Name: a murine pancreatic islet cell-based screening for diabetogenic environmental chemicals
Uploaded: 2018-06-25T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 39 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Murine Pancreatic Islet Cell-based Screening for Diabetogenic Environmental Chemicals at JoVE.com

Questo lavoro è stato supportato da una sovvenzione di progetto pilota da CREH centro sponsorizzato dal NIEHS e dalla Fondazione nazionale di scienze naturali della Cina (No. 31572626).

Tutti gli esperimenti sugli animali sono stati eseguiti in conformità con tutte le pertinenti linee guida, regolamenti e agenzie di regolamentazione. Il protocollo in questione è stato effettuato sotto la guida e l'approvazione del istituzionale Animal Care e uso Committee (IACUC) della Texas A & M. Istituto per la medicina genomica.
1. soluzione preparazione
<ol><li>Diluire la soluzione salina bilanciata di Hank di 10 x 1 x con doppio distillata H2O e conservare a 4 ° C.</li>
	<li>Preparare la soluzione di isolamento aggiungendo HEPES (10 mM), MgCl2 (1 mM) e glucosio (5 mM). Regolare il pH a 7,4 e tenere sul ghiaccio.</li>
	<li>Preparare la soluzione di collagenasi da collagenasi tipo 4. Nota: In particolare, collagenasi tipo 4 contiene 160 U per mg di peso a secco. 1 g di collagenasi tipo 4 è diluito in 5 mL doppio distillata H2O con una concentrazione di 200 mg/mL. 2 mL della collagenosi diluita viene aggiunto alla soluzione di isolamento freddo ghiaccio 30 mL e 6 mL di soluzione di collagenasi viene trasferito in una provetta 50 mL per ogni mouse.</li>
	<li>Preparare la soluzione di lavaggio aggiungendo 1 mM CaCl2 per la soluzione di isolamento.</li>
	<li>Preparare la soluzione di purificazione con soluzione di sodio polysucrose freddo diatrizoate (1,1119 g/mL, 5 mL).</li>
	<li>Preparare 500 mL di terreno di coltura dell'isolotto con l'aggiunta di L-Glutammina (20 mM), penicillina (100 U/mL), streptomicina (100 µ g/mL) e siero bovino fetale (FBS) (10%) nel medium RPMI.</li>
	<li>Preparare la soluzione di riserva di DCFH-DA sciogliendo la polvere in acqua distillata a 200 µM e conservare a-20 ° C. Nota: Il ROS macchiatura soluzione viene preparato diluendo la soluzione di riserva di DCFH-DA alla concentrazione finale di 5 µM in RPMI. Questo reagente dovrebbe essere protetto dalla luce.</li>
</ol>2. preparazione chirurgica
<ol><li>Iniettare per via intraperitoneale (I.P.) un mouse con avertin (2,5% avertin, 0,4 mL/20 g). Dopo che il mouse è completamente anestetizzato e non risponde più a posteriori del piede pizzichi, eutanasia il mouse e spostare la cappa biologica.</li>
	<li>Posizionare il mouse eutanasizzato col lato addominale rivolto verso l'alto e spruzzare sulla pelle con etanolo al 70% per la sterilizzazione.</li>
	<li>Aprire la cavità addominale con un 1 cm U-incisione sulla parte superiore dell'addome e ritrarre la pelle in direzione rostrale sopra la cassa per esporre la cavità addominale.</li>
</ol>3. rimozione e l'aspersione del pancreas
<ol><li>Come illustrato nella Figura 1, trovare la posizione del ampulla. Utilizzare un paio di pinze curve per serrare il duodeno vicina alla posizione dello sfintere di Oddi. Utilizzare un altro paio di pinzetta per serrare la parete del duodeno per bloccare la via biliare nel duodeno. Nota: L'ampolla non è stata inserita in questo passaggio. Questo passaggio è destinato a bloccare la via biliare nel duodeno.</li>
	<li>Riposizionare il mouse con la testa prossimale e distale per quanto riguarda il ricercatore piedi.</li>
	<li>Trovare il dotto biliare comune e iniettare lentamente 3 mL di soluzione della collagenosi con una siringa di ago e 5 mL di 30 G. Assicurarsi che il dotto biliare comune e il pancreas sono gonfiati dopo l'iniezione.</li>
