Yazarlar bize antikorlar göndermek için Iowa Üniversitesi Gelişim Çalışmaları Hibridoma Bankası teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Bu çalışma, İsrail Bilim Vakfı tarafından sağlanan hibe (No: 29/08) tarafından desteklenmiştir. AS de DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) bir araştırma bursu ile desteklenmektedir.

Başlamadan önce <ol><li> İstediğiniz sinek kültürleri büyütün. (50 ml flakon başına yaklaşık 30 sinekler) bulursunuz şişeleri tutun. Sinekler Her flakon yalnızca bir gün için yumurtalarını edelim. Bu larvalar yeterli gıda kaynağı sağlamak ve onlara gıda dışında tarama öncesi maksimal büyüklüğe ulaşmak sağlayacaktır. Üçüncü dönem larvalar flakon duvara dolaşmaya başlar kadar uygun sıcaklık şişeleri tutun. </li><li> Fosfat taze bir stok (PBS) ve PBT (PBS içinde% 0.1 Tween) tamponlu hazırlayın. Buz üzerinde 10 ml PBS tutmak. </li><li> Taze sabitleştirici 1-5 ml (PBT% 4 Formaldehit) hazırlayın ve buz üzerinde tutun. Biz bir stok çözüm olarak şişelenmiş 37-38% formaldehit kullanın. </li></ol> 1. Üçüncü Larvalar diseksiyonu ve Fiksasyon <ol><li> Flakon duvardan bir gezgin Üçüncü dönem larva alın ve bir Sylgard diseksiyon plaka (bir de Sylgard 184 silikon elastomer kiti, Dow Corning Corporation yapılan buz gibi soğuk PBS bir 50 ul damlasının içine yerleştirdiğinizdedoku kültürü çanak). </li><li> Ince forseps (Dumont # 5 forseps) kullanarak, ağız kancalar yakınında, larva, dorsal yüzü yukarı tutun ve larva beyninde bir böcek pin (minutien, 0,1 mm, paslanmaz çelik) sopa. </li><li> Forseps ile larva posterior ucundan tut, hafifçe çekin ve yavaşça boyuna larva germek. Iki posterior spiracles arasındaki bir başka böcek pin sopa. </li><li> Kullanımı bahar makas anterior ve posterior iğne yakın vücut duvarı iki yatay insizyon (dik ön-arka eksen), kesti. </li><li> Yay makas kullanılarak posterior insizyon anterior gelen dorsal orta hat boyunca larva vücut duvarı kesti. </li><li> Ince forseps kullanılarak iç organlar (bağırsak, tükürük bezleri, Malpighi tüpleri tübüller vb) ve trakea çıkarın. PBS ile bir veya iki kez yıkayın. </li><li> Onları germek ve her tarafı için iki böcek pimleri kullanarak tabagina pin, forseps ile iki gövde duvarı flep tut. </li><li> P çıkarınBS ve sabitleme solüsyonu (PBT% 4 formaldehit) 50 ul ekleyin. Oda sıcaklığında 20 dakika inkübe edilir. </li><li> Sabitleştirici çıkarın. PBS ile iki kez yıkayın. Böcek pimleri çekin. Kullanımı bahar makas dikdörtgen köşe bırakarak larva baş ve kuyruk kesilir. PBS ile soğutulmuş Eppendorf tüpüne sabit doku aktarın. </li><li> Larvalar yeterli sayıda sabitlenir sonra, bir antikor boyama doğrudan devam edebilir. Derhal boyama arzu edilmediği takdirde, sabit bir larva% 95 etanol ile 3 defa, 5 dakika, her biri yıkanmış ve -20 ° C&#39;de% 95 etanol içinde saklanmalıdır </li></ol> 2. Diseksiyon ve Pupalar Fiksasyonu Bölüm I <ol><li> Üçüncü dönem larva pupariate alıncaya kadar, larva fiksasyon gibi şişelere katılın. Şişeleri pupariated var her saat ve işareti larva inceleyin. İşaretli pupa 29 at 24 ° C veya 24-27 saat sonra 30-40 saat geliştirmek için izin ° C. </li><li> Ince forseps kullanma th 20-30 pupa almake uygun yaş ve karanlık bir porselen çok iyi diseksiyon tabağına koyun. Ilgi dokulara zarar vermemek için dikkatli olun. </li><li> Pupa halinde