Bu eser modelleme plazma, ortamlar ve kozmik toz (etkisi) için NASA/SSERVI'ın Enstitüsü tarafından ve NASA'ın güneş sistemleri çalışma programı tarafından desteklenmiştir (vermek sayı: NNX16AO81G).

1. vakum odası kurulumu
<ol><li>Bir yalıtım kauçuk sayfadan (0.2 cm kalınlığında, 5 cm çapında) merkez deliği 1.9 cm çapında bir yalıtım plaka (2 cm kalınlığında ve 20 cm çapında) üzerinde konumlandırın (şekil 2a, b). Yalıtım, düzensiz şekilli toz parçacıkları (arasında 10 ve 50 mikron çapında) deliğe yerleştirin.</li>
	<li>Bir vakum odasının ortasında bir metal plaka ayakta ısı yalıtım plakası yerleştirin. Elektrikli seramik standoffs kullanarak odası metal plaka izole et.</li>
	<li>Vakum pompaları (mekanik roughing pompası tarafından desteklenen bir turbo pompa) açmak temel baskısı ulaşmak için ~ 10-6 Torr. Gösteren deneyler bir silindirik paslanmaz çelik vakum odasında, 50 cm çapında ve 28 cm boyunda (Şekil 2 c) gerçekleştirilir.</li>
	<li>Toz hareket ve 30 kare/sn (fps) normal hızında veya bir yüksek hızlı (> 2000 fps) fotoğraf makinesi, video kamera ile lofting kaydedin. Eşdeğer maksimum aydınlatmalı bir LED ışık kullanımı > 500W iyi kalitede video kaydı için toz parçacıklarının üzerinde yeterli aydınlatma üretmek için ışık incandesce. Not: kauçuk kameraya ışık yansıması en aza indirir, koyu renk nedeniyle kullanmaktır. Açık renkli toz parçacıkları daha iyi renk kontrast koyu kauçuk yüzeye nedeniyle fotoğraf çekmek için kullanılır. Kalın ısı yalıtım levha toz şarj ve seferberlik yalıtım levha yüzeyine ve metal plaka arasında elektrik alanının etkisi ortadan kaldırılması için kullanılır. Bu gösteride, Mars simulant (JSC-Mars-1, elenmiş 38-48 mikron ortalama çapı, 1.9 g/cm-3 , kütle yoğunluğu ve büyük kompozisyon SiO2 28) kullanılmış, hangi iç havasız organlarının genel regolith toz benzer Güneş sistemi. Ay simulant (JSC-1), ay simulant Yaylası (LHT) ve saf silika toz gibi toz parçacıklarının yalıtım çeşitli başka türleri de denendi.</li>
</ol>2. termik plazma elektron ışını ile maruz
<ol><li>Bir thoriated tungsten filament eklemek (0.1 mm kalınlığında ve ~ 3 cm uzunluğunda) bir elektrot feedthrough için ve install o üstünde odası. O zaman pompa aşağı temel basınç odası.</li>
	<li>Argon gazı baskısı için vakum odası doldurmak ~ 0.5 mTorr.</li>
	<li>Güç kaynakları üzerinde açın ve önyargı voltaj -120 V filaman için ayarlayın.</li>
	<li>Geçerli Isıtma için Isıtma voltajı yükseltin ~ geçerli emisyon istediğiniz değeri (birkaç mA) ulaşıncaya kadar 2A. 120 eV enerji enerjik elektron filaman yayılan. Not: Bu kiriş gibi birincil elektron tarafsız argon atom, onları iyonize neden ve bir plazma elektron sıcaklığı yaklaşık 2 eV ile oluşturma etkisi. Birincil ışın elektronlar büyük bir kısmı doğrudan ile nötr atomların çarpışma olmadan tozlu yüzeye ulaşır. Toz parçacıkları bu nedenle her iki termik plazma ve ışın elektron için sunulur.</li>
	<li>Enerjik ışın elektronların rol toz taşımacılığında göstermek için toz parçacıklarının üzerinde termal bir plazma oluşturma alternatif bir işlemi kullanın.<ol>
<li>Bir alternatif filaman odası önyargı voltaj ile alt -40 V ve emisyon 400 kadar geçerli açmak mA (şekil 2a). Filaman yayılan birincil elektronlar metal plaka üzerinde toz parçacıkları (şekil 2a, b) dinlenme hakaret plaka aşağıda tarafından durdurulur.</li>
		<li>Yüzey üzerinde elektrik alanı değiştirmek için geçerli emisyon değişir. Daha yüksek akım yüksek plazma yoğunluğu, ince kılıf ve böylece daha büyük elektrik alanı oluşturur.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. sadece elektron ışına maruz
<ol><li>Deneme üst filament kullanarak yukarıdaki deneyde açıklandığı gibi ayarlayın.</li>
	<li>Temel baskı 10-6 Torr altında üst filaman açın (i.e., argon gazı beslenen odasında). Sadece 120 eV ışın elektron filaman bombardıman toz parçacıklarının yayılan iken hiçbir plazma oluşturulur.</li>
	<li>Filaman iki farklı modlarda çalışır.<ol>
<li>Önyargı voltaj -120 V, daha sonra geçerli emisyon birkaç mA ulaşıncaya kadar Isıtma voltajı yükseltin.</li>
		<li>İstenen Isıtma geçerli ulaşmak için Isıtma voltajı yükseltin ~ 2 A, daha sonra artırmak için elektron bir emisyon akımı birkaç Ma ile yayılmasını sağlamak için yavaş yavaş -120 V 0 V gerilim önyargı.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. UV radyasyon sadece maruz
<ol><li>En iyi filaman bir UV lamba (şekil 2b) ve temel basınç odasına aşağı pompa ile değiştirin. UV 172 nm dalga boyu ışık yayan bir xenon excimer Osram lamba kullanın. Karşılık gelen foton enerji olduğunu 7.2 eV, toz yüzey çalışma fonksiyonu büyük (~ 5,5 eV) photoelectrons yayarlar için. Not: Daha kısa dalga boyları daha yüksek enerji fotonlar yayar UV toz parçacıkları ve bu nedenle daha fazla seferberlik yamalı şarj modeli26,27tarihinde dayalı, daha fazla masraf yaratması bekleniyor.</li>
	<li>Toz parçacıklarının yaymak için UV lamba açmak. Örnek, foton olma 40 mW/cm-2 UV kaynağında olduğu ve ~ 16 mW/cm-2 tozlu yüzeyde.</li>
</ol>

