected larvae, the EJP can be recorded in the muscle with an intracellular electrode. Action potentials can be artificially evoked in motor neurons that have been cut posterior to the ventral ganglion, drawn into a glass pipette by gentle suction and stimulated with an electrode. These motor neurons have distinct firing thresholds when stimulated, and when they fire simultaneously, they generate a response in the muscle. Signals transmitted across the NMJ synapse can be recorded in the muscles that the motor neurons innervate. The EJP&#8217;s and minature excitatory junction potentials (mEJP&#8217;s) are seen as changes in membrane potential. Electrophysiological responses are recorded at room temperature in modified minimal hemolymph-like solution2 (HL3) that contains 5 mM Mg2+ and 1.5 mM Ca2+. Changes in the amplitude of evoked EJP&#8217;s can indicate differences in synaptic function and structure. Digitized recordings are analyzed for EJP amplitude, mEJP frequency and amplitude, and quantal content.

Here we describe electrophysiological methods for measuring synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila larva. Evoked release is initiated artificially by stimulating the motor neuron axons, and transmission through the NMJ can be measured by the postsynaptic response evoked in the muscle.

Drosophila Larva NMJ Synaptic Potansiyeller kayıt için Elektrofizyolojik Yöntemler

In this video, we describe the electrophysiological methods for recording synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila larva. ...

Live Dissection of Drosophila Embryos: Streamlined Methods for Screening Mutant Collections by Antibody Staining

Drosophila embryos between stages 14 and 17 of embryonic development can be readily dissected to generate "fillet" preparations. In these preparations, the central nervous system runs down the middle, and is flanked by the body walls. Many different phenotypes have been examined using such preparations. In most cases, the fillets were generated by dissection of antibody-stained fixed whole-mount embryos. These "fixed dissections" have some disadvantages, however. They are time-consuming to execute, and it is difficult to sort mutant (GFP-negative) embryos from stocks in which mutations are maintained over GFP balancer chromosomes. Since 2002, our group has been conducting deficiency and ectopic expression screens to identify ligands for orphan receptors. In order to do this, we developed streamlined protocols for live embryo dissection and antibody staining of collections containing hundreds of balanced lines. We have concluded that it is considerably more efficient to examine phenotypes in large collections of stocks by live dissection than by fixed dissection. Using the protocol described here, a single trained individual can screen up to 10 lines per day for phenotypes, examining 4-7 mutant embryos from each line under a compound microscope. This allows the identification of mutations conferring subtle, low-penetrance phenotypes, since up to 70 hemisegments per line are scored at high magnification with a 40X water-immersion lens.

Live Dissection of Drosophila Embryos: Streamlined Methods for Screening Mutant Collections by Antibody Staining

We describe a streamlined protocol for generating "fillet" preparations of Drosophila embryos of specific genotypes. This protocol allows efficient execution of a variety of genetic screens. It also allows excellent visualization of structures in the late embryo.

VE Canlı Diseksiyon Drosophila Embriyolar: Aerodinamik Antikor Boyama Mutant Koleksiyonlar Eleme Yöntemleri

Drosophila embryos between stages 14 and 17 of embryonic development can be readily dissected to generate "fillet" preparations.  In these preparations, ...

Laser Microdissection Applied to Gene Expression Profiling of Subset of Cells from the Drosophila Wing Disc