gelen pupa ayıklayın. Operculum&#39;un soyulmuştu başlayın ve pupa serbest kalıncaya kadar devam eder. Iyi PBT dolu içine pupa koyun. Tüm pupa ayıklanması devam edin. Adımlar 2,4-2,6 bir seferde beş pupa küçük gruplar halinde yapılmalıdır. </li><li> Diseksiyon çanağı kuyuları arasındaki düz bir yüzey üzerine beş pupa yerleştirin. Bir mikro diseksiyon bıçak kullanarak baş ucu kesilir ve karın arka ucu (alternatif olarak, pupa her iki ucunda delik gözyaşı forseps iki çift kullanmak mümkündür). </li><li> Ince forseps kullanılarak yerinde pupa tutun ve ön delikten PBT enjekte edilerek, pupa ve iç organları dışarı yıkamak için 1 ml şırınga kullanın. </li><li> Bir de PBS ile dolu onu batırarak disseke pupa kısaca yıkayın ve buz üzerinde tutulmalıdır bir Eppendorf tüp soğuk fiksatif içine taşıyın. </li><li> 4 de (ON) gece inkübe ° C </li></ol> Bölüm II <ol start="8"><li> Sabitleştirici atın ve PBT ile pupa üç kez, 5 dakika, her biri yıkayın. Buz üzerinde yıkanmış pupa tutun. </li><li> PBT ile diseksiyon çanağı iki kuyu doldurun. Kuyu birine bir polietilen Pasteur pipeti transferi birkaç pupa kullanma. </li><li> Ikinci kuyuya bir defada bir pupa taşıyın. Kanat şeffaf pupa kütikül soyulabilir, mükemmel sıralanmış uçları sivri forseps iki çift Kullanımı: forseps iyi kullanan bir çift altına pupa güvenli ve yavaşça forseps, ikinci çifti kullanılarak kütikül gözyaşı. Bir kez manikür soyulması kanat kapalı, yırtılıyor. Pupa gelen kanat kesmek için dikkatli olun. Kanat bıçaklı kütikül soyulmuştu sonra, kanat menteşe (burada kanat ChOs bulunmaktadır) kütikül soyulması devam ediyor. </li><li> Kanat kütikül soyulmuştu sonra, benzer bir şekilde bacak kütikül soyulmuştu girişiminde bulunabilir.Birçok bacak sürecinde kayıp olması muhtemeldir, ama büyük ölçüde bacak ChOs ve boyama geliştirir yana düşük verim rağmen, bu adımı şiddetle tavsiye edilir. Haltere ve karın ChOs daha kütikül soyulmuştu kalmadan görüntülenebilmekte. </li><li> Metanol ile dolu bir Eppendorf tüp içinde &#39;soyulmuş&#39; pupa yerleştirin ve oda sıcaklığında tutun. Tüm pupası kütikül soyulmuştu devam edin ve aynı tüp ekleyebilirsiniz. En az 10 güzel soyulmuş pupa Her boyama için toplanmalıdır. </li><li> Metanol kaldırmak ve% 95 etanol ile üç kez, 5 dakika, her biri yıkanır. Sabit pupa -20 ° C&#39;de% 95 Etanol içinde uzun süre için muhafaza edilebilir </li></ol> 3. Larva ve Pupa ve İmmünoboyama <ol><li> Oda sıcaklığında PBT üç kere, 30 dakika, her biri ile sabit bir doku yıkanır. Larva dönen bir plaka üzerinde hafif sarsıntı ile yıkanabilir. Pupa sallayarak olmadan yıkanır. </li><li> Engelleme tampon ile (PBT değiştirin PBT +% 5 normal keçi serum) ve 4 ON inkübe ° C </li><li> Engelleme tamponu çıkarın ve 4 ° C&#39;de ON birincil antikorlar (tampon engelleme ile sulandırılmış) ile inkübe </li><li> 3.1 adımda açıklandığı gibi PBT ile dört kez yıkayın. </li><li> 4 ° C&#39;de ON sekonder antikor ile PBT ve inkübe (tampon engelleme ile sulandırılmış) çıkarın </li><li> PBT ile iki kez yıkayın ve bir kez PBS ile 3.1 adım olarak tanımlanmıştır. </li><li> Montaj orta (Dako Floresan Montaj Orta (Dako Cytomation, Glostrup, Danimarka) ve 4 ° C&#39;de inkübe ON PBS değiştirin. </li></ol> 4. Larva montajı <ol><li> Larva kendi manikür aşağı bakacak ve vücut duvarı kasları yukarı bakacak şekilde monte medya