R. Menzel ve L. Ruess tarafından Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (RU RU780/11-1) mali desteği minnetle kabul edilmektedir. R. Nehring RU 780/10-1 tarafından finanse edildi. Son olarak, biz bizim el yazması proofreading için Dr Hazel Ruvimbo Maboreke için son derece müteşekkir olan.

<ol>
	<li>Ruess, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+lipid+analysis+to+understand+trophic+interactions+in+soil.">Application of lipid analysis to understand trophic interactions in soil.</a> Ecology. 86 (8), 2075-2082 (2005).</li><li>Ruess, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipid+composition+of+Collembola+and+their+food+resources+in+deciduous+forest+stands+-+Implications+for+feeding+strategies.">Lipid composition of Collembola and their food resources in deciduous forest stands - Implications for feeding strategies.</a> Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 39 (8), 1990-2000 (1990).</li><li>Chamberlain, P. M., Bull, I. D., Black, H. I. J., Ineson, P., Evershed, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fatty+acid+composition+and+change+in+Collembola+fed+differing+diets:+identification+of+trophic+biomarkers.">Fatty acid composition and change in Collembola fed differing diets: identification of trophic biomarkers.</a> Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 37 (9), 1608-1624 (2005).</li><li>Stott, A. W., Davies, E., Evershed, R. P., Tuross, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+the+routing+of+dietary+and+biosynthesised+lipids+through+compound-specific+stable+isotope+(delta+C-13)+measurements+at+natural+abundance.">Monitoring the routing of dietary and biosynthesised lipids through compound-specific stable isotope (delta C-13) measurements at natural abundance.</a> Naturwissenschaften. 84 (2), 82-86 (1997).</li><li>Ruess, L., Haggblom, M. M., Langel, R., Scheu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitrogen+isotope+ratios+and+fatty+acid+composition+as+indicators+of+animal+diets+in+belowground+systems.">Nitrogen isotope ratios and fatty acid composition as indicators of animal diets in belowground systems.</a> Oecologia. 139 (3), 336-346 (2004).</li><li>Pollierer, M. M., Scheu, S., Haubert, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Taking+it+to+the+next+level:+Trophic+transfer+of+marker+fatty+acids+from+basal+resource+to+predators.">Taking it to the next level: Trophic transfer of marker fatty acids from basal resource to predators.</a> Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 42 (6), 919-925 (2010).</li><li>Ferlian, O., Scheu, S., Pollierer, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trophic+interactions+in+centipedes+(Chilopoda,+Myriapoda)+as+indicated+by+fatty+acid+patterns:+Variations+with+life+stage,+forest+age+and+season.">Trophic interactions in centipedes (Chilopoda, Myriapoda) as indicated by fatty acid patterns: Variations with life stage, forest age and season.</a> Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 52, 33-42 (2012).</li><li>Ruess, L., Chamberlain, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+fat+that+matters:+Soil+food+web+analysis+using+fatty+acids+and+their+carbon+stable+isotope+signature.">The fat that matters: Soil food web analysis using fatty acids and their carbon stable isotope signature.</a> Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 42 (11), 1898-1910 (2010).</li><li>Traugott, M., Kamenova, S., Ruess, L., Seeber, J., Plantegenest, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Empirically+characterising+trophic+networks:+What+emerging+DNA-based+methods,+stable+isotope+and+fatty+acid+analyses+can+offer.">Empirically characterising trophic networks: What emerging DNA-based methods, stable isotope and fatty acid analyses can offer.</a> Adv Ecol Res. 49, 177-224 (2013).</li><li>Hammer, B. T., Fogel, M. L., Hoering, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stable+carbon+isotope+ratios+of+fatty+acids+in+seagrass+and+redhead+ducks.">Stable carbon isotope ratios of fatty acids in seagrass and redhead ducks.</a> Chemical Geology. 152 (1-2), 29-41 (1998).</li><li>Budge, S. M., Iverson, S. J., Koopman, H. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studying+trophic+ecology+in+marine+ecosystems+using+fatty+acids:+A+primer+on+analysis+and+interpretation.">Studying trophic ecology in marine ecosystems using fatty acids: A primer on analysis and interpretation.</a> Marine Mammal Science. 22 (4), 759-801 (2006).</li><li>Haubert, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trophic+structure+and+major+trophic+links+in+conventional+versus+organic+farming+systems+as+indicated+by+carbon+stable+isotope+ratios+of+fatty+acids.">Trophic structure and major trophic links in conventional versus organic farming systems as indicated by carbon stable isotope ratios of fatty acids.</a> Oikos. 118 (10), 1579-1589 (2009).</li><li>Ngosong, C., Raupp, J., Richnow, H. H., Ruess, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracking+Collembola+feeding+strategies+by+the+natural+13C+signal+of+fatty+acids+in+an+arable+soil+with+different+fertilizer+regimes.">Tracking Collembola feeding strategies by the natural 13C signal of fatty acids in an arable soil with different fertilizer regimes.</a> Pedobiologia. 54 (4), 225-233 (2011).</li><li>Bec, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+the+reliability+of+fatty+acid-specific+stable+isotope+analysis+for+trophic+studies.">Assessing the reliability of fatty acid-specific stable isotope analysis for trophic studies.</a> Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 2 (6), 651-659 (2011).</li><li>Gladyshev, M. I., Makhutova, O. N., Kravchuk, E. S., Anishchenko, O. V., Sushchik, N. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stable+isotope+fractionation+of+fatty+acids+of+Daphnia+fed+laboratory+cultures+of+microalgae.">Stable isotope fractionation of fatty acids of Daphnia fed laboratory cultures of microalgae.</a> Limnologica. 56 (Supplement C. 56 (Supplement C), 23-29 (2016).</li><li>Gladyshev, M. I., Sushchik, N. N., Kalachova, G. S., Makhutova, O. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stable+isotope+composition+of+fatty+acids+in+organisms+of+different+trophic+levels+in+the+Yenisei+river.">Stable isotope composition of fatty acids in organisms of different trophic levels in the Yenisei river.