Bu eser CREH merkezi NIEHS tarafından ve Ulusal Doğa Bilimleri Foundation of China (No. 31572626) tarafından desteklenen bir pilot proje hibe tarafından desteklenmiştir.

Tüm hayvan deneyleri tüm ilgili kurallar, düzenlemeler ve düzenleyici kurumlar uygun olarak idam edildi. Gösterilen iletişim kuralı rehberlik ve kurumsal hayvan bakım ve kullanım Komitesi (IACUC) Texas A & M Enstitüsü onaylanması için genomik Tıp altında gerçekleştirildi.
1. çözüm hazırlık
<ol><li>Çift Kişilik distile H2O ile 1 x 10 x Hank'in dengeli tuz solüsyonu sulandırmak ve 4 ° C'de depolayın</li>
	<li>Yalıtım çözüm HEPES (10 mM), MgCl2 (1 mM) ve glikoz (5 mM) ekleyerek hazırlayın. PH 7.4 için ayarlamak ve buz üzerinde tutun.</li>
	<li>Collagenase tip 4 collagenase çözümden hazırlayın. Not: Özellikle, collagenase tip 4 160 mg kuru ağırlığının U içerir. collagenase tip 4 1 g 5 mL Çift Kişilik distile H2O 200 mg/mL bir konsantrasyon ile seyreltilmiş. seyreltilmiş Collagenase 2 mL 30 mL buz soğuk izolasyon çözüme eklenir ve 6 mL collagenase çözeltisi 50 mL tüp her fare için transfer edilir.</li>
	<li>Yıkama çözüm yalıtım çözüm 1 mM CaCl2 ekleyerek hazırlayın.</li>
	<li>Soğuk polysucrose/sodyum diatrizoate çözüm (1.1119 g/mL, 5 mL) ile arıtma çözüm hazırlamak.</li>
	<li>Adacık kültür ortamının 500 mL L-glutamin (20 mM), penisilin (100 U/mL), streptomisin (100 µg/mL) ve fetal Sığır serum (FBS) (% 10) RPMI orta ekleyerek hazırlayın.</li>
	<li>DCFH-DA hisse senedi çözüm toz 200 µM, distile su ve store-20 ° C'de çözülerek hazırlamak Not: Çözüm boyama ROS taze DCFH-DA hisse senedi eriyik-e doğru RPMI içinde 5 mikron son konsantrasyonu sulandrarak yapılır. Bu reaktif ışıktan korunmalıdır.</li>
</ol>2. cerrahi hazırlık
<ol><li>İntraperitoneally (IP) bir fare ile avertin (%2.5 avertin, 0.4 mL/20 g) enjekte et. Sonra fare tamamen anestezi ve artık yanıt hind için pinch ayak, fare ötenazi ve biyolojik hood taşır.</li>
	<li>Karın yüzü yukarı bakacak şekilde euthanized fareyi getirin ve sterilizasyon için % 70 etanol ile cilt sprey.</li>
	<li>Karın üst karın üzerine 1 cm U-kesi ile açın ve karın boşluğu ortaya çıkarmak için göğüs üzerinde cilt rostral yönde geri çek.</li>
</ol>3. pankreas perfüzyon ve kaldırma
<ol><li>Şekil 1' de gösterildiği gibi ampulla konumunu bulmak. Duodenum Oddi Sfinkter konumunu yakın kelepçe için Kıvrımlı pensler bir çift kullanın. Bir çift daha Kıvrımlı pensler duodenum safra yolu engellemek için oniki parmak bağırsağı duvar kelepçe için kullanın. Not: Ampulla Bu adımda eklenen değil. Bu adımı duodenum safra yolu engellemek içindir.</li>
	<li>Fareyi başından proksimal ve distal açısından araştırmacı ayak yeniden konumlandırın.</li>
	<li>Ortak safra kanalını bulmak ve yavaş yavaş 30 G iğne ve 5 mL şırınga ile 3 mL collagenase çözeltisi enjekte. Ortak safra kanalını ve pankreas enjeksiyon sonra şişirilir emin olun.</li>
	<li>Şişmiş pankreas inen kolon, bağırsak, mide ve dalak ayırmak için Kıvrımlı pensler ve iyi makas kullanarak kaldırın. Pankreas 3 mL collagenase çözeltisi içeren bir 50 mL tüp içinde yerleştirin ve buz üzerinde tutun.</li>
</ol>4. pankreas sindirim