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Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Yıllardır, regolith havasız organlarının Elektrostatik toz araçta sorun açık nasıl regolith toz parçacıklarının seferber kazandırıyor ya da olmak için yeterince büyük ücretleri kazanmak bir soru kaldı. Son laboratuvar çalışmaları26,27 temelde bu sorun anlayış gelişmiş.
Toz şarj ve seferberlik termik plazma elektron ışın, ışın elektronlar yalnızca veya UV radyasyon sadece göstermek için gösterdiği...

Ay ve asteroitler, gibi havasız gezegen organları regolith denilen ince toz parçacıkları ile kaplıdır. Dünya, aksine havasız cesetleri doğrudan güneş rüzgarı plazma ve regolith tahsil toza neden güneş ultraviyole (UV) radyasyon maruz kalır. Bunlar toz parçacıkları bu nedenle seferber, kazandırıyor, taşınan, hatta atılır ve Elektrostatik kuvvetler nedeniyle yüzeyinden kaybettim ücret. İlk kanıt Elektrostatik bu sürecin sözde önerdi "ay ufuk kurdu", kısa bir süre güneş battıktan sonra Surveyor 5, 6 ve 7 uzay aracı tarafından beş yıl önce (Şekil 1a) gözlenen Batı ufuk yukarıda ayrı bir parlaklık1, 2,3. Bu ışıma kapalı kazandırıyor Elektrostatik toz parçacıkları (5 mikron RADIUS) bir yüksekliğe < 1 m ay Terminatör1,2,3yakınındaki yüzey üzerinde dağınık güneş ışığı sebebi olan. Elektrostatik yayımlanan ince toz da Apollo astronotları4,5tarafından bildirilen bir yüksek irtifa ulaşan ray benzeri flamalar sorumlu önerildi.
Satürn ün Radyal konuşmacı gibi bu Apollo gözlemler, havasız diğer organları üzerinde gözlem bir dizi Ayrıca Elektrostatik toz seferberlik mekanizmalarına bağlı veya lofting yaşından beri6,7, yüzük 8, asteroid Eros (Şekil 1b)9 üzerinde toz göletler ve kuyruklu yıldız 67 P10, gözenekli yüzeyler ana kemer asteroit spectra11, belirtilen alışılmadık derecede pürüzsüz yüzeyi Satürn ün buzlu ay Atlas12ve regolith ay swirls13. Buna ek olarak, lazer retroreflectors ay yüzeyinde bozulması de kazandırıyor Elektrostatik toz14birikimi tarafından neden olabilir.
Laboratuar çalışmaları büyük ölçüde taşıma ve toz şarj fiziksel süreçleri anlamak için bu sıradışı uzay gözlem tarafından motive edilmiş. Toz seferberlik içinde toz parçacıklarının kapalı plazma kaplamalar17' uçurmuş ve hem iletken ve izolasyon üzerinde taşımak için kaydedilmiş bir cam kürenin yüzey15,16, dökmek çeşitli plazma koşullarda gözlenen yüzeyler18,19,20,21. Ancak, ne kadar toz parçacıkları kazandırıyor ya da seferber için yeterince büyük ücretleri kazanmak kötü anlaşılır kaldı. Pürüzsüz bir yüzey22 bireysel toz parçacıkları ile ortalama ücret yoğunluk Plazmaları batırma bir yüzey tozlu23 ücretlerinden ölçümleri suçlamaları kazandırıyor ya da seferber toz parçacıkları için çok çok küçük olduğunu göstermektedir.