	<li>Rimuovere il pancreas dilatato usando la pinzetta e forbice per separarla da discendente del colon, intestino, stomaco e milza. Posizionare il pancreas in un tubo da 50 mL contenente 3 mL di soluzione di collagenasi e tenerlo sul ghiaccio.</li>
</ol>4. pancreas digestione
<ol><li>Collocare ciascuna provetta da 50 mL in bagnomaria a 37 ° C. Incubare per 15-20 minuti (il tempo varia con lo sforzo e l'età dei topi).</li>
	<li>Vibrare il tubo con un vortex.</li>
	<li>Girone 4-5 pancreas digerito in un colino grande lavandino sterile e utilizzare una paletta per rendere il pancreas cadere a pezzi accuratamente. Utilizzare una siringa di ago e 10ml 23g contenente la soluzione di lavaggio per pipettare con forza le cellule digerite fuori dallo schermo. Raccogliere la soluzione di lavaggio in un tubo da 50 mL.</li>
	<li>Centrifugare le provette a 97 x g a 4 ° C per 1 min e decantare il supernatante.</li>
	<li>Aggiungere 25 mL di soluzione di lavaggio in provette e risospendere il tessuto delicato nel Vortex. Rotazione verso il basso i tessuti a 97 x g a 4 ° C per 1 min e decantare il supernatante. Ripetere per 3 volte. Fare attenzione a non spostare il tessuto pellettato.</li>
</ol>5. purificazione degli isolotti
<ol><li>Aggiungere 10 mL di soluzione di purificazione al pellet di tessuto lavato e Risospendere delicatamente il contenuto.</li>
	<li>Sovrapposizione delicatamente 5 mL di soluzione di isolamento sulla soluzione di purificazione. Prestare attenzione a mantenere un'interfaccia liquida tagliente tra le due soluzioni.</li>
	<li>Centrifugare la provetta a 560 x g a 4 ° C per 15 min con accelerazione lenta e senza freno. Inserire la pipetta nell'interfaccia e raccogliere lo strato di isolotti in nuove provette da 50 mL.</li>
	<li>Lavare gli isolotti come descritto al punto 3.5.</li>
</ol>6. placcatura e trattamento delle cellule dell'isolotto
<ol><li>Risospendere le isolette in 10 mL di soluzione di cultura di isolotti, delicatamente mescolare bene e mettere 100 µ l/pozzetto con una pipetta multicanale per una piastra a 96 pozzetti. Posizionare bene circa 5 isolotti a 96.</li>
	<li>Posizionare la piastra nell'incubatore coltura tissutale per 12 h.</li>
	<li>Centrifugare (112 x g) la piastra a 96 pozzetti e rimuovere il terreno di coltura.</li>
	<li>Diluire i prodotti chimici ambientali nel terreno di coltura di isolotti. Aggiungere 100 µ l di ciascuno dei diluenti chimici in pozzetti separati della piastra. Risospendere le isolette in ogni pozzetto e incubare per 12 ore a 37 ° C (la concentrazione varia per i diversi prodotti chimici ambientali).</li>
</ol>7. ROS macchiatura e misurazione
<ol><li>Dopo il trattamento di isolotti, lavare con PBS 1X (200 µ l per ogni 96 pozzetti). Nota: La concentrazione delle sostanze chimiche è come segue: AFB1: 3 µM, atrazina: 100 µM, BaP: 10 µM, BPA: 100 µM, β-estrogeno, PCB126: 10 µM, nonilfenolo e BPA: 100 µM.</li>
	<li>Utilizzare N-acetil cisteina (NAC) come antiossidante per placare ROS. Aggiungere 5 mM di NAC per i diluenti chimici indotta da ROS e incubare per 12 ore a 37 ° C.</li>
	<li>Centrifugare la piastra a 96 pozzetti a 112 x g e incubare con soluzione di 5 µM di sonda fluorescente (H2-DCFH-DA dissolto nei media RPMI) a 37 ° C per 60 min.</li>
	<li>Lavare le cellule dell'isolotto trattate 3 volte con PBS e misurare la fluorescenza con un lettore di micropiastre a 488 nm. Nota: L'accumulo di DCF in cellule può essere misurata tramite un aumento nella fluorescenza a 530 nm quando il campione è eccitato a 488 nm.</li>
	<li>Eseguire il glucosio-stimolata dell'insulina secrezione (GSIS) dosaggio9 su xenobiotici che inducono ROS trattati isolette e isolotti non trattati per misurare gli effetti degli xenobiotici sulla funzione fisiologica degli isolotti pancreatici.</li>
</ol>