<ol><li>Her 50 mL tüp 37 ° C su banyosu yerleştirin. 15-20 dk için kuluçkaya (süre değişir zorlanma ve fareler yaş ile).</li>
	<li>Bir girdap kullanarak boru titremek.</li>
	<li>4-5 büyük steril lavabo süzgeç sindirilir pankreasta havuz ve iyice darmadağın pankreas yapmak için bir kaşık kullanabilirsiniz. Zorla ekrandan sindirilir hücreleri pipette için yıkama solüsyon içeren 23 G iğne ve 10 mL şırınga kullanın. 50 mL tüp yıkama çözümde toplamak.</li>
	<li>Tüpler, 97 x g 4 ° c için 1 dk santrifüj kapasitesi ve süpernatant dikkatle boşaltmak.</li>
	<li>Tüpler için 25 mL yıkama çözeltisi ekleyin ve doku nazik vortexing tarafından yeniden askıya alma. Spin aşağı doku, 97 x g 1 dk. için 4 ° C'de ve süpernatant dikkatle boşaltmak. İçin 3 kez tekrarlayın. Pelleted doku çıkarmak değil dikkatli olun.</li>
</ol>5. arıtma adacıkları
<ol><li>Arıtma Çözüm 10 mL yıkanmış doku Pelet ekleyin ve hafifçe içeriği resuspend.</li>
	<li>Yavaşça 5 mL yalıtım çözeltisi arıtma çözüm üzerinde yerleşimi. İki çözüm arasında keskin bir sıvı arayüzü tutmak için dikkatli olun.</li>
	<li>Tüp 4 ° C'de 15 dakika yavaş ivme ile de g x 560 ve fren yok santrifüj kapasitesi. Pipet arayüzü içine yerleştirin ve adacıkları katman yeni 50 mL tüpler içine toplamak.</li>
	<li>Adacıkları 3.5 adımda anlatıldığı gibi yıkayın.</li>
</ol>6. kaplama ve adacık hücreleri tedavi
<ol><li>Adacıkları adacıkları kültür çözüm 10 mL resuspend, yavaşça karıştırın ve 100 µL/iyi bir 96-şey plaka için çok kanallı pipet ile yerleştirin. 96 başına yaklaşık 5 adacıktan de yerleştirin.</li>
	<li>12 h için doku kültürü kuluçka plaka yerleştirin.</li>
	<li>96-şey plaka (112 x g) santrifüj kapasitesi ve kültür orta kaldırın.</li>
	<li>Çevresel kimyasallar adacıkları kültür orta sulandırmak. Her birinin kimyasal seyrelticiler 100 µL plaka ayrı kuyu ekleyin. Her iyi adacıkları resuspend ve 12 h (konsantrasyonu farklı çevresel kimyasallar için değişir) 37 ° C'de için kuluçkaya.</li>
</ol>7. ROS boyama ve ölçüm
<ol><li>1 x PBS ile adacıkları tedaviden sonra yıkayın (her 96-kuyu 200 µL). Not: Kimyasal konsantrasyonu olarak takip olduğunu: AFB1: 3 µM, Atrazine: 100 µM, BaP: 10 µM, BPA: 100 µM, β-östrojen, PCB126: 10 µM, Nonylphenol ve BPA: 100 µM.</li>
	<li>N-asetil sistein (NAC) bir antioksidan ROS gidermek için kullanın. NAC 5 mM ROS kaynaklı kimyasal seyrelticiler ekleyin ve 37 ° C'de 12 h için kuluçkaya</li>
	<li>96-şey plaka 112 x g, santrifüj kapasitesi ve 60 dk 37 ° C'de 5 µM çözüm floresan inceleyebilirsek (H2-DCFH-DA RPMI ortamda çözünmüş) ile kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>3 kez PBS ile tedavi adacık hücreleri yıkama ve floresan 488 bir Mikroplaka Okuyucu ile ölçmek nm. Not: DCF hücrelerdeki birikimi artış tarafından 530, floresans içinde ölçülen örnek 488 heyecanlı zaman nm nm.</li>
	<li>Glikoz uyarılmış insülin salgılanması (GSIS) tahlil9 xenobiotic ROS-inducing gerçekleştirmek tedavi adacıkları ve tedavi edilmezse adacıkları pankreas adacıkları fizyolojik fonksiyonu xenobiotic etkisini ölçmek için.</li>
</ol>

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Yazarlar onlar rakip hiçbir mali çıkarları var bildirin.