Önceki teorileri16,24,25, şarj sadece doğrudan UV veya plazma maruz üst yüzey tabaka oluştuğu kabul edildi. Ücretleri kez düzgün tüm tozlu yüzey üzerinde Yanidağıtılmak üzere kabul edilir., her bireysel toz parçacık ücret, sözde "ücret modeli paylaşılan"16tarafından açıklanan aynı miktarda satın aldı. Ancak, bu modelden hesaplanan masraflar yalnız yerçekimi kuvveti çok daha küçüktür. Elektron ve yüzey16,24 iyonları Cerayanlar Stokastik süreç zamansal bir geliştirme Elektrostatik kuvvet gösterir, ama karşılaştırma için küçük kalır hesapları bir ücret dalgalanma teorisi yerçekimi kuvveti.
Bu yazıda, elektrostatik toz lofting ve hareketlilik gösterdi üç son zamanlarda kullanarak deneyler26, havasız gezegen organlarının regolith araçta toz anlamak için önemli olan geliştirdi. Bu deneyler termik plazma elektron ışın, ışın elektronlar yalnızca veya UV radyasyon sadece şartları gerçekleştirilir. Bu deneyler son zamanlarda geliştirilen "yamalı şarj modeli"26,27geçerliliğini göstermek, hangi microcavities arasında oluşan toz parçacıklarının yüzeyin altında komşu verilmiş fotoğraf yeniden emebilir ve/veya ikincil elektronlar, büyük üreten ücretleri komşu toz parçacıklarının yüzeylerde negatif. Bu negatif ücretleri arasında itici güçleri seferber ya da toz parçacıklarının Asansör için büyük hale gelebilir.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Vacuum chamber</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum electrode feedthrough</td><td>Lesker</td><td>EFT0113053</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tungsten filament (0.1 mm thick)</td><td>Goodfellow</td><td>W055250</td><td>Thoriated</td></tr><tr><td>Power supply #1 (0-8V, 3A)</td><td>Agilent</td><td>E3610A</td><td>Or equivalent</td></tr><tr><td>Power supply #2 (0-140V, 0.5A)</td><td>Agilent</td><td>E3612A</td><td>Or equivalent</td></tr><tr><td>UV lamp</td><td>Osram</td><td>XERADEX L40/120/SB-SX48/KF50HV</td><td>Or equivalent</td></tr><tr><td>Dust sample</td><td>Any</td><td>Mars or Lunar simulants or other types</td><td>Irregularly-shaped, sieved, insulating</td></tr><tr><td>Insulating plate</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>Thickness &gt; 1 cm</td></tr><tr><td>Rubber sheet</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>Thickness &gt; 1 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Metal plate</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ceramic stands</td><td>McMaster</td><td>94335A130</td><td>1/2&quot; diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Video camera (consumer)</td><td>Panasonic</td><td>HC-VX870</td><td>Or equivalent</td></tr><tr><td>Video camera (high-speed)</td><td>Phantom</td><td>V2512</td><td>&gt; 1000 fps</td></tr><tr><td>LED lamp</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>&gt; 500W Tungsten Equivalent</td></tr></tbody></table>

experimental methods of dust charging and mobilization on surfaces with exposure to ultraviolet radiation or plasmas