damlasının bir mikroskop lamı üzerine monte edilir. Temiz bir kapak kayma montaj orta küçük bir damla koyun ve hazırlık kapsayacak şekilde kullanabilirsiniz. Monte larvaları üzerinde herhangi bir baskı uygulamayın. </li></ol> 5.. Pupa montajı <ol><li> İki mikroskop slaytlar hazırlayınmontaj orta, diseksiyon için bir ve montaj için ikinci bir damla. </li><li> Slaytların birinde birkaç pupa koyun. </li><li> Kullanımı bahar makas baş ve karın arka kısmını kaldırın. </li><li> Kanatları ve bacakları arasındaki kesim tarafından ventral yarısından itibaren toraks dorsal yarısını ayırın. </li><li> Montaj çözümü bir damla ikinci mikroskop lamı üzerine pupa ve disseke vücut parçaları yerleştirin. Kanatlarını ve bacaklarını uzatmış olduğundan emin olun ve dokuların bindirilirken mümkün olduğunca en aza indirmeye çalışın. </li><li> Bir kapak kayma monte orta bir damla koyun ve örnek üzerine yerleştirin. Monte örnek üzerinde baskı uygulamayın. </li></ol> 6. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar Üçüncü dönem larva immüno-lekeli ChOs bir örnek, Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterilmiştir. Bu örnekte sekiz ChOs yedi açıkça görülebilir olduğu bir güzel bir şekilde gerilmiş karın segmenti gösterir. Nöronlar laboratuvarı vardırMAb22C10 (Iowa Üniversitesi&#39;nde Gelişim Çalışmaları Hibridoma Bankası elde 1:20,) ile eLED;. kap, ligaman, kap-eki ve bağ eki hücreleri, anti-αTub85E (1:10, Klein ve ark, etiketli 2010). Floresan boyama için İkincil antikor Cy3 veya Cy5-konjuge anti-mouse/rabbit (1:200, Jackson Immunoresearch Laboratories) idi. Örnekleri konfokal mikroskopi (EKK 510, Zeiss) kullanılarak görüntülendi. Bir 35 saat eski pupa ventral radyal ven azından kanat ChOs bir küme Şekil 2 &#39;de gösterilmiştir. <img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3846/3846fig1.jpg" /> Şekil 1. Tek bir Ch organı oluşturan altı hücre tipleri (A) şematik gösterimi:. Cap eki (CA), kap (C), scolopale (S), nöron (N), bağ (L) ve ligaman eki (LA ). Beş ChOs kümelenmiş edildiği LCh5 organ, yanal enine kas grubu (LT boyunca gerilir1-4). Lateral longitudinal kas (LL1), ventral boyuna kasların (VL1-4) ve lateral oblik kas (LO1) de gösterilmiştir. Tendon hücreleri kahverengi küreler (Klein, et al., 2010 alınmıştır) olarak gösterilmiştir. (B) Üçüncü dönem larva biri karın segment 10X büyütme ile izlenebilir. Her karın segmentte Mevcut sekiz ChOs yedi belirgindir: birlikte pentascolopidial organ (LCh5), tek bir yanal organ (LCh1) ve iki ventral ChOs (VChB) haline getirilmesini, beş yanal organ. ChOs ve nöronlar (N) nöronal marker MAb 22C10 (kırmızı) ile etiketlenir. Ligaman (L), kap (C) ve eki hücreleri (LA, CA) etiketli anti-αTub-85E (mavi). Kap ve ligament hücreleri ayrıca dei lokus (Nachman ve ark., Yayınlanmamış veri) bir düzenleyici eleman barındıran bir ChO özgü GFP muhabiri ile etiketlenir. <img alt="Şekil 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/3846/3846fig2.jpg" /> Şekil 2. </sTrong&gt; ventral radyal ven, kanat chordotonal organların 40X büyütme ile görüntülenebilir. Nöronlar (N) nöronal marker 22C10 (Kırmızı, B) ile işaretlenmiştir. Bağ (L) ve kap (C) hücreleri, anti-αTub85E antikorlar (Mavisi, C) ve bir CHO-belirli bir GFP raportör transgen (Nachman ve ark., Yayınlanmamış veriler) ile birlikte etiketlenir.

