SNU Araştırma Kore MEST tümör Microenvironment küresel çekirdek Araştırma Merkezi (GCRC) Bursu, [grant numarası 2011-0030001]; tarafından Ulusal Araştırma Vakfı (NMG) tarafından desteklenmektedir Seul Ulusal Üniversitesi Araştırma Bursu ve beyin Kore (BK21) tarafından program artı.

1. koloni oluşumu deneyleri
<ol><li>Kültür A549 hücreleri 20.000 hücre/cm2 RPMI1640 15 ml bir konsantrasyon, hücre kültürü 10 ile desteklenmiş orta % FBS (Fetal sığır Serum) ve CO2 kuluçka CO237 ° C ve % 5, 75 cm2 şişeye %1 antibiyotik.</li>
	<li>Deneme günü, bir hemasitometre kullanarak hücre konsantrasyonu belirlemek. Santrifüjü 400 x g 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tüp içinde 7 min için de tarafından 50.000 hücreleri toplamak ve 1 x steril PBS (fosfat tamponlu tuz) 1,5 mL tüpler 100 µL hücrelerde yeniden askıya alma.</li>
	<li>15 mL tüpler bir multipipette ile yarı katı methylcellulose tabanlı Orta (MCBM) 1.1 mL dağıtmak. Bir tüp her koşul için hazırlayın.</li>
	<li>FBS 110 µL P200 micropipette kullanarak MCBM için 1.1 mL ekleyin.</li>
	<li>1000 hücre/mL, Tohum hücreleri. Hisse senedi çözüm (1 x PBS 100 µL 50.000 hücreleri) hücre süspansiyon, 2.4 µL toplamak bir P2 micropipette kullanarak ve MCBM % 10 ile desteklenmiş 1.1 mL için eklemek FBS.</li>
	<li>Hücreleri, ekledikten sonra girdap tüpler için 1dk onları tutan dikey olarak en yüksek hızda MCBM ve hücreler iyice karıştırın.</li>
	<li>Test bileşikler (OT48 tek başına veya birlikte A1210477 ile) ekleyin. Bir denetim olarak ayrı bir tüp hazırlamak için kullanılan çözücü (burada dimetil sülfoksit (DMSO)). Bileşikleri ve her koşul için eklenen hacim konsantrasyonu bağlı olarak, solvent denetim solvent testi bileşik, dilutions için çözücü tarafından kaynaklanan olumsuz etkileri için değerlendirmek için kullanılan en yüksek konsantrasyonu içerir.</li>
	<li>Girdap tüpler 1 dakika.</li>
	<li>Her tahlil için karışımı P1000 micropipette ile 1 mL merkezine de 12-şey hücre kültür plaka ekleyin.</li>
	<li>Boş wells ile 1 mL steril su veya nem stabilize etmek için 1 x PBS doldurun.</li>
	<li>Kültür plakaları bir kuluçka 37 ° C ve % 5 CO210 gün kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Kuluçka, 10 gün sonra 200 µL MTT (methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromür) hisse senedi çözümünün (5 mg/mL) 1 mg/mL nihai bir konsantrasyon ulaşmak için her şey için ekleyin.</li>
	<li>Kuluçka 37 ° C ve % 5 CO210 min kuluçkaya. Kalıcı koloniler dönecek violet.</li>
	<li>Beyaz arka plan plaka (LAS beyaz dia tepsi) kullanarak bir dijital kamera ile çekim. Kullanma ertesi gün koyma: Yöntem, dijital ortama; Pozlama türü, hassas; Çekim hızı, el kitabı, 1 saniye; Hassasiyet/çözünürlük, yüksek çözünürlüklü. Resmi TIFF formatında kaydedin.</li>
	<li>Kalıcı koloniler ImageJ yazılım kullanarak ölçmek. Seç menüsünü "görüntü | Türü | 8 bit". Seç menüsünü "ayarlama | Eşik". Eşik denetimine ayarlayın ve tüm koşulları için sabit tutmak; Seç menüsünü "Analyze | «««Analiz"parçacıkları. Verileri kaydetmek ve grafik olarak gösterilmesi için bir istatistik yazılım ile analiz.</li>
</ol>2. küresel oluşumu tahlil
<ol><li>Kültür A549 hücreleri 20.000 hücre/cm2 ' 75 cm2 şişeler bir konsantrasyon ile 15 mL RPMI 1640 orta % 10 FBS ve % 1 antibiyotik ile desteklenmiştir.</li>
	<li>Deneme günü, 96 hazırlamak de U-alt plaka.</li>
	<li>Bileşik faiz (OT48, burada 50 µM) ve/veya A1210477 20 µM içeren bir kuyuya plaka 10.000 hücre. Hücre kültür ortamının 100 µL için son ses düzeyini ayarlayın. Sağlam bir dış kenarlığı ile Tekdüzen pulcuklarının oluşturan hücreleri formu pulcuklarının için yeterli kabul edilir.</li>
	<li>Bir kuluçka 37 ° C'de ve % 5 CO23 gün kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Kuluçka 3 gün sonra 4 x büyütme ile hafif bir mikroskop kullanarak pulcuklarının görüntülerini yakalamak.</li>
</ol>3. zebra balığı Xenograft tahlil
Not: Bu teknik yaklaşım bir şematik (Şekil 1) görüntülenir.
<ol><li>
Hisse senedi reaktifler hazırlanması
	<ol>
<li>30 Danieau'nın çözüm x 1 L hazırlamak: 1740 mM NaCl, 21 mM KCl, 12 mM MgSO4∙7H2O, 18 mM Ca (NO3)2ve 150 mM HEPES. PH metre kullanarak 7,6 arabelleğe pH için ayarlayın.</li>