Elektrostatik toz taşıma gözlem gezegen olağandışı olayların bir dizi açıklamaya onaylanmadığına karar. Burada, üç son zamanlarda kullanarak hangi toz parçacıkları termik plazma elektron ışını, ışın elektronlar yalnızca veya sadece ultraviyole (UV) ışınlarına maruz deneyler geliştirilen uygulaması gösterilmiştir. UV ışık kaynağı dalgaboyu 172 merkezli bir dar bant genişliği vardır nm. 120 eV enerji ışını elektron bir olumsuz önyargılı sıcak filament ile oluşturulur. Vakum odası argon gazı ile dolu bir termik plazma elektron ışını ek olarak oluşturulur. Birkaç mikron çapında onlarca yalıtım toz parçacıkları deneylerinde kullanılır. Toz parçacıkları için başlatmak hız 1 m/s ile birkaç santimetre kadar bir yükseklik kazandırıyor için kaydedilir. Bu deneyler fotoğraf ve/veya ikincil elektron emisyon tozlu bir yüzey toz parçacıklarının şarj mekanizması değişiklikler göstermektedir. Son zamanlarda geliştirilen "ücret modeli yamalı", göre verilmiş elektron microcavities komşu toz parçacıkları gelişmiş negatif ücretleri birikimi çevreleyen toz neden yüzeyden arasında içinde yeniden absorbe edilebilir parçacıklar. Bunlar arasında itici güçleri olumsuz parçacıklar Mobilize etmek ve onları yüzeyden kaldırmak için büyük olabilir ücret. Bu deneyler tozlu yüzeylerde toz şarj ve taşıma gelişmiş anlayışı sunmak ve havasız gezegen organları yüzey gelişiminde rolü gelecekteki araştırmalar için bir temeli atıldı.

Deneyler bir dizi gerçekleştirilen üst veya alt filamentler kullanarak. En iyi filaman Kur'a toz parçacıkları atlamalı kaydedildi (şekil 3a). Buna ek olarak, toz parçacıklarının alt filaman kullanırken istirahat kaldı. Yüzeyde dikey elektrik alanı yaklaşık olarak aynı (16 V/cm) protokolü adım 226yılında açıklanan koşullar altında her iki deneylerde yapıldı ölçülen. Bu sonuçlar nedeniyle kılıf elektrik...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas at JoVE.com

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

Toz şarj ve seferberlik termik plazma elektron ışını, ışın elektronlar yalnızca veya sadece ultraviyole (UV) ışınlarına maruz kalma ile üç deneylerde gösterdi. Bu deneyler Elektrostatik toz taşıma gelişmiş anlayış ve havasız gezegen organları yüzeylerin şekillenmesinde rolü mevcut.

Toz şarj ve ultraviyole radyasyon veya plazmasının maruz kalma ile yüzeylerde seferberlik deneysel yöntemleri

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using ...

experimental-methods-dust-charging-mobilization-on-surfaces-with

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Environment

8.1K Görüntüleme.  University of Colorado. Toz şarj ve seferberlik termik plazma elektron ışını, ışın elektronlar yalnızca veya sadece ultraviyole (UV) ışınlarına maruz kalma ile üç deneylerde gösterdi. Bu deneyler Elektrostatik toz taşıma gelişmiş anlayış ve havasız gezegen organları yüzeylerin şekillenmesinde rolü mevcut.

Video: Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

Investigation of Early Plasma Evolution Induced by Ultrashort Laser Pulses

Early plasma is generated owing to high intensity laser irradiation of target and the subsequent target material ionization. Its dynamics plays a significant role in laser-material interaction, especially in the air environment1-11.
Early plasma evolution has been captured through pump-probe shadowgraphy1-3 and interferometry1,4-7. However, the studied time frames and applied laser parameter ranges are limited. For example, direct examinations of plasma front locations and electron number densities within a delay time of 100 picosecond (ps) with respect to the laser pulse peak are still very few, especially for the ultrashort pulse of a duration around 100 femtosecond (fs) and a low power density around 1014 W/cm2. Early plasma generated under these conditions has only been captured recently with high temporal and spatial resolutions12. The detailed setup strategy and procedures of this high precision measurement will be illustrated in this paper. The rationale of the measurement is optical pump-probe shadowgraphy: one ultrashort laser pulse is split to a pump pulse and a probe pulse, while the delay time between them can be adjusted by changing their beam path lengths. The pump pulse ablates the target and generates the early plasma, and the probe pulse propagates through the plasma region and detects the non-uniformity of electron number density. In addition, animations are generated using the calculated results from the simulation model of Ref. 12 to illustrate the plasma formation and evolution with a very high resolution (0.04 ~ 1 ps).
Both the experimental method and the simulation method can be applied to a broad range of time frames and laser parameters. These methods can be used to examine the early plasma generated not only from metals, but also from semiconductors and insulators.