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Çıkar çatışması ilan etti.

Bu video açıklanan protokol larva ve pupa aşamalarında proprioseptif ChOs görselleştirmek için bir yol sağlar. Proprioseptif ChOs yapısı ve gelişimi hakkında şimdiye kadar yapılan çalışmalar özellikle embriyonik aşamalarında ve larva hayali diskler sınırlı olmuştur. Böylece, larva ve ergin hem ChOs gelişimi daha sonraki aşamalarında, birçok açıdan, büyük ölçüde bilinmemektedir. Drosophila ortak genetik araçları ile birlikte açıklanan protokol, yeni genlerin ve ChOs geliştirme sonraki aşamalarında rol oynayan yolları belirlemek ve incelemek için kullanılabilir. Bu protokol Cho görüntülenmesi için optimize edilmiştir, ancak bu tür pupal kanat 6 gibi diğer dokulara, bir boyanması için adapte edilebilir.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Reaktif / aracı Adı </td><td> Şirket </td><td> Katalog numarası </td><td> Yorumlar </td></tr><tr><td> Dumont # 5 (veya # 55) forseps, biologie ucu </td><td> FST </td><td> 11252-20 ya 11252-10 (Veya benzeri forseps) </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Austerlitz paslanmaz çelik böcek pimleri, minutiens 0.1mm </td><td> Roboz Cerrahi Alet Co </td><td> RS-6083-10 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Sylgard 184 silikon elastomer kiti </td><td> DOW Corning Corporation </td><td> 240.4019862 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vannas mikro makas (düz, 7.5 cm, bıçak 3mm) </td><td> Mdeizintechnik GmbH AS </td><td> 11-590-00 </td><td> Aynı özellikleriyle Vannas Bahar Makas Roboz Cerrahi Instrument Co satın alınabilir </td></tr><tr><td> Orbital çalkalayıcı - Rotamax-120 </td><td&gt; Heidolph </td><td> N / A </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dako Florasan Orta Montaj </td><td> Dako Cytomation, Glostrup, Danimarka </td><td> DK-5302392 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> X10 PBS formülasyonu </td><td colspan="2"> 2 gr / aydınlatılmış KCl, 2 gr / aydınlatılmış KH 2 PO 4, 80 gr / aydınlatılmış NaCl, 21.7 gr / Na 2 HPO4.7H 2 O yaktı </td><td> PBS kalitesi Bu protokolün başarı için önemlidir </td></tr><tr><td> PBT </td><td colspan="2"> X1 PBS +% 0.1 Tween 20 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

visualization of proprioceptors in drosophila larvae and pupae

Propriyoseptör bünyesinde doğan uyaranlara yanıt vererek vücut parçalarının hareket, ya da pozisyon, hissedebilme yeteneğidir. Fruitflies ve diğer böcekler ise propriosepsiyon chordotonal organlar (ChOs) 2 olarak adlandırılan özel bir duyu organları tarafından sağlanır. Drosophila birçok diğer organları gibi, ChOs sineğin ömrü boyunca iki kez geliştirmek. İlk olarak, larva ChOs embriyogenez sırasında gelişebilir. Sonra yetişkin ChOs larva hayali disklerde geliştirmek ve Başkalaşım sırasında ayırt devam başlar. Embriyogenez sırasında larva ChOs gelişimi yoğun 10,11,13,15,16 çalışılmıştır. Her bir CHO, merkez Bir nöron ve bir scolopale hücre oluşan bir duyu birimidir. Duyumsal ünitesi 1,9,14 özel epidermal ek hücreler yoluyla kütikül eklemek aksesuar hücrelerinin iki tür arasında gerilir. Bir sinek larva hamle, e göreceli ötelemepidermal eki hücreleri duyusal ünitesi ve dendrit 8,12 dış segmentinde belirli geçici reseptör potansiyeli vanilloid (TRPV) kanallarının açılması sonucu uzanan yol açar. Elicited sinyal daha sonra, merkezi sinir sisteminde, merkezi lokomotor şekli oluşturucu devresine aktarılır. Çoklu ChOs yetişkin sinek 7&#39;de tarif edilmiştir. Bunlar erişkin sinek uzantıları (bacak, kanat ve halters) ve eklemlere yakın ve toraks ve batın bulunmaktadır. Buna ek olarak, ChOs birkaç yüz topluca mekanik enerji 3,5,17,4 bu iletiminde de akustik yetişkin anteni Johnston organ oluştururlar. Embriyonik aşamalarında ChOs gelişimi hakkında geniş bilgi aksine, çok az larva dönemlerinde bu organların morfolojisi hakkında bilinmektedir. Ayrıca, femur ChOs hariç 18 ve Johnston organ olan, bizim knowlederişkin sinek ChOs gelişimi ve yapısı hakkında ge çok bölük pörçük olduğunu. Burada Üçüncü dönem larva ve pupa da ChOs boyama ve görselleştirme için bir yöntem açıklanmaktadır. Bu yöntem, iyi karakterize morfoloji ve uçucu çeşitli ChOs gelişimini anlamak için genetik araçları ile birlikte de uygulanabilir.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualization of Proprioceptors in Drosophila Larvae and Pupae at JoVE.com

Visualization of Proprioceptors in Drosophila Larvae and Pupae

Larva ve pupa da chordotonal organları immunostain ve görselleştirmek için bir yöntem<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em&gt; Tarif edilmektedir.