Kanıt biriken öneriyor çevresel kimyasallar o maruz T2DM gelişiminde önemli bir rol oynar. Xenobiotics kaynaklı ROS T2DM gelişmesine katkıda bulunan bir potansiyel etyolojik faktör olarak kabul edilmiştir. İnsanlar xenobiotic kimyasalların geniş bir dizi sunulur ve bir büyük gerek roman araştırma teknikleri etkili pankreas toxicants tanımlamak ve toksisite pankreas hücreleri belirli mekanizmasının araştırmak için.
Bu çalışmada, yayımlanmış yordamlar<sup class="xre...

T2DM yaygınlığı artışlar küresel sağlık krizi son yıllarda poz halk sağlığı1için ciddi bir tehdit haline gelmiştir. Pek çok faktör bulunmuştur nedensel T2DM, geliştirme arasında hangi, bağlanacak şekilde yinelenen bulgular bu faktörler için bir ortak yakınsak noktası aşırı ROS2 nesil uzaklaşan oksidatif stres indüksiyon olduğunu göstermektedir , 3.
Çevresel kimyasallar PCB, dioksin ve BaP gibi geniş bir yelpazede pankreas β hücrelerinin işlevini bozabilir ve insülin direnci ve T2DM4yol oksidatif stres, neden tespit edilmiştir. Her ne kadar ROS fizyolojik düzeyi hücresel işlevlerinde önemli bir rol oynar, antioksidan sistem kapasitesini aşıyor ROS maruz hücreler/dokulara zarar sonuçları ve hastalıklar5' e götürür. Pankreas Beta hücreleri antioksidan enzim düşük düzeyde hızlı ve dolayısıyla oksidatif stres-aracılı hasar6,7için önemli bir hedef. Kronik ROS yüksek düzeyde maruz stres kaynaklı pankreas hücresi disfonksiyon5 neden için gösterilen yanı sıra karaciğer ve yağ dokusu8insülin direnci.
Bu projenin genel amacı bir hücre tabanlı tahlil ekran kimyasallara ROS pankreas hücreleri içinde onların indüksiyon dayalı onların diyabetojenik potansiyeller için geliştirmektir. Pankreas ve metabolik detoksifikasyon yoksun xenobiotic indüklenen zarar6,7için önemli bir hedeftir. Bu nedenle, doğrudan pankreas hücrelerinde üretilen ROS ölçerek, bu tahlil pankreas kimyasal kaynaklı yaralanma doğrudan bir yaklaşım sağlamalıdır. Bu yöntem geliştirmek için biz fare pankreas adacıkları izole, izole adacık hücre kültür koşul kimyasallar ile altında kültürlü ve kimyasal kaynaklı ROS üretimi okuma olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu basit ve izole adacık kimyasal maddeler ROS-inducing belirlenmesinde etkili işlemdir; soruşturma için pankreas içinde vitroözgü mekanizmaları toksisite için daha fazla geliştirilebilir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="858">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:289px;">10&#215;Hank&#8217;s balanced salt solution&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">GIBCO</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14185-052</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Collagenase Type 4</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochemical Corporation</td>
			<td>CLS-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">polysucrose/sodium diatrizoate solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>10771</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2&#8217;,7&#8217;-dichlorofluorescein (DCFH-DA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D6883-50MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">fluorescence microplate reader&#160;</td>
			<td>Biotek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G8540-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">streptomycin</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>15140148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FBS</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>26140079</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>11875-085</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">avertin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T48402-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rat/Mouse Insulin ELISA Kit</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>EZRMI-13K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Sorval</td>
			<td>Sorval RT7</td>
			<td>for 96-well plate centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microplate reader</td>
			<td>Biotek</td>
			<td>Epoch 2</td>
			<td>for fluorescence reading</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a murine pancreatic islet cell-based screening for diabetogenic environmental chemicals