</a> PLoS One. 7 (3), e34059 (2012).</li><li>Eisenreich, W., Dandekar, T., Heesemann, J., Goebel, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbon+metabolism+of+intracellular+bacterial+pathogens+and+possible+links+to+virulence.">Carbon metabolism of intracellular bacterial pathogens and possible links to virulence.</a> Nature Reviews Microbiology. 8 (6), 401-412 (2010).</li><li>Eylert, E., Bacher, A., Eisenreich, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NMR-based+isotopologue+profiling+of+microbial+carotenoids.">NMR-based isotopologue profiling of microbial carotenoids.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 892, 315-333 (2012).</li><li>Garton, N. J., O'Hare, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tuberculosis:+feeding+the+enemy.">Tuberculosis: feeding the enemy.</a> Chemical Biology. 20 (8), 971-972 (2013).</li><li>Rosenblatt, J., Chinkes, D., Wolfe, M., Wolfe, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stable+isotope+tracer+analysis+by+GC-MS,+including+quantification+of+isotopomer+effects.">Stable isotope tracer analysis by GC-MS, including quantification of isotopomer effects.</a> Am J Physiol. 263 (3), E584-E596 (1992).</li><li>Fernandez, C. A., Des Rosiers, C., Previs, S. F., David, F., Brunengraber, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correction+of+13C+mass+isotopomer+distributions+for+natural+stable+isotope+abundance.">Correction of 13C mass isotopomer distributions for natural stable isotope abundance.</a> J Mass Spectrom. 31 (3), 255-262 (1996).</li><li>Heuner, K., Eisenreich, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+intracellular+metabolism+of+legionella+by+isotopologue+profiling.">The intracellular metabolism of legionella by isotopologue profiling.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 954, 163-181 (2013).</li><li>Willenborg, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+pivotal+carbon+metabolism+of+Streptococcus+suis+serotype+2+under+ex+vivo+and+chemically+defined+in+vitro+conditions+by+isotopologue+profiling.">Characterization of the pivotal carbon metabolism of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 under ex vivo and chemically defined in vitro conditions by isotopologue profiling.</a> J Biol Chem. 290 (9), 5840-5854 (2015).</li><li>Menzel, R., Ngosong, C., Ruess, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isotopologue+profiling+enables+insights+into+dietary+routing+and+metabolism+of+trophic+biomarker+fatty+acids.">Isotopologue profiling enables insights into dietary routing and metabolism of trophic biomarker fatty acids.</a> Chemoecology. 27 (3), 101-114 (2017).</li><li>Buse, T., Ruess, L., Filser, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+trophic+biomarkers+for+Collembola+reared+on+algal+diets.">New trophic biomarkers for Collembola reared on algal diets.</a> Pedobiologia. 56 (3), 153-159 (2013).</li><li>Hutson, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+variations+of+the+plaster-charcoal+culture+method+on+a+Collembolan,+Folsomia+candida.">Effects of variations of the plaster-charcoal culture method on a Collembolan, Folsomia candida.</a> Pedobiologia. 18, 138-144 (1978).</li><li>Fountain, M. T., Hopkin, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Folsomia+candida+(Collembola):+a+&amp;#34;standard&amp;#34;+soil+arthropod.">Folsomia candida (Collembola): a &amp;#34;standard&amp;#34; soil arthropod.</a> Annu Rev Entomol. 50, 201-222 (2005).</li><li>ISO, I. O. f. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Soil Quality-Inhibition of reproduction of Collembola (Folsomia candida) by soil pollutants. , (1999).</li><li>Welch, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+cellular+fatty+acid+analysis.">Applications of cellular fatty acid analysis.</a> Clin Microbiol Rev. 4 (4), 422-438 (1991).</li><li>Dodds, E. D., McCoy, M. R., Rea, L. D., Kennish, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gas+chromatographic+quantification+of+fatty+acid+methyl+esters:+flame+ionization+detection+vs.+electron+impact+mass+spectrometry.">Gas chromatographic quantification of fatty acid methyl esters: flame ionization detection vs. electron impact mass spectrometry.</a> Lipids. 40 (4), 419-428 (2005).</li><li>Kuppardt, S., Chatzinotas, A., Kastner, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+fatty+acid+and+RNA+stable+isotope+probing-based+method+for+tracking+protist+grazing+on+bacteria+in+wastewater.">Development of a fatty acid and RNA stable isotope probing-based method for tracking protist grazing on bacteria in wastewater.</a> Appl Environ Microbiol. 76 (24), 8222-8230 (2010).</li><li>Zhang, X., He, H., Amelung, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+GC/MS+method+for+the+assessment+of+15N+and+13C+incorporation+into+soil+amino+acid+enantiomers.">A GC/MS method for the assessment of 15N and 13C incorporation into soil amino acid enantiomers.</a> Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 39 (11), 2785-2796 (2007).</li><li>Vetter, W., Thurnhofer, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+fatty+acids+by+mass+spectrometry+in+the+selected+ion+monitoring+mode.">Analysis of fatty acids by mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode.</a> Lipid Technol. 19 (8), 184-186 (2007).</li><li>Thurnhofer, S., Vetter, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+gas+chromatography/electron+ionization-mass+spectrometry-selected+ion+monitoring+method+for+determining+the+fatty+acid+pattern+in+food+after+formation+of+fatty+acid+methyl+esters.">A gas chromatography/electron ionization-mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring method for determining the fatty acid pattern in food after formation of fatty acid methyl esters.</a> J Agric Food Chem. 53 (23), 8896-8903 (2005).</li><li>Haubert, D., Haggblom, M. M., Scheu, S., Ruess, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+fungal+food+quality+and+starvation+on+the+fatty+acid+composition+of+Protaphorura+fimata+(Collembola).">Effects of fungal food quality and starvation on the fatty acid composition of Protaphorura fimata (Collembola).</a> Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry &amp; Molecular Biology. 138 (1), 41-52 (2004).</li></ol>