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Gli autori dichiarano di non avere nessun concorrenti interessi finanziari.

Raccogliendo la prova suggerisce che l'esposizione ai prodotti chimici ambientali svolge un ruolo importante nello sviluppo di T2DM. ROS indotta da xenobiotici è stato riconosciuto come un potenziale fattore eziologico che contribuiscono allo sviluppo di T2DM. Gli esseri umani sono esposti a una vasta gamma di prodotti chimici xenobiotici e c'è un grande bisogno di tecniche di ricerca romanzo di identificare in modo efficace le sostanze tossiche del pancreas e di studiare il meccanismo della tossicità specifica per le...

Aumento della prevalenza di T2DM è diventati una crisi sanitaria globale negli ultimi anni ponevano una seria minaccia alla salute pubblica1. Molti fattori sono stati trovati per essere causalmente collegato allo sviluppo di T2DM, tra i quali, ricorrenti risultati suggeriscono che un comune punto convergente per questi fattori è l'induzione di stress ossidativo che porta alla generazione di eccessivo ROS2 , 3.
Un ampio spettro di prodotti chimici ambientali compresi PCB, diossine e BaP è stato trovato per indurre stress ossidativo, che può alterare la funzione delle cellule β del pancreas e portare a insulino-resistenza e T2DM4. Anche se il livello fisiologico di ROS svolge un ruolo importante nelle funzioni cellulari, l'esposizione a ROS che supera la capacità del sistema antiossidante provoca il danno ai tessuti o cellule e conduce a malattie5. Le cellule β del pancreas esprimere un basso livello di enzima antiossidante e quindi sono un obiettivo sensibile per il danno ossidativo di sforzo-mediati6,7. L'esposizione cronica ad alti livelli di ROS è stato indicato per causare la disfunzione di cellula pancreatica indotta da stress5 così come la resistenza di insulina nel fegato e nel tessuto adiposo8.
L'obiettivo generale di questo progetto è quello di sviluppare un'analisi basata su celle a sostanze chimiche di schermo per loro potenziali diabetogeni basati su loro induzione del ROS in cellule pancreatiche. Il pancreas manca disintossicazione metabolica ed è un obiettivo sensibile per danni indotti da xenobiotici6,7. Pertanto, misurando direttamente i ROS generati nelle cellule del pancreas, questo test dovrebbe fornire un'approssimazione diretta della ferita indotta da prodotto nel pancreas. Per sviluppare questo metodo, abbiamo isolato isolotti pancreatici del topo, coltivate l'isolotto isolato sotto condizione di cultura delle cellule con sostanze chimiche e utilizzate la generazione di ROS indotta da sostanze chimiche come la lettura. Questa procedura è semplice ed efficace nell'identificazione di prodotti chimici che inducono ROS nell'isolato isolotto; può essere ulteriormente sviluppato per indagine dei meccanismi di tossicità che sono specifici per il pancreas in vitro.

<table><tbody><tr><td>10&amp;times;Hank&amp;rsquo;s balanced salt solution&amp;nbsp;</td><td>GIBCO</td><td>14185-052</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase Type 4</td><td>Worthington Biochemical Corporation</td><td>CLS-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>polysucrose/sodium diatrizoate solution&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>10771</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2&amp;rsquo;,7&amp;rsquo;-dichlorofluorescein (DCFH-DA)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D6883-50MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>fluorescence microplate reader&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Biotek</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-glutamine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G8540-25G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>streptomycin</td><td>GIBCO</td><td>15140148</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FBS</td><td>GIBCO</td><td>26140079</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RPMI 1640</td><td>GIBCO</td><td>11875-085</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>avertin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T48402-25G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rat/Mouse Insulin ELISA Kit</td><td>Millipore</td><td>EZRMI-13K</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Sorval</td><td>Sorval RT7</td><td>for 96-well plate centrifuge</td></tr><tr><td>Microplate reader</td><td>Biotek</td><td>Epoch 2</td><td>for fluorescence reading</td></tr></tbody></table>

a murine pancreatic islet cell-based screening for diabetogenic environmental chemicals

L'esposizione a determinati prodotti chimici ambientali negli umani e negli animali è stato trovato per causare danno cellulare delle cellule β del pancreas che porterà allo sviluppo di diabete mellito di tipo 2 (T2DM). Anche se i meccanismi per il danno cellulare indotto da chimica β erano poco chiare e probabile che sia complessa, una scoperta ricorrente è che queste sostanze chimiche inducono lo sforzo ossidativo che porta alla generazione di specie di eccessiva reattive dell'ossigeno (ROS) che inducono danni alla la cella β. Per identificare potenziali diabetogeni prodotti chimici ambientali, abbiamo isolato le cellule di Langerhans dai topi C57BL/6 e cellule dell'isolotto coltivate in piastre per colture cellulari di 96 pozzetti; cellule dell'isolotto sono state dosate con prodotti chimici, quindi la generazione di ROS è stata rilevata da 2', 7'-diclorofluorescina (DCFH-DA) tintura fluorescente. Utilizzando questo metodo, abbiamo trovato che il bisfenolo A (BPA), Benzo [a] pirene (BaP) e policlorobifenili (PCB), potrebbe indurre elevati livelli di ROS, suggerendo che potenzialmente possono indurre danni in cellule dell'isolotto. Questo metodo dovrebbe essere utile per lo screening di xenobiotici diabetogeni. Inoltre, cellule dell'isolotto coltivate possono anche essere adattate per l'analisi in vitro della tossicità chimica-indotta in cellule pancreatiche.