An experimental method to examine the early plasma evolution induced by ultrashort laser pulses is described. Using this method, high quality images of early plasma are obtained with high temporal and spatial resolutions. A novel integrated atomistic model is used to simulate and explain the mechanisms of early plasma.

Erken Plazma Evrim Araştırılması ultrashort Lazer Bakliyat Bağlı

Early plasma is generated owing to high intensity laser irradiation of target and the subsequent target material ionization. Its dynamics plays a ...

Mühendislik

Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry With Tunable Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) Synchrotron Radiation

Tunable soft ionization coupled to mass spectroscopy is a powerful method to investigate isolated molecules, complexes and clusters and their spectroscopy and dynamics1-4. Fundamental studies of photoionization processes of biomolecules provide information about the electronic structure of these systems. Furthermore determinations of ionization energies and other properties of biomolecules in the gas phase are not trivial, and these experiments provide a platform to generate these data. We have developed a thermal vaporization technique coupled with supersonic molecular beams that provides a gentle way to transport these species into the gas phase. Judicious combination of source gas and temperature allows for formation of dimers and higher clusters of the DNA bases. The focus of this particular work is on the effects of non-covalent interactions, i.e., hydrogen bonding, stacking, and electrostatic interactions, on the ionization energies and proton transfer of individual biomolecules, their complexes and upon micro-hydration by water1, 5-9.
We have performed experimental and theoretical characterization of the photoionization dynamics of gas-phase uracil and 1,3-dimethyluracil dimers using molecular beams coupled with synchrotron radiation at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline10 located at the Advanced Light Source and the experimental details are visualized here. This allowed us to observe the proton transfer in 1,3-dimethyluracil dimers, a system with pi stacking geometry and with no hydrogen bonds1. Molecular beams provide a very convenient and efficient way to isolate the sample of interest from environmental perturbations which in return allows accurate comparison with electronic structure calculations11, 12. By tuning the photon energy from the synchrotron, a photoionization efficiency (PIE) curve can be plotted which informs us about the cationic electronic states. These values can then be compared to theoretical models and calculations and in turn, explain in detail the electronic structure and dynamics of the investigated species 1, 3.

Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry With Tunable Vacuum Ultraviolet VUV Synchrotron Radiation

A molecular beam coupled to tunable vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometer at a synchrotron provides a convenient tool to explore the electronic structure of isolated gas phase molecules and clusters. Proton transfer mechanisms in DNA base dimers were elucidated with this technique.

Ayarlanabilir Vakum Ultraviyole (VUV) Sinkrotron Radyasyon Molecular Beam Kütle Spektrometresi

Tunable soft ionization coupled to mass spectroscopy is a powerful method to investigate isolated molecules, complexes and clusters and their spectroscopy ...

Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation

The chemical and physical effects of ultrasound arise not from a direct interaction of molecules with sound waves, but rather from the acoustic cavitation: the nucleation, growth, and implosive collapse of microbubbles in liquids submitted to power ultrasound. The violent implosion of bubbles leads to the formation of chemically reactive species and to the emission of light, named sonoluminescence. In this manuscript, we describe the techniques allowing study of extreme intrabubble conditions and chemical reactivity of acoustic cavitation in solutions. The analysis of sonoluminescence spectra of water sparged with noble gases provides evidence for nonequilibrium plasma formation. The photons and the "hot" particles generated by cavitation bubbles enable to excite the non-volatile species in solutions increasing their chemical reactivity. For example the mechanism of ultrabright sonoluminescence of uranyl ions in acidic solutions varies with uranium concentration: sonophotoluminescence dominates in diluted solutions, and collisional excitation contributes at higher uranium concentration. Secondary sonochemical products may arise from chemically active species that are formed inside the bubble, but then diffuse into the liquid phase and react with solution precursors to form a variety of products. For instance, the sonochemical reduction of Pt(IV) in pure water provides an innovative synthetic route for monodispersed nanoparticles of metallic platinum without any templates or capping agents. Many studies reveal the advantages of ultrasound to activate the divided solids. In general, the mechanical effects of ultrasound strongly contribute in heterogeneous systems in addition to chemical effects. In particular, the sonolysis of PuO2 powder in pure water yields stable colloids of plutonium due to both effects.