Isotopologue profil oluşturma
13C dağıtım FAs yılında niceliksel açıdan ayrıntılı bir analizini gıda ağları içinde bölümleme karbon atamak için son teknoloji ihtiyacı var. Mevcut çalışma istihdam 13C değerlendirmek için profil oluşturma isotopologue / tropic etkileşimler için ortak FA biyolojik12C oranlarının. Bu yöntem sıvı Kromatografi (LC-MS) amino asit analizi için iyi kurulmuş ve araştırmalar Patojen bak...

Toprak gibi şifreli bir yaşam alanı, trofik ilişkileri adresine zordur ve fauna küçük boyutuna göre daha fazla kısıtlanır. Son on yılda beslenme stratejileri toprak fauna altında alan koşulları1,2,3tanımlamak için kullanılan biyolojik olarak yağ asitlerinin özellikle biyokimyasal ekoloji gelişmeler gördü. Yağ asitleri kaynaklardan gelen tüketici dokusunda tüm molekül olarak dahil edilebilir gerçeğine dayanarak bu, bir işlemi diyet yönlendirme4olarak. Yani, mantar dan nematodlar Collembola5için üç trophic seviyeleri üzerinde transfer yağ asitlerinin bildirilmiştir. Son zamanlarda, yırtıcı fauna6,7 olarak kabul edildi ve yağ asitleri toprak gıda ağları içinde trofik işaretleyici olarak ilk incelemelere yayımlanmış8,9olmuştur.
Trofik etkileşimleri hakkında daha fazla bilgi (SK-SIP) sondalama yağ asidi kararlı izotop tarafından elde edilebilir. 13C belirlenmesi /12C oranları yağ asitleri diyetler ve tüketicilerin can ikili bağlantılar atfetmek ve ilişkili karbon akışını tahmin ve karasal olarak istihdam tatlı su ve deniz gıda ağları10,11 ,12,13. Temel varsayım diyet yönlendirilmiş yağ asitleri enzimatik süreçleri tabi değildir; Bu nedenle, onların 13C sinyal, Yani, 13C /12C yağ asidi, tüketici oranıdır diyet1benzer. Ancak, gıda zinciri 13C izi yavaş yavaş tükenmesi su sistemlerinde, böylece SK-SIP geniş uygulama trofik çalışmalar14,15,16engelleyen bildirilmiştir. Ayrıca, karasal gıda ağları içinde en omurgasızlar lipid metabolizmasında bilgide hala sınırlıdır.
Lipid metabolizma yollar tüketicilerin bir anlayış trofik marker yağ asitleri gıda web ekoloji nicel karbon akışında belirlenmesi için aracı olarak kullanımı için gereklidir. Bu akılda, 13C-isotopologue profil oluşturma, umut verici bir yöntemdir içinde hangi ilkeye herhangi bir biyolojik sistem17, karbon metabolizması incelenmesi için uygulanabilir. 13C etiketli karbon substrat, 13C metabolik ağ dağıtım getirilmesi sonrasında oluşturulan metabolik ürünler tüketici gösterisinde belirli isotopologue dağıtım beri izlenebilir. Bu nicel nükleer metabolik rezonans spektroskopisi18,19 veya kütle spektrometresi20,21, onun yüksek nedeniyle düşük biyokütle ile ikinci tercih içinde biyolojik örnekleri ile tespit edilebilir duyarlılık.
Her ne kadar isotopologue profil oluşturma edilmiş başarıyla amino asitler için uygulanan ve içgörü vivo içinde karbon metabolizması bakteriyel patojenler17,22,23, yağ kendi uygulamasında sağlanan asitler geride gecikmeli. İlk detaylı analiz öncü yağ asidi, diyet yönlendirme veya bozulma toprak omurgasız tüketicilerin, β-oksidasyon yoluyla etiketli bir kararlı izotop kaderi üzerinde son zamanlarda Menzel vd tarafından gerçekleştirildi 24. burada, metodolojik temelini 13C yağ asitleri sık toprak omurgasızlar, Collembola anahtar alt öğelerin analizini isotopologue ardından etiketli ile birleşme deneyleri için sağlanır. Onlar are iyi için onların trofik marker yağ asitleri8,25araştırıldı ve toprak gıda web önemli bileşenleri biçimi olarak bu microarthropods iyi model grubu vardır.
Lipid metabolizma yollar tüketicilerin bir anlayış trofik marker yağ asitleri gıda web ekoloji nicel karbon akışında belirlenmesi için aracı olarak kullanımı için gereklidir. Mevcut iletişim kuralı bir laboratuvar deney ve çıkarma ve baskın lipidler kesirler (nötr lipitler, fosfolipitler) metilasyonu biyokimyasal yordamları Collembola besleme için dizayn ve kurulum verir. Nasıl yağ asitlerinin isotopologue kompozisyon tarafından kütle spektrometresi analiz edilir gösterir ve ilgili formül ve hesaplamaları açıklar. Bu yordamı sonuçlanır: (i) üst iyon (Yani, yağ asidi moleküler iyon M+) kitle tarafından bir veya daha fazla aşan isotopologues oranları birimleri (M+ 1, M+ 2, M3, vb) ve (II) genel kitle 13 C zenginleştirme yağ asitleri 13C etiketli habercisi türetilmiş. Collembola için kullanılmış olmasına rağmen bu yaklaşım genellikle diğer avcı-av etkileşim bunlar kontrollü koşullarda başarılı etiket alımını sağlamak için yeterli miktarda culturable ve sonraki öncül uygulanabilir doğrulama.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>neoLab-Round jars</td>
			<td>neoLab</td>
			<td>2-1506</td>
			<td>69 x 40 mm, 10 pacs/pack</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Charcoal activated</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>X865.1</td>