		<li>%1 (50 x) tricaine çözüm hazırlamak: 20 mg 2 mL distile su içinde etil 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate (tricaine) geçiyoruz.</li>
		<li>%1 fenol Red-PBS çözeltisi hazırlamak: fenol Red sodyum tuz solüsyonu 1,5 µL tüp içinde sterilize PBS çözümün 198 µL için Ekle 2 µL.</li>
		<li>%3 methylcellulose hazırlamak: 1 Danieau'nın çözüm x 100 ml methylcellulose 3 g ekleyin.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Zebra balığı yumurta üretimi ve kuluçka
	<ol>
<li>Ayrı bir kadın ve bir erkek zebra balığı bir bölüm tank karanlıkta 28.5 ° C'de UV sterilize ve filtre uygulanmış musluk suyu ile dolu. Ayrılık 24 saat sonra balık çiftleşme başlatmak için her iki cinsiyette karıştırın. Döllenmiş yumurta çiftleşme tankından 5 mL taze Danieau'nın çözeltisi içeren bir Petri kabına aktarın.</li>
		<li>Yumurta 3 kez 5 mL Danieau'nın çözeltisi ile yıkayın. Yıkama için dikkatle yumurta bir pipet ve 5 mL taze çözüm de aktarmak ile Aspire edin. 28.5 ° C'de 8 h için kuluçkaya<ol>
<li>Kuluçka Danieau'nın çözüm içinde 8 h sonra %0,03 1-fenil-2-Tioüre (pigmentasyon inhibe PTU) içeren Danieau'nın eriyik-e doğru değiştirmek. Kontaminasyonu önlemek için opak yumurta (döllenmemiş veya içeren gelişmemiş embriyo) sıralamak.</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Embriyo dechorionation
	<ol>
<li>24 saat sonrası döllenme (hpf), keskin forseps kullanarak dechorionate zebra balığı embriyo. Damızlık embriyo % 0.03 ile Danieau'nın çözümde kuluçkaya PTU 48 kadar 28.5 ° C'de hpf.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Bileşik tedavi hücre hazırlık
	<ol>
<li>Tohum A549 hücreleri 20.000 hücre/cm2 25 cm2 kültür şişeler'de. Tohum 24 saat sonra bileşikler ekleyin (50 µM, burada OT48 ve ve/veya A1210477, 20 µM) bir kuluçka 37 ° C ve % 5 CO224 h için. Tedavi süresi her bileşik için hücrelerin canlılık korumak için ama onları hücre ölüme doğru işlemek için ayarlayın. Bu sefer noktası ihtiyaçlarını tek tek ayarlamak için hücre canlılığı, Morfoloji ve moleküler işaretleyiciler dayalı.</li>
		<li>2 h tedavi sonundan önce leke hücreleri floresan hücre izci 4 µM ile 37 ° C ve % 5 CO2CM-Dil boya. 2 h, kuluçka sonra % 0.05 tripsin-EDTA içeren hücreleri trypsinize ve fenol Red-PBS çözüm enjeksiyon önce 50 µL 106 hücrelerde sulandırmak.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Mikro-enjeksiyon xenograft oluşumu için kanser hücrelerinin
	<ol>
<li>Onlar bir agar plaka üzerinde sakinleşene kadar zebra balığı 5 min için %0,02 tricaine çözümünde anestezi.</li>
		<li>1.0 mm (dış çapı (OD) cam kapiller) tarafından bir micropipette çektirmenin çekin (Program ayarları: P: 300, ısı: 260, çekin: 60, VEL: 50 ve Saat: 200). Microcapillary bir keskin kenar üretmek için bir şırınga ile kesti. Yük microcapillaries hücre/fenol Red 20 µL ile-PBS çözüm. Ayarla enjeksiyon basıncı ve 2 dağıtmak için zaman nL enjeksiyon başına.</li>
		<li>100-200 hücreleri sarısı kesesi içine enjekte ederek 6 ila 10 tarafından enjekte nL 3-5 enjeksiyon yoluyla. Enjeksiyon sonra balık 10-30 dk için 5 mL taze Danieau'nın çözüm PTU solüsyon içeren kurtarmak izin. 1 mL PTU solüsyon içeren Danieau'nın çözeltisi ile 24-şey plakalar Merkez balık vardır ve 28.5 ° C'de 72 h için kuluçkaya</li>
		<li>72 h, kuluçka sonra balık %0.02 tricaine çözümünde anestezi ve % 3 methylcellulose bir damla ile bir cam slayt üzerinde hareketsiz. Bir dalga boyu 620-750, floresans mikroskobu tarafından 5 x fotoğraf çekmek nm.</li>
		<li>ImageJ yazılım tarafından floresan tümör boyutunu ölçmek. Seç menüsünü "Analyze | Ölçü birimi". Floresan sinyal karşılık gelen değerleri kaydetmek ve grafik olarak gösterilmesi için bir istatistik yazılım ile analiz.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Koloni oluşumu MCBM ile elde edilen oranda hücre türüne bağlıdır. Genellikle, yapışık olmayan hücreler için koloni sayısı çok daha yüksek yapisan hücrelere karşılaştırılır. A549 hücreleri 10 gün sonra 30-40 kolonileri oluşturduğu görülmektedir. Daha önce farklı lösemi hücreleri için kolonileri sayısının 200-2509arasında olduğunu bildirdin. Sonuçlarımız OT48 yalnız kolonileri yalnız sayısı önemli bir azalma getirmedi gösterdi. Ancak, BH3 ile birlikte ...