Içinde proprioseptörlere Görselleştirmesi<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larva ve Pupa

Proprioception is the ability to sense the motion, or position, of body parts by responding to stimuli arising within the body. In fruitflies and other ...

visualization-of-proprioceptors-in-drosophila-larvae-and-pupae

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Visualization of Proprioceptors in Drosophila Larvae and Pupae

11.9K Görüntüleme.  Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. Larva ve pupa da chordotonal organları immunostain ve görselleştirmek için bir yöntem Drosophila melanogaster Tarif edilmektedir.

Video: Visualization of Proprioceptors in Drosophila Larvae and Pupae

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding fundamental biological mechanisms. Striking progress has been particularly evident in Drosophila, whose extensive toolkit of mutants and transgenic lines provides a convenient model to study evolutionarily-conserved developmental and cell biological mechanisms. We are interested in understanding the mechanisms that control cell fate specification in the adult peripheral nervous system (PNS) in Drosophila. Bristles that cover the head, thorax, abdomen, legs and wings of the adult fly are individual mechanosensory organs, and have been studied as a model system for understanding mechanisms of Notch-dependent cell fate decisions. Sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells of the microchaetes (or small bristles), are distributed throughout the epithelium of the pupal thorax, and are specified during the first 12 hours after the onset of pupariation. After specification, the SOP cells begin to divide, segregating the cell fate determinant Numb to one daughter cell during mitosis. Numb functions as a cell-autonomous inhibitor of the Notch signaling pathway.
Here, we show a method to follow protein dynamics in SOP cell and its progeny within the intact pupal thorax using a combination of tissue-specific Gal4 drivers and GFP-tagged fusion proteins 1,2.This technique has the advantage over fixed tissue or cultured explants because it allows us to follow the entire development of an organ from specification of the neural precursor to growth and terminal differentiation of the organ. We can therefore directly correlate changes in cell behavior to changes in terminal differentiation. Moreover, we can combine the live imaging technique with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) system to assess the dynamics of tagged proteins in mitotic SOPs under mutant or wildtype conditions. Using this technique, we and others have revealed novel insights into regulation of asymmetric cell division and the control of Notch signaling activation in SOP cells (examples include references 1-6,7 ,8).

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

In this video, we describe a method for live cell imaging of asymmetrically dividing sensory organ progenitor cells and epidermal cells in intact Drosophila pupae

Bozulmamış Duyu Organ Öncü Hücreler Canlı hücre Görüntüleme Drosophila Pupa

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding ...

Nörobilim

Local and Global Methods of Assessing Thermal Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

In this article, we demonstrate assays to study thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae. One assay involves spatially-restricted (local) stimulation of thermal nociceptors1,2 while the second involves a wholesale (global) activation of most or all such neurons3. Together, these techniques allow visualization and quantification of the behavioral functions of Drosophila nociceptive sensory neurons.
The Drosophila larva is an established model system to study thermal nociception, a sensory response to potentially harmful temperatures that is evolutionarily conserved across species1,2. The advantages of Drosophila for such studies are the relative simplicity of its nervous system and the sophistication of the genetic techniques that can be used to dissect the molecular basis of the underlying biology4-6 In Drosophila, as in all metazoans, the response to noxious thermal stimuli generally involves a "nocifensive" aversive withdrawal to the presented stimulus7. Such stimuli are detected through free nerve endings or nociceptors and the amplitude of the organismal response depends on the number of nociceptors receiving the noxious stimulus8. In Drosophila, it is the class IV dendritic arborization sensory neurons that detect noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli9 in addition to their recently discovered role as photoreceptors10. These neurons, which have been very well studied at the developmental level, arborize over the barrier epidermal sheet and make contacts with nearly all epidermal cells11,12. The single axon of each class IV neuron projects into the ventral nerve cord of the central nervous system11 where they may connect to second-order neurons that project to the brain.
Under baseline conditions, nociceptive sensory neurons will not fire until a relatively high threshold is reached. The assays described here allow the investigator to quantify baseline behavioral responses or, presumably, the sensitization that ensues following tissue damage. Each assay provokes distinct but related locomotory behavioral responses to noxious thermal stimuli and permits the researcher to visualize and quantify various aspects of thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae. The assays can be applied to larvae of desired genotypes or to larvae raised under different environmental conditions that might impact nociception. Since thermal nociception is conserved across species, the findings gleaned from genetic dissection in Drosophila will likely inform our understanding of thermal nociception in other species, including vertebrates.