			<td>p.a., powder, CAS No. 7440-44-0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alabaster Dental</td>
			<td>R&#214;HRICH-GIPSE</td>
			<td>---</td>
			<td>http://www.roehrich-gipse.de/dentalgipse.php</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>7331.1</td>
			<td>HPLC &#8805; 99,9 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>P717.1</td>
			<td>HPLC &#8805; 99,9 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexan</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>7339.1</td>
			<td>HPLC &#8805; 98 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tert-Butyl methyl ether (MTBE)</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>T175.1</td>
			<td>HPLC &#8805; 99,5 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aceton</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>7328.2</td>
			<td>HPLC &#8805; 99,9 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>6771.1</td>
			<td>p.a. &#8805;99 %, in pellets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>di-Natriumhydrogenphosphat</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>P030.1</td>
			<td>p.a. &#8805;99 % , water free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na-dihydrogenphosphat Dihydrat</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>T879.1</td>
			<td>p.a. &#8805;99 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hypochloric acid (6 N)</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>26,115,000</td>
			<td>AVS TITRINORM vol. solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bond Elut (Columns)</td>
			<td>Agilent Tech.</td>
			<td>14102037</td>
			<td>HF Bond Elut-SI, 500 mg, 3 mL, 50/PK</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pr&#228;paratengl&#228;ser Duran</td>
			<td>Glasger&#228;tebau Ochs</td>
			<td>135215</td>
			<td>&#216; 16 x 100 mm, plus screw cap with handy knurl and integrated PTFE/silicone gasket</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Supelco 37 Component FAME Mix</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>47885-U Supelco</td>
			<td>10&#160;mg/mL in methylene chloride, analytical standard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FlowMesh</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>2796.1</td>
			<td>Polypropylene mesh, approximately 0.3 mm thick, with 1 mm strand spacing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacterial Acid Methyl Ester (BAME) Mix</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>47080-U Supelco</td>
			<td>10&#160;mg/mL in methyl caproate, analytical standard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methyl nonadecanoate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>74208</td>
			<td>analytical standard &#8805; 98.0 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexadecanoic acid-1-13C (Palmitic)</td>
			<td>Larodan Fine Chemicals</td>
			<td>78-1600</td>
			<td>GC &#8805; 98.0 % (13C: 99.0 %)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RVC 2-25 CDplus</td>
			<td>Martin Christ Gefrier-trocknungsanlagen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Compact benchtop midi concentrator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alpha 2-4 LDplus</td>
			<td>Martin Christ Gefrier-trocknungsanlagen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Drying manifold</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MZ 2C NT</td>
			<td>Vacuubrand GMBH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Vacuum pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roto-Shake Genie</td>
			<td>Scientific Industries</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Combined rocking and rotating device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XP64 Micro Comparator</td>
			<td>Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Super high precision balance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GC-System 7890A</td>
			<td>Agilent Tech.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Gas chromatograph</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7000 GC/MS Triple Quad</td>
			<td>Agilent Tech.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Triple Quad mass spectrometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7683B Series Injector</td>
			<td>Agilent Tech.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sample injector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heraeus Multifuge 3SR+</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Centrifuge with 10 ml tube rotor</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fatty acid 13c isotopologue profiling provides insight into trophic carbon transfer and lipid metabolism of invertebrate consumers