Un Micrografo dell'isolotto isolato sano è illustrato nella Figura 2, in cui isolotti hanno una forma rotonda o ovale con relativamente uniforme dimensioni (anche se uniformità di dimensione può variare da ceppo a ceppo). Successivamente abbiamo studiato le funzioni pancreatiche in un'analisi in vitro isolando l'isolotto e stimolando la secrezione di insulina negli isolotti di cultura. La figura 3 Mostra la nostra ana...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Murine Pancreatic Islet Cell-based Screening for Diabetogenic Environmental Chemicals at JoVE.com

A Murine Pancreatic Islet Cell-based Screening for Diabetogenic Environmental Chemicals

Qui presentiamo un protocollo per isolare le cellule delle isole pancreatiche del mouse per lo screening di induzioni ROS dai xenobiotici al fine di identificare i potenziali prodotti chimici xenobiotici diabetogeni.

Uno Screening basati su cellule dell'isolotto pancreatico murino per prodotti chimici ambientali diabetogeni

Exposure to certain environmental chemicals in human and animals has been found to cause cellular damage of the pancreatic &#946; cells which will lead to ...

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

7.2K Views.  Hunan Agriculture University. Qui presentiamo un protocollo per isolare le cellule delle isole pancreatiche del mouse per lo screening di induzioni ROS dai xenobiotici al fine di identificare i potenziali prodotti chimici xenobiotici diabetogeni.

Video: A Murine Pancreatic Islet Cell-based Screening for Diabetogenic Environmental Chemicals