Acoustic cavitation in liquids submitted to power ultrasound creates transient extreme conditions inside the collapsing bubbles, which are the origin of unusual chemical reactivity and light emission, known as sonoluminescence. In the presence of noble gases, nonequilibrium plasma is formed. The "hot" particles and the photons generated by collapsing bubbles are able to excite species in solution.

Moleküller, İyonlar, ve Akustik Kavitasyon ile Katı Parçacıklar etkinleştirilmesi

The chemical and physical effects of ultrasound arise not from a direct interaction of molecules with sound waves, but rather from the acoustic ...

Kimya

How to Ignite an Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma Torch without Any Additional Igniters

This movie shows how an atmospheric pressure plasma torch can be ignited by microwave power with no additional igniters. After ignition of the plasma, a stable and continuous operation of the plasma is possible and the plasma torch can be used for many different applications. On one hand, the hot (3,600 K gas temperature) plasma can be used for chemical processes and on the other hand the cold afterglow (temperatures down to almost RT) can be applied for surface processes. For example chemical syntheses are interesting volume processes. Here the microwave plasma torch can be used for the decomposition of waste gases which are harmful and contribute to the global warming but are needed as etching gases in growing industry sectors like the semiconductor branch. Another application is the dissociation of CO2. Surplus electrical energy from renewable energy sources can be used to dissociate CO2 to CO and O2. The CO can be further processed to gaseous or liquid higher hydrocarbons thereby providing chemical storage of the energy, synthetic fuels or platform chemicals for the chemical industry. Applications of the afterglow of the plasma torch are the treatment of surfaces to increase the adhesion of lacquer, glue or paint, and the sterilization or decontamination of different kind of surfaces. The movie will explain how to ignite the plasma solely by microwave power without any additional igniters, e.g., electric sparks. The microwave plasma torch is based on a combination of two resonators &#8212; a coaxial one which provides the ignition of the plasma and a cylindrical one which guarantees a continuous and stable operation of the plasma after ignition. The plasma can be operated in a long microwave transparent tube for volume processes or shaped by orifices for surface treatment purposes.

This movie shows how an atmospheric plasma torch can be ignited by microwaves with no additional igniters and provides a stable and continuous plasma operation suitable for plenty of applications.

Nasıl herhangi bir ilave Ateşleyici olmadan bir Atmosferik Basınç Mikrodalga Plazma Torch tutuşturmak için

This movie shows how an atmospheric pressure plasma torch can be ignited by microwave power with no additional igniters. After ignition of the plasma, a ...

Basic Research in Plasma Medicine - A Throughput Approach from Liquids to Cells

In plasma medicine, ionized gases with temperatures close to that of vertebrate systems are applied to cells and tissues. Cold plasmas generate reactive species known to redox regulate biological processes in health and disease. Pre-clinical and clinical evidence points to beneficial effects of plasma treatment in the healing of chronic ulcer of the skin. Other emerging topics, such as plasma cancer treatment, are receiving increasing attention. Plasma medical research requires interdisciplinary expertise in physics, chemistry, and biomedicine. One goal of plasma research is to characterize plasma-treated cells in a variety of specific applications. This includes, for example, cell count and viability, cellular oxidation, mitochondrial activity, cytotoxicity and mode of cell death, cell cycle analysis, cell surface marker expression, and cytokine release. This study describes the essential equipment and workflows required for such research in plasma biomedicine. It describes the proper operation of an atmospheric pressure argon plasma jet, specifically monitoring its basic emission spectra and feed gas settings to modulate reactive species output. Using a high-precision xyz-table and computer software, the jet is hovered in millisecond-precision over the cavities of 96-well plates in micrometer-precision for maximal reproducibility. Downstream assays for liquid analysis of redox-active molecules are shown, and target cells are plasma-treated. Specifically, melanoma cells are analyzed in an efficient sequence of different consecutive assays but using the same cells: measurement of metabolic activity, total cell area, and surface marker expression of calreticulin, a molecule important for the immunogenic cell death of cancer cells. These assays retrieve content-rich biological information about plasma effects from a single plate. Altogether, this study describes the essential steps and protocols for plasma medical research.