Bazı çevresel kimyasallar insan ve hayvanlarda maruz hangi-ecek götürmek tip 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) gelişimi için pankreas β hücrelerinin hücre hasarına neden tespit edilmiştir. Kimyasal kaynaklı β hücre hasarı için mekanizmalar belirsiz ve karmaşık olması olasılığı olmasına rağmen bir yinelenen bu kimyasalların oksidatif stres zarar neden aşırı reaktif oksijen türleri (ROS) üretimi için önde gelen neden bulgudur β hücre. Potansiyel diyabetojenik çevresel kimyasallar tanımlamak için C57BL/6 fareler pankreas adacık hücreleri ve kültürlü adacık hücreleri 96-şey hücre kültür tabak içinde izole; daha sonra adacık hücreleri kimyasallar ile ilaç ve ROS üretimi 2' tarafından 7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCFH-DA) floresan boya tespit edildi. Bu yöntemi kullanarak, biz o Bisfenol A (BPA), Benzo [a] dumanında (BaP), Poliklorlu bifeniller (PCB) bulup, potansiyel olarak adacık hücreleri hasara neden olabilir düşündüren ROS, yüksek düzeyde neden. Bu yöntem diyabetojenik xenobiotics eleme için yararlı olmalıdır. Buna ek olarak, kültürlü adacık hücreleri de kimyasal kaynaklı toksisite pankreas hücreleri vitro analiz için adapte olabilir.

Sağlıklı izole adacık test adacıkları olan bir yuvarlak veya oval şekil (boyutu tekdüzelik zorlanma zorlanma değişebilir rağmen) nispeten boyutu üniforma olduğu Şekil 2' de gösterilmiştir. Biz sonraki adacık yalıtma ve kültür adacıkları insülin salgılanmasını uyarıcı bir vitro tahlil pankreas adacık işlevlerinde araştırdık. Şekil 3 C57BL/6 izole fare adacıkları 3,3 mM ve 16,7 mM glikoz...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Murine Pancreatic Islet Cell-based Screening for Diabetogenic Environmental Chemicals at JoVE.com

A Murine Pancreatic Islet Cell-based Screening for Diabetogenic Environmental Chemicals

Burada potansiyel diyabetojenik xenobiotic kimyasallar tanımlamak için xenobiotics tarafından ROS indüksiyon süzmek için fare pankreas adacık hücreleri izole etmek için bir iletişim kuralı mevcut.

Bir fare pankreas adacık hücre tabanlı tarama diyabetojenik çevresel kimyasallar için

Exposure to certain environmental chemicals in human and animals has been found to cause cellular damage of the pancreatic &#946; cells which will lead to ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

7.2K Görüntüleme.  Hunan Agriculture University. Burada potansiyel diyabetojenik xenobiotic kimyasallar tanımlamak için xenobiotics tarafından ROS indüksiyon süzmek için fare pankreas adacık hücreleri izole etmek için bir iletişim kuralı mevcut.

Video: A Murine Pancreatic Islet Cell-based Screening for Diabetogenic Environmental Chemicals

A New Screening Method for the Directed Evolution of Thermostable Bacteriolytic Enzymes

Directed evolution is defined as a method to harness natural selection in order to engineer proteins to acquire particular properties that are not associated with the protein in nature. Literature has provided numerous examples regarding the implementation of directed evolution to successfully alter molecular specificity and catalysis1. The primary advantage of utilizing directed evolution instead of more rational-based approaches for molecular engineering relates to the volume and diversity of variants that can be screened2. One possible application of directed evolution involves improving structural stability of bacteriolytic enzymes, such as endolysins. Bacteriophage encode and express endolysins to hydrolyze a critical covalent bond in the peptidoglycan (i.e. cell wall) of bacteria, resulting in host cell lysis and liberation of progeny virions. Notably, these enzymes possess the ability to extrinsically induce lysis to susceptible bacteria in the absence of phage and furthermore have been validated both in vitro and in vivo for their therapeutic potential3-5. The subject of our directed evolution study involves the PlyC endolysin, which is composed of PlyCA and PlyCB subunits6. When purified and added extrinsically, the PlyC holoenzyme lyses group A streptococci (GAS) as well as other streptococcal groups in a matter of seconds and furthermore has been validated in vivo against GAS7. Significantly, monitoring residual enzyme kinetics after elevated temperature incubation provides distinct evidence that PlyC loses lytic activity abruptly at 45 &deg;C, suggesting a short therapeutic shelf life, which may limit additional development of this enzyme. Further studies reveal the lack of thermal stability is only observed for the PlyCA subunit, whereas the PlyCB subunit is stable up to ~90 &deg;C (unpublished observation). In addition to PlyC, there are several examples in literature that describe the thermolabile nature of endolysins. For example, the Staphylococcus aureus endolysin LysK and Streptococcus pneumoniae endolysins Cpl-1 and Pal lose activity spontaneously at 42 &deg;C, 43.5 &deg;C and 50.2 &deg;C, respectively8-10. According to the Arrhenius equation, which relates the rate of a chemical reaction to the temperature present in the particular system, an increase in thermostability will correlate with an increase in shelf life expectancy11. Toward this end, directed evolution has been shown to be a useful tool for altering the thermal activity of various molecules in nature, but never has this particular technology been exploited successfully for the study of bacteriolytic enzymes. Likewise, successful accounts of progressing the structural stability of this particular class of antimicrobials altogether are nonexistent. In this video, we employ a novel methodology that uses an error-prone DNA polymerase followed by an optimized screening process using a 96 well microtiter plate format to identify mutations to the PlyCA subunit of the PlyC streptococcal endolysin that correlate to an increase in enzyme kinetic stability (Figure 1). Results after just one round of random mutagenesis suggest the methodology is generating PlyC variants that retain more than twice the residual activity when compared to wild-type (WT) PlyC after elevated temperature treatment.