Local and Global Methods of Assessing Thermal Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

In this article, we demonstrate assays to study thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae. One assay involves spatially-restricted (local) stimulation of thermal nociceptors1,2 while the second involves a wholesale (global) activation of most or all such neurons3. Together, these techniques allow visualization and quantification of the behavioral functions of Drosophila nociceptive sensory neurons.

Termal nosisepsiyon değerlendirilmesi Yerel ve Küresel Yöntemleri<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larva

In this article, we demonstrate assays to study thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae. One assay involves spatially-restricted (local) stimulation of ...

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

In the following we describe the methodological details of appetitive associative olfactory learning in Drosophila larvae. The setup, in combination with genetic interference, provides a handle to analyze the neuronal and molecular fundamentals of specifically associative learning in a simple larval brain.
Organisms can use past experience to adjust present behavior. Such acquisition of behavioral potential can be defined as learning, and the physical bases of these potentials as memory traces1-4. Neuroscientists try to understand how these processes are organized in terms of molecular and neuronal changes in the brain by using a variety of methods in model organisms ranging from insects to vertebrates5,6. For such endeavors it is helpful to use model systems that are simple and experimentally accessible. The Drosophila larva has turned out to satisfy these demands based on the availability of robust behavioral assays, the existence of a variety of transgenic techniques and the elementary organization of the nervous system comprising only about 10,000 neurons (albeit with some concessions: cognitive limitations, few behavioral options, and richness of experience questionable)7-10.
Drosophila larvae can form associations between odors and appetitive gustatory reinforcement like sugar11-14. In a standard assay, established in the lab of B. Gerber, animals receive a two-odor reciprocal training: A first group of larvae is exposed to an odor A together with a gustatory reinforcer (sugar reward) and is subsequently exposed to an odor B without reinforcement 9. Meanwhile a second group of larvae receives reciprocal training while experiencing odor A without reinforcement and subsequently being exposed to odor B with reinforcement (sugar reward). In the following both groups are tested for their preference between the two odors. Relatively higher preferences for the rewarded odor reflect associative learning - presented as a performance index (PI). The conclusion regarding the associative nature of the performance index is compelling, because apart from the contingency between odors and tastants, other parameters, such as odor and reward exposure, passage of time and handling do not differ between the two groups9.

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

Drosophila larvae are able to associate odor stimuli with gustatory reward. Here we describe a simple behavioral paradigm that allows the analysis of appetitive associative olfactory learning.

In iştahlı İlişkilendirilebilir Olfaktör Öğrenme<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larva

In the following we describe the methodological  details of appetitive associative olfactory learning in Drosophila larvae. The setup, in combination with ...

Light Preference Assay to Study Innate and Circadian Regulated Photobehavior in Drosophila Larvae

Light acts as environmental signal to control animal behavior at various levels. The Drosophila larval nervous system is used as a unique model to answer basic questions on how light information is processed and shared between rapid and circadian behaviors. Drosophila larvae display a stereotypical avoidance behavior when exposed to light. To investigate light dependent behaviors comparably simple light-dark preference tests can be applied. In vertebrates and arthropods the neural pathways involved in sensing and processing visual inputs partially overlap with those processing photic circadian information. The fascinating question of how the light sensing system and the circadian system interact to keep behavioral outputs coordinated remains largely unexplored. Drosophila is an impacting biological model to approach these questions, due to a small number of neurons in the brain and the availability of genetic tools for neuronal manipulation. The presented light-dark preference assay allows the investigation of a range of visual behaviors including circadian control of phototaxis.

Light Preference Assay to Study Innate and Circadian Regulated Photobehavior in Drosophila Larvae

Here we describe a light-dark preference test for Drosophila larva. This assay provides information about innate and circadian regulation of light sensing and processing photobehavior.

Içinde Doğuştan gelen ve sirkadiyen Ayarlı Photobehavior Eğitim ışık tercih Testi<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larva

Light acts as environmental signal to control animal behavior at various levels. The Drosophila larval nervous system is used as a unique model to answer ...

Optogenetic Perturbation of Neural Activity with Laser Illumination in Semi-intact Drosophila Larvae in Motion

Drosophila larval locomotion is a splendid model system in developmental and physiological neuroscience, by virtue of the genetic accessibility of the underlying neuronal components in the circuits1-6. Application of optogenetics7,8 in the larval neural circuit allows us to manipulate neuronal activity in spatially and temporally patterned ways9-13. Typically, specimens are broadly illuminated with a mercury lamp or LED, so specificity of the target neurons is controlled by binary gene expression systems such as the Gal4-UAS system14,15. In this work, to improve the spatial resolution to "sub-genetic resolution", we locally illuminated a subset of neurons in the ventral nerve cord using lasers implemented in a conventional confocal microscope. While monitoring the motion of the body wall of the semi-intact larvae, we interactively activated or inhibited neural activity with channelrhodopsin16,17 or halorhodopsin18-20, respectively. By spatially and temporally restricted illumination of the neural tissue, we can manipulate the activity of specific neurons in the circuit at a specific phase of behavior. This method is useful for studying the relationship between the activities of a local neural assembly in the ventral nerve cord and the spatiotemporal pattern of motor output.