Çünkü onlar genellikle tam bir molekül asimile ve küçük veya diyet farklı trophic düzeyleri arasında yönlendirme sağlayan hiçbir değişiklik ile tüketici doku içine transfer yağ asitleri (FAs) gıda web ekoloji yararlı biyolojik vardır. Ancak, SK trofik marker yaklaşım hala toprak fauna lipid metabolizması sınırlı bilgi engel oluyor. Bu çalışmada yağ asidi metabolizması yollar iki yaygın toprak Collembola, Protaphorura fimata ve Heteromurus nitidusbir izleyici olarak tamamen etiketli palmitik asit (13C16:0, 99 atom %) kullanılır. Kader ve metabolik değişiklikler bu öncü araştırmak için isotopologue profil oluşturma yöntemi, tek iyon izleme kullanarak kütle spektrometresi tarafından gerçekleştirilen sunulur. Ayrıca, ters yönde laboratuvar deney besleme, ayıklama ve baskın lipid fraksiyonları (nötr lipitler, fosfolipitler) ve ilgili formül hesaplamaları metilasyonu yanı sıra açıklanmıştır. Isotopologue profil oluşturma yalnızca genel 13C zenginleştirme yağ asitleri 13habercisi etiketli C türetilmiş verim değil ama aynı zamanda üst iyon (Yani, SK moleküler iyon kütle aşan isotopologues desen oluşturur M+) her biri bir veya daha fazla kitle birimleri (M+ 1, M+ 2, M3, vb) tarafından SK etiketli. Bu bilgi de novo sentezi ile karşılaştırıldığında tamamen tüketilen bir SK diyet yönlendirilmesini oranı üzerinde sonuçlar sağlar. İsotopologue profil oluşturma trofik etkileşimleri disentangle için toprak hayvanlarda yağ asidi metabolizmasının değerlendirilmesi için yararlı bir araç olarak önerilmektedir.

Collembola taze ağırlık ve lipid içeriği Açıklanan deney sırasında NLFAs ve PLFAs içeriğinde önemli ölçüde zaman içinde değişmedi örneklerin taze ağırlık biraz önemli24artış ise. Her iki parametre Collembola örneklerin fiziksel fitness iyi bir düzeyde gösterir. Collembola'nın taze ağırlık ve lipid içerik örnekleme gün yağ asidi ve izotop analizi için karşılık gelen deney boyunca araştırmak için unutmay?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fatty Acid 13C Isotopologue Profiling Provides Insight into Trophic Carbon Transfer and Lipid Metabolism of Invertebrate Consumers at JoVE.com

Fatty Acid 13C Isotopologue Profiling Provides Insight into Trophic Carbon Transfer and Lipid Metabolism of Invertebrate Consumers

Yağ asidi 13C profil oluşturma Isotopologue trofik karbon Transfer ve Lipid metabolizması, omurgasız tüketicilerin sağlar

Yani, yağ asitleri asimilasyon tüm molekül ve transfer tüketici doku içine yağ asidi trofik marker yaklaşım değişiklik, engel olmayan ya da küçük küçük toprak omurgasızlar yağ asidi metabolizması bilgi boşlukları tarafından. Isotopologue profil oluşturma trofik etkileşimleri disentangle için değerli bir araç olarak sağlanır.

Fatty acids (FAs) are useful biomarkers in food web ecology because they are typically assimilated as a complete molecule and transferred into consumer ...

fatty-acid-13c-isotopologue-profiling-provides-insight-into-trophic

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Fatty Acid 13C Isotopologue Profiling Provides Insight into Trophic Carbon Transfer and Lipid Metabolism of Invertebrate Consumers

7.9K Görüntüleme.  Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Yani, yağ asitleri asimilasyon tüm molekül ve transfer tüketici doku içine yağ asidi trofik marker yaklaşım değişiklik, engel olmayan ya da küçük küçük toprak omurgasızlar yağ asidi metabolizması bilgi boşlukları tarafından. Isotopologue profil oluşturma trofik etkileşimleri disentangle için değerli bir araç olarak sağlanır.

Video: Fatty Acid 13C Isotopologue Profiling Provides Insight into Trophic Carbon Transfer and Lipid Metabolism of Invertebrate Consumers

Identification of Fatty Acids in Bacillus cereus

The Bacillus species contain branched chain and unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) with diverse positions of the methyl branch (iso or anteiso) and of the double bond. Changes in FA composition play a crucial role in the adaptation of bacteria to their environment. These modifications entail a change in the ratio of iso versus anteiso branched FAs, and in the proportion of unsaturated FAs relative to saturated FAs, with double bonds created at specific positions. Precise identification of the FA profile is necessary to understand the adaptation mechanisms of Bacillus species.
Many of the FAs from Bacillus are not commercially available. The strategy proposed herein identifies FAs by combining information on the retention time (by calculation of the equivalent chain length (ECL)) with the mass spectra of three types of FA derivatives: fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), 4,4-dimethyl oxazoline derivatives (DMOX), and 3-pyridylcarbinyl ester (picolinyl). This method can identify the FAs without the need to purify the unknown FAs.
Comparing chromatographic profiles of FAME prepared from Bacillus cereus with a commercial mixture of standards allows for the identification of straight-chain saturated FAs, the calculation of the ECL, and hypotheses on the identity of the other FAs. FAMEs of branched saturated FAs, iso or anteiso, display a constant negative shift in the ECL, compared to linear saturated FAs with the same number of carbons. FAMEs of unsaturated FAs can be detected by the mass of their molecular ions, and result in a positive shift in the ECL compared to the corresponding saturated FAs.
The branching position of FAs and the double bond position of unsaturated FAs can be identified by the electron ionization mass spectra of picolinyl and DMOX derivatives, respectively. This approach identifies all the unknown saturated branched FAs, unsaturated straight-chain FAs and unsaturated branched FAs from the B. cereus extract.