A novel directed evolution method specific to the field of thermostability engineering was developed and consequently validated for bacteriolytic enzymes. After only one round of random mutagenesis, an evolved bacteriolytic enzyme, PlyC 29C3, displayed greater than twice the residual activity when compared to the wild-type protein after elevated temperature incubation.

Termostabil Bacteriolytic Enzimlerin yönlendirilmiş evrimi için Yeni Tarama Yöntemi

Directed evolution is defined as a method to harness natural selection in order to engineer proteins to acquire particular properties that are not ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Isolation, Identification, and Purification of Murine Thymic Epithelial Cells

The thymus is a vital organ for T lymphocyte development. Of thymic stromal cells, thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are particularly crucial at multiple stages of T cell development: T cell commitment, positive selection and negative selection. However, the function of TECs in the thymus remains incompletely understood. In the article, we provide a method to isolate TEC subsets from fresh mouse thymus using a combination of mechanical disruption and enzymatic digestion. The method allows thymic stromal cells and thymocytes to be efficiently released from cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix connections and to form a single-cell suspension. Using the isolated cells, multiparameter flow cytometry can be applied to identification and characterization of TECs and dendritic cells. Because TECs are a rare cell population in the thymus, we also describe an effective way to enrich and purify TECs by depleting thymocytes, the most abundant cell type in the thymus. Following the enrichment, cell sorting time can be decreased so that loss of cell viability can be minimized during purification of TECs. Purified cells are suitable for various downstream analyses like Real Time-PCR, Western blot and gene expression profiling. The protocol will promote research of TEC function and as well as the development of in vitro T cell reconstitution.

Here we describe an efficient method for isolation, identification, and purification of mouse thymic epithelial cells (TECs). The protocol can be utilized for studies of thymus function for normal T cell development, thymus dysfunction, and T cell reconstitution.

İzolasyon, tanımlama ve Murin Thymic Epitel Hücreleri saflaştırılması

The thymus is a vital organ for T lymphocyte development. Of thymic stromal cells, thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are particularly crucial at multiple ...

A Rapid Strategy for the Isolation of New Faustoviruses from Environmental Samples Using Vermamoeba vermiformis

The isolation of giant viruses is of great interest in this new era of virology, especially since these giant viruses are related to protists. Giant viruses may be potentially pathogenic for many species of protists. They belong to the recently described order of Megavirales. The new lineage Faustovirus that has been isolated from sewage samples is distantly related to the mammalian pathogen African swine fever virus. This virus is also specific to its amoebal host, Vermamoeba vermiformis, a protist common in health care water systems. It is crucial to continue isolating new Faustovirus genotypes in order to enlarge its genotype collection and study its pan-genome. We developed new strategies for the isolation of additional strains by improving the use of antibiotic and antifungal combinations in order to avoid bacterial and fungal contaminations of the amoeba co-culture and favoring the virus multiplication. We also implemented a new starvation medium to maintain V. vermiformis in optimal conditions for viruses co-culture. Finally, we used flow cytometry rather than microscopic observation, which is time-consuming, to detect the cytopathogenic effect. We obtained two isolates from sewage samples, proving the efficiency of this method and thus widening the collection of Faustoviruses, to better understand their environment, host specificity and genetic content.

A Rapid Strategy for the Isolation of New Faustoviruses from Environmental Samples Using Vermamoeba vermiformis

We describe here the latest advances in viral isolation for the characterization of new genotypes of Faustovirus, a new asfarvirus-related lineage of giant viruses. This protocol can be applied to the high throughput isolation of viruses, especially giant viruses infecting amoeba.