Murine Pancreatic Islet Isolation

Hi, I am Greg Zott. I'm with the UCSF Diabetes Center in the Bluestone Laboratory, and today I'm gonna show you the process for isolating mouse eyelets. The procedure involves the injection of a collagenase solution into the pancreas of a C3 H donor mouse, where we will then remove that pancreas, digest it away, purify the eyelets on a fial gradient, and then handpick them for ultimate transplant into the kidney capsule of a diabetic NOD mouse, Which will be our recipient.Before we start this procedure, we diluted our ATE solution in a modified Hanks buffer and we have adjusted the concentration specific for the strain of mouse that we're using the C3 H.We found digests better at a 0.8 mgs per mil collagenase solution, and we will use that to inject into the common bile duct to distend the pancreas.Performing. The procedure today Will be Pavo codre of the diabetes center. He will inject, open up the mouse, expose the the intestines, and then inject into the common bile duct.We will spray down the mouse with ethanol to keep the hair down, and then we will also verify that the mouse has been sacrificed properly with a toe pinch. Pavo will now open up the mouse and exposing the intestine and the pancreas with a midline incision. The diaphragm will also be cut to verify that the mouse will be sacrificed.Before we get started, I'd like to point out some of the important structures. The stomach is lying right here with the pancreas attached underneath into the duodenum and above. This is the liver where we'll find the gallbladder and the common bile duct, which you can see right here.So what Pavo will do next is he will isolate the small intestine, find where the common bile duct enters the small intestine. Once the intestine is exposed, we clamp on either side of the common bile duct with mosquito clamps. We find that this allows more collagenates to enter the pancreas while other groups try to direct the clamp on top of the common bile duct.We find that this is a better technique in allowing enzyme to enter the pancreas. This is a gentle procedure. You don't want to tear the bowel.You wanna allow the clamps to lie gently on either side of the common bile duct. Now we will find a gallbladder, and once the gallbladder's exposed, we will use that as a guide to injecting the collagenase into the common bile duct. Powell's using a 30 gauge needle with a five cc syringe containing three mills of collagenase solution.As he's entering the common bile duct, he's distending that duct with collagenase solution and then he travels down the common bile duct till he reaches near the intestine. And as he's going down, the enzyme solutions being pumped into the injected into the pancreas. Now that the pancreas is inflated with collagenase solution, Powell's gonna remove the hemostats and then remove the pancreas from the the mouse carefully tearing it away from the intestine.He removes it from the stomach. Okay, and then using the spleen as a handle, he lifts up the pancreas and then slowly snips it away in the common bile duct, and that's it. Pancreas is laid out and then the spleen is removed, and there he's removing the meso enteric tissue, and then the pancreas is placed in a two mill collagenase solution and a sterilized glass vial and it's placed back on Ice.The isolated pancreas that we put into the glass vials will now be placed into a 37 degree water bath for approximately 17 minutes. We placed them into a 50 mil conical rack so that they don't float up. Once during the bath, the timer starts and the digestion begins.Once the digestion time is completed, vials are removed, and then they are shaken and disrupted gently. And once the tissue starts falling apart, the vial is then placed on ice. A sterile screen is placed over a 400 mil beaker that contains washing buffer.The pancreas digest is then carefully poured over the screen into the wash buffer. For demonstration purposes, the hood has been turned off and the glass of the hood has been raised so we could see what we're doing. Once the pancreas digest is poured into the beaker, the vials are rinsed with the same washing buffer and the wash buffer placed over the screen.We have a syringe filled with washing buffer. We will use that to forcefully wash the tissue through the screen. The idea is to release any loose eyelets that are unattached to the matrix, but leaving the membranes and the undigested tissue on the screen.And when you're finished washing a tissue, this is what you usually See at the end of the procedure. The Pancreas tissue that's in the bottom of the tube will now be transferred to two 50 mil conical, and the tissue will be washed, the tissue's mixed evenly, and then distributed evenly so that we have a equal pellet volume in each tube. The beaker is now rinsed with more washing buffer.The sides are rinse so that you get all tissue that is entered the beaker again. Then it's equally distributed between each two, both 50 mil. Conical then are topped off with wash buffer.The tissue is inverted several times and then placed into a centrifuge. This is a quick spin. The centrifuge is allowed to reach a thousand RPM and then is turned off.The tissue at this time is very S eyelets are very sensitive, and you don't want to over compact them. The tubes are removed and we will do this wash step three more times. This is the end of the third wash.The components of the 50 mil conical tube are transferred to the 15 conical tube and centrifuge for a thousand RP M and then stopped. The supernat will be removed and the first part of the FI Call will be started. We are at the step where we Have our pelleted di pancreas digest.We'll resuspend that tissue so it's nice and loose to the pellets. We'll add the first density gradient, which is 1 1 0 8. We'll add five mils to each tube.The pellet is then mixed thoroughly in each of the gradients. It's important that you get good tissue distribution in your heaviest gradient. Now we will layer two mils of 1 0 9 6 density.We will then on top of that, layer two mils of 1 0 6 9 density, and then on top of that 1 0 3 7 density. It's important while you're layering the densities that you don't mix. Then all the layers have been added to the tube.And you can see this is the top of 1 1 0 8, the top of 9 1 0 9 6, the top of 1 0 6 9 and the top of 1 0 3 7. And you could see the tissue is already starting to move to its proper density even without centri fusion. The fial gradients are brought up to speed at 1800 RPM for 15 minutes, and remember to keep the brake off after the tubes are removed from the centrifuge.You can see between the 0 0 9 6 and 0 0 7 layer, there's a nice band of eyelet tissue Pablo's. Now removing the 0 3 7 layer to remove any tissue debris and DNA that might have been released during the processing. Using a sterile plastic pasture pipette, he will now remove the islet layer and transfer them to a 50 mil conical containing 25 mils of wash buffer.You want do this step quickly because fol is toxic to eyelets. We actually removed the entire 0 6 9 and 0 9 6 layer. Pavo cuts the top of the plastic pasture pipette and rinses it with wash buffer.The eyelets are then centrifuge like we centrifuge previously. Centrifuge is brought up to a Thousand RPM and then we stop it and We aspirate off. The supernatant eyelets will be washed three times with wash media.So we just completed the eyelid Isolation process we took from the digest to the fol gradient to the purified eyelets after our third wash with wash buffer, we resuspended the eyelets in our RPMI media and we played it in a tissue culture plate. These eyelets are now ready for in vitro assays or in vivo preps like eyelet Transplant.

Murino pancreatica isolamento Islet

Ricerca

Biologia

Single-cell Transcriptomic Analyses of Mouse Pancreatic Endocrine Cells

Pancreatic endocrine cells, which are clustered in islets, regulate blood glucose stability and energy metabolism. The distinct cell types in islets, including insulin-secreting &#946; cells, are differentiated from common endocrine progenitors during the embryonic stage. Immature endocrine cells expand via cell proliferation and mature during a long postnatal developmental period. However, the mechanisms underlying these processes are not clearly defined. Single-cell RNA-sequencing is a promising approach for the characterization of distinct cell populations and tracing cell lineage differentiation pathways. Here, we describe a method for the single-cell RNA-sequencing of isolated pancreatic &#946; cells from embryonic, neonatal and postnatal pancreases.

We describe a method for the isolation of endocrine cells from embryonic, neonatal and postnatal pancreases followed by single-cell RNA sequencing. This method allows analyses of pancreatic endocrine lineage development, cell heterogeneity and transcriptomic dynamics.