A high-throughput cold physical plasma treatment protocol of liquids and cells is shown. It involves setting up different feed gas compositions for plasma ignition, measuring the plasma&#39;s emission spectra, and the subsequent analysis of liquids and cellular activity after plasma treatment.

Plazma tıp - sıvı hücreleri bir üretilen iş yaklaşımı temel araştırma

In plasma medicine, ionized gases with temperatures close to that of vertebrate systems are applied to cells and tissues. Cold plasmas generate reactive ...

Çevre

Experimental Protocol to Investigate Particle Aerosolization of a Product Under Abrasion and Under Environmental Weathering

The present article presents an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental weathering, which is a fundamental element to the approach of nanosafety-by-design of nanostructured products for their durable development. This approach is basically a preemptive one in which the focus is put on minimizing the emission of engineered nanomaterials' aerosols during the usage phase of the product's life cycle. This can be attained by altering its material properties during its design phase without compromising with any of its added benefits. In this article, an experimental protocol is presented to investigate the nanosafety-by-design of three commercial nanostructured products with respect to their mechanical solicitation and environmental weathering. The means chosen for applying the mechanical solicitation is an abrasion process and for the environmental weathering, it is an accelerated UV exposure in the presence of humidity and heat. The eventual emission of engineered nanomaterials is studied in terms of their number concentration, size distribution, morphology and chemical composition. The purpose of the protocol is to study the emission for test samples and experimental conditions which are corresponding to real life situations. It was found that the application of the mechanical stresses alone emits the engineered nanomaterials' aerosols in which the engineered nanomaterial is always embedded inside the product matrix, thus, a representative product element. In such a case, the emitted aerosols comprise of both nanoparticles as well as microparticles. But if the mechanical stresses are coupled with the environmental weathering, the experimental protocol reveals then the eventual deterioration of the product, after a certain weathering duration, may lead to the emission of the free engineered nanomaterial aerosols too.

In this article, an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental weathering is presented. Results on the emission of engineered nanomaterials, in the form of aerosols are presented. The specific experimental set-up is described in detail.

Deneysel Protokol Aşınma altında ve Çevre Ayrışma altında Ürünün Parçacık aerosol haline Araştırma

The present article presents an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental ...

Emission Spectroscopic Boundary Layer Investigation during Ablative Material Testing in Plasmatron

Ablative Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) allowed the first humans to safely return to Earth from the moon and are still considered as the only solution for future high-speed reentry missions. But despite the advancements made since Apollo, heat flux prediction remains an imperfect science and engineers resort to safety factors to determine the TPS thickness. This goes at the expense of embarked payload, hampering, for example, sample return missions. 
Ground testing in plasma wind-tunnels is currently the only affordable possibility for both material qualification and validation of material response codes. The subsonic 1.2MW Inductively Coupled Plasmatron facility at the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics is able to reproduce a wide range of reentry environments. This protocol describes a procedure for the study of the gas/surface interaction on ablative materials in high enthalpy flows and presents sample results of a non-pyrolyzing, ablating carbon fiber precursor. With this publication, the authors envisage the definition of a standard procedure, facilitating comparison with other laboratories and contributing to ongoing efforts to improve heat shield reliability and reduce design uncertainties.
The described core techniques are non-intrusive methods to track the material recession with a high-speed camera along with the chemistry in the reactive boundary layer, probed by emission spectroscopy. Although optical emission spectroscopy is limited to line-of-sight measurements and is further constrained to electronically excited atoms and molecules, its simplicity and broad applicability still make it the technique of choice for analysis of the reactive boundary layer. Recession of the ablating sample further requires that the distance of the measurement location with respect to the surface is known at all times during the experiment. Calibration of the optical system of the applied three spectrometers allowed quantitative comparison. At the fiber scale, results from a post-test microscopy analysis are presented.

Development of new ablative materials and their numerical modeling requires extensive experimental investigation. This protocol describes procedures for material response characterization in plasma flows with the core techniques being non-intrusive methods to track the material recession along with the chemistry in the reactive boundary layer by emission spectroscopy.

Plazmatronun ablatif Malzeme Test sırasında Emisyon Spektroskopik Sınır Tabaka İncelenmesi

Ablative Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) allowed the first humans to safely return to Earth from the moon and are still considered as the only solution ...