Kullanımı Çevre Örneklerinde Yeni Faustoviruses İzolasyonunda bir Hızlı Stratejisi<em&gt; Vermamoeba vermiformis</em

The isolation of giant viruses is of great interest in this new era of virology, especially since these giant viruses are related to protists. Giant ...

Developing a Salivary Antibody Multiplex Immunoassay to Measure Human Exposure to Environmental Pathogens

The etiology and impacts of human exposure to environmental pathogens are of major concern worldwide and, thus, the ability to assess exposure and infections using cost effective, high-throughput approaches would be indispensable. This manuscript describes the development and analysis of a bead-based multiplex immunoassay capable of measuring the presence of antibodies in human saliva to multiple pathogens simultaneously. Saliva is particularly attractive in this application because it is noninvasive, cheaper and easier to collect than serum. Antigens from environmental pathogens were coupled to carboxylated microspheres (beads) and used to measure antibodies in very small volumes of human saliva samples using a bead-based, solution-phase assay. Beads were coupled with antigens from Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, Toxoplasma gondii, noroviruses (G I.1 and G II.4) and hepatitis A virus. To ensure that the antigens were sufficiently coupled to the beads, coupling was confirmed using species-specific, animal-derived primary capture antibodies, followed by incubation with biotinylated anti-species secondary detection antibodies and streptavidin-R-phycoerythrin reporter (SAPE). As a control to measure non-specific binding, one bead set was treated identically to the others except it was not coupled to any antigen. The antigen-coupled and control beads were then incubated with prospectively-collected human saliva samples, measured on a high throughput analyzer based on the principles of flow cytometry, and the presence of antibodies to each antigen was measured in Median Fluorescence Intensity units (MFI). This multiplex immunoassay has a number of advantages, including more data with less sample; reduced costs and labor; and the ability to customize the assay to many targets of interest. Results indicate that the salivary multiplex immunoassay may be capable of identifying previous exposures and infections, which can be especially useful in surveillance studies involving large human populations.

In the current climate of scarce resources, new technologies are emerging that allow researchers to conduct studies cheaper, faster and with more precision. Here we describe the development of a bead-based salivary antibody multiplex immunoassay to measure human exposure to multiple environmental pathogens simultaneously.

Bir Tükürük Antikor Multiplex Immuoassay Gelişmekte Çevre Patojenler İnsan Pozlama&#39;yı Tedbir

The etiology and impacts of human exposure to environmental pathogens are of major concern worldwide and, thus, the ability to assess exposure and ...

A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization

Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS), is a Gram-positive, asymptomatic colonizer of the human gastrointestinal tract and vaginal tract of 10 - 30% of adults. In immune-compromised individuals, including neonates, pregnant women, and the elderly, GBS may switch to an invasive pathogen causing sepsis, arthritis, pneumonia, and meningitis. Because GBS is a leading bacterial pathogen of neonates, current prophylaxis is comprised of late gestation screening for GBS vaginal colonization and subsequent peripartum antibiotic treatment of GBS-positive mothers. Heavy GBS vaginal burden is a risk factor for both neonatal disease and colonization. Unfortunately, little is known about the host and bacterial factors that promote or permit GBS vaginal colonization. This protocol describes a technique for establishing persistent GBS vaginal colonization using a single &#946;-estradiol pre-treatment and daily sampling to determine bacterial load. It further details methods to administer additional therapies or reagents of interest and to collect vaginal lavage fluid and reproductive tract tissues. This mouse model will further the understanding of the GBS-host interaction within the vaginal environment, which will lead to potential therapeutic targets to control maternal vaginal colonization during pregnancy and to prevent transmission to the vulnerable newborn. It will also be of interest to increase our understanding of general bacterial-host interactions in the female vaginal tract.

A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization

The purpose of this protocol is to imitate human group B Streptococcus (GBS) vaginal colonization in a murine model. This method may be used to investigate host immune responses and bacterial factors contributing to GBS vaginal persistence, as well as to test therapeutic strategies.

B Grubu bir murin modelinde<em&gt; Streptococcus</em&gt; Vajinal Kolonizasyon

Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS), is a Gram-positive, asymptomatic colonizer of the human gastrointestinal tract and vaginal tract of ...