Analisi trascrittomica unicellulare delle cellule Endocrine del pancreas del Mouse

Pancreatic endocrine cells, which are clustered in islets, regulate blood glucose stability and energy metabolism. The distinct cell types in islets, ...

Biologia dello sviluppo

Analysis of Non-Human Primate Pancreatic Islet Oxygen Consumption

The measurement of oxygen consumption in spheroid clusters of cells, such as ex vivo pancreatic islets, has historically been challenging. We demonstrate the measurement of islet oxygen consumption using a 96-well microplate designed for the measurement of oxygen consumption in spheroids. In this assay, spheroid microplates are coated with a cell and tissue adhesive on the day prior to the assay. We utilize a small volume of adhesive solution to encourage islet adherence to only the bottom of the well. On the day of the assay, 15 islets are loaded directly into the base of each well using a technique that ensures optimal positioning of islets and accurate measurement of oxygen consumption. Various aspects of mitochondrial respiration are probed pharmacologically in non-human primate islets, including ATP-dependent respiration, maximal respiration, and proton leak. This method allows for consistent, reproducible results using only a small number of islets per well. It can theoretically be applied to any cultured spheroids of similar size.

This protocol demonstrates the accurate and reproducible measurement of oxygen consumption in non-human primate pancreatic islets. The islet loading techniques and coating of the microplate provide a framework for efficient measurement of respiration in other types of cultured spheroids.

Analisi del consumo di ossigeno dell'isola pancreatica del primate non umano

The measurement of oxygen consumption in spheroid clusters of cells, such as ex vivo pancreatic islets, has historically been challenging. We demonstrate ...

Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease affecting 382 million people in 2013, and is expected to rise to 592 million by 2035 1. During the past 2 decades, the role of beta-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes has been clearly established 2. Research progress has required methods for the isolation of pancreatic islets. The protocol of the islet isolation presented here shares many common steps with protocols from other groups, with some modifications to improve the yield and quality of isolated islets from both the wild type and diabetic Leprdb (db/db) mice. A live-cell 2-photon imaging method is then presented that can be used to investigate the control of insulin secretion within islets.

Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

We present here a protocol for the isolation of islets from the mouse model of type 2 diabetes, Leprdb and details of a live-cell assay for measurement of insulin secretion from intact islets that utilizes 2 photon microscopy.

LEPR<sup&gt; Db</sup&gt; Mouse Modello di diabete di tipo 2: pancreas isolamento Islet e live-cella 2-Photon Imaging di isolotti Intact

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease affecting 382 million people in 2013, and is expected to rise to 592 million by 2035 1. During the past 2 decades, ...

Medicina

A High-content In Vitro Pancreatic Islet &#946;-cell Replication Discovery Platform

Loss of insulin-producing &#946;-cells is a central feature of diabetes. While a variety of potential replacement therapies are being explored, expansion of endogenous insulin-producing pancreatic islet &#946;-cells remains an attractive strategy. &#946;-cells have limited spontaneous regenerative activity; consequently, a crucial research effort is to develop a precise understanding of the molecular pathways that restrain &#946;-cell growth and to identify drugs capable of overcoming these restraints. Herein an automated high-content image-based primary-cell screening method to identify &#946;-cell replication-promoting small molecules is presented. Several, limitations of prior methodologies are surmounted. First, use of primary islet cells rather than an immortalized cell-line maximizes retention of in vivo growth restraints. Second, use of mixed-composition islet-cell cultures rather than a &#946;-cell-line allows identification of both lineage-restricted and general growth stimulators. Third, the technique makes practical the use of primary islets, a limiting resource, through use of a 384-well format. Fourth, detrimental experimental variability associated with erratic islet culture quality is overcome through optimization of isolation, dispersion, plating and culture parameters. Fifth, the difficulties of accurately and consistently measuring the low basal replication rate of islet endocrine-cells are surmounted with optimized immunostaining parameters, automated data acquisition and data analysis; automation simultaneously enhances throughput and limits experimenter bias. Notable limitations of this assay are the use of dispersed islet cultures which disrupts islet architecture, the use of rodent rather than human islets and the inherent limitations of throughput and cost associated with the use of primary cells. Importantly, the strategy is easily adapted for human islet replication studies. This assay is well suited for investigating the mitogenic effect of substances on &#946;-cells and the molecular mechanisms that regulate &#946;-cell growth.

A High-content In Vitro Pancreatic Islet &#946;-cell Replication Discovery Platform

Critical challenges for the diabetes research field are to understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate islet &#946;-cell replication and to develop methods for stimulating &#946;-cell regeneration. Herein a high-content screening method to identify and assess the &#946;-cell replication-promoting activity of small molecules is presented.