Kanser tarafından hücresel mutasyonlar neden olur ve sonuç olarak biyokimyasal sinyal yolları kontrolsüz hücre bölünmesi ve hücre ölümü direnç tetikleyen bozdu. Tümörleri sindirim, sinir, dolaşım sistemi ve daha sonra komşu dokulara1fizyolojik fonksiyonları müdahale. Kapsamlı bir araştırma, kanser dünya2' deki en yaygın hayatı tehdit eden hastalık imlere rağmen. Hassas tıp gelecekteki kanser tedavi temel olarak kabul edilmiştir. Yeni moleküler varlıklar klinik sonuç geliştirmek için mevcut uyuşturucu ile birlikte düzenli olarak test edilir.
Ancak, yeni verimli hedefli tedaviler gelişimi ile ilişkili önemli kısıtlamalar uyuşturucu pozlama3tam biyolojik sonucu benzetimini yapmak için yaygın olarak kullanılan deneyleri başarısızlığın biridir. Kanser ilaç keşif hala çoğunlukla terapötik ajanlar etkinliğinin klinik4' te doğrulamak zor olan 2D monolayer kültürde kültürlü kanser hücre hatlarında test dayanır. Bu nedenle, daha iyi taklit tümörler vivo içinde5yerel özelliklerini daha iyi kanser modelleri geliştirmek için büyüyen bir ilgi vardır. Son yıllarda, 3D kültür modelleri artan bir ilgi 3D tümör modelleri5üretmek için geliştirilmiş yöntemleri geliştirmede sonuçlandı.
Burada, bir yaklaşım içinde derinlik vivo deneyleri daha önce BH3 mimetics ile birlikte OT486 Hidroksikumarin potens anlayış geliştirmek için izin üç farklı 3D hücre kültürü teknikleri ile mevcut. Daha fazla akciğer kanser hücrelerini OT48 ve BH3 mimetics arada etkinliğini doğrulamak ve kanser bir yaşam ilerlemesinde izlemek için bir zebra balığı modelini temel bir vivo içinde tümör oluşumu testi ile koloni ve SFAs birleştirerek bizim Yöntem oluşur organizma.
Koloni oluşumu deneyleri düzenli olarak hem katı hem de hematopoetik kanserler için antikanser ajanların etkinliğini değerlendirmek için kullanılır. Tahlil süresiz olarak çoğalırlar ve koloniler7oluşturmak için hücre yeteneğini belirler. Antikanser Ajan etkisi yetenek hücre oluşturan colony sayısı azalması ve/veya koloniler boyutunu tarafından belirlenir.
Pulcuklarının vitro tümör modelleri temsil ve antikanser maddeleri için bir düşük maliyetli tarama platform olarak hizmet. Pulcuklarının süspansiyon büyüyen hücresi ya da 3D dizey içinde gömülü. Bu yaklaşım yaygın uyuşturucu tarama ve tümör büyüme, yayılmasını önleme ve bağışıklık etkileşim8çalışmalar için kullanılır.
Tamamen yeni bir ilaç özelliklerini anlamak için in vivo deneyler kemirgenler üzerinde esastır. Ancak, geleneksel bu yöntem pahalı ve zaman alıcı. Son yıllarda, zebra balığı (Danio rerio) daha ucuz ve daha hızlı yükseltmek için yaygın olarak okudu laboratuvar organizma oldu. Tümör zebra balığı temsil bir 3D hücre kültür yaklaşımda ama içinde vivo ayarındaki omurgalı9geliştirdi.
Tamamen, biz burada Hidroksikumarin OT48 BH3 mimetics ile birlikte bir akciğer kanseri A549 hücre modelindeki antikanser kapasitesini göstermek için CFAs, SFAs ve zebra balığı vivo içinde tümör oluşumu da dahil olmak üzere üç farklı 3D kültür yaklaşımları kullanın.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Materials required for colony formation assays&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>A549</td><td>ATCC</td><td>CCL-185</td><td>37 C&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>RPMI 1640</td><td>Lonza</td><td>30096</td><td>4 C&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>FBS</td><td>Biowest</td><td>S1520-500</td><td>-20 C&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td><td>Lonza</td><td>17-602E</td><td>-20 C&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture flask T75</td><td>SPL</td><td>70075</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>PBS solution</td><td>Hyclone</td><td>SH30256.02</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>1.5ml tube</td><td>Extragene</td><td>Tube-170-C</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>15 ml tube</td><td>Hyundai Micro</td><td>H20015</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>12 well plate</td><td>SPL</td><td>30012</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>MethoCult</td><td>StemCell technologies</td><td>4230</td><td>-20 C&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT powder)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M5622</td><td>4 C&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>LAS4000</td><td>GE Healthcare Technologies</td><td></td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Materials required for spheroid formation assay&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>A549</td><td>ATCC</td><td>CCL-185</td><td>37 C&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>RPMI 1640</td><td>Lonza</td><td>30096</td><td>4 C&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>FBS</td><td>Biowest</td><td>S1520-500</td><td>-20 C&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-streptomycin</td><td>Lonza</td><td>17-602E</td><td>-20 C&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture flask T75</td><td>SPL</td><td>70075</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>PBS solution</td><td>Hyclone</td><td>SH30256.02</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin-EDTA</td><td>Gibco</td><td>25-300-054</td><td>4 C&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Corning costar ultra low attachemnt 96 well plate</td><td>Corning</td><td>3474</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>Microscopy</td><td>Nikon</td><td>Eclipse TS100</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Materials required for zebrafish xenografts&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>A549</td><td>ATCC</td><td>CCL-185</td><td>37 C&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>RPMI 1640</td><td>Lonza</td><td>30096</td><td>4 C&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>FBS</td><td>Biowest</td><td>S1520-500</td><td>-20 C&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-streptomycin</td><td>Lonza</td><td>17-602E</td><td>-20 C&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture flask T25</td><td>SPL</td><td>70025</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture flask T75</td><td>SPL</td><td>70075</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture flask T175</td><td>SPL</td><td>71175</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>1.5ml tube</td><td>Extragene</td><td>Tube-170-C</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>24 well plate</td><td>SPL</td><td>30024</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>Petridish</td><td>SPL</td><td>10100</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>PBS solution</td><td>Hyclone</td><td>SH30256.02</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin-EDTA</td><td>Gibco</td><td>25-300-054</td><td>4 C&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>71382</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium chloride (KCL)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P9541</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4.7H2O)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M2773</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO3)2)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C1396</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>HEPES solution</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>H0887</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate (Tricaine)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>E10521</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>Phenol Red solution</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P0290</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>Methylcellulose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M0512</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>1-phenyl-2-thiourea (PTU)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P7629</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>CM-Dil dye</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>C7001</td><td>-20 C&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Glass capillary</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>TW 100F-4</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>Micropipette puller</td><td>Shutter instrument, USA</td><td>P-97</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>Micro injector</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>PV820</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>Syringe</td><td>KOVAX</td><td>1ml</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>Micro loader</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5242956003</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>Glass slide</td><td>Marienfeld</td><td>HSU-1000612</td><td>RT</td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescence microscopy</td><td>Leica</td><td>DE/DM 5000B</td><td>RT</td></tr></tbody></table>