A Fluorescence-based Lymphocyte Assay Suitable for High-throughput Screening of Small Molecules

High-throughput screening (HTS) is currently the mainstay for the identification of chemical entities capable of modulating biochemical reactions or cellular processes. With the advancement of biotechnologies and the high translational potential of small molecules, a number of innovative approaches in drug discovery have evolved, which explains the resurgent interest in the use of HTS. The oncology field is currently the most active research area for drug screening, with no major breakthrough made for the identification of new immunomodulatory compounds targeting transplantation-related complications or autoimmune ailments. Here, we present a novel in vitro murine fluorescent-based lymphocyte assay easily adapted for the identification of new immunomodulatory compounds. This assay uses T or B cells derived from a transgenic mouse, in which the Nur77 promoter drives GFP expression upon T- or B-cell receptor stimulation. As the GFP intensity reflects the activation/transcriptional activity of the target cell, our assay defines a novel tool to study the effect of given compound(s) on cellular/biological responses. For instance, a primary screening was performed using 4,398 compounds in the absence of a &#34;target hypothesis&#34;, which led to the identification of 160 potential hits displaying immunomodulatory activities. Thus, the use of this assay is suitable for drug discovery programs exploring large chemical libraries prior to further in vitro/in vivo validation studies.

We present in the current study a novel fluorescence-based assay using lymphocytes derived from a transgenic mouse. This assay is suitable for high-throughput screening (HTS) of small molecules endowed with the capacity of either inhibiting or promoting lymphocyte activation.

Küçük moleküllerin yüksek verimli tarama için uygun bir floresan bazlı lenfositi analizi

High-throughput screening (HTS) is currently the mainstay for the identification of chemical entities capable of modulating biochemical reactions or ...

A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens

Handwashing is widely recommended to prevent infectious disease transmission. However, little comparable evidence exists on the efficacy of handwashing methods in general. Additionally, little evidence exists comparing handwashing methods to determine which are most efficacious at removing infectious pathogens. Research is needed to provide evidence for the different approaches to handwashing that may be employed during infectious disease outbreaks. Here, a laboratory method to assess the efficacy of handwashing methods at removing microorganisms from hands and their persistence in rinse water is described. Volunteers' hands are first spiked with the test organism and then washed with each handwashing method of interest. Generally, surrogate microorganisms are used to protect human subjects from disease. The number of organisms remaining on volunteers' hands after washing is tested using a modified "glove juice" method: the hands are placed in gloves with an eluent and are scrubbed to suspend the microorganisms and make them available for analysis by membrane filtration (bacteria) or plaque assay (viruses/bacteriophages). Rinse water produced from the handwashing is directly collected for analysis. Handwashing efficacy is quantified by comparing the log reduction value between samples taken after handwashing to samples with no handwashing. Rinse water persistence is quantified by comparing rinse water samples from various handwashing methods to samples collected after handwashing with just water. While this method is limited by the need to use surrogate organisms to preserve the safety of human volunteers, it captures aspects of handwashing that are difficult to replicate in an in vitro study and fills research gaps on handwashing efficacy and the persistence of infectious organisms in rinse water.

Handwashing is widely recommended to prevent infectious disease transmission. However, there is little evidence on which handwashing methods are most efficacious at removing infectious disease pathogens. We developed a method to assess the efficacy of handwashing methods at removing microorganisms.

Yükselen Bulaşıcı Patojenlerin Giderilmesi İçin El Yıkama Etkinliğini Test Etmenin Bir Metodu

Handwashing is widely recommended to prevent infectious disease transmission. However, little comparable evidence exists on the efficacy of handwashing ...

Electrochemiluminescence Assays for Human Islet Autoantibodies

Pinpointing islet autoantibodies associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) leads the way to project and deter this disease in the general population. A novel ECL assay is a nonradioactive fluid phase assay for islet autoantibodies with higher sensitivity and specificity than the current 'gold' standard radio-binding assay (RBA). ECL assays can more precisely define the onset of presymptomatic T1D by distinguishing the high-risk, high-affinity autoantibodies from the low-risk, low-affinity autoantibodies generated in RBAs, and conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The antigen protein used in this ECL assay is labeled with Sulfo-tag and Biotin, respectively. Each ECL autoantibody assay that uses a particular antigen protein needs an optimization step before it can be used for laboratory application. This step is especially vital in determining the requirements for serum acid treatments, concentrations, and ratios of the two different antigens labeled with Sulfo-tag and Biotin. To perform the assay, serum samples are mixed with Sulfo-tag-conjugated and biotinylated capture antigen protein in phosphate buffered solution (PBS), containing 5% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). Afterwards, the samples are incubated overnight at 4 &#176;C. The same day, a streptavidin-coated plate is prepared with blocker buffer and incubated overnight at 4 &#176;C. On the second day, wash the streptavidin plate and transfer the serum-antigen mixture onto the plate. Place the plate on the plate shaker, set it at low speed, and incubate at room temperature for 1 h. Subsequently, the plate is washed again, and reader buffer is added. The plate is then counted on the plate reader machine. The results are conveyed through an index, which is generated from internal standard positive and negative control serum samples.