Optogenetic Perturbation of Neural Activity with Laser Illumination in Semi-intact Drosophila Larvae in Motion

Here we describe a protocol for optogenetic manipulation of motoneuronal activity while monitoring changes in motor output (muscle contraction) in semi-intact Drosophila larvae using lasers within a conventional confocal microscope. This technique enables researchers to achieve local perturbation of neural activity in a few neuromeres to elucidate the dynamics of motor circuits.

Yarı sağlam Lazer Aydınlatma ile Sinir Faaliyet optogenetic Pertürbasyon<em&gt; Drosophila</emMotion&gt; Larva

Drosophila larval locomotion is a splendid model system in developmental and physiological neuroscience, by virtue of the genetic accessibility of the ...

Foraging Path-length Protocol for Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

The Drosophila melanogaster larval path-length phenotype is an established measure used to study the genetic and environmental contributions to behavioral variation. The larval path-length assay was developed to measure individual differences in foraging behavior that were later linked to the foraging gene. Larval path-length is an easily scored trait that facilitates the collection of large sample sizes, at minimal cost, for genetic screens. Here we provide a detailed description of the current protocol for the larval path-length assay first used by Sokolowski. The protocol details how to reproducibly handle test animals, perform the behavioral assay and analyze the data. An example of how the assay can be used to measure behavioral plasticity in response to environmental change, by manipulating feeding environment prior to performing the assay, is also provided. Finally, appropriate test design as well as environmental factors that can modify larval path-length such as food quality, developmental age and day effects are discussed.

Foraging Path-length Protocol for Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

We provide a detailed protocol for a Drosophila melanogaster foraging path-length assay. We discuss the preparation and handling of test animals, how to perform the assay and analyze the data.

için yiyecek arama yolu uzunluğu Protokolü<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em&gt; Larva

The Drosophila melanogaster larval path-length phenotype is an established measure used to study the genetic and environmental contributions to behavioral ...

Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

How organisms sense and respond to noxious temperatures is still poorly understood. Further, the mechanisms underlying sensitization of the sensory machinery, such as in patients experiencing peripheral neuropathy or injury-induced sensitization, are not well characterized. The genetically tractable Drosophila model has been used to study the cells and genes required for noxious heat detection, which has yielded multiple conserved genes of interest. Little is known however about the cells and receptors important for noxious cold sensing. Although, Drosophila does not survive prolonged exposure to cold temperatures (&#8804;10 &#186;C), and will avoid cool, preferring warmer temperatures in behavioral preference assays, how they sense and possibly avoid noxious cold stimuli has only recently been investigated.
Here we describe and characterize the first noxious cold (&#8804;10 &#186;C) behavioral assay in Drosophila. Using this tool and assay, we show an investigator how to qualitatively and quantitatively assess cold nociceptive behaviors. This can be done under normal/healthy culture conditions, or presumably in the context of disease, injury or sensitization. Further, this assay can be applied to larvae selected for desired genotypes, which might impact thermosensation, pain, or nociceptive sensitization. Given that pain is a highly conserved process, using this assay to further study&#160;thermal nociception will likely glean important understanding of pain processes in other species, including vertebrates.

Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Here we demonstrate a novel assay to study cold nociception in Drosophila larvae. This assay utilizes a custom-built Peltier probe capable of applying a focal noxious cold stimulus and results in quantifiable cold-specific behaviors. This technique will allow further cellular and molecular dissection of cold nociception.

Soğuk nosisepsiyon için Roman Tahlili<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larva

How organisms sense and respond to noxious temperatures is still poorly understood. Further, the mechanisms underlying sensitization of the sensory ...

A Temperature Gradient Assay to Determine Thermal Preferences of Drosophila Larvae

Many animals, including the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, are capable of discriminating minute differences in&#160;environmental temperature, which enables them to seek out their preferred thermal landscape. To define the temperature preferences of larvae over a defined linear range, we developed an assay using a temperature gradient. To establish a single-directional gradient, two aluminum blocks are connected to independent water baths, each of which controls the temperature of individual blocks. The two blocks set the lower and upper limits of the gradient. The temperature gradient is established by placing an agarose-coated aluminum plate over the two water-controlled blocks so that the plate spans the distance between them. The ends of the aluminum plate that is set on the top of the water blocks defines the minimum and maximum temperatures, and the regions in-between the two blocks form a linear temperature gradient. The gradient assay can be applied to&#160;larvae of different ages and can be used to identify mutants that exhibit phenotypes, such as those with mutations affecting genes encoding TRP channels and opsins, which are required for temperature discrimination.