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

A flowing microwave plasma based methodology for converting electric energy into internal and/or translational modes of stable molecules with the purpose of efficiently driving non-equilibrium chemistry is discussed. The advantage of a flowing plasma reactor is that continuous chemical processes can be driven with the flexibility of startup times in the seconds timescale. The plasma approach is generically suitable for conversion/activation of stable molecules such as CO2, N2 and CH4. Here the reduction of CO2 to CO is used as a model system: the complementary diagnostics illustrate how a baseline thermodynamic equilibrium conversion can be exceeded by the intrinsic non-equilibrium from high vibrational excitation. Laser (Rayleigh) scattering is used to measure the reactor temperature and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to characterize in situ internal (vibrational) excitation as well as the effluent composition to monitor conversion and selectivity.

This article describes a flowing microwave reactor that is used to drive efficient non-equilibrium chemistry for the application of conversion/activation of stable molecules such as CO2, N2 and CH4. The goal of the procedure described here is to measure the in situ gas temperature and gas conversion.

Verimli Yüksek Sıcaklık Kimyası İçin Denge Dışı Mikrodalga Plazma

A flowing microwave plasma based methodology for converting electric energy into internal and/or translational modes of stable molecules with the purpose ...

An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation

Non-thermal atmospheric pressure (&#39;cold&#39;) plasmas have received increased attention in recent years due to their significant biomedical potential. The reactions of cold plasma with the surrounding atmosphere yield a variety of reactive species, which can define its effectiveness. While efficient development of cold plasma therapy requires kinetic models, model benchmarking needs empirical data. Experimental studies of the source of reactive species detected in aqueous solutions exposed to plasma are still scarce. Biomedical plasma is often operated with He or Ar feed gas, and a specific interest lies in investigation of the reactive species generated by plasma with various gas admixtures (O2, N2, air, H2O vapor, etc.) Such investigations are very complex due to difficulties in controlling the ambient atmosphere in contact with the plasma effluent. In this work, we addressed common issues of &#39;high&#39; voltage kHz frequency driven plasma jet experimental studies. A reactor was developed allowing the exclusion of ambient atmosphere from the plasma-liquid system. The system thus comprised the feed gas with admixtures and the components of the liquid sample. This controlled atmosphere allowed the investigation of the source of the reactive oxygen species induced in aqueous solutions by He-water vapor plasma. The use of isotopically labelled water allowed distinguishing between the species originating in the gas phase and those formed in the liquid. The plasma equipment was contained inside a Faraday cage to eliminate possible influence of any external field. The setup is versatile and can aid in further understanding the cold plasma-liquid interactions chemistry.

An experimental setup was created for the helium-operated kHz frequency plasma jet. The setup includes a cage for the plasma power supply and jet and an in-house built reactor to monitor plasma-induced reactive species without the interference of the ambient atmosphere.

Bir Atmosfer Basıncı Plazma Kurulum Reaktif Türler Oluşumu Araştırma

Non-thermal atmospheric pressure (&#39;cold&#39;) plasmas have received increased attention in recent years due to their significant biomedical potential. ...

Preparation of Light-responsive Membranes by a Combined Surface Grafting and Postmodification Process

In order to modify the surface tension of commercial available track-edged polymer membranes, a procedure of surface-initiated polymerization is presented. The polymerization from the membrane surface is induced by plasma treatment of the membrane, followed by reacting the membrane surface with a methanolic solution of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Special attention is given to the process parameters for the plasma treatment prior to the polymerization on the surface. For example, the influence of the plasma-treatment on different types of membranes (e.g.&#160;polyester, polycarbonate, polyvinylidene fluoride) is studied. Furthermore, the time-dependent stability of the surface-grafted membranes is shown by contact angle measurements. When grafting poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) in this way, the surface can be further modified by esterification of the alcohol moiety of the polymer with a carboxylic acid function of the desired substance. These reactions can therefore be used for the functionalization of the membrane surface. For example, the surface tension of the membrane can be changed or a desired functionality as the presented light-responsiveness can be inserted. This is demonstrated by reacting PHEMA with a carboxylic acid functionalized spirobenzopyran unit which leads to a light-responsive membrane. The choice of solvent plays a major role in the postmodification step and is discussed in more detail in this paper. The permeability measurements of such functionalized membranes are performed using a Franz cell with an external light source. By changing the wavelength of the light from the visible to the UV-range, a change of permeability of aqueous caffeine solutions is observed.

A plasma-induced polymerization procedure is described for the surface-initiated polymerization on polymer membranes. Further postmodification of the grafted polymer with photochromic substances is presented with a protocol of conducting permeability measurements of light-responsive membranes.