Heterogeneous nature of tissues has proven to be a limiting factor in the amount of information that can be generated from biological samples, compromising downstream analyses. Considering the complex and dynamic cellular associations existing within many tissues, in order to recapitulate the in vivo interactions thorough molecular analysis one must be able to analyze specific cell populations within their native context. Laser-mediated microdissection can achieve this goal, allowing unambiguous identification and successful harvest of cells of interest under direct microscopic visualization while maintaining molecular integrity. We have applied this technology to analyse gene expression within defined areas of the developing Drosophila wing disc, which represents an advantageous model system to study growth control, cell differentiation and organogenesis. Larval imaginal discs are precociously subdivided into anterior and posterior, dorsal and ventral compartments by lineage restriction boundaries. Making use of the inducible GAL4-UAS binary expression system, each of these compartments can be specifically labelled in transgenic flies expressing an UAS-GFP transgene under the control of the appropriate GAL4-driver construct. In the transgenic discs, gene expression profiling of discrete subsets of cells can precisely be determined after laser-mediated microdissection, using the fluorescent GFP signal to guide laser cut. 
Among the variety of downstream applications, we focused on RNA transcript profiling after localised RNA interference (RNAi). With the advent of RNAi technology, GFP labelling can be coupled with localised knockdown of a given gene, allowing to determinate the transcriptional response of a discrete cell population to the specific gene silencing. To validate this approach, we dissected equivalent areas of the disc from the posterior (labelled by GFP expression), and the anterior (unlabelled) compartment upon regional silencing in the P compartment of an otherwise ubiquitously expressed gene. RNA was extracted from microdissected silenced and unsilenced areas and comparative gene expression profiling determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. We show that this method can effectively be applied for accurate transcriptomics of subsets of cells within the Drosophila imaginal discs. Indeed, while massive disc preparation as source of RNA generally assumes cell homogeneity, it is well known that transcriptional expression can vary greatly within these structures in consequence of positional information. Using localized fluorescent GFP signal to guide laser cut, more accurate transcriptional analyses can be performed and profitably applied to disparate applications, including transcript profiling of distinct cell lineages within their native context.

Laser Microdissection Applied to Gene Expression Profiling of Subset of Cells from the Drosophila Wing Disc

Laser microdissection was applied to analyse gene expression profiling in specific compartments of Drosophila wing disc subjected to localised RNAi in vivo. RNA extracted from equivalent areas of silenced and unsilenced compartments was analysed by quantitative RT-PCR to determine comparative gene expression profiling within the context of native tissue microecology.

Lazer Diseksiyon hücreleri Altküme Kaynak gösterilmeden Uygulanan Drosophila Kanat Disk

Heterogeneous nature of tissues has proven to be a limiting factor in the amount of information that can be generated from biological samples, ...

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic morphologies 1-3. During pupation, which spans approximately 96 hours (at 25 &deg;C), proliferating populations of imaginal cells replace the larval epidermis to generate the adult abdominal segments. These imaginal cells, born during embryogenesis, exist as lateral pairs of histoblast nests in each abdominal segment of the larvae. Four pairs of histoblast nests give rise to the adult dorsal cuticle (anterior and posterior dorsal nests), the ventral cuticle (ventral nests) and the spiracles associated with each segment (spiracle nests) 4. Upon puparation, these diploid cells (distinguishable by size from the larger polyploid larval epidermal cells- LECs) begin a stereotypical process of proliferation, migration and replacement of the LECs. Various molecular and genetic tools can be employed to investigate the contributions of genetic pathways involved in morphogenesis of the adult abdomen. Ultimate adult phenotypes are typically analyzed following dissection of adult abdominal cuticles. However, investigation of the underlying molecular processes requires immunohistochemical analyses of the pupal epithelium, which present unique challenges. Temporally dynamic morphogenesis and the interactions of two distinct epithelial populations (larval and imaginal) generate a fragile tissue prone to excessive cell loss during dissection and subsequent processing. We have developed methods of dissection, fixation, mounting and imaging of the Drosophila pupal abdominem epithelium for immunohistochemical studies that generate consistent high quality samples suitable for confocal or standard fluorescent microscopy.

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

Antibody staining of the Drosophila pupae can enhance genetic analyses of adult abdominal developmental genetics. We present our protocol for dissection, fixation and antibody staining of staged Drosophila pupal abdomen.

Drosophila pupa Karın İmmünohistokimya

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic ...