preclinical assessment of the bioactivity of the anticancer coumarin ot48 by spheroids, colony formation assays, and zebrafish xenografts

Roman terapötik ajanlar içinde in vitro ve in vivo önceden klinik tarama çoğu kanser ilaç keşif önemli bir araçtır. Her ne kadar insan kanser hücre hatları 2D (boyutlu) monolayer hücre kültürlerinde terapötik bileşiklerin yanıt, 3D kültür sistemleri daha fizyolojik ilgili modelleri ilaçların etkinliğini anlamak için geliştirilmiştir. Son yıllarda, daha doğrusu tümör microenvironment taklit eden 3D kültür sistemlerinde yeni moleküller potens doğrulamak için önceden klinik araştırma bir paradigma kayması gözlendi. Bu sistemler daha fizyolojik ilgili bir şekilde hastalık durumu karakterize ve daha iyi mekanik kavrama ve belirli bir molekül farmakolojik potens anlayış kazanmak için yardım. Ayrıca, in vivo kanser modelleri iyileştirilmesinde mevcut trendi ile zebra balığı vivo içinde tümör oluşumu değerlendirmek ve terapötik ajanlar etkisini incelemek için önemli bir omurgalı model olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Burada, biz Hidroksikumarin OT48 tedavi edici etkinliği tek başına veya akciğer kanseri hücre kültürünü A549 BH3 mimetics ile birlikte koloni oluşumu deneyleri (CFA), küresel oluşumu tahlil (SFA) dahil olmak üzere üç farklı 3D kültür sistemleri kullanarak araştırdık ve vivo zebra balığı xenografts.