Identification of Fatty Acids in Bacillus cereus

We propose a protocol to identify fatty acids without the need to purify them. It combines information on the retention times with the mass spectra of three types of fatty acid derivatives: fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), 4,4-dimethyl oxazoline derivatives (DMOX), and 3-pyridylcarbinyl esters (picolinyl).

Yağ Asitlerinin Tanımlanması içinde<em&gt; Bacillus cereus</em

The Bacillus species contain branched chain and unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) with diverse positions of the methyl branch (iso or anteiso) and of the ...

Biyokimya

Detergent-free Ultrafast Reconstitution of Membrane Proteins into Lipid Bilayers Using Fusogenic Complementary-charged Proteoliposomes.

Detergents are indispensable for delivery of membrane proteins into 30-100 nm small unilamellar vesicles, while more complex, larger model lipid bilayers are less compatible with detergents.
Here we describe a strategy for bypassing this fundamental limitation using fusogenic oppositely charged liposomes bearing a membrane protein of interest. Fusion between such vesicles occurs within 5 min in a low ionic strength buffer. Positively charged fusogenic liposomes can be used as simple shuttle vectors for detergent-free delivery of membrane proteins into biomimetic target lipid bilayers, which are negatively charged. We also show how to reconstitute membrane proteins into fusogenic proteoliposomes with a fast 30-min protocol.
Combining these two approaches, we demonstrate a fast assembly of an electron transport chain consisting of two membrane proteins from E. coli, a primary proton pump bo3-oxidase and F1Fo ATP synthase, in membranes of vesicles of various sizes, ranging from 0.1 to &#62;10 microns, as well as ATP production by this chain.

Here we present two ultrafast protocols for reconstitution of membrane proteins into fusogenic proteoliposomes, and fusion of such proteoliposomes with target lipid bilayers for detergent-free delivery of these membrane proteins into the postfusion bilayer. The combination of these approaches enables fast and easily controlled assembly of complex multi-component membrane systems.

Deterjan-Alerjik membran proteinlerinin Ultrafast sulandırma tamamlayıcı-Proteoliposomes ücret Fusogenic kullanarak Lipid Bilayers içine.

Detergents are indispensable for delivery of membrane proteins into 30-100 nm small unilamellar vesicles, while more complex, larger model lipid bilayers ...

Polysome Profiling in Leishmania, Human Cells and Mouse Testis

Proper protein expression at the right time and in the right amounts is the basis of normal cell function and survival in a fast-changing environment. For a long time, the gene expression studies were dominated by research on the transcriptional level. However, the steady-state levels of mRNAs do not correlate well with protein production, and the translatability of mRNAs varies greatly depending on the conditions. In some organisms, like the parasite Leishmania, the protein expression is regulated mostly at the translational level. Recent studies demonstrated that protein translation dysregulation is associated with cancer, metabolic, neurodegenerative and other human diseases. Polysome profiling is a powerful method to study protein translation regulation. It allows to measure the translational status of individual mRNAs or examine translation on a genome-wide scale. The basis of this technique is the separation of polysomes, ribosomes, their subunits and free mRNAs during centrifugation of a cytoplasmic lysate through a sucrose gradient. Here, we present a universal polysome profiling protocol used on three different models - parasite Leishmania major, cultured human cells and animal tissues. Leishmania cells freely grow in suspension and cultured human cells grow in adherent monolayer, while mouse testis represents an animal tissue sample. Thus, the technique is adapted to all of these sources. The protocol for the analysis of polysomal fractions includes detection of individual mRNA levels by RT-qPCR, proteins by Western blot and analysis of ribosomal RNAs by electrophoresis. The method can be further extended by examination of mRNAs association with the ribosome on a transcriptome level by deep RNA-seq and analysis of ribosome-associated proteins by mass spectroscopy of the fractions. The method can be easily adjusted to other biological models.

Polysome Profiling in Leishmania, Human Cells and Mouse Testis

The overall goal of polysome profiling technique is analysis of translational activity of individual mRNAs or transcriptome mRNAs during protein synthesis. The method is important for studies of protein synthesis regulation, translation activation and repression in health and multiple human diseases.

Polysome LEISHMANIA, insan hücreleri ve fare Testis profil oluşturma

Proper protein expression at the right time and in the right amounts is the basis of normal cell function and survival in a fast-changing environment. For ...

Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of human and animal tooth enamel carbonate has been applied in paleodietary, paleoecological, and paleoenvironmental research from recent historical periods back to over 10 million years ago. Bulk approaches provide a representative sample for the period of enamel mineralization, while sequential samples within a tooth can track dietary and environmental changes during this period. While these methodologies have been widely applied and described in archaeology, ecology, and paleontology, there have been no explicit guidelines to aid in the selection of necessary lab equipment and to thoroughly describe detailed laboratory sampling and protocols. In this article, we document textually and visually, the entire process from sampling through pretreatment and diagenetic screening to make the methodology more widely available to researchers considering its application in a variety of laboratory settings.

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of human and animal tooth enamel carbonate has been used as a proxy for individual diet and environmental reconstruction. Here, we provide a detailed description and visual documentation of bulk and sequential tooth enamel sampling as well as pretreatment of archaeological and paleontological samples.

Örnekleme ve diş minesini Önarıtma kararlı karbon ve oksijen izotop analizi için karbonat

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of human and animal tooth enamel carbonate has been applied in paleodietary, paleoecological, and ...