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced physical performance and increased risk of disease. Individual aging is manifest at the population level as an increase in age-dependent mortality, which is often measured in the laboratory by observing lifespan in large cohorts of age-matched individuals. Experiments that seek to quantify the extent to which genetic or environmental manipulations impact lifespan in simple model organisms have been remarkably successful for understanding the aspects of aging that are conserved across taxa and for inspiring new strategies for extending lifespan and preventing age-associated disease in mammals.
The vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an attractive model organism for studying the mechanisms of aging due to its relatively short lifespan, convenient husbandry, and facile genetics. However, demographic measures of aging, including age-specific survival and mortality, are extraordinarily susceptible to even minor variations in experimental design and environment, and the maintenance of strict laboratory practices for the duration of aging experiments is required. These considerations, together with the need to practice careful control of genetic background, are essential for generating robust measurements. Indeed, there are many notable controversies surrounding inference from longevity experiments in yeast, worms, flies and mice that have been traced to environmental or genetic artifacts1-4. In this protocol, we describe a set of procedures that have been optimized over many years of measuring longevity in Drosophila using laboratory vials. We also describe the use of the dLife software, which was developed by our laboratory and is available for download (<a href="http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software">http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software</a>). dLife accelerates throughput and promotes good practices by incorporating optimal experimental design, simplifying fly handling and data collection, and standardizing data analysis. We will also discuss the many potential pitfalls in the design, collection, and interpretation of lifespan data, and we provide steps to avoid these dangers.

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model organism for exploring the molecular basis of longevity regulation. This protocol will discuss the steps involved in generating a reproducible, population-based measurement of longevity as well as potential pitfalls and how to avoid them.

In ömrü ölçümü<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced ...

An Improved Method for Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Flight Performance in Drosophila

Drosophila has proven to be a useful model system for analysis of behavior, including flight. The initial flight tester involved dropping flies into an oil-coated graduated cylinder; landing height provided a measure of flight performance by assessing how far flies will fall before producing enough thrust to make contact with the wall of the cylinder. Here we describe an updated version of the flight tester with four major improvements. First, we added a &#34;drop tube&#34; to ensure that all flies enter the flight cylinder at a similar velocity between trials, eliminating variability between users. Second, we replaced the oil coating with removable plastic sheets coated in Tangle-Trap, an adhesive designed to capture live insects. Third, we use a longer cylinder to enable more accurate discrimination of flight ability. Fourth we use a digital camera and imaging software to automate the scoring of flight performance. These improvements allow for the rapid, quantitative assessment of flight behavior, useful for large datasets and large-scale genetic screens.

An Improved Method for Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Flight Performance in Drosophila

Here we describe a method for rapid and accurate measurement of flight performance in Drosophila, enabling high-throughput screening.

Uçuş Performans Doğru ve hızlı ölçüm için geliştirilmiş Yöntemi<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Drosophila has proven to be a useful model system for analysis of behavior, including flight. The initial flight tester involved dropping flies into an ...

Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

The longstanding use of Drosophila as a model for cell and developmental biology has yielded an array of tools. Together, these techniques have enabled analysis of cell and developmental biology from a variety of methodological angles. Live imaging is an emerging method for observing dynamic cell processes, such as cell division or cell motility. Having isolated mutations in uncharacterized putative cell cycle proteins it became essential to observe mitosis in situ using live imaging. Most live imaging studies in Drosophila have focused on the embryonic stages that are accessible to manipulation and observation because of their small size and optical clarity. However, in these stages the cell cycle is unusual in that it lacks one or both of the gap phases. By contrast, cells of the pupal wing of Drosophila have a typical cell cycle and undergo a period of rapid mitosis spanning about 20 hr of pupal development. It is easy to identify and isolate pupae of the appropriate stage to catch mitosis in situ. Mounting intact pupae provided the best combination of tractability and durability during imaging, allowing experiments to run for several hours with minimal impact on cell and animal viability. The method allows observation of features as small as, or smaller than, fly chromosomes. Adjustment of microscope settings and the details of mounting, allowed extension of the preparation to visualize membrane dynamics of adjacent cells and fluorescently labeled proteins such as tubulin. This method works for all tested fluorescent proteins and can capture submicron scale features over a variety of time scales. While limited to the outer 20 &#181;m of the pupa with a conventional confocal microscope, this approach to observing protein and cellular dynamics in pupal tissues in vivo may be generally useful in the study of cell and developmental biology in these tissues.

Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

This paper demonstrates the use of a fast scanning confocal microscope to image cell behavior directly through the puparium. By leaving the pupal case intact, this method allows observation and measurement of dynamic cell processes at a stage of Drosophila development that is difficult to study directly.

Ve Pupa Durumunda sayesinde görüntüleme<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

The longstanding use of Drosophila as a model for cell and developmental biology has yielded an array of tools. Together, these techniques have enabled ...

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

Metabolic disorders are a frequent problem affecting human health. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate metabolism is a crucial scientific task. Many disease causing genes in humans have a fly homologue, making Drosophila a good model to study signaling pathways involved in the development of different disorders. Additionally, the tractability of Drosophila simplifies genetic screens to aid in identifying novel therapeutic targets that may regulate metabolism. In order to perform such a screen a simple and fast method to identify changes in the metabolic state of flies is necessary. In general, carbon dioxide production is a good indicator of substrate oxidation and energy expenditure providing information about metabolic state. In this protocol we introduce a simple method to measure CO2 output from flies. This technique can potentially aid in the identification of genetic perturbations affecting metabolic rate.

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

Metabolic disorders are among one of the most common diseases in humans. The genetically tractable model organism D. melanogaster can be used to identify novel genes that regulate metabolism. This paper describes a relatively simple method which allows studying the metabolic rate in flies by measuring their CO2 production.

Metabolik Oranı Ölçümü<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Respirometrik kullanarak

Metabolic disorders are a frequent problem affecting human health. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate metabolism is a crucial ...

Ex vivo Culture of Drosophila Pupal Testis and Single Male Germ-line Cysts: Dissection, Imaging, and Pharmacological Treatment

During spermatogenesis in mammals and in Drosophila melanogaster, male germ cells develop in a series of essential developmental processes. This includes differentiation from a stem cell population, mitotic amplification, and meiosis. In addition, post-meiotic germ cells undergo a dramatic morphological reshaping process as well as a global epigenetic reconfiguration of the germ line chromatin&#8212;the histone-to-protamine switch.
Studying the role of a protein in post-meiotic spermatogenesis using mutagenesis or other genetic tools is often impeded by essential embryonic, pre-meiotic, or meiotic functions of the protein under investigation. The post-meiotic phenotype of a mutant of such a protein could be obscured through an earlier developmental block, or the interpretation of the phenotype could be complicated. The model organism Drosophila melanogaster offers a bypass to this problem: intact testes and even cysts of germ cells dissected from early pupae are able to develop ex vivo in culture medium. Making use of such cultures allows microscopic imaging of living germ cells in testes and of germ-line cysts. Importantly, the cultivated testes and germ cells also become accessible to pharmacological inhibitors, thereby permitting manipulation of enzymatic functions during spermatogenesis, including post-meiotic stages.
The protocol presented describes how to dissect and cultivate pupal testes and germ-line cysts. Information on the development of pupal testes and culture conditions are provided alongside microscope imaging data of live testes and germ-line cysts in culture. We also describe a pharmacological assay to study post-meiotic spermatogenesis, exemplified by an assay targeting the histone-to-protamine switch using the histone acetyltransferase inhibitor anacardic acid. In principle, this cultivation method could be adapted to address many other research questions in pre- and post-meiotic spermatogenesis.

Ex vivo Culture of Drosophila Pupal Testis and Single Male Germ-line Cysts: Dissection, Imaging, and Pharmacological Treatment

This protocol describes the dissection and cultivation of intact testes and germ-line cysts from Drosophila melanogaster pupae. This method allows microscopic observation of spermatogenesis ex vivo. Furthermore, we describe a pharmacological assay of the effect of inhibitors on specific stages of germ-cell development in pupal testes.

Diseksiyon, Görüntüleme ve Farmakolojik Tedavi: Drosophila Pupa Testis ve Bekar Erkek germ-line Kistler ex vivo Kültür

During spermatogenesis in mammals and in Drosophila melanogaster, male germ cells develop in a series of essential developmental processes. This includes ...