A High-contenuti<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; La replica della piattaforma Discovery isole pancreatiche β-cellule

Loss of insulin-producing &#946;-cells is a central feature of diabetes. While a variety of potential replacement therapies are being explored, expansion ...

An In Ovo Model for Testing Insulin-mimetic Compounds

Elevated blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a complex and multifactorial metabolic disease, are caused by insulin resistance and &#946;-cell failure. Various strategies, including the injection of insulin or the usage of insulin-sensitizing drugs, were pursued to treat T2DM or at least reduce the symptoms. In addition, the application of herbal compounds has attracted increasing attention. Thus, it is necessary to find efficient test systems to identify and characterize insulin-mimetic compounds. Here we developed a modified chick embryo model, which enables testing of synthetic compounds and herbal extracts with insulin-mimetic properties. Using a fluorescence microscopy-based primary screen, which quantifies the translocation of Glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) to the plasma membrane, we were able to identify compounds, mainly herbal extracts, which lead to an increase of intracellular glucose concentrations in adipocytes. However, the efficacy of these substances requires further verification in a living organism. Thus, we used an in-ovo approach to identify their blood glucose-reducing properties. The approval by an ethics committee is not needed since the use of chicken embryos during the first two-thirds of embryonic development is not considered an animal experiment. Here, the application of this model is described in detail.

An In Ovo Model for Testing Insulin-mimetic Compounds

In this study, we describe an in-ovo system as a promising tool to test insulin-mimetic compounds in a living organism. The main advantages include adequate throughput rates and acceptable costs, which enable the identification of phytochemicals with insulin-mimetic properties.

Un modello In Ovo per testare composti insulino-mimetici

Elevated blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a complex and multifactorial metabolic disease, are caused by insulin resistance and ...

Neuroscienze

Intraportal Transplantation of Pancreatic Islets in Mouse Model

Pancreatic islet transplantation to reduce hyperglycemia is highly successful in rodents with chemically-induced diabetes. The most common transplantation site in experimental islet transplantation is the kidney capsule. However, as less is known about the interaction of pancreatic islets with blood constituents, it also makes sense to utilize the portal vein approach in experimental islet transplantation.
This protocol demonstrates an intraportal islet transplantation technique in NMRI nude mice. Streptozotocin (180 mg/kg) is injected intraperitoneally to induce hyperglycemia in recipient mice. They are considered as diabetic at a non-fasting blood glucose level greater than 20 mmol/L. One day prior to transplantation, mouse pancreatic islets are isolated from the donor pancreas by collagenase digestion; a minimum of 350 islets are utilized per diabetic recipient. Depending upon the islet isolation yield, two or more donor mice are utilized per recipient. After overnight culture at 37 &#176;C, islets are administered into the recipient liver via the portal vein. After surgery, the mice are protected in red Makrolon houses and observed until are awake. This protocol maintains glycemic control for 120 days in syngeneic mice and 15 days in allogeneic mice.

Pancreatic islet transplantation is a way to achieve normoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. This article focuses on the transplantation technique through the intraportal route to maintain normal glucose levels in diabetic mice.

Intraportal trapianto di isole pancreatiche nel modello del topo

Pancreatic islet transplantation to reduce hyperglycemia is highly successful in rodents with chemically-induced diabetes. The most common transplantation ...

A Method for Mouse Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Intracellular cAMP Determination

Uncontrolled glycemia is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus and promotes morbidities like neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. With the increasing prevalence of diabetes, both immune-mediated type 1 and obesity-linked type 2, studies aimed at delineating diabetes pathophysiology and therapeutic mechanisms are of critical importance. The &#946;-cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans are responsible for appropriately secreting insulin in response to elevated blood glucose concentrations. In addition to glucose and other nutrients, the &#946;-cells are also stimulated by specific hormones, termed incretins, which are secreted from the gut in response to a meal and act on &#946;-cell receptors that increase the production of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Decreased &#946;-cell function, mass, and incretin responsiveness are well-understood to contribute to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, and are also being increasingly linked with type 1 diabetes. The present mouse islet isolation and cAMP determination protocol can be a tool to help delineate mechanisms promoting disease progression and therapeutic interventions, particularly those that are mediated by the incretin receptors or related receptors that act through modulation of intracellular cAMP production. While only cAMP measurements will be described, the described islet isolation protocol creates a clean preparation that also allows for many other downstream applications, including glucose stimulated insulin secretion, [3H]-thymidine incorporation, protein abundance, and mRNA expression.

Assaying in vitro &#946;-cell function using isolated mouse islets of Langerhans is an important component in the study of diabetes pathophysiology and therapeutics. While many&#160;downstream applications are available, this protocol specifically describes the measurement of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) as an essential parameter determining &#946;-cell function.