Nitropeptide Profiling and Identification Illustrated by Angiotensin II

Protein nitration is one of the most important post-translational modifications (PTM) on tyrosine residues and it can be induced by chemical actions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in eukaryotic cells. Precise identification of nitration sites on proteins is crucial for understanding the physiological and pathological processes related to protein nitration, such as inflammation, aging, and cancer. Since the nitrated proteins are of low abundance in cells even under induced conditions, no universal and efficient methods have been developed for the profiling and identification of protein nitration sites. Here we describe a protocol for nitropeptide enrichment by using a chemical reduction reaction and biotin labeling, followed by high resolution mass spectrometry. In our method, nitropeptide derivatives can be identified with high accuracy. Our method exhibits two advantages compared to the previously reported methods. First, dimethyl labeling is used to block the primary amine on nitropeptides, which can be used to generate quantitative results. Second, a disulfide bond containing NHS-biotin reagent is used for the enrichment, which can be further reduced and alkylated to enhance the detection signal on a mass spectrometer. This protocol has been successfully applied to the model peptide Angiotensin II in the current paper.

Proteomic profiling of tyrosine-nitrated proteins has been a challenging technique due to the low abundance of the 3-nitrotyrosine modification. Here we describe a novel approach for nitropeptide enrichment and profiling by using Angiotensin II as the model. This method can be extended for other in vitro or in vivo systems.

Anjiyotensin II tarafından gösterilen nitropeptid profil oluşturma ve tanımlama

Protein nitration is one of the most important post-translational modifications (PTM) on tyrosine residues and it can be induced by chemical actions of ...

Isolation of Lipoprotein Particles from Chicken Egg Yolk for the Study of Bacterial Pathogen Fatty Acid Incorporation into Membrane Phospholipids

Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive pathogens incorporate fatty acids from the environment into membrane phospholipids. During infection, the majority of exogenous fatty acids are present within host lipoprotein particles. Uncertainty remains as to the reservoirs of host fatty acids and the mechanisms by which bacteria extract fatty acids from the lipoprotein particles. In this work, we describe protocols for enrichment of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles from chicken egg yolk and determining whether LDLs serve as fatty acid reservoirs for S. aureus. This method exploits unbiased lipidomic analysis and chicken LDLs, an effective and economical model for the exploration of interactions between LDLs and bacteria. The analysis of S. aureus integration of exogenous fatty acids from LDLs is performed using high-resolution/accurate mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry, enabling the characterization of the fatty acid composition of the bacterial membrane and unbiased identification of novel combinations of fatty acids that arise in bacterial membrane lipids upon exposure to LDLs. These advanced mass spectrometry techniques offer an unparalleled perspective of fatty acid incorporation by revealing the specific exogenous fatty acids incorporated into the phospholipids. The methods outlined here are adaptable to the study of other bacterial pathogens and alternative sources of complex fatty acids.

This method provides a framework for studying incorporation of exogenous fatty acids from complex host sources into bacterial membranes, particularly Staphylococcus aureus. To achieve this, protocols for the enrichment of lipoprotein particles from chicken egg yolk and subsequent fatty acid profiling of bacterial phospholipids utilizing mass spectrometry are described.

Membran fosfolipidler içine bakteriyel patojen yağ asidi kuruluş çalışması için tavuk yumurtası sarısı lipoprotein parçacıklarının yalıtım

Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive pathogens incorporate fatty acids from the environment into membrane phospholipids. During infection, the ...

Detergent-assisted Reconstitution of Recombinant Drosophila Atlastin into Liposomes for Lipid-mixing Assays

Membrane fusion is a crucial process in the eukaryotic cell. Specialized proteins are necessary to catalyze fusion. Atlastins are endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident proteins implicated in homotypic fusion of the ER. We detail here a method for purifying a glutathione S-transferase (GST) and poly-histidine tagged Drosophila atlastin by two rounds of affinity chromatography. Studying fusion reactions in vitro requires purified fusion proteins to be inserted into a lipid bilayer. Liposomes are ideal model membranes, as lipid composition and size may be adjusted. To this end, we describe a reconstitution method by detergent removal for Drosophila atlastin into preformed liposomes. While several reconstitution methods are available, reconstitution by detergent removal has several advantages that make it suitable for atlastins and other similar proteins. The advantage of this method includes a high reconstitution yield and correct orientation of the reconstituted protein. This method can be extended to other membrane proteins and for other applications that require proteoliposomes. Additionally, we describe a FRET based lipid mixing assay of proteoliposomes used as a measurement of membrane fusion.

Detergent-assisted Reconstitution of Recombinant Drosophila Atlastin into Liposomes for Lipid-mixing Assays

Biological membrane fusion is catalyzed by specialized fusion proteins. Measuring the fusogenic properties of proteins can be achieved by lipid mixing assays. We present a method for purifying recombinant Drosophila atlastin, a protein that mediates homotypic fusion of the ER, reconstituting it to preformed liposomes, and testing for fusion capacity.

Rekombinant Drosophila , lipid karıştırıcılar Için lipozomlar halinde deterjan destekli yeniden yapılanma

Membrane fusion is a crucial process in the eukaryotic cell. Specialized proteins are necessary to catalyze fusion. Atlastins are endoplasmic reticulum ...