A Temperature Gradient Assay to Determine Thermal Preferences of Drosophila Larvae

Here, we present a protocol to determine the preferred environmental temperature of Drosophila larvae using a continuous thermal gradient.

Drosophila larva termal tercihlerini belirlemek için bir sıcaklık gradyanı tahlil

Many animals, including the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, are capable of discriminating minute differences in&#160;environmental temperature, which ...

Optimizing Sample Preparation Process for Transmission Electron Microscopy of Neuromuscular Junctions in Drosophila Larvae

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) has emerged as a valuable model system in the field of neuroscience. The application of confocal microscopy at the Drosophila NMJ enables researchers to acquire synaptic information, encompassing both quantitative data on synapse abundance and detailed insights into their morphology. However, the diffuse distribution and limited visual range of the TEM present challenges for the ultrastructural analysis. This study introduces an innovative and efficient sample preparation method that surpasses the conventional approach. The procedure begins by placing a metal mesh at the base of a flat-bottomed bottle or test tube, followed by positioning fixed larvae samples onto the mesh. An additional mesh is placed over the samples, ensuring that they are positioned between the two meshes. The fixed samples are thoroughly dehydrated and infiltrated before proceeding with the embedding procedure. Then embedding of the samples in epoxy resin is performed in a flat sheet manner, which allows for the preparation of muscles for positioning and sectioning. Benefiting from these steps, all the muscles of Drosophila larvae can be visualized under light microscopy, therey facilitating subsequent positioning and sectioning. Excess resin is removed after locating the 6th and 7th muscles of body segments A2 and A3. Serial ultra-thin sectioning of the 6th or 7th muscle is performed.

Optimizing Sample Preparation Process for Transmission Electron Microscopy of Neuromuscular Junctions in Drosophila Larvae

This report provides a new sample preparation procedure for visualizing neuromuscular junctions in Drosophila Larvae. This method is more effective in preventing the curling of the samples compared to the traditional method and is particularly useful for Drosophila neuromuscular junction ultrastructural analysis.

Drosophila larvalarında nöromüsküler kavşakların transmisyon elektron mikroskobu için numune hazırlama sürecinin optimize edilmesi

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) has emerged as a valuable model system in the field of neuroscience. The application of confocal microscopy at ...

Drosophila Nöromüsküler Kavşaklarda ve Kas Hücrelerinde Mikrotübül Ağlarının Görüntülenmesi

Using Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Cells to Visualize Microtubule Network

The microtubule network is an essential component of the nervous system. Mutations in many microtubules regulatory proteins are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and neurological diseases, such as microtubule-associated protein Tau to neurodegenerative diseases, microtubule severing protein Spastin and Katanin 60 cause hereditary spastic paraplegia and neurodevelopmental abnormalities, respectively. Detection of microtubule networks in neurons is advantageous for elucidating the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. However, the small size of neurons and the dense arrangement of axonal microtubule bundles make visualizing the microtubule networks challenging. In this study, we describe a method for dissection of the larval neuromuscular junction and muscle cells, as well as immunostaining of &#945;-tubulin and microtubule-associated protein Futsch to visualize microtubule networks in Drosophila melanogaster. The neuromuscular junction permits us to observe both pre-and post-synaptic microtubules, and the large size of muscle cells in Drosophila larva allows for clear visualization of the microtubule network. Here, by mutating and overexpressing Katanin 60 in Drosophila melanogaster,&#160;and then examining the microtubule networks in the neuromuscular junction and muscle cells, we&#160;accurately reveal the regulatory role of Katanin 60 in neurodevelopment. Therefore, combined with the powerful genetic tools of Drosophila&#160;melanogaster, this protocol greatly facilitates genetic screening and microtubule dynamics analysis for the role of microtubule network regulatory proteins in the nervous system.

Yazar Spotlight: Drosophila nöromüsküler kavşaklarında mikrotübül ağını anlamak 

Here, we present a detailed protocol to visualize the microtubule networks in neuromuscular junctions and muscle cells. Combined with the powerful genetic tools of Drosophila melanogaster, this protocol greatly facilitates genetic screening and microtubule-dynamics analysis for the role of microtubule network regulatory proteins in the nervous system.

Methods Article

Içinde proprioseptörlere Görselleştirmesi