Un metodo per l&#39;isolamento del mouse isole pancreatiche e intracellulare cAMP Determinazione

Uncontrolled glycemia is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus and promotes morbidities like neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. With the increasing ...

A Simple High Efficiency Protocol for Pancreatic Islet Isolation from Mice

Pancreatic islets, also called the Islets of Langerhans, are a cluster of endocrine cells which produces hormones for glucose regulation and other important biological functions. The islets primarily consist of five types of hormone-secreting cells: &#945; cells secrete glucagon, &#946; cells secrete insulin, &#948; cells secrete somatostatin, &#949; cells secrete ghrelin, and PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. Sixty to 80% of the cells in the islets are &#946; cells, which are the most important cell population to study insulin secretion. Pancreatic islets are a crucial model system to study ex vivo insulin secretion. Acquiring high quality islets is of great importance for diabetes research. Most islet isolation procedures require technically difficult to access site of collagenase injection, harsh and complex digestion procedures, and multiple density gradient purification steps. This paper features a simple high yield mouse islet isolation method with detailed descriptions and realistic demonstrations, showing the following specific steps: 1) injection of collagenase P at the ampulla of Vater, a small area joining the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct, 2) enzymatic digestion and mechanical separation of the exocrine pancreas, and 3) a single gradient purification step. The advantages of this method are the injection of digestive enzyme using the more accessible ampulla of Vater, more complete digestion using combination of enzymatic and mechanical approaches, and a simpler single gradient purification step. This protocol produces approximately 250&#8212;350 islets per mouse; and islets are suitable for various ex vivo studies. Possible caveats of this procedure are potentially damaged islets due to enzymatic digestion and/or prolonged gradient incubation, all of which can be largely avoided by careful ad justification of incubation time.

This islet isolation protocol described a novel route of collagenase injection to digest the exocrine tissue and a simplified gradient procedure to purify the islets from mice. It involves enzymatic digestion, gradient separation/purification, and islet hand-picking. Successful isolation can yield 250&#8211;350 high quality and fully functional islets per mouse.

Un semplice protocollo ad alta efficienza per l'isolamento delle isolozioni pancreatiche dai topi

Pancreatic islets, also called the Islets of Langerhans, are a cluster of endocrine cells which produces hormones for glucose regulation and other ...

Analisi quantitativa della mitofagia nelle cellule β pancreatiche murine

Complementary Approaches to Interrogate Mitophagy Flux in Pancreatic &#946;-Cells

Mitophagy is a quality control mechanism necessary to maintain optimal mitochondrial function. Dysfunctional &#946;-cell mitophagy results in insufficient insulin release. Advanced quantitative assessments of mitophagy often require the use of genetic reporters. The mt-Keima mouse model, which expresses a mitochondria-targeted pH-sensitive dual-excitation ratiometric probe for quantifying mitophagy via flow cytometry, has been optimized in &#946;-cells. The ratio of acidic-to-neutral mt-Keima wavelength emissions can be used to robustly quantify mitophagy. However, using genetic mitophagy reporters can be challenging when working with complex genetic mouse models or difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary human islets. This protocol describes a novel complementary dye-based method to quantify &#946;-cell mitophagy in primary islets using MtPhagy. MtPhagy is a pH-sensitive, cell-permeable dye that accumulates in the mitochondria and increases its fluorescence intensity when mitochondria are in low pH environments, such as lysosomes during mitophagy. By combining the MtPhagy dye with Fluozin-3-AM, a Zn2+ indicator that selects for &#946;-cells, and Tetramethylrhodamine, ethyl ester (TMRE) to assess mitochondrial membrane potential, mitophagy flux can be quantified specifically in &#946;-cells via flow cytometry. These two approaches are highly complementary, allowing for flexibility and precision in assessing mitochondrial quality control in numerous &#946;-cell models.

Autore in primo piano: Valutazione del flusso mitofagico nelle cellule β pancreatiche utilizzando approcci complementari efficaci e robusti 

This protocol outlines two methods for the quantitative analysis of mitophagy in pancreatic &#946;-cells: first, a combination of cell-permeable mitochondria-specific dyes, and second, a genetically encoded mitophagy reporter. These two techniques are complementary and can be deployed based on specific needs, allowing for flexibility and precision in quantitatively addressing mitochondrial quality control.

Approcci complementari per interrogare il flusso mitofagico nelle cellule β pancreatiche

Mitophagy is a quality control mechanism necessary to maintain optimal mitochondrial function. Dysfunctional &#946;-cell mitophagy results in insufficient ...

Uno Screening basati su cellule dell'isolotto pancreatico murino per prodotti chimici ambientali diabetogeni

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