Profiling Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like Dependent Post-translational Modifications and Identification of Significant Alterations

Ubiquitin (ub) and ubiquitin-like (ubl) dependent post-translational modifications of proteins play fundamental biological regulatory roles within the cell by controlling protein stability, activity, interactions, and intracellular localization. They enable the cell to respond to signals and to adapt to changes in its environment. Alterations within these mechanisms can lead to severe pathological situations such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. The aim of the technique described here is to establish ub/ubls dependent PTMs profiles, rapidly and accurately, from cultured cell lines. The comparison of different profiles obtained from different conditions allows the identification of specific alterations, such as those induced by a treatment for example. Lentiviral mediated cell transduction is performed to create stable cell lines expressing a two-tags (6His and Flag) version of the modifier (ubiquitin or a ubl such as SUMO1 or Nedd8). These tags permit the purification of ubiquitin and therefore of ubiquitinated proteins from the cells. This is done through a two-step purification process: The first one is performed in denaturing conditions using the 6His tag, and the second one in native conditions using the Flag tag. This leads to a highly specific and pure isolation of modified proteins which are subsequently identified and semi-quantified by liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology. Easy informatics analysis of MS data using Excel software enables the establishment of PTM profiles by eliminating background signals. These profiles are compared between each condition in order to identify specific alterations which will then be studied more specifically, starting with their validation by standard biochemistry techniques.

This protocol aims at establishing ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin-likes (Ubls) specific proteomes in order to identify alterations of these kind of post-translational modifications (PTMs), associated with a specific condition such as a treatment or a phenotype.

Ubiquitin ve Ubiquitin benzeri Bağımlı Post-translational Modifikasyonlar ve Önemli Değişikliklerin Belirlenmesi Profilleme

Ubiquitin (ub) and ubiquitin-like (ubl) dependent post-translational modifications of proteins play fundamental biological regulatory roles within the ...

Use of Microscale Thermophoresis to Measure Protein-Lipid Interactions

The ability to determine the binding affinity of lipids to proteins is an essential part of understanding protein-lipid interactions in membrane trafficking, signal transduction and cytoskeletal remodeling. Classic tools for measuring such interactions include surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). While powerful tools, these approaches have setbacks. ITC requires large amounts of purified protein as well as lipids, which can be costly and difficult to produce. Furthermore, ITC as well as SPR are very time consuming, which could add significantly to the cost of performing these experiments. One way to bypass these restrictions is to use the relatively new technique of microscale thermophoresis (MST). MST is fast and cost effective using small amounts of sample to obtain a saturation curve for a given binding event. There currently are two types of MST systems available. One type of MST requires labeling with a fluorophore in the blue or red spectrum. The second system relies on the intrinsic fluorescence of aromatic amino acids in the UV range. Both systems detect the movement of molecules in response to localized induction of heat from an infrared laser. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages. Label-free MST can use untagged native proteins; however, many analytes, including pharmaceuticals, fluoresce in the UV range, which can interfere with determination of accurate KD values. In comparison, labeled MST allows for a greater diversity of measurable pairwise interactions utilizing fluorescently labeled probes attached to ligands with measurable absorbances in the visible range as opposed to UV, limiting the potential for interfering signals from analytes.

Microscale thermophoresis obtains binding constants quickly at low material cost. Either labeled or label free microscale thermophoresis is commercially available; however, label free thermophoresis is not capable of the diversity of interaction measurements that can be performed using fluorescent labels. We provide a protocol for labeled thermophoresis measurements.

Protein-Lipid Etkileşimlerini Ölçmek için Mikro Ölçekli Termoforez Kullanımı

The ability to determine the binding affinity of lipids to proteins is an essential part of understanding protein-lipid interactions in membrane ...

Removal and Replacement of Endogenous Ligands from Lipid-Bound Proteins and Allergens

Many major allergens bind to hydrophobic lipid-like molecules, including Mus m 1, Bet v 1, Der p 2, and Fel d 1. These ligands are strongly retained and have the potential to influence the sensitization process either through directly stimulating the immune system or altering the biophysical properties of the allergenic protein. In order to control for these variables, techniques are required for the removal of endogenously bound ligands and, if necessary, replacement with lipids of known composition. The cockroach allergen Bla g 1 encloses a large hydrophobic cavity which binds a heterogeneous mixture of endogenous lipids when purified using traditional techniques. Here, we describe a method through which these lipids are removed using reverse-phase HPLC followed by thermal annealing to yield Bla g 1 in either its Apo-form or reloaded with a user-defined mixture of fatty acid or phospholipid cargoes. Coupling this protocol with biochemical assays reveal that fatty acid cargoes significantly alter the thermostability and proteolytic resistance of Bla g 1, with downstream implications for the rate of T-cell epitope generation and allergenicity. These results highlight the importance of lipid removal/reloading protocols such as the one described herein when studying allergens from both recombinant and natural sources. The protocol is generalizable to other allergen families including lipocalins (Mus m 1), PR-10 (Bet v 1), MD-2 (Der p 2) and Uteroglobin (Fel d 1), providing a valuable tool to study the role of lipids in the allergic response.

This protocol describes the removal of endogenous lipids from allergens, and their replacement with user-specified ligands through reverse-phase HPLC coupled with thermal annealing. 31P-NMR and circular dichroism allow for the rapid confirmation of ligand removal/loading, and the recovery of native allergen structure.

Lipid'e Bağlı Proteinler ve Alerjenlerden Endojen Ligandların Çıkarılması ve Değiştirilmesi

Many major allergens bind to hydrophobic lipid-like molecules, including Mus m 1, Bet v 1, Der p 2, and Fel d 1. These ligands are strongly retained and ...