Here, we presented the methods to detect human islet autoantibodies using electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assays. The protocol, used to predict type 1 diabetes, can be expanded upon to detect autoantibodies for other autoimmune diseases.

Electrochemiluminescence deneyleri için insan adacık otoantikorlar

Pinpointing islet autoantibodies associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) leads the way to project and deter this disease in the general population. A novel ...

A High-throughput Platform for the Screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.

Fecal-oral transmission of acute gastroenteritis occurs from time to time, especially when people who handled food and water are infected by Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. The gold standard method for the detection of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. is direct culture but this is labor-intensive and time-consuming. Here, we describe a high-throughput platform for Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. screening, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with guided culture. There are two major stages: real-time PCR and the guided culture. For the first stage (real-time PCR), we explain each step of the method: sample collection, pre-enrichment, DNA extraction and real-time PCR. If the real-time PCR result is positive, then the second stage (guided culture) is performed: selective culture, biochemical identification and serological characterization. We also illustrate representative results generated from it. The protocol described here would be a valuable platform for the rapid, specific, sensitive and high-throughput screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.

A High-throughput Platform for the Screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.

Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. are common pathogens attributed to diarrhea. Here, we describe a high-throughput platform for the screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. using real-time PCR combined with guided culture.

Salmonella spp. testi ile taranması için yüksek üretilen iş platformu /Shigella spp.

Fecal-oral transmission of acute gastroenteritis occurs from time to time, especially when people who handled food and water are infected by Salmonella ...

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors

RNA interference- and genome editing-based screening platforms have been widely used to identify host cell factors that restrict virus replication. However, these screens are typically conducted in cells that are naturally permissive to the viral pathogen under study. Therefore, the robust replication of viruses in control conditions may limit the dynamic range of these screens. Furthermore, these screens may be unable to easily identify cellular defense pathways that restrict virus replication if the virus is well-adapted to the host and capable of countering antiviral defenses. In this article, we describe a new paradigm for exploring virus-host interactions through the use of screens that center on naturally abortive infections by arboviruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Despite the ability of VSV to replicate in a wide range of dipteran insect and mammalian hosts, VSV undergoes a post-entry, abortive infection in a variety of cell lines derived from lepidopteran insects, such as the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar). However, these abortive VSV infections can be &#34;rescued&#34; when host cell antiviral defenses are compromised. We describe how VSV strains encoding convenient reporter genes and restrictive L. dispar cell lines can be paired to set-up screens to identify host factors involved in arbovirus restriction. Furthermore, we also show the utility of these screening tools in the identification of virally encoded factors that rescue VSV replication during coinfection or through ectopic expression, including those encoded by mammalian viruses. The natural restriction of VSV replication in L. dispar cells provides a high signal-to-noise ratio when screening for the conditions that promote VSV rescue, thus enabling the use of simplistic luminescence- and fluorescence-based assays to monitor the changes in VSV replication. These methodologies are valuable for understanding the interplay between host antiviral responses and viral immune evasion factors.

Here, we present the protocols to identify 1) virus-encoded immunomodulators that promote arbovirus replication and 2) eukaryotic host factors that restrict arbovirus replication. These fluorescence- and luminescence-based methods allow researchers to rapidly obtain quantitative readouts of arbovirus replication in simplistic assays with low signal-to-noise ratios.

Araçlar Viral Immunomodulators ve ana bilgisayar Antiviral faktörler tanımlanması için eleme olarak Abdovirüs enfeksiyonlar

RNA interference- and genome editing-based screening platforms have been widely used to identify host cell factors that restrict virus replication. ...

Bir fare pankreas adacık hücre tabanlı tarama diyabetojenik çevresel kimyasallar için

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