Şekil 2' de, akciğer kanseri hücre satırı A549 MCBM içinde form kolonilere OT48 ile tedavi sonra tek başına veya birlikte belirtilen konsantrasyonlarda BH3 mimetic A1210477 ile seribaşı. Sonuçlar kasanın numarası, boyut ve kolonilerin toplam yüzey alanı kuluçka 10 gün sonra azaltılacağını olduğunu gösterdi.
Şekil 3' te A549 hücreleri ile OT48 te...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preclinical Assessment of the Bioactivity of the Anticancer Coumarin OT48 by Spheroids, Colony Formation Assays, and Zebrafish Xenografts at JoVE.com

Preclinical Assessment of the Bioactivity of the Anticancer Coumarin OT48 by Spheroids, Colony Formation Assays, and Zebrafish Xenografts

Preklinik antikanser Coumarin OT48 pulcuklarının, koloni oluşumu deneyleri ve zebra balığı Xenografts Bioactivity değerlendirilmesi

Burada, antikanser coumarins 3D kültür ve zebra balığı kullanarak preklinik tarama mevcut.

In vitro and in vivo pre-clinical screening of novel therapeutic agents are an essential tool in cancer drug discovery. Although human cancer cell lines ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

8.4K Görüntüleme.  Seoul National University. Burada, antikanser coumarins 3D kültür ve zebra balığı kullanarak preklinik tarama mevcut.

Video: Preclinical Assessment of the Bioactivity of the Anticancer Coumarin OT48 by Spheroids, Colony Formation Assays, and Zebrafish Xenografts

Anticancer Metal Complexes: Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation by the MTT Assay

Titanium (IV) and vanadium (V) complexes are highly potent anticancer agents. A challenge in their synthesis refers to their hydrolytic instability; therefore their preparation should be conducted under an inert atmosphere. Evaluation of the anticancer activity of these complexes can be achieved by the MTT assay.
The MTT assay is a colorimetric viability assay based on enzymatic reduction of the MTT molecule to formazan when it is exposed to viable cells. The outcome of the reduction is a color change of the MTT molecule. Absorbance measurements relative to a control determine the percentage of remaining viable cancer cells following their treatment with varying concentrations of a tested compound, which is translated to the compound anticancer activity and its IC50 values. The MTT assay is widely common in cytotoxicity studies due to its accuracy, rapidity, and relative simplicity.
Herein we present a detailed protocol for the synthesis of air sensitive metal based drugs and cell viability measurements, including preparation of the cell plates, incubation of the compounds with the cells, viability measurements using the MTT assay, and determination of IC50 values.

A method for synthesis of air-sensitive titanium and vanadium anticancer agents is described, along with the evaluation of their cytotoxic activity towards human cancer cell line by the MTT Assay.

MTT deneyi ile sentez ve Sitotoksisite Değerlendirilmesi: Anticancer Metal Kompleksleri

Titanium (IV) and vanadium (V) complexes are highly potent anticancer agents. A challenge in their synthesis refers to their hydrolytic instability; ...

Kimya

Sample Extraction and Simultaneous Chromatographic Quantitation of Doxorubicin and Mitomycin C Following Drug Combination Delivery in Nanoparticles to Tumor-bearing Mice

Combination chemotherapy is frequently used in the clinic for cancer treatment; however, associated adverse effects to normal tissue may limit its therapeutic benefit. Nanoparticle-based drug combination has been shown to mitigate the problems encountered by free drug combination therapy. Our previous studies have shown that the combination of two anticancer drugs, doxorubicin (DOX) and mitomycin C (MMC), produced a synergistic effect against both murine and human breast cancer cells in vitro. DOX and MMC co-loaded polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles (DMPLN) bypassed various efflux transporter pumps that confer multidrug resistance and demonstrated enhanced efficacy in breast tumor models. Compared to conventional solution forms, such superior efficacy of DMPLN was attributed to the synchronized pharmacokinetics of DOX and MMC and increased intracellular drug bioavailability within tumor cells enabled by the nanocarrier PLN. 
To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution of co-administered DOX and MMC in both free solution and nanoparticle forms, a simple and efficient multi-drug analysis method using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed. In contrast to previously reported methods that analyzed DOX or MMC individually in the plasma, this new HPLC method is able to simultaneously quantitate DOX, MMC and a major cardio-toxic DOX metabolite, doxorubicinol (DOXol), in various biological matrices (e.g., whole blood, breast tumor, and heart). A dual fluorescent and ultraviolet absorbent probe 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) was used as an internal standard (I.S.) for one-step detection of multiple drug analysis with different detection wavelengths. This method was successfully applied to determine the concentrations of DOX and MMC delivered by both nanoparticle and solution approaches in whole blood and various tissues in an orthotopic breast tumor murine model. The analytical method presented is a useful tool for pre-clinical analysis of nanoparticle-based delivery of drug combinations.

This protocol describes an efficient and convenient analytical process of sample extraction and simultaneous determination of multiple drugs, doxorubicin (DOX), mitomycin C (MMC) and a cardio-toxic DOX metabolite, doxorubicinol (DOXol), in the biological samples from a preclinical breast tumor model treated with nanoparticle formulations of synergistic drug combination.

Örnek çıkarma ve eşzamanlı Kromatografik Nefelometri doksorubisin ve ilaç kombinasyonu dağıtımında nano tanecikleri tümörü taşıyan fareler takip Mitomycin C

Combination chemotherapy is frequently used in the clinic for cancer treatment; however, associated adverse effects to normal tissue may limit its ...

Kanser Araştırmaları

Mass Spectrometry and Luminogenic-based Approaches to Characterize Phase I Metabolic Competency of In Vitro Cell Cultures

Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes play a key function in the biotransformation of medicines and toxicants by adding functional groups that increase solubility and facilitate excretion. On some occasions those structural modifications lead to the formation of new toxic products. In order to reduce animal testing, chemical risk can be assessed using metabolically competent cells. The expression of metabolic enzymes, however, is not stable over time in many in vitro primary culture systems and is often partial or absent in cell lines. Therefore, the study of medicines, additives, and environmental pollutants metabolism in vitro should ideally be conducted in cell systems where metabolic activity has been characterized. We explain here an approach to measure the activity of a class of metabolic enzymes (Human Phase I) in 2D cell lines and primary 3D cultures using chemical probes and their metabolic products quantifiable by UPLC mass spectrometry and luminometry. The method can be implemented to test the metabolic activity in cell lines and primary cells derived from a variety of tissues.

Mass Spectrometry and Luminogenic-based Approaches to Characterize Phase I Metabolic Competency of In Vitro Cell Cultures

Metabolic competency of in vitro systems is a key requirement for the biotransformation and disposition of drugs and toxicants. In this protocol, we describe the application of reference metabolic probes to assess phase I metabolism in cell cultures.

Kütle Spektrometre ve lüminojenik tabanlı Yaklaşımlar Faz I Metabolik Yetkinlik ait Characterize<em&gt; İn Vitro</em&gt; Hücre Kültürleri

Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes play a key function in the biotransformation of medicines and toxicants by adding functional groups that increase ...

Biyokimya

Formation of Covalent DNA Adducts by Enzymatically Activated Carcinogens and Drugs In Vitro and Their Determination by 32P-postlabeling

Covalent DNA adducts formed by chemicals or drugs with carcinogenic potency are judged as one of the most important factors in the initiation phase of carcinogenic processes. This covalent binding, which is considered the cause of tumorigenesis, is now evaluated as a central dogma of chemical carcinogenesis. Here, methods are described employing the reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 and additional biotransformation enzymes to investigate the potency of chemicals or drugs for their activation to metabolites forming these DNA adducts. Procedures are presented describing the isolation of cellular fractions possessing biotransformation enzymes (microsomal and cytosolic samples with cytochromes P450 or other biotransformation enzymes, i.e., peroxidases, NADPH:cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, or xanthine oxidase). Furthermore, methods are described that can be used for the metabolic activation of analyzed chemicals by these enzymes as well as those for isolation of DNA. Further, the appropriate methods capable of detecting and quantifying chemical/drug-derived DNA adducts, i.e., different modifications of the 32P-postlabeling technique and employment of radioactive-labeled analyzed chemicals, are shown in detail.

Formation of Covalent DNA Adducts by Enzymatically Activated Carcinogens and Drugs In Vitro and Their Determination by 32P-postlabeling

Evaluating the potency of environmental chemicals and drugs, to be enzymatically bioactivated to intermediates generating covalent DNA adducts, is an important field in the development of cancer and its treatment. Methods are described for compound activation to form DNA adducts, as well as techniques for their detection and quantification.

Kovalent DNA oluşumu enzimatik aktif kanserojen ve uyuşturucu Vitro ve kararlılıklarını 32P-postlabeling tarafından Adducts

Covalent DNA adducts formed by chemicals or drugs with carcinogenic potency are judged as one of the most important factors in the initiation phase of ...

High-Throughput In Vitro Assay using Patient-Derived Tumor Organoids

Patient-derived tumor organoids (PDOs) are expected to be a preclinical cancer model with better reproducibility of disease than traditional cell culture models. PDOs have been successfully generated from a variety of human tumors to recapitulate the architecture and function of tumor tissue accurately and efficiently. However, PDOs are unsuitable for an in vitro high-throughput assay system (HTS) or cell analysis using 96-well or 384-well plates when evaluating anticancer drugs because they are heterogeneous in size and form large clusters in culture. These cultures and assays use extracellular matrices, such as Matrigel, to create tumor tissue scaffolds. Therefore, PDOs have a low throughput and high cost, and it has been difficult to develop a suitable assay system. To address this issue, a simpler and more accurate HTS was established using PDOs to evaluate the potency of anticancer drugs and immunotherapy. An in vitro HTS was created that uses PDOs established from solid tumors cultured in 384-well plates. An HTS was also developed for assessment of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity to represent the immune response using PDOs cultured in 96-well plates.

High-Throughput In Vitro Assay using Patient-Derived Tumor Organoids

A highly accurate in vitro high-throughput assay system was developed to evaluate anticancer drugs using patient-derived tumor organoids (PDOs), similar to cancer tissues but are unsuitable for in vitro high-throughput assay systems with 96-well and 384-well plates.

Hasta Kaynaklı Tümör Organoidleri Kullanılarak Yüksek Verimli In Vitro Tahlil

Patient-derived tumor organoids (PDOs) are expected to be a preclinical cancer model with better reproducibility of disease than traditional cell culture ...

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cancer Drug Sensitization In Vitro and In Vivo

Due to the high level of heterogeneity and mutations inherent in human cancers, single agent therapies, or combination regimens which target the same pathway, are likely to fail. Emphasis must be placed upon the inhibition of pathways that are responsible for intrinsic and/or adaptive resistance to therapy. An active field of investigation is the development and testing of DNA repair inhibitors that promote the action of, and prevent resistance to, commonly used chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We used a novel protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of BRCA2 inhibition as a means to sensitize tumor cells to the DNA damaging drug cisplatin. Tumor cell metabolism (acidification and respiration) was monitored in real-time for a period of 72 hr to delineate treatment effectiveness on a minute by minute basis. In combination, we performed an assessment of metastatic frequency using a chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model of extravasation and invasion. This protocol addresses some of the weaknesses of commonly used in vitro and in vivo methods to evaluate novel cancer therapy regimens. It can be used in addition to common methods such as cell proliferation assays, cell death assays, and in vivo murine xenograft studies, to more closely discriminate amongst candidate targets and agents, and select only the most promising candidates for further development.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cancer Drug Sensitization In Vitro and In Vivo

Here, real-time monitoring of tumor cell metabolism, combined with an in vivo chicken embryo chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) model of metastasis, are used to evaluate novel anti-cancer targets/agents for their ability to sensitize tumor cells to DNA damaging chemotherapeutics.

Kanser İlaç Duyarlılık Etkinliğinin Değerlendirilmesi<em&gt; İn Vitro</em&gt; Ve<em&gt; İn Vivo</em

Due to the high level of heterogeneity and mutations inherent in human cancers, single agent therapies, or combination regimens which target the same ...

Tıp

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Photocontrolled Biologically Active Compounds - Potential Drug Candidates for Cancer Photopharmacology

Photocontrolled, biologically active compounds are an emerging class of &#34;smart&#34; drug candidates. They provide additional safety in systemic chemotherapy due to their precise spatiotemporal activation by directing a benign, non-ionizable light to a specific location within the patient&#39;s body. This paper presents a set of methods to evaluate the in vitro potency and ex vivo efficiency of the photoactivation of photocontrolled, biologically active compounds as well as the in vivo efficacy at early stages of drug development. The methodology is applied to anticancer cytotoxic peptides, namely, the diarylethene-containing analogs of a known antibiotic, gramicidin S. The experiments are performed using 2D (adherent cells) and 3D (spheroids) cell cultures of a cancer cell line (Lewis lung carcinoma, LLC), live tissue surrogates (pork meat mince), and an allograft cancer model (subcutaneous LLC) in immunocompetent mice. The selection of the most effective compounds and estimation of realistic phototherapeutic windows are performed via automated fluorescence microscopy. The photoactivation efficiency at varying illumination regimens is determined at different depths in a model tissue, and the optimal light dosage is applied in the final therapeutic in vivo experiment.

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Photocontrolled Biologically Active Compounds - Potential Drug Candidates for Cancer Photopharmacology

This protocol presents a set of experiments adopted for the evaluation of photoswitchable anticancer peptides, that can be used in the preclinical screening of such compounds. This includes cytotoxicity assessment in 2D and 3D cell cultures, the evaluation of ex vivo (model tissue) photoisomerization efficiency, and in vivo efficacy.

Fotokontrollü Biyolojik Olarak Aktif Bileşiklerin İn Vitro ve İn Vito Değerlendirilmesi - Kanser Fotofarmakolojisi için Potansiyel İlaç Adayları

Photocontrolled, biologically active compounds are an emerging class of &#34;smart&#34; drug candidates. They provide additional safety in systemic ...

Utilization of the Soft Agar Colony Formation Assay to Identify Inhibitors of Tumorigenicity in Breast Cancer Cells

Given the inherent difficulties in investigating the mechanisms of tumor progression in vivo, cell-based assays such as the soft agar colony formation assay (hereafter called soft agar assay), which measures the ability of cells to proliferate in semi-solid matrices, remain a hallmark of cancer research. A key advantage of this technique over conventional 2D monolayer or 3D spheroid cell culture assays is the close mimicry of the 3D cellular environment to that seen in vivo. Importantly, the soft agar assay also provides an ideal tool to rigorously test the effects of novel compounds or treatment conditions on cell proliferation and migration. Additionally, this assay enables the quantitative assessment of cell transformation potential within the context of genetic perturbations. We recently identified peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PADI2) as a potential breast cancer biomarker and therapeutic target. Here we highlight the utility of the soft agar assay for preclinical anti-cancer studies by testing the effects of the PADI inhibitor, BB-Cl-amidine (BB-CLA), on the tumorigenicity of human ductal carcinoma in situ (MCF10DCIS) cells.

Here, we document the use of the soft agar colony formation assay to test the effects of a peptidylarginine deiminase (PADI) enzyme inhibitor, BB-Cl-amidine, on breast cancer tumorigenicity in vitro.

Yumuşak Agar koloni oluşturma deneyi kullanılması Meme Kanseri Hücrelerinde tümör oluşum nedenlerinin nin inhibitörlerini teşhis etmek üzere

Given the inherent difficulties in investigating the mechanisms of tumor progression in vivo, cell-based assays such as the soft agar colony formation ...

Chick Heart Invasion Assay for Testing the Invasiveness of Cancer Cells and the Activity of Potentially Anti-invasive Compounds

The goal of the chick heart assay is to offer a relevant organ culture method to study tumor invasion in three dimensions. The assay can distinguish between invasive and non-invasive cells, and enables study of the effects of test compounds on tumor invasion. Cancer cells - either as aggregates or single cells - are confronted with fragments of embryonic chick heart. After organ culture in suspension for a few days or weeks the confronting cultures are fixed and embedded in paraffin for histological analysis. The three-dimensional interaction between the cancer cells and the normal tissue is then reconstructed from serial sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin or after immunohistochemical staining for epitopes in the heart tissue or the confronting cancer cells. The assay is consistent with the recent concept that cancer invasion is the result of molecular interactions between the cancer cells and their neighbouring stromal host elements (myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, extracellular matrix components, etc.). Here, this stromal environment is offered to the cancer cells as a living tissue fragment. Supporting aspects to the relevance of the assay are multiple. Invasion in the assay is in accordance with the criteria of cancer invasion: progressive occupation and replacement in time and space of the host tissue, and invasiveness and non-invasiveness in vivo of the confronting cells generally correlates with the outcome of the assay. Furthermore, the invasion pattern of cells in vivo, as defined by pathologists, is reflected in the histological images in the assay. Quantitative structure-activity relation (QSAR) analysis of the results obtained with numerous potentially anti-invasive organic congener compounds allowed the study of structure-activity relations for flavonoids and chalcones, and known anti-metastatic drugs used in the clinic (e.g., microtubule inhibitors) inhibit invasion in the assay as well. However, the assay does not take into account immunological contributions to cancer invasion.

Here, we present a protocol to study the invasion of tumor cells into living normal tissue fragments in three dimensions. This organ culture technique is mainly applied to test potentially anti-invasive drugs in vitro.

Test Chick Kalp Invasion Testi Kanser hücrelerinin invazivliğini ve Potansiyel Anti-invaziv Bileşikler Etkinlik

The goal of the chick heart assay is to offer a relevant organ culture method to study tumor invasion in three dimensions. The assay can distinguish ...

High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHC)

Cigarette smoke (CS) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and lung diseases. Because CS is a complex aerosol containing more than 7,000 chemicals1 it is challenging to assess the contributions of individual constituents to its overall toxicity. Toxicological profiles of individual constituents as well as mixtures can be however established in vitro, by applying high through-put screening tools, which enable the profiling of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHCs) of tobacco smoke, as defined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).2
For an initial assessment, an impedance-based instrument was used for a real-time, label-free assessment of the compound&#39;s toxicity. The instrument readout relies on cell adhesion, viability and morphology that all together provide an overview of the cell status. A dimensionless parameter, named cell index, is used for quantification. A set of different staining protocols was developed for a fluorescence imaging-based investigation and a HCS platform was used to gain more in-depth information on the kind of cytotoxicity elicited by each HPHC.
Of the 15 constituents tested, only five were selected for HCS-based analysis as they registered a computable LD50 (&#60; 20 mM). These included 1-aminonaphtalene, Arsenic (V), Chromium (VI), Crotonaldehyde and Phenol. Based on their effect in the HCS, 1-aminonaphtalene and Phenol could be identified to induce mitochondrial dysfunction, and, together with Chromium (VI) as genotoxic based on the increased histone H2AX phosphorylation. Crotonaldehyde was identified as an oxidative stress inducer and Arsenic as a stress kinase pathway activator.
This study demonstrates that a combination of impedance-based and HCS technologies provides a robust tool for in vitro assessment of CS constituents.

High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents HPHC

The objective of the study was to assess the biological impact of 15 cigarette smoke constituents using a combination of an impedance-based real time cell analyzer and a high-content screening (HCS)-based platform for toxicological assessment in vitro. This study provides information on effective doses, toxicity and modes of action of the tested compounds.

Zararlı ve Potansiyel Zararlı Bileşenlerinin Toksikolojik etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi için yüksek İçerik Tarama Analizi (HPHC)

Cigarette smoke (CS) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and lung diseases. Because CS is a complex aerosol containing more than 7,000 chemicals1 it ...

Preklinik antikanser Coumarin OT48 pulcuklarının, koloni oluşumu deneyleri ve zebra balığı Xenografts Bioactivity değerlendirilmesi